id stringlengths 1 4 | query stringlengths 11 129 | positives listlengths 1 1 | negatives listlengths 6 20 |
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1 | When was quantum field theory developed? | [
{
"id": "25267#12",
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"text": "Quantum field theory naturally began with the study of electromagnetic interactions, as the electromagnetic field was the only known classical field as of the 1920s.[8]:1"
}
] | [
{
"id": "22483#12",
"score": 0.7280551195144653,
"text": "Quantum optics gained practical importance with the inventions of the maser in 1953 and of the laser in 1960. Following the work of Paul Dirac in quantum field theory, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to... |
2 | Does plastic decompose at all? | [
{
"id": "6104177#0",
"score": 0.7020542025566101,
"text": "Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria.[1]"
}
] | [
{
"id": "26145195#7",
"score": 0.6668598651885986,
"text": "The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the end of the century... |
3 | Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature? | [
{
"id": "11636805#0",
"score": 0.7416117191314697,
"text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of... | [
{
"id": "32172533#13",
"score": 0.7032173871994019,
"text": "In 1986 Nigerian writer, poet and playwright, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
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},
{
"id": "26308#58",
"score": 0.6941664814949036,
"text":... |
4 | How long does a philosophy degree take? | [
{
"id": "21031297#1",
"score": 0.5914022922515869,
"text": "The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a... | [
{
"id": "11719855#23",
"score": 0.5618088841438293,
"text": "Philosophical anthropology is the philosophical study of human nature. In terms of learning, examples of descriptive theories of the learner are: a mind, soul, and spirit capable of emulating the Absolute Mind (Idealism); an orderly, sensing, ... |
5 | Was there a year 0? | [
{
"id": "4145437#0",
"score": 0.754570484161377,
"text": "Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomica... | [
{
"id": "23397214#3",
"score": 0.7081609964370728,
"text": "For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not use the Latin zero, \"nulla\", as a year (see 0 (year)), so the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap yea... |
6 | Can you prevent traumatic brain injury? | [
{
"id": "1057414#2",
"score": 0.6998937726020813,
"text": "Prevention measures include use of protective technology in vehicles, such as seat belts and sports or motorcycle helmets, as well as efforts to reduce the number of collisions, such as safety education programs and enforcement of traffic laws. ... | [
{
"id": "4243256#34",
"score": 0.6644508242607117,
"text": "Prevention",
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},
{
"id": "41121515#5",
"score": 0.6627262830734253,
"text": "These processes are part of the natural damage response mechanisms which also include the brain experiencing a pro-inflammatory respo... |
7 | When is the dialectical method used? | [
{
"id": "52813#0",
"score": 0.7587100863456726,
"text": "Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the tru... | [
{
"id": "52813#38",
"score": 0.7132646441459656,
"text": "My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the life-process of the human brain, i.e. the process of thinking, which, under the name of 'the Idea', he even transforms into an independent subj... |
8 | Have the Colorado Rockies won a title? | [
{
"id": "6669#0",
"score": 0.7696596384048462,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. The team's home venue is Coors Field, located ... | [
{
"id": "33768743#28",
"score": 0.720596432685852,
"text": "\"Baseball America\" named the Colorado Rockies the \"Organization of the Year\" for their accomplishments during the 2007 season. \"We knew they were bringing great talent through their farm system, but we certainly didn't expect it to pay off... |
9 | Who invented Hangul? | [
{
"id": "17470560#2",
"score": 0.7874791026115417,
"text": "Hangul was personally created and promulgated by the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great.[1][2] Sejong's scholarly institute, the Hall of Worthies, is often credited with the work, and at least one of its scholars was heavily in... | [
{
"id": "235601#3",
"score": 0.739229679107666,
"text": "In his 1914 publication, \"Sounds of the Language\", he promotes writing Hangul linearly rather than syllabically. This is one of his few proposals not to have been implemented, although there have been experiments with linear hangul, most notably... |
10 | What do Grasshoppers eat? | [
{
"id": "1021764#2",
"score": 0.7742780447006226,
"text": "Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predato... | [
{
"id": "3051575#14",
"score": 0.7218003273010254,
"text": "The diet of the green tree frog consists mainly of insects such as moths, cockroaches, and locusts. They also eat spiders and can include smaller frogs and even small mammals (including bats) among their prey. Frog teeth are not suited to cutti... |
11 | How large is the Kerman province of southeastern Iran? | [
{
"id": "448069#0",
"score": 0.8368577361106873,
"text": "Kerman Province (Persian: استان کرمان, Ostān-e Kermān) is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[3] Mentioned ... | [
{
"id": "448105#0",
"score": 0.7061659097671509,
"text": "Sistan and Baluchestan Province ()(, \"Ostān-e Sīstān-o Balūchestān\"), after Kerman province, is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital i... |
12 | When was Guitar Hero Live first released? | [
{
"id": "46408645#0",
"score": 0.7780872583389282,
"text": "Guitar Hero Live is a music video game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015 and to iOS devices including Apple TV in November 20... | [
{
"id": "21908296#5",
"score": 0.7245262861251831,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" was officially announced on September 7, 2007, at the Austin GDC '07, and released on June 22, 2008. During a conference call on May 8, 2008, Activision revealed that the game would be sold as an individual game (along ... |
13 | When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas? | [
{
"id": "30876840#2",
"score": 0.8345223069190979,
"text": "On March 7, 1901, Lupinus subcarnosus became the only species of bluebonnet recognized as the state flower of Texas;[2] however, Lupinus texensis emerged as the favorite of most Texans. So, in 1971, the Texas Legislature made any similar specie... | [
{
"id": "29810#22",
"score": 0.7717840671539307,
"text": "During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower, the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.",
"topk_rank": 0... |
14 | Who created the series Clannad? | [
{
"id": "983972#0",
"score": 0.7118518352508545,
"text": "Clannad(クラナド,Kuranado) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Key and released on April 28, 2004 for Windows PCs. While both of Key's first two previous works, Kanon and Air, had been released first as adult games and then censored for the young... | [
{
"id": "44087237#1",
"score": 0.6572355031967163,
"text": "Sekai Project originated in 2007 as a fan translation group translating the visual novel \"School Days\". They later partnered with publisher JAST USA, turning their fan translation into the official English version of the game. Sekai Project b... |
15 | When was the USS Taylor built? | [
{
"id": "1439912#1",
"score": 0.6947116851806641,
"text": "Taylor's keel was laid down by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine, on May 5, 1983. She was launched November 5, 1983, and commissioned December 1, 1984 in Bath, Maine. Taylor was sponsored by Barbara A. Taylor, the widow of the ship's namesake, ... | [
{
"id": "955480#3",
"score": 0.6579026579856873,
"text": "She had a standard displacement of an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . On trials, \"Taylor\" reached a speed of . She was armed with four 4\"/50 caliber guns, one 3\"/23 caliber gun, and twelve torpedo tubes for torpedoes. She had... |
16 | What's the difference between man-slaughter and homicide? | [
{
"id": "26346214#0",
"score": 0.6506443619728088,
"text": "In the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by sec... | [
{
"id": "3520048#76",
"score": 0.6180809140205383,
"text": "Chapter 9 of Tractate Sanhedrin in the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of murder in (20:13 in the NJPS) and (5:17 in the NJPS). The Mishnah taught that one who intended to kill an animal but killed a person instead was not li... |
17 | When did DC comics first introduce the Guardians of the Universe? | [
{
"id": "144157#0",
"score": 0.8094746470451355,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe are a fictional race of extraterrestrials appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Green Lantern. They first appeared in Green Lantern Vol. 2, Issue 1 (July 1960), and we... | [
{
"id": "144157#40",
"score": 0.6918565034866333,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe make a brief appearance in the Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe video game with Ganthet voiced by Michael McConnohie and two unnamed Guardians voiced by Christopher Corey Smith and Joe J. Thomas. In the story mode on t... |
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