shangeth/ljspeech-mimi-codes · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 10 10	text stringlengths 12 187	codes listlengths 8 8	n_frames int32 14 127	k_codebooks int32 8 8
LJ001-0001	Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition	[ [ 1698, 1719, 204, 1389, 851, 1772, 186, 1307, 1895, 832, 1633, 771, 648, 1530, 1989, 1574, 1348, 722, 144, 1945, 278, 1109, 29, 611, 46, 622, 628, 1740, 572, 572, 345, 1989, 1676, ...	121	8
LJ001-0002	in being comparatively modern.	[ [ 678, 1536, 362, 1057, 389, 1558, 1054, 985, 321, 1839, 902, 1389, 6, 483, 1003, 722, 49, 1407, 653, 283, 1655, 1287, 1120, 1793 ], [ 532, 190, 1875, 1875, 1394, 421, 190, 249, 13...	24	8
LJ001-0003	For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process	[ [ 2018, 1184, 1992, 178, 455, 1386, 1627, 1612, 883, 1053, 188, 918, 761, 952, 110, 1067, 912, 1015, 1553, 1536, 985, 313, 263, 263, 1807, 2040, 133, 1157, 1931, 1549, 440, 440, 1452, ...	121	8
LJ001-0004	produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,	[ [ 1698, 170, 54, 1063, 1274, 912, 1259, 1713, 366, 277, 1560, 447, 1188, 571, 571, 1015, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1728, 657, 478, 572, 1117, 1657, 1813, 1530, 1781, 1536, 351, 0, 1623, ...	65	8
LJ001-0005	the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.	[ [ 1692, 113, 1385, 750, 1109, 443, 1517, 22, 410, 1264, 1722, 1258, 53, 922, 1823, 8, 1881, 1571, 1005, 349, 1026, 1984, 1235, 1655, 212, 1443, 1803, 648, 1686, 1214, 1994, 1005, 410, ...	102	8
LJ001-0006	And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,	[ [ 799, 685, 1837, 1810, 579, 803, 1576, 913, 1454, 460, 73, 997, 168, 793, 193, 1881, 1109, 443, 1807, 1172, 125, 926, 985, 456, 456, 2027, 1215, 851, 1772, 186, 1162, 2034, 1814, ...	72	8
LJ001-0007	the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about fourteen fifty-five,	[ [ 1692, 1733, 531, 531, 1939, 1567, 1929, 1228, 1238, 1309, 571, 571, 1015, 1327, 141, 980, 1997, 755, 1830, 1830, 622, 622, 628, 1264, 1258, 1258, 922, 1137, 1823, 578, 1081, 371, 527...	105	8
LJ001-0008	has never been surpassed.	[ [ 1952, 1037, 888, 697, 812, 615, 155, 1921, 1921, 1299, 1134, 1393, 1910, 456, 1222, 1222, 1222, 280, 1566, 1658, 579, 797, 1793 ], [ 527, 1101, 164, 283, 1107, 632, 559, 1401, 1034, ...	23	8
LJ001-0009	Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.	[ [ 1698, 1394, 268, 1389, 851, 617, 830, 228, 228, 1810, 872, 1416, 2043, 874, 1341, 1340, 1679, 1910, 313, 1997, 1295, 112, 910, 1566, 205, 797, 797, 1814, 1515, 1098, 1730, 1730, 2016...	95	8
LJ001-0010	Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,	[ [ 1116, 524, 495, 495, 860, 714, 1987, 1955, 1743, 716, 835, 1022, 1037, 102, 587, 178, 178, 455, 680, 571, 1015, 2033, 1602, 636, 675, 697, 1606, 837, 358, 313, 1370, 1548, 321, 1...	111	8
LJ001-0011	it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;	[ [ 1182, 1454, 460, 1237, 597, 1552, 1721, 531, 159, 1615, 798, 985, 469, 1184, 67, 463, 150, 133, 205, 797, 797, 2039, 1968, 1836, 1294, 1713, 1026, 1984, 1235, 902, 1408, 1293, 70, ...	57	8
LJ001-0012	especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters	[ [ 1138, 1097, 1762, 1577, 263, 2020, 1939, 831, 705, 1733, 1022, 1037, 888, 224, 224, 690, 875, 967, 218, 538, 124, 1892, 460, 102, 1078, 1560, 468, 1043, 631, 1023, 839, 1628, 56, ...	103	8
LJ001-0013	than in the same operations with ugly ones.	[ [ 1952, 317, 1948, 648, 1591, 1945, 1354, 921, 535, 1676, 254, 1295, 501, 501, 594, 1807, 2040, 46, 622, 628, 1943, 1943, 1939, 722, 392, 1069, 1663, 1680, 889, 1157, 205, 797, 710 ]...	33	8
LJ001-0014	And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,	[ [ 1049, 2035, 1377, 1777, 1872, 382, 382, 1237, 1881, 1899, 1564, 1765, 1767, 1265, 1252, 299, 731, 1894, 1566, 1602, 636, 1051, 1051, 749, 1821, 1479, 1047, 1686, 1214, 1994, 719, 560, ...	125	8
LJ001-0015	the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.	[ [ 1698, 1641, 1406, 299, 1764, 1018, 2014, 1265, 313, 1997, 268, 6, 383, 1984, 1235, 212, 1443, 1602, 1414, 1545, 362, 362, 287, 1077, 1063, 1495, 917, 1525, 1137, 1358, 502, 978, 262,...	116	8
LJ001-0016	The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore	[ [ 678, 1214, 1214, 1005, 1003, 560, 1230, 1178, 1451, 1012, 1276, 1960, 1960, 1654, 1705, 349, 755, 109, 1165, 121, 485, 1113, 1242, 285, 11, 654, 313, 1997, 1721, 1580, 1580, 1840, 18...	66	8
LJ001-0017	that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.	[ [ 799, 2012, 1918, 1552, 1406, 299, 731, 149, 2014, 1265, 313, 1997, 1389, 6, 862, 1136, 1235, 1655, 1443, 1326, 783, 1545, 1721, 408, 1991, 1484, 1348, 8, 690, 875, 875, 944, 1914, ...	88	8
LJ001-0018	The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,	[ [ 1698, 1641, 531, 159, 1615, 9, 680, 1015, 984, 984, 1657, 1910, 313, 202, 268, 6, 6, 95, 971, 680, 90, 101, 1445, 1428, 1984, 1235, 774, 774, 518, 1895, 312, 868, 323, 1140, ...	94	8
LJ001-0019	and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;	[ [ 1049, 2035, 1367, 1740, 572, 327, 479, 1324, 184, 1739, 260, 1339, 1264, 690, 875, 1705, 1054, 858, 1344, 96, 1412, 307, 831, 113, 1299, 1135, 1361, 1235, 80, 1762, 1768, 146, 238, ...	81	8
LJ001-0020	the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.	[ [ 995, 1102, 1026, 383, 1782, 1519, 1253, 28, 1254, 560, 1877, 1472, 1602, 620, 1057, 1869, 1932, 1437, 1416, 1356, 101, 146, 238, 85, 926, 655, 750, 268, 6, 6, 1173, 1448, 465, 15...	59	8
LJ001-0021	The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation	[ [ 1692, 1989, 944, 874, 1567, 1816, 1228, 1756, 9, 571, 571, 1015, 1327, 1640, 313, 1719, 268, 6, 6, 622, 628, 740, 8, 1258, 711, 922, 1137, 1538, 1081, 371, 75, 1108, 1868, 803, ...	108	8
LJ001-0022	of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"	[ [ 1698, 597, 1686, 690, 875, 1767, 1721, 1406, 1184, 1764, 1348, 1473, 920, 1705, 1252, 473, 475, 1790, 1929, 1384, 2027, 1215, 798, 1708, 1473, 526, 632, 1322, 1353, 1772, 186, 1895, ...	89	8
LJ001-0023	and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.	[ [ 1952, 1804, 997, 1096, 296, 988, 150, 1416, 1768, 1445, 238, 1039, 1483, 2045, 1697, 623, 918, 1347, 410, 1984, 263, 1124, 1293, 1293, 70, 1164, 1443, 1231, 648, 1047, 1686, 1214, 58...	106	8
LJ001-0024	But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year fourteen sixty-two)	[ [ 1027, 2012, 1713, 1721, 531, 159, 128, 1424, 985, 1944, 371, 1457, 711, 1473, 241, 1703, 146, 238, 227, 682, 1825, 722, 170, 251, 560, 1412, 6, 56, 56, 1895, 1607, 2039, 1968, 65...	99	8
LJ001-0025	imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.	[ [ 995, 958, 801, 1730, 111, 807, 501, 1877, 2033, 523, 431, 1407, 546, 327, 1721, 698, 1719, 1395, 1922, 1261, 225, 1903, 1837, 1810, 1680, 1640, 832, 1607, 1743, 48, 269, 1669, 733, ...	111	8
LJ001-0026	On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,	[ [ 108, 1239, 1348, 977, 907, 1896, 960, 960, 126, 1895, 486, 2039, 1168, 1971, 419, 578, 221, 124, 499, 1347, 597, 1277, 330, 794, 680, 571, 1015, 619, 863, 1730, 909, 362, 1194, 1...	77	8
LJ001-0027	especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,	[ [ 1138, 1967, 1762, 1577, 263, 2020, 307, 831, 1892, 73, 83, 325, 160, 114, 793, 1483, 1713, 349, 383, 1782, 944, 1253, 2046, 560, 743, 438, 1428, 1984, 1655, 774, 212, 1443, 636, ...	121	8
LJ001-0028	but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.	[ [ 1698, 2012, 223, 1695, 1639, 313, 1997, 268, 442, 442, 212, 1803, 1803, 1135, 1161, 1414, 1592, 1560, 1215, 1424, 531, 1702, 2009, 56, 1895, 312, 333, 1968, 657, 251, 560, 743, 1790,...	75	8
LJ001-0029	But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used	[ [ 108, 196, 1338, 1039, 579, 797, 863, 246, 419, 1050, 89, 1729, 1675, 907, 907, 1896, 960, 1358, 126, 978, 1743, 716, 835, 1040, 1040, 930, 784, 85, 95, 125, 1781, 856, 732, 1003,...	67	8
LJ001-0030	a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.	[ [ 1698, 1917, 1917, 1460, 530, 1721, 1721, 1077, 1063, 386, 1293, 69, 69, 1395, 1702, 1443, 1900, 1032, 269, 292, 653, 455, 1522, 1276, 531, 159, 193, 1347, 539, 1260, 536, 2003, 213, ...	87	8
LJ001-0031	In fourteen sixty-five Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,	[ [ 613, 1536, 1416, 1406, 1184, 793, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 1334, 2038, 1410, 471, 530, 1192, 1192, 839, 999, 1083, 1640, 832, 262, 663, 1544, 48, 269, 1161, 1609, 1808, 535, 813, 1792,...	99	8
LJ001-0032	and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,	[ [ 678, 1879, 557, 1063, 1274, 1790, 1803, 1369, 1040, 1945, 1945, 1359, 1623, 1932, 1567, 831, 722, 1309, 1077, 1063, 1495, 917, 1137, 1823, 1538, 1081, 218, 1322, 1108, 1868, 1640, 312, ...	89	8
LJ001-0033	but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.	[ [ 1698, 1249, 1918, 1117, 572, 572, 327, 1264, 1409, 744, 1756, 1756, 1245, 1393, 1393, 463, 463, 1567, 831, 1010, 1849, 1705, 298, 298, 1729, 1549, 440, 440, 1591, 1967, 1161, 833, 12...	87	8
LJ001-0034	They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year fourteen sixty-eight,	[ [ 613, 223, 313, 1997, 268, 1389, 6, 655, 1917, 1917, 1460, 530, 485, 1077, 887, 680, 571, 1015, 2033, 1803, 926, 1277, 330, 1967, 218, 218, 538, 527, 1868, 1640, 832, 262, 663, 38...	114	8
LJ001-0035	they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.	[ [ 613, 170, 1830, 1701, 1424, 570, 114, 1610, 1373, 6, 1786, 1277, 910, 1157, 591, 1406, 2043, 874, 8, 690, 875, 1253, 1054, 985, 858, 1344, 96, 307, 722, 1470, 526, 1260, 536, 200...	64	8
LJ001-0036	But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;	[ [ 108, 145, 1338, 579, 797, 365, 1028, 1156, 1266, 248, 834, 355, 1918, 1967, 1945, 1354, 921, 957, 1293, 69, 69, 1395, 1702, 1677, 518, 1895, 1607, 1607, 657, 7, 1214, 1109, 268, ...	92	8
LJ001-0037	and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;	[ [ 678, 1539, 1539, 62, 2038, 984, 912, 1293, 69, 1395, 1677, 1020, 1895, 832, 1968, 1968, 7, 160, 772, 880, 1124, 1624, 199, 199, 673, 188, 610, 774, 1677, 845, 1022, 1862, 1992, 1...	54	8
LJ001-0038	while in fourteen seventy at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.	[ [ 108, 371, 826, 1998, 1416, 1406, 1184, 793, 11, 1113, 957, 1135, 1945, 1374, 1374, 268, 1207, 1229, 1966, 1862, 1255, 1343, 456, 1839, 1839, 112, 1566, 205, 797, 797, 2039, 1619, 110...	122	8
LJ001-0039	The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,	[ [ 1698, 539, 1725, 1782, 2003, 213, 994, 603, 1081, 371, 527, 619, 1640, 832, 1696, 1930, 1774, 178, 455, 1513, 475, 1562, 794, 1997, 1109, 268, 212, 1443, 1067, 828, 1967, 1945, 766, ...	47	8
LJ001-0040	and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.	[ [ 799, 1903, 873, 993, 460, 460, 1012, 1917, 1460, 1460, 144, 1945, 1334, 733, 1490, 1473, 126, 1537, 845, 337, 1377, 383, 854, 1178, 1178, 922, 1137, 1358, 1537, 832, 1743, 716, 855, ...	95	8
LJ001-0041	It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,	[ [ 613, 856, 1011, 1409, 1215, 794, 362, 144, 278, 1361, 1197, 643, 1020, 1895, 1028, 1968, 1836, 1051, 1454, 1454, 607, 460, 828, 1479, 1536, 103, 697, 224, 1348, 1609, 1575, 1828, 862...	62	8
LJ001-0042	and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.	[ [ 799, 1539, 1786, 1386, 1348, 690, 875, 505, 539, 1260, 536, 2003, 213, 1786, 1497, 1385, 585, 816, 550, 671, 1039, 1640, 312, 356, 657, 1633, 314, 749, 561, 1945, 1927, 321, 1440, ...	84	8
LJ001-0043	A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.	[ [ 1698, 1641, 698, 616, 514, 1655, 479, 479, 1417, 184, 1739, 1011, 1531, 268, 1347, 597, 17, 526, 1260, 536, 2003, 877, 1984, 1571, 774, 1677, 518, 1895, 832, 262, 716, 664, 1015, ...	49	8
LJ001-0044	John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,	[ [ 61, 196, 1597, 1729, 22, 1273, 1945, 334, 1991, 371, 75, 774, 212, 1443, 1803, 300, 482, 1125, 1012, 9, 1276, 1943, 514, 155, 655, 202, 544, 349, 1939, 97, 150, 1852, 1307, 486, ...	88	8
LJ001-0045	fourteen sixty-nine, fourteen seventy;	[ [ 2018, 67, 1886, 1207, 1113, 274, 611, 1134, 2038, 2038, 1410, 1113, 885, 104, 157, 839, 1371, 1289, 1307, 832, 1607, 48, 1406, 1184, 967, 603, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 278, 1374, 1374,...	38	8
LJ001-0046	their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.	[ [ 613, 1917, 1440, 967, 1081, 371, 1322, 1868, 548, 1211, 641, 1774, 1902, 1047, 383, 89, 157, 999, 957, 2014, 597, 1713, 1573, 908, 531, 616, 2003, 1948, 1948, 268, 1882, 1721, 1596, ...	68	8
LJ001-0047	Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:	[ [ 108, 1974, 597, 908, 1041, 1109, 29, 1534, 150, 1948, 856, 1011, 1409, 540, 1424, 362, 144, 1134, 278, 1197, 643, 56, 394, 486, 1968, 1098, 1612, 1169, 1169, 28, 1254, 321, 1839, ...	75	8
LJ001-0048	his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.	[ [ 1138, 460, 1428, 1984, 1235, 1655, 1405, 607, 460, 102, 1508, 1421, 551, 1644, 1405, 922, 922, 831, 831, 1252, 1344, 96, 1395, 774, 1014, 1471, 300, 539, 526, 1146, 1622, 1939, 2036,...	80	8
LJ001-0049	After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by fourteen ninety, printing in Venice had declined very much;	[ [ 799, 773, 773, 1124, 1922, 1125, 1125, 1751, 201, 529, 10, 1951, 1803, 1047, 1552, 1525, 1184, 67, 603, 1207, 1113, 957, 1781, 1516, 1230, 471, 952, 110, 1067, 1900, 797, 486, 311, ...	97	8
LJ001-0050	and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,	[ [ 799, 685, 993, 1259, 414, 1766, 246, 1386, 1627, 1552, 1721, 1356, 921, 535, 1228, 1615, 794, 1768, 776, 264, 1567, 1229, 705, 1989, 986, 1992, 178, 178, 1107, 479, 910, 1566, 1602, ...	91	8
LJ001-0051	and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,	[ [ 799, 1209, 1377, 1259, 574, 251, 921, 1932, 109, 1670, 1670, 1412, 111, 578, 1109, 443, 1807, 1172, 1143, 1066, 272, 366, 313, 1997, 1571, 1424, 1117, 168, 1034, 1327, 803, 486, 1728...	61	8
LJ001-0052	yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact	[ [ 143, 314, 10, 749, 1255, 1746, 12, 967, 1081, 371, 1322, 1043, 460, 42, 513, 967, 603, 1985, 1615, 981, 1708, 307, 722, 983, 117, 8, 1407, 1741, 327, 1428, 383, 1782, 731, 2036, ...	68	8
LJ001-0053	they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.	[ [ 613, 1144, 49, 540, 1615, 9, 362, 1194, 1054, 1135, 1134, 1334, 1655, 1655, 2009, 56, 486, 486, 1968, 657, 990, 1488, 376, 1085, 130, 1465, 1256, 544, 6, 1378, 1513, 1966, 560, 5...	58	8
LJ001-0054	Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,	[ [ 61, 1041, 1256, 611, 1534, 150, 813, 1848, 1586, 812, 812, 774, 1677, 518, 394, 2039, 1515, 2022, 1010, 237, 1011, 1881, 584, 471, 1054, 1054, 994, 847, 733, 1295, 1765, 1839, 902, ...	55	8
LJ001-0055	some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.	[ [ 472, 1506, 1052, 1052, 410, 410, 1609, 1065, 1065, 1336, 1336, 1259, 1703, 685, 1372, 59, 1067, 1320, 1320, 1196, 2032, 2011, 1333, 908, 952, 1242, 418, 1051, 1051, 1643, 410, 1265, ...	108	8
LJ001-0056	It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,	[ [ 1182, 1578, 1001, 382, 1251, 1513, 1869, 110, 1012, 573, 109, 1670, 1670, 1106, 1309, 655, 202, 761, 191, 783, 1517, 213, 313, 1997, 268, 268, 774, 1443, 1157, 912, 284, 206, 1943, ...	69	8
LJ001-0057	Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,	[ [ 108, 196, 1644, 429, 1841, 562, 1537, 1895, 1703, 864, 1377, 662, 1404, 1620, 1253, 967, 990, 654, 1943, 514, 1858, 55, 1334, 1994, 1229, 110, 1067, 636, 797, 312, 1814, 323, 660, ...	107	8
LJ001-0058	and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,	[ [ 799, 1367, 513, 505, 539, 168, 616, 215, 1470, 526, 784, 1295, 951, 252, 1235, 1389, 1389, 6, 1432, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1411, 597, 1513, 1530, 2032, 96, 245, 1405, 823, 213, 14...	93	8
LJ001-0059	the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.	[ [ 995, 109, 1670, 1891, 1124, 1910, 1056, 114, 1610, 1039, 1259, 410, 597, 1513, 475, 988, 111, 603, 847, 1341, 1998, 113, 985, 313, 1997, 268, 442, 212, 1443, 636, 797, 797, 1607, ...	114	8
LJ001-0060	It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries	[ [ 613, 352, 925, 1409, 1215, 794, 1057, 1989, 983, 294, 55, 1762, 1853, 1853, 643, 56, 1895, 1607, 1743, 1656, 1051, 749, 1255, 1255, 1526, 1787, 1075, 272, 977, 907, 1896, 1896, 383, ...	85	8
LJ001-0061	the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.	[ [ 1698, 526, 1725, 1399, 2003, 877, 1026, 1984, 1655, 774, 1679, 572, 382, 1092, 386, 1063, 1274, 1562, 2026, 1945, 1506, 371, 1467, 1695, 1695, 1959, 1532, 1506, 1477, 839, 1628, 1187, ...	44	8
LJ001-0062	Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,	[ [ 1692, 1978, 1383, 1948, 926, 125, 1781, 856, 1939, 1825, 705, 582, 832, 1607, 1743, 7, 1883, 1722, 1650, 1615, 1347, 597, 1552, 1356, 485, 1296, 1914, 277, 283, 1741, 981, 1708, 1473...	66	8
LJ001-0063	which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,	[ [ 995, 572, 1001, 382, 2026, 1041, 1041, 132, 1005, 1825, 722, 8, 690, 875, 1721, 1721, 299, 1184, 1348, 1939, 831, 1194, 160, 1477, 1560, 917, 981, 1327, 1640, 312, 868, 868, 657, ...	58	8
LJ001-0064	many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.	[ [ 1116, 1993, 1070, 584, 559, 410, 1226, 1226, 144, 912, 1355, 371, 527, 1108, 2033, 1803, 1803, 994, 1158, 1778, 1242, 373, 1136, 854, 398, 604, 816, 1643, 597, 1713, 1591, 1273, 1063...	74	8
LJ001-0065	This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.	[ [ 1182, 330, 330, 46, 382, 888, 103, 224, 224, 1219, 922, 307, 722, 2045, 28, 1254, 560, 560, 1472, 1566, 46, 622, 1513, 1530, 1992, 531, 1005, 719, 722, 997, 168, 1034, 984, 1762,...	89	8
LJ001-0066	In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.	[ [ 678, 1536, 1768, 101, 1222, 1445, 85, 579, 1320, 1607, 1607, 940, 341, 160, 772, 1713, 1655, 1624, 199, 673, 371, 918, 1655, 212, 591, 1549, 2043, 159, 347, 2026, 603, 218, 1322, ...	120	8
LJ001-0067	In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.	[ [ 995, 648, 1047, 1026, 383, 1782, 1399, 645, 1697, 1754, 227, 1787, 1229, 952, 1067, 32, 257, 1377, 268, 1252, 1980, 383, 89, 89, 230, 1680, 1307, 803, 2039, 2039, 323, 660, 572, ...	88	8
LJ001-0068	The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.	[ [ 995, 809, 1662, 1839, 902, 238, 1124, 1405, 1228, 1615, 798, 981, 1817, 1818, 942, 221, 1741, 327, 912, 1081, 1322, 527, 1868, 750, 1022, 73, 526, 1146, 1295, 951, 199, 1109, 268, ...	115	8
LJ001-0069	This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,	[ [ 1182, 1277, 330, 1751, 218, 538, 1322, 1868, 1740, 382, 1803, 1536, 227, 170, 54, 1274, 347, 95, 1143, 654, 654, 1932, 617, 1939, 150, 1547, 1640, 832, 1028, 1968, 657, 1695, 1695, ...	70	8
LJ001-0070	and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.	[ [ 799, 2012, 1001, 382, 1092, 1293, 1063, 1274, 794, 565, 1786, 228, 897, 1679, 622, 628, 655, 1917, 1917, 1460, 862, 755, 1823, 655, 1917, 1460, 1141, 501, 501, 594, 1807, 1172, 1852,...	98	8
LJ001-0071	Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.	[ [ 2018, 1402, 1650, 798, 1347, 2046, 1662, 1899, 1445, 984, 798, 1803, 1231, 102, 587, 536, 230, 1510, 1081, 371, 1322, 1108, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1607, 663, 1411, 180, 986, 1383, 117...	93	8
LJ001-0072	After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,	[ [ 799, 1421, 773, 1124, 1813, 1513, 1530, 97, 1256, 1347, 597, 1713, 2001, 357, 1339, 603, 1207, 957, 1135, 1945, 252, 1109, 443, 227, 1229, 705, 1458, 1895, 832, 2039, 868, 657, 419, ...	82	8
LJ001-0073	went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:	[ [ 1415, 1996, 1578, 1992, 1093, 89, 1597, 22, 886, 1343, 560, 743, 1472, 1602, 205, 636, 797, 1607, 1607, 384, 855, 1377, 730, 1944, 371, 75, 418, 1513, 1384, 10, 1256, 1347, 597, ...	89	8
LJ001-0074	the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;	[ [ 995, 419, 1522, 750, 10, 280, 280, 1658, 2026, 1264, 1722, 1650, 1615, 307, 722, 530, 1721, 1596, 1109, 268, 1336, 1259, 437, 875, 1026, 383, 1782, 1399, 645, 1697, 1754, 227, 1787, ...	82	8
LJ001-0075	the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;	[ [ 1027, 1415, 997, 168, 616, 128, 1326, 1658, 579, 797, 1607, 1743, 716, 478, 572, 327, 313, 1997, 235, 1899, 1556, 46, 1117, 1096, 296, 1251, 1513, 1516, 1536, 1939, 1939, 112, 1336, ...	86	8
LJ001-0076	and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.	[ [ 678, 1377, 2001, 444, 617, 1330, 1238, 1960, 358, 1117, 168, 128, 128, 1803, 1452, 168, 1894, 212, 1602, 1602, 636, 797, 2039, 1968, 474, 147, 1851, 1495, 272, 977, 907, 190, 719, ...	113	8
LJ001-0077	In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in seventeen twenty)	[ [ 995, 1479, 1777, 1516, 194, 1939, 1939, 150, 1680, 1547, 579, 1696, 248, 834, 355, 1918, 330, 1751, 603, 218, 538, 538, 1371, 1948, 111, 578, 847, 784, 1339, 654, 382, 740, 1881, ...	118	8
LJ001-0078	to improve the letter in form.	[ [ 995, 654, 1536, 985, 313, 1851, 1258, 597, 1713, 1026, 1984, 1571, 774, 1677, 1505, 1479, 1536, 1721, 1406, 299, 299, 1894, 867, 1307, 141 ], [ 1800, 257, 714, 515, 539, 1893, 1745, ...	25	8
LJ001-0079	Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;	[ [ 799, 1899, 1215, 1424, 1428, 719, 2040, 1135, 912, 1081, 371, 1322, 260, 1892, 1238, 2024, 1252, 1344, 777, 1395, 1405, 1919, 300, 1011, 0, 1778, 1108, 1039, 579, 295, 1968, 1743, 85...	56	8
LJ001-0080	he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:	[ [ 1692, 1671, 144, 937, 1359, 627, 2040, 133, 912, 654, 1085, 1085, 603, 807, 512, 808, 1047, 349, 383, 1984, 1235, 774, 1505, 1195, 1930, 597, 1530, 130, 184, 184, 996, 1231, 2014, ...	68	8
LJ001-0081	type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.	[ [ 1698, 1209, 75, 527, 1868, 1327, 2046, 590, 82, 1215, 1424, 1787, 440, 482, 1125, 1125, 888, 351, 1730, 1230, 227, 55, 1945, 1334, 1451, 59, 1067, 636, 1448, 788, 1515, 913, 1211, ...	57	8
LJ001-0082	In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.	[ [ 613, 926, 1135, 1945, 334, 935, 371, 1412, 1261, 1848, 1290, 812, 615, 774, 1568, 1347, 410, 1125, 1125, 794, 313, 1446, 560, 1734, 73, 1117, 168, 1813, 418, 1733, 1781, 784, 588, ...	87	8
LJ001-0083	The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.	[ [ 472, 1945, 252, 784, 213, 994, 1207, 1113, 611, 1945, 252, 443, 227, 1787, 530, 530, 1356, 247, 343, 230, 2033, 1602, 205, 636, 797, 1375, 168, 155, 1188, 1166, 101, 1222, 1197, ...	63	8
LJ001-0084	But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.	[ [ 108, 2012, 1882, 2043, 1813, 1522, 9, 287, 1077, 1495, 761, 559, 597, 1530, 1530, 531, 531, 1825, 1929, 505, 539, 168, 168, 1034, 1327, 1640, 832, 262, 1544, 1746, 1144, 351, 1407, ...	53	8
LJ001-0085	It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,	[ [ 1182, 1641, 382, 382, 83, 325, 199, 1393, 616, 2009, 1339, 1549, 2043, 1552, 1721, 1768, 247, 343, 294, 1624, 2014, 597, 272, 1026, 560, 1230, 442, 1014, 1781, 1516, 1412, 1207, 1113...	104	8
LJ001-0086	are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:	[ [ 108, 1610, 942, 529, 10, 1215, 1939, 1567, 1772, 1437, 1919, 1547, 329, 1754, 713, 858, 1344, 1571, 1534, 150, 342, 579, 664, 1066, 1513, 1530, 1676, 1477, 999, 1628, 1020, 832, 832,...	85	8
LJ001-0087	for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,	[ [ 1698, 1813, 1591, 1532, 1334, 1383, 268, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 766, 1361, 268, 227, 1787, 1229, 862, 1984, 1655, 212, 1443, 641, 929, 874, 1776, 307, 473, 96, 1472, 1658, 574, 1540,...	104	8
LJ001-0088	were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;	[ [ 1415, 1102, 349, 1003, 473, 1655, 212, 1443, 1231, 648, 1786, 330, 1751, 1026, 383, 447, 1363, 1939, 112, 1326, 1658, 908, 921, 921, 274, 627, 271, 636, 797, 1955, 1743, 1544, 1584, ...	110	8
LJ001-0089	but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.	[ [ 108, 2012, 749, 414, 482, 1125, 1428, 383, 1984, 1655, 774, 212, 1067, 636, 797, 797, 1607, 384, 419, 421, 920, 1754, 1754, 1536, 994, 1124, 1765, 1571, 1615, 798, 851, 1437, 1919, ...	109	8
LJ001-0090	With this change the art of printing touched bottom,	[ [ 1415, 622, 1786, 1277, 330, 1424, 883, 1053, 921, 274, 627, 1336, 271, 797, 797, 1607, 940, 1656, 1530, 114, 1610, 793, 1347, 1265, 1997, 268, 1389, 1932, 266, 1081, 221, 1741, 327, ...	41	8
LJ001-0091	so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about eighteen forty.	[ [ 472, 421, 1801, 1991, 929, 1405, 1527, 591, 935, 157, 918, 1852, 313, 202, 268, 851, 1437, 1892, 1527, 1238, 1054, 1135, 1506, 1393, 616, 1702, 993, 1173, 486, 2039, 1728, 1375, 246,...	84	8
LJ001-0092	The Chiswick press in eighteen forty-four revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.	[ [ 1182, 1578, 1053, 1063, 1274, 46, 1740, 1860, 1363, 313, 1370, 10, 280, 1534, 1803, 1516, 1230, 1207, 1113, 1416, 1525, 1192, 1192, 471, 530, 1406, 299, 731, 505, 526, 655, 1417, 147...	100	8
LJ001-0093	This experiment was so far successful that about eighteen fifty Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh	[ [ 995, 1102, 330, 1232, 1040, 1040, 1945, 1161, 1577, 321, 1839, 1531, 1531, 905, 1117, 382, 382, 2026, 1032, 1112, 715, 1801, 1184, 67, 128, 895, 1040, 252, 1571, 1215, 1137, 1137, 11...	90	8
LJ001-0094	were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.	[ [ 1415, 1657, 1479, 1536, 1158, 1063, 1274, 1424, 912, 912, 284, 1705, 221, 1918, 1188, 1056, 1023, 1741, 320, 1451, 1443, 1067, 2043, 2043, 80, 1945, 937, 777, 902, 1141, 110, 1231, 4...	54	8
LJ001-0095	These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,	[ [ 1692, 1869, 1242, 110, 1231, 1919, 1299, 1135, 766, 1334, 1939, 719, 1767, 1721, 1768, 247, 343, 1039, 2033, 205, 797, 797, 1028, 657, 522, 1662, 1899, 280, 1615, 794, 1695, 1695, 15...	53	8
LJ001-0096	have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type	[ [ 799, 1085, 812, 495, 860, 1705, 623, 1729, 1788, 1732, 1479, 1143, 1071, 908, 1041, 1611, 682, 1823, 1293, 1293, 70, 1274, 1326, 1602, 1669, 1109, 513, 180, 1078, 1560, 254, 107, 122...	121	8
LJ001-0097	a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,	[ [ 2018, 349, 755, 1864, 539, 665, 1186, 170, 54, 1063, 1326, 1658, 6, 683, 1992, 1930, 811, 831, 885, 112, 910, 1602, 1602, 636, 797, 797, 262, 663, 1301, 1301, 1926, 175, 7, 246, ...	103	8
LJ001-0098	and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.	[ [ 678, 1047, 977, 907, 190, 719, 121, 1721, 1768, 1580, 238, 1039, 1846, 1846, 322, 460, 1237, 349, 755, 1864, 1538, 603, 990, 887, 573, 109, 1670, 1670, 1575, 198, 185, 1992, 1519, ...	59	8
LJ001-0099	It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,	[ [ 1182, 1578, 1409, 540, 1424, 362, 1057, 1470, 325, 1881, 1988, 615, 1373, 1010, 507, 1290, 812, 774, 1677, 394, 486, 2039, 333, 311, 1836, 1212, 1011, 1722, 1650, 1615, 1264, 1407, 1...	101	8
LJ001-0100	and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.	[ [ 678, 1804, 1513, 1778, 110, 32, 1032, 1506, 1052, 1052, 2023, 1736, 1187, 997, 927, 75, 1839, 1141, 862, 1026, 1984, 1235, 774, 212, 1900, 797, 797, 486, 1728, 660, 1411, 180, 1858, ...	108	8

LJ001-0001

Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition

[ [ 1698, 1719, 204, 1389, 851, 1772, 186, 1307, 1895, 832, 1633, 771, 648, 1530, 1989, 1574, 1348, 722, 144, 1945, 278, 1109, 29, 611, 46, 622, 628, 1740, 572, 572, 345, 1989, 1676, ...

121

8

LJ001-0002

in being comparatively modern.

[ [ 678, 1536, 362, 1057, 389, 1558, 1054, 985, 321, 1839, 902, 1389, 6, 483, 1003, 722, 49, 1407, 653, 283, 1655, 1287, 1120, 1793 ], [ 532, 190, 1875, 1875, 1394, 421, 190, 249, 13...

24

8

LJ001-0003

For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process

[ [ 2018, 1184, 1992, 178, 455, 1386, 1627, 1612, 883, 1053, 188, 918, 761, 952, 110, 1067, 912, 1015, 1553, 1536, 985, 313, 263, 263, 1807, 2040, 133, 1157, 1931, 1549, 440, 440, 1452, ...

121

8

LJ001-0004

produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,

[ [ 1698, 170, 54, 1063, 1274, 912, 1259, 1713, 366, 277, 1560, 447, 1188, 571, 571, 1015, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1728, 657, 478, 572, 1117, 1657, 1813, 1530, 1781, 1536, 351, 0, 1623, ...

65

8

LJ001-0005

the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.

[ [ 1692, 113, 1385, 750, 1109, 443, 1517, 22, 410, 1264, 1722, 1258, 53, 922, 1823, 8, 1881, 1571, 1005, 349, 1026, 1984, 1235, 1655, 212, 1443, 1803, 648, 1686, 1214, 1994, 1005, 410, ...

102

8

LJ001-0006

And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,

[ [ 799, 685, 1837, 1810, 579, 803, 1576, 913, 1454, 460, 73, 997, 168, 793, 193, 1881, 1109, 443, 1807, 1172, 125, 926, 985, 456, 456, 2027, 1215, 851, 1772, 186, 1162, 2034, 1814, ...

72

8

LJ001-0007

the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about fourteen fifty-five,

[ [ 1692, 1733, 531, 531, 1939, 1567, 1929, 1228, 1238, 1309, 571, 571, 1015, 1327, 141, 980, 1997, 755, 1830, 1830, 622, 622, 628, 1264, 1258, 1258, 922, 1137, 1823, 578, 1081, 371, 527...

105

8

LJ001-0008

has never been surpassed.

[ [ 1952, 1037, 888, 697, 812, 615, 155, 1921, 1921, 1299, 1134, 1393, 1910, 456, 1222, 1222, 1222, 280, 1566, 1658, 579, 797, 1793 ], [ 527, 1101, 164, 283, 1107, 632, 559, 1401, 1034, ...

23

8

LJ001-0009

Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.

[ [ 1698, 1394, 268, 1389, 851, 617, 830, 228, 228, 1810, 872, 1416, 2043, 874, 1341, 1340, 1679, 1910, 313, 1997, 1295, 112, 910, 1566, 205, 797, 797, 1814, 1515, 1098, 1730, 1730, 2016...

95

8

LJ001-0010

Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,

[ [ 1116, 524, 495, 495, 860, 714, 1987, 1955, 1743, 716, 835, 1022, 1037, 102, 587, 178, 178, 455, 680, 571, 1015, 2033, 1602, 636, 675, 697, 1606, 837, 358, 313, 1370, 1548, 321, 1...

111

8

LJ001-0011

it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;

[ [ 1182, 1454, 460, 1237, 597, 1552, 1721, 531, 159, 1615, 798, 985, 469, 1184, 67, 463, 150, 133, 205, 797, 797, 2039, 1968, 1836, 1294, 1713, 1026, 1984, 1235, 902, 1408, 1293, 70, ...

57

8

LJ001-0012

especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters

[ [ 1138, 1097, 1762, 1577, 263, 2020, 1939, 831, 705, 1733, 1022, 1037, 888, 224, 224, 690, 875, 967, 218, 538, 124, 1892, 460, 102, 1078, 1560, 468, 1043, 631, 1023, 839, 1628, 56, ...

103

8

LJ001-0013

than in the same operations with ugly ones.

[ [ 1952, 317, 1948, 648, 1591, 1945, 1354, 921, 535, 1676, 254, 1295, 501, 501, 594, 1807, 2040, 46, 622, 628, 1943, 1943, 1939, 722, 392, 1069, 1663, 1680, 889, 1157, 205, 797, 710 ]...

33

8

LJ001-0014

And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,

[ [ 1049, 2035, 1377, 1777, 1872, 382, 382, 1237, 1881, 1899, 1564, 1765, 1767, 1265, 1252, 299, 731, 1894, 1566, 1602, 636, 1051, 1051, 749, 1821, 1479, 1047, 1686, 1214, 1994, 719, 560, ...

125

8

LJ001-0015

the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.

[ [ 1698, 1641, 1406, 299, 1764, 1018, 2014, 1265, 313, 1997, 268, 6, 383, 1984, 1235, 212, 1443, 1602, 1414, 1545, 362, 362, 287, 1077, 1063, 1495, 917, 1525, 1137, 1358, 502, 978, 262,...

116

8

LJ001-0016

The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore

[ [ 678, 1214, 1214, 1005, 1003, 560, 1230, 1178, 1451, 1012, 1276, 1960, 1960, 1654, 1705, 349, 755, 109, 1165, 121, 485, 1113, 1242, 285, 11, 654, 313, 1997, 1721, 1580, 1580, 1840, 18...

66

8

LJ001-0017

that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.

[ [ 799, 2012, 1918, 1552, 1406, 299, 731, 149, 2014, 1265, 313, 1997, 1389, 6, 862, 1136, 1235, 1655, 1443, 1326, 783, 1545, 1721, 408, 1991, 1484, 1348, 8, 690, 875, 875, 944, 1914, ...

88

8

LJ001-0018

The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,

[ [ 1698, 1641, 531, 159, 1615, 9, 680, 1015, 984, 984, 1657, 1910, 313, 202, 268, 6, 6, 95, 971, 680, 90, 101, 1445, 1428, 1984, 1235, 774, 774, 518, 1895, 312, 868, 323, 1140, ...

94

8

LJ001-0019

and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;

[ [ 1049, 2035, 1367, 1740, 572, 327, 479, 1324, 184, 1739, 260, 1339, 1264, 690, 875, 1705, 1054, 858, 1344, 96, 1412, 307, 831, 113, 1299, 1135, 1361, 1235, 80, 1762, 1768, 146, 238, ...

81

8

LJ001-0020

the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.

[ [ 995, 1102, 1026, 383, 1782, 1519, 1253, 28, 1254, 560, 1877, 1472, 1602, 620, 1057, 1869, 1932, 1437, 1416, 1356, 101, 146, 238, 85, 926, 655, 750, 268, 6, 6, 1173, 1448, 465, 15...

59

8

LJ001-0021

The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation

[ [ 1692, 1989, 944, 874, 1567, 1816, 1228, 1756, 9, 571, 571, 1015, 1327, 1640, 313, 1719, 268, 6, 6, 622, 628, 740, 8, 1258, 711, 922, 1137, 1538, 1081, 371, 75, 1108, 1868, 803, ...

108

8

LJ001-0022

of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"

[ [ 1698, 597, 1686, 690, 875, 1767, 1721, 1406, 1184, 1764, 1348, 1473, 920, 1705, 1252, 473, 475, 1790, 1929, 1384, 2027, 1215, 798, 1708, 1473, 526, 632, 1322, 1353, 1772, 186, 1895, ...

89

8

LJ001-0023

and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.

[ [ 1952, 1804, 997, 1096, 296, 988, 150, 1416, 1768, 1445, 238, 1039, 1483, 2045, 1697, 623, 918, 1347, 410, 1984, 263, 1124, 1293, 1293, 70, 1164, 1443, 1231, 648, 1047, 1686, 1214, 58...

106

8

LJ001-0024

But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year fourteen sixty-two)

[ [ 1027, 2012, 1713, 1721, 531, 159, 128, 1424, 985, 1944, 371, 1457, 711, 1473, 241, 1703, 146, 238, 227, 682, 1825, 722, 170, 251, 560, 1412, 6, 56, 56, 1895, 1607, 2039, 1968, 65...

99

8

LJ001-0025

imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.

[ [ 995, 958, 801, 1730, 111, 807, 501, 1877, 2033, 523, 431, 1407, 546, 327, 1721, 698, 1719, 1395, 1922, 1261, 225, 1903, 1837, 1810, 1680, 1640, 832, 1607, 1743, 48, 269, 1669, 733, ...

111

8

LJ001-0026

On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,

[ [ 108, 1239, 1348, 977, 907, 1896, 960, 960, 126, 1895, 486, 2039, 1168, 1971, 419, 578, 221, 124, 499, 1347, 597, 1277, 330, 794, 680, 571, 1015, 619, 863, 1730, 909, 362, 1194, 1...

77

8

LJ001-0027

especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,

[ [ 1138, 1967, 1762, 1577, 263, 2020, 307, 831, 1892, 73, 83, 325, 160, 114, 793, 1483, 1713, 349, 383, 1782, 944, 1253, 2046, 560, 743, 438, 1428, 1984, 1655, 774, 212, 1443, 636, ...

121

8

LJ001-0028

but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.

[ [ 1698, 2012, 223, 1695, 1639, 313, 1997, 268, 442, 442, 212, 1803, 1803, 1135, 1161, 1414, 1592, 1560, 1215, 1424, 531, 1702, 2009, 56, 1895, 312, 333, 1968, 657, 251, 560, 743, 1790,...

75

8

LJ001-0029

But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used

[ [ 108, 196, 1338, 1039, 579, 797, 863, 246, 419, 1050, 89, 1729, 1675, 907, 907, 1896, 960, 1358, 126, 978, 1743, 716, 835, 1040, 1040, 930, 784, 85, 95, 125, 1781, 856, 732, 1003,...

67

8

LJ001-0030

a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.

[ [ 1698, 1917, 1917, 1460, 530, 1721, 1721, 1077, 1063, 386, 1293, 69, 69, 1395, 1702, 1443, 1900, 1032, 269, 292, 653, 455, 1522, 1276, 531, 159, 193, 1347, 539, 1260, 536, 2003, 213, ...

87

8

LJ001-0031

In fourteen sixty-five Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,

[ [ 613, 1536, 1416, 1406, 1184, 793, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 1334, 2038, 1410, 471, 530, 1192, 1192, 839, 999, 1083, 1640, 832, 262, 663, 1544, 48, 269, 1161, 1609, 1808, 535, 813, 1792,...

99

8

LJ001-0032

and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,

[ [ 678, 1879, 557, 1063, 1274, 1790, 1803, 1369, 1040, 1945, 1945, 1359, 1623, 1932, 1567, 831, 722, 1309, 1077, 1063, 1495, 917, 1137, 1823, 1538, 1081, 218, 1322, 1108, 1868, 1640, 312, ...

89

8

LJ001-0033

but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.

[ [ 1698, 1249, 1918, 1117, 572, 572, 327, 1264, 1409, 744, 1756, 1756, 1245, 1393, 1393, 463, 463, 1567, 831, 1010, 1849, 1705, 298, 298, 1729, 1549, 440, 440, 1591, 1967, 1161, 833, 12...

87

8

LJ001-0034

They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year fourteen sixty-eight,

[ [ 613, 223, 313, 1997, 268, 1389, 6, 655, 1917, 1917, 1460, 530, 485, 1077, 887, 680, 571, 1015, 2033, 1803, 926, 1277, 330, 1967, 218, 218, 538, 527, 1868, 1640, 832, 262, 663, 38...

114

8

LJ001-0035

they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.

[ [ 613, 170, 1830, 1701, 1424, 570, 114, 1610, 1373, 6, 1786, 1277, 910, 1157, 591, 1406, 2043, 874, 8, 690, 875, 1253, 1054, 985, 858, 1344, 96, 307, 722, 1470, 526, 1260, 536, 200...

64

8

LJ001-0036

But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;

[ [ 108, 145, 1338, 579, 797, 365, 1028, 1156, 1266, 248, 834, 355, 1918, 1967, 1945, 1354, 921, 957, 1293, 69, 69, 1395, 1702, 1677, 518, 1895, 1607, 1607, 657, 7, 1214, 1109, 268, ...

92

8

LJ001-0037

and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;

[ [ 678, 1539, 1539, 62, 2038, 984, 912, 1293, 69, 1395, 1677, 1020, 1895, 832, 1968, 1968, 7, 160, 772, 880, 1124, 1624, 199, 199, 673, 188, 610, 774, 1677, 845, 1022, 1862, 1992, 1...

54

8

LJ001-0038

while in fourteen seventy at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.

[ [ 108, 371, 826, 1998, 1416, 1406, 1184, 793, 11, 1113, 957, 1135, 1945, 1374, 1374, 268, 1207, 1229, 1966, 1862, 1255, 1343, 456, 1839, 1839, 112, 1566, 205, 797, 797, 2039, 1619, 110...

122

8

LJ001-0039

The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,

[ [ 1698, 539, 1725, 1782, 2003, 213, 994, 603, 1081, 371, 527, 619, 1640, 832, 1696, 1930, 1774, 178, 455, 1513, 475, 1562, 794, 1997, 1109, 268, 212, 1443, 1067, 828, 1967, 1945, 766, ...

47

8

LJ001-0040

and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.

[ [ 799, 1903, 873, 993, 460, 460, 1012, 1917, 1460, 1460, 144, 1945, 1334, 733, 1490, 1473, 126, 1537, 845, 337, 1377, 383, 854, 1178, 1178, 922, 1137, 1358, 1537, 832, 1743, 716, 855, ...

95

8

LJ001-0041

It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,

[ [ 613, 856, 1011, 1409, 1215, 794, 362, 144, 278, 1361, 1197, 643, 1020, 1895, 1028, 1968, 1836, 1051, 1454, 1454, 607, 460, 828, 1479, 1536, 103, 697, 224, 1348, 1609, 1575, 1828, 862...

62

8

LJ001-0042

and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.

[ [ 799, 1539, 1786, 1386, 1348, 690, 875, 505, 539, 1260, 536, 2003, 213, 1786, 1497, 1385, 585, 816, 550, 671, 1039, 1640, 312, 356, 657, 1633, 314, 749, 561, 1945, 1927, 321, 1440, ...

84

8

LJ001-0043

A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.

[ [ 1698, 1641, 698, 616, 514, 1655, 479, 479, 1417, 184, 1739, 1011, 1531, 268, 1347, 597, 17, 526, 1260, 536, 2003, 877, 1984, 1571, 774, 1677, 518, 1895, 832, 262, 716, 664, 1015, ...

49

8

LJ001-0044

John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,

[ [ 61, 196, 1597, 1729, 22, 1273, 1945, 334, 1991, 371, 75, 774, 212, 1443, 1803, 300, 482, 1125, 1012, 9, 1276, 1943, 514, 155, 655, 202, 544, 349, 1939, 97, 150, 1852, 1307, 486, ...

88

8

LJ001-0045

fourteen sixty-nine, fourteen seventy;

[ [ 2018, 67, 1886, 1207, 1113, 274, 611, 1134, 2038, 2038, 1410, 1113, 885, 104, 157, 839, 1371, 1289, 1307, 832, 1607, 48, 1406, 1184, 967, 603, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 278, 1374, 1374,...

38

8

LJ001-0046

their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.

[ [ 613, 1917, 1440, 967, 1081, 371, 1322, 1868, 548, 1211, 641, 1774, 1902, 1047, 383, 89, 157, 999, 957, 2014, 597, 1713, 1573, 908, 531, 616, 2003, 1948, 1948, 268, 1882, 1721, 1596, ...

68

8

LJ001-0047

Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:

[ [ 108, 1974, 597, 908, 1041, 1109, 29, 1534, 150, 1948, 856, 1011, 1409, 540, 1424, 362, 144, 1134, 278, 1197, 643, 56, 394, 486, 1968, 1098, 1612, 1169, 1169, 28, 1254, 321, 1839, ...

75

8

LJ001-0048

his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.

[ [ 1138, 460, 1428, 1984, 1235, 1655, 1405, 607, 460, 102, 1508, 1421, 551, 1644, 1405, 922, 922, 831, 831, 1252, 1344, 96, 1395, 774, 1014, 1471, 300, 539, 526, 1146, 1622, 1939, 2036,...

80

8

LJ001-0049

After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by fourteen ninety, printing in Venice had declined very much;

[ [ 799, 773, 773, 1124, 1922, 1125, 1125, 1751, 201, 529, 10, 1951, 1803, 1047, 1552, 1525, 1184, 67, 603, 1207, 1113, 957, 1781, 1516, 1230, 471, 952, 110, 1067, 1900, 797, 486, 311, ...

97

8

LJ001-0050

and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,

[ [ 799, 685, 993, 1259, 414, 1766, 246, 1386, 1627, 1552, 1721, 1356, 921, 535, 1228, 1615, 794, 1768, 776, 264, 1567, 1229, 705, 1989, 986, 1992, 178, 178, 1107, 479, 910, 1566, 1602, ...

91

8

LJ001-0051

and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,

[ [ 799, 1209, 1377, 1259, 574, 251, 921, 1932, 109, 1670, 1670, 1412, 111, 578, 1109, 443, 1807, 1172, 1143, 1066, 272, 366, 313, 1997, 1571, 1424, 1117, 168, 1034, 1327, 803, 486, 1728...

61

8

LJ001-0052

yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact

[ [ 143, 314, 10, 749, 1255, 1746, 12, 967, 1081, 371, 1322, 1043, 460, 42, 513, 967, 603, 1985, 1615, 981, 1708, 307, 722, 983, 117, 8, 1407, 1741, 327, 1428, 383, 1782, 731, 2036, ...

68

8

LJ001-0053

they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.

[ [ 613, 1144, 49, 540, 1615, 9, 362, 1194, 1054, 1135, 1134, 1334, 1655, 1655, 2009, 56, 486, 486, 1968, 657, 990, 1488, 376, 1085, 130, 1465, 1256, 544, 6, 1378, 1513, 1966, 560, 5...

58

8

LJ001-0054

Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,

[ [ 61, 1041, 1256, 611, 1534, 150, 813, 1848, 1586, 812, 812, 774, 1677, 518, 394, 2039, 1515, 2022, 1010, 237, 1011, 1881, 584, 471, 1054, 1054, 994, 847, 733, 1295, 1765, 1839, 902, ...

55

8

LJ001-0055

some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.

[ [ 472, 1506, 1052, 1052, 410, 410, 1609, 1065, 1065, 1336, 1336, 1259, 1703, 685, 1372, 59, 1067, 1320, 1320, 1196, 2032, 2011, 1333, 908, 952, 1242, 418, 1051, 1051, 1643, 410, 1265, ...

108

8

LJ001-0056

It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,

[ [ 1182, 1578, 1001, 382, 1251, 1513, 1869, 110, 1012, 573, 109, 1670, 1670, 1106, 1309, 655, 202, 761, 191, 783, 1517, 213, 313, 1997, 268, 268, 774, 1443, 1157, 912, 284, 206, 1943, ...

69

8

LJ001-0057

Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,

[ [ 108, 196, 1644, 429, 1841, 562, 1537, 1895, 1703, 864, 1377, 662, 1404, 1620, 1253, 967, 990, 654, 1943, 514, 1858, 55, 1334, 1994, 1229, 110, 1067, 636, 797, 312, 1814, 323, 660, ...

107

8

LJ001-0058

and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,

[ [ 799, 1367, 513, 505, 539, 168, 616, 215, 1470, 526, 784, 1295, 951, 252, 1235, 1389, 1389, 6, 1432, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1411, 597, 1513, 1530, 2032, 96, 245, 1405, 823, 213, 14...

93

8

LJ001-0059

the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.

[ [ 995, 109, 1670, 1891, 1124, 1910, 1056, 114, 1610, 1039, 1259, 410, 597, 1513, 475, 988, 111, 603, 847, 1341, 1998, 113, 985, 313, 1997, 268, 442, 212, 1443, 636, 797, 797, 1607, ...

114

8

LJ001-0060

It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries

[ [ 613, 352, 925, 1409, 1215, 794, 1057, 1989, 983, 294, 55, 1762, 1853, 1853, 643, 56, 1895, 1607, 1743, 1656, 1051, 749, 1255, 1255, 1526, 1787, 1075, 272, 977, 907, 1896, 1896, 383, ...

85

8

LJ001-0061

the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.

[ [ 1698, 526, 1725, 1399, 2003, 877, 1026, 1984, 1655, 774, 1679, 572, 382, 1092, 386, 1063, 1274, 1562, 2026, 1945, 1506, 371, 1467, 1695, 1695, 1959, 1532, 1506, 1477, 839, 1628, 1187, ...

44

8

LJ001-0062

Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,

[ [ 1692, 1978, 1383, 1948, 926, 125, 1781, 856, 1939, 1825, 705, 582, 832, 1607, 1743, 7, 1883, 1722, 1650, 1615, 1347, 597, 1552, 1356, 485, 1296, 1914, 277, 283, 1741, 981, 1708, 1473...

66

8

LJ001-0063

which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,

[ [ 995, 572, 1001, 382, 2026, 1041, 1041, 132, 1005, 1825, 722, 8, 690, 875, 1721, 1721, 299, 1184, 1348, 1939, 831, 1194, 160, 1477, 1560, 917, 981, 1327, 1640, 312, 868, 868, 657, ...

58

8

LJ001-0064

many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.

[ [ 1116, 1993, 1070, 584, 559, 410, 1226, 1226, 144, 912, 1355, 371, 527, 1108, 2033, 1803, 1803, 994, 1158, 1778, 1242, 373, 1136, 854, 398, 604, 816, 1643, 597, 1713, 1591, 1273, 1063...

74

8

LJ001-0065

This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.

[ [ 1182, 330, 330, 46, 382, 888, 103, 224, 224, 1219, 922, 307, 722, 2045, 28, 1254, 560, 560, 1472, 1566, 46, 622, 1513, 1530, 1992, 531, 1005, 719, 722, 997, 168, 1034, 984, 1762,...

89

8

LJ001-0066

In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.

[ [ 678, 1536, 1768, 101, 1222, 1445, 85, 579, 1320, 1607, 1607, 940, 341, 160, 772, 1713, 1655, 1624, 199, 673, 371, 918, 1655, 212, 591, 1549, 2043, 159, 347, 2026, 603, 218, 1322, ...

120

8

LJ001-0067

In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.

[ [ 995, 648, 1047, 1026, 383, 1782, 1399, 645, 1697, 1754, 227, 1787, 1229, 952, 1067, 32, 257, 1377, 268, 1252, 1980, 383, 89, 89, 230, 1680, 1307, 803, 2039, 2039, 323, 660, 572, ...

88

8

LJ001-0068

The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.

[ [ 995, 809, 1662, 1839, 902, 238, 1124, 1405, 1228, 1615, 798, 981, 1817, 1818, 942, 221, 1741, 327, 912, 1081, 1322, 527, 1868, 750, 1022, 73, 526, 1146, 1295, 951, 199, 1109, 268, ...

115

8

LJ001-0069

This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,

[ [ 1182, 1277, 330, 1751, 218, 538, 1322, 1868, 1740, 382, 1803, 1536, 227, 170, 54, 1274, 347, 95, 1143, 654, 654, 1932, 617, 1939, 150, 1547, 1640, 832, 1028, 1968, 657, 1695, 1695, ...

70

8

LJ001-0070

and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.

[ [ 799, 2012, 1001, 382, 1092, 1293, 1063, 1274, 794, 565, 1786, 228, 897, 1679, 622, 628, 655, 1917, 1917, 1460, 862, 755, 1823, 655, 1917, 1460, 1141, 501, 501, 594, 1807, 1172, 1852,...

98

8

LJ001-0071

Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.

[ [ 2018, 1402, 1650, 798, 1347, 2046, 1662, 1899, 1445, 984, 798, 1803, 1231, 102, 587, 536, 230, 1510, 1081, 371, 1322, 1108, 2033, 1602, 636, 797, 1607, 663, 1411, 180, 986, 1383, 117...

93

8

LJ001-0072

After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,

[ [ 799, 1421, 773, 1124, 1813, 1513, 1530, 97, 1256, 1347, 597, 1713, 2001, 357, 1339, 603, 1207, 957, 1135, 1945, 252, 1109, 443, 227, 1229, 705, 1458, 1895, 832, 2039, 868, 657, 419, ...

82

8

LJ001-0073

went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:

[ [ 1415, 1996, 1578, 1992, 1093, 89, 1597, 22, 886, 1343, 560, 743, 1472, 1602, 205, 636, 797, 1607, 1607, 384, 855, 1377, 730, 1944, 371, 75, 418, 1513, 1384, 10, 1256, 1347, 597, ...

89

8

LJ001-0074

the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;

[ [ 995, 419, 1522, 750, 10, 280, 280, 1658, 2026, 1264, 1722, 1650, 1615, 307, 722, 530, 1721, 1596, 1109, 268, 1336, 1259, 437, 875, 1026, 383, 1782, 1399, 645, 1697, 1754, 227, 1787, ...

82

8

LJ001-0075

the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;

[ [ 1027, 1415, 997, 168, 616, 128, 1326, 1658, 579, 797, 1607, 1743, 716, 478, 572, 327, 313, 1997, 235, 1899, 1556, 46, 1117, 1096, 296, 1251, 1513, 1516, 1536, 1939, 1939, 112, 1336, ...

86

8

LJ001-0076

and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.

[ [ 678, 1377, 2001, 444, 617, 1330, 1238, 1960, 358, 1117, 168, 128, 128, 1803, 1452, 168, 1894, 212, 1602, 1602, 636, 797, 2039, 1968, 474, 147, 1851, 1495, 272, 977, 907, 190, 719, ...

113

8

LJ001-0077

In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in seventeen twenty)

[ [ 995, 1479, 1777, 1516, 194, 1939, 1939, 150, 1680, 1547, 579, 1696, 248, 834, 355, 1918, 330, 1751, 603, 218, 538, 538, 1371, 1948, 111, 578, 847, 784, 1339, 654, 382, 740, 1881, ...

118

8

LJ001-0078

to improve the letter in form.

[ [ 995, 654, 1536, 985, 313, 1851, 1258, 597, 1713, 1026, 1984, 1571, 774, 1677, 1505, 1479, 1536, 1721, 1406, 299, 299, 1894, 867, 1307, 141 ], [ 1800, 257, 714, 515, 539, 1893, 1745, ...

25

8

LJ001-0079

Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;

[ [ 799, 1899, 1215, 1424, 1428, 719, 2040, 1135, 912, 1081, 371, 1322, 260, 1892, 1238, 2024, 1252, 1344, 777, 1395, 1405, 1919, 300, 1011, 0, 1778, 1108, 1039, 579, 295, 1968, 1743, 85...

56

8

LJ001-0080

he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:

[ [ 1692, 1671, 144, 937, 1359, 627, 2040, 133, 912, 654, 1085, 1085, 603, 807, 512, 808, 1047, 349, 383, 1984, 1235, 774, 1505, 1195, 1930, 597, 1530, 130, 184, 184, 996, 1231, 2014, ...

68

8

LJ001-0081

type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.

[ [ 1698, 1209, 75, 527, 1868, 1327, 2046, 590, 82, 1215, 1424, 1787, 440, 482, 1125, 1125, 888, 351, 1730, 1230, 227, 55, 1945, 1334, 1451, 59, 1067, 636, 1448, 788, 1515, 913, 1211, ...

57

8

LJ001-0082

In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.

[ [ 613, 926, 1135, 1945, 334, 935, 371, 1412, 1261, 1848, 1290, 812, 615, 774, 1568, 1347, 410, 1125, 1125, 794, 313, 1446, 560, 1734, 73, 1117, 168, 1813, 418, 1733, 1781, 784, 588, ...

87

8

LJ001-0083

The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.

[ [ 472, 1945, 252, 784, 213, 994, 1207, 1113, 611, 1945, 252, 443, 227, 1787, 530, 530, 1356, 247, 343, 230, 2033, 1602, 205, 636, 797, 1375, 168, 155, 1188, 1166, 101, 1222, 1197, ...

63

8

LJ001-0084

But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.

[ [ 108, 2012, 1882, 2043, 1813, 1522, 9, 287, 1077, 1495, 761, 559, 597, 1530, 1530, 531, 531, 1825, 1929, 505, 539, 168, 168, 1034, 1327, 1640, 832, 262, 1544, 1746, 1144, 351, 1407, ...

53

8

LJ001-0085

It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,

[ [ 1182, 1641, 382, 382, 83, 325, 199, 1393, 616, 2009, 1339, 1549, 2043, 1552, 1721, 1768, 247, 343, 294, 1624, 2014, 597, 272, 1026, 560, 1230, 442, 1014, 1781, 1516, 1412, 1207, 1113...

104

8

LJ001-0086

are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:

[ [ 108, 1610, 942, 529, 10, 1215, 1939, 1567, 1772, 1437, 1919, 1547, 329, 1754, 713, 858, 1344, 1571, 1534, 150, 342, 579, 664, 1066, 1513, 1530, 1676, 1477, 999, 1628, 1020, 832, 832,...

85

8

LJ001-0087

for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,

[ [ 1698, 1813, 1591, 1532, 1334, 1383, 268, 1207, 1113, 957, 1135, 766, 1361, 268, 227, 1787, 1229, 862, 1984, 1655, 212, 1443, 641, 929, 874, 1776, 307, 473, 96, 1472, 1658, 574, 1540,...

104

8

LJ001-0088

were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;

[ [ 1415, 1102, 349, 1003, 473, 1655, 212, 1443, 1231, 648, 1786, 330, 1751, 1026, 383, 447, 1363, 1939, 112, 1326, 1658, 908, 921, 921, 274, 627, 271, 636, 797, 1955, 1743, 1544, 1584, ...

110

8

LJ001-0089

but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.

[ [ 108, 2012, 749, 414, 482, 1125, 1428, 383, 1984, 1655, 774, 212, 1067, 636, 797, 797, 1607, 384, 419, 421, 920, 1754, 1754, 1536, 994, 1124, 1765, 1571, 1615, 798, 851, 1437, 1919, ...

109

8

LJ001-0090

With this change the art of printing touched bottom,

[ [ 1415, 622, 1786, 1277, 330, 1424, 883, 1053, 921, 274, 627, 1336, 271, 797, 797, 1607, 940, 1656, 1530, 114, 1610, 793, 1347, 1265, 1997, 268, 1389, 1932, 266, 1081, 221, 1741, 327, ...

41

8

LJ001-0091

so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about eighteen forty.

[ [ 472, 421, 1801, 1991, 929, 1405, 1527, 591, 935, 157, 918, 1852, 313, 202, 268, 851, 1437, 1892, 1527, 1238, 1054, 1135, 1506, 1393, 616, 1702, 993, 1173, 486, 2039, 1728, 1375, 246,...

84

8

LJ001-0092

The Chiswick press in eighteen forty-four revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.

[ [ 1182, 1578, 1053, 1063, 1274, 46, 1740, 1860, 1363, 313, 1370, 10, 280, 1534, 1803, 1516, 1230, 1207, 1113, 1416, 1525, 1192, 1192, 471, 530, 1406, 299, 731, 505, 526, 655, 1417, 147...

100

8

LJ001-0093

This experiment was so far successful that about eighteen fifty Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh

[ [ 995, 1102, 330, 1232, 1040, 1040, 1945, 1161, 1577, 321, 1839, 1531, 1531, 905, 1117, 382, 382, 2026, 1032, 1112, 715, 1801, 1184, 67, 128, 895, 1040, 252, 1571, 1215, 1137, 1137, 11...

90

8

LJ001-0094

were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.

[ [ 1415, 1657, 1479, 1536, 1158, 1063, 1274, 1424, 912, 912, 284, 1705, 221, 1918, 1188, 1056, 1023, 1741, 320, 1451, 1443, 1067, 2043, 2043, 80, 1945, 937, 777, 902, 1141, 110, 1231, 4...

54

8

LJ001-0095

These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,

[ [ 1692, 1869, 1242, 110, 1231, 1919, 1299, 1135, 766, 1334, 1939, 719, 1767, 1721, 1768, 247, 343, 1039, 2033, 205, 797, 797, 1028, 657, 522, 1662, 1899, 280, 1615, 794, 1695, 1695, 15...

53

8

LJ001-0096

have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type

[ [ 799, 1085, 812, 495, 860, 1705, 623, 1729, 1788, 1732, 1479, 1143, 1071, 908, 1041, 1611, 682, 1823, 1293, 1293, 70, 1274, 1326, 1602, 1669, 1109, 513, 180, 1078, 1560, 254, 107, 122...

121

8

LJ001-0097

a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,

[ [ 2018, 349, 755, 1864, 539, 665, 1186, 170, 54, 1063, 1326, 1658, 6, 683, 1992, 1930, 811, 831, 885, 112, 910, 1602, 1602, 636, 797, 797, 262, 663, 1301, 1301, 1926, 175, 7, 246, ...

103

8

LJ001-0098

and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.

[ [ 678, 1047, 977, 907, 190, 719, 121, 1721, 1768, 1580, 238, 1039, 1846, 1846, 322, 460, 1237, 349, 755, 1864, 1538, 603, 990, 887, 573, 109, 1670, 1670, 1575, 198, 185, 1992, 1519, ...

59

8

LJ001-0099

It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,

[ [ 1182, 1578, 1409, 540, 1424, 362, 1057, 1470, 325, 1881, 1988, 615, 1373, 1010, 507, 1290, 812, 774, 1677, 394, 486, 2039, 333, 311, 1836, 1212, 1011, 1722, 1650, 1615, 1264, 1407, 1...

101

8

LJ001-0100

and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.

[ [ 678, 1804, 1513, 1778, 110, 32, 1032, 1506, 1052, 1052, 2023, 1736, 1187, 997, 927, 75, 1839, 1141, 862, 1026, 1984, 1235, 774, 212, 1900, 797, 797, 486, 1728, 660, 1411, 180, 1858, ...

108

8