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While ISRO’s commercial appeal has grown by leaps and bounds over the past 5 years, there are still certain aspects of India’s space programme that need attention. Comment in light of the need for a holistic space policy in India.
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##Question:While ISRO’s commercial appeal has grown by leaps and bounds over the past 5 years, there are still certain aspects of India’s space programme that need attention. Comment in light of the need for a holistic space policy in India.##Answer:.
| 22,875
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Indigenisation of technology can go a long way in addressing India’s developmental woes. Critically comment.
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##Question:Indigenisation of technology can go a long way in addressing India’s developmental woes. Critically comment.##Answer:.
| 22,876
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महासागरीय धाराओं की उत्पति एवं प्रवाह के कारणों को बताए | इन धाराओ के भूमंडलीय प्रभाव को भी बताईए | शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द
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##Question:महासागरीय धाराओं की उत्पति एवं प्रवाह के कारणों को बताए | इन धाराओ के भूमंडलीय प्रभाव को भी बताईए | शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द##Answer:.
| 22,877
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Explain the different processes involved in formation of rainfall. Illustrate with suitable diagrams. (200 words| 10 marks)
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##Question:Explain the different processes involved in formation of rainfall. Illustrate with suitable diagrams. (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,878
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What is humidity? Discuss the various types of humidity. (200 words | 10 marks)
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##Question:What is humidity? Discuss the various types of humidity. (200 words | 10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,879
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What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day to day administration. Do you think civil servants are lacking in these values? Discuss with examples. (250 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day to day administration. Do you think civil servants are lacking in these values? Discuss with examples. (250 words)##Answer:.
| 22,880
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Aptitude and attitude are two important attributes that determine the professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is the most important attribute and why?(250 Words)
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##Question:Aptitude and attitude are two important attributes that determine the professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is the most important attribute and why?(250 Words)##Answer:.
| 22,881
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“Values without knowledge are lame and weak, knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful.” Analyze the statements giving illustrations.(200 words)
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##Question:“Values without knowledge are lame and weak, knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful.” Analyze the statements giving illustrations.(200 words) ##Answer:.
| 22,882
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What do you understand by Aptitude. Is aptitude a prerequisite to become a part of the civil service ?(150 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by Aptitude. Is aptitude a prerequisite to become a part of the civil service ?(150 words)##Answer:.
| 22,883
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Why should impartiality and non partisanship be considered foundational values for civil services, especially in the present socio-economic context ? Illustrate your answer with examples.(200 words)
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##Question:Why should impartiality and non partisanship be considered foundational values for civil services, especially in the present socio-economic context ? Illustrate your answer with examples.(200 words)##Answer:.
| 22,884
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What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day to day administration. Do you think civil servants are lacking in these values? Discuss with examples. (250 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day to day administration. Do you think civil servants are lacking in these values? Discuss with examples. (250 words) ##Answer:.
| 22,885
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Aptitude and attitude are two important attributes that determine the professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is the most important attribute and why?(250 Words)
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##Question:Aptitude and attitude are two important attributes that determine the professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is the most important attribute and why?(250 Words)##Answer:.
| 22,886
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“Values without knowledge are lame and weak, knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful.” Analyze the statements giving illustrations.(200 words)
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##Question:“Values without knowledge are lame and weak, knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful.” Analyze the statements giving illustrations.(200 words) ##Answer:.
| 22,887
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What do you understand by Aptitude? Is aptitude a prerequisite to becoming a part of the civil service ?(150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:What do you understand by Aptitude? Is aptitude a prerequisite to becoming a part of the civil service ?(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,888
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Why should Impartiality and Non Partisanship be considered foundational values for civil services, especially in the present Socio-Economic context ? Illustrate your answer with examples.(200 words)
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##Question:Why should Impartiality and Non Partisanship be considered foundational values for civil services, especially in the present Socio-Economic context ? Illustrate your answer with examples.(200 words)##Answer:.
| 22,889
|
Explain the similarities and differences between weather and climate. What is the effect of Climate change on weather and climate? [200 words]
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##Question: Explain the similarities and differences between weather and climate. What is the effect of Climate change on weather and climate? [200 words]##Answer:,
| 22,890
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Discuss the factors that affect the temperature of a region. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the factors that affect the temperature of a region. (150 words)##Answer:,
| 22,891
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Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity? Discus.
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##Question:Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity? Discus.##Answer:,
| 22,892
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Though women empowerment has become an important developmental goal in policy making ,it does not protect women from gender violence. comment in context in India .
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##Question:Though women empowerment has become an important developmental goal in policy making ,it does not protect women from gender violence. comment in context in India .##Answer:,
| 22,893
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To what extent recently passed Maternity Act will ensure increased women participation in labour force.
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##Question:To what extent recently passed Maternity Act will ensure increased women participation in labour force.##Answer:,
| 22,894
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Surrogacy is both need as well as has become source of income to many , in context of this statement , discus to what extent putting a blanket ban is viable option .
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##Question:Surrogacy is both need as well as has become source of income to many , in context of this statement , discus to what extent putting a blanket ban is viable option .##Answer:,
| 22,895
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Critically analyse the provisions of Sexual harassment at workplace (prevention )act 2013, and suggest measures for its judicial implementations.
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##Question:Critically analyse the provisions of Sexual harassment at workplace (prevention )act 2013, and suggest measures for its judicial implementations.##Answer:,
| 22,896
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Implementation of language provision proved to be daunting challenges despite congress being in power everywhere. Comment
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##Question:Implementation of language provision proved to be daunting challenges despite congress being in power everywhere. Comment##Answer:,
| 22,897
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Despite having the equal economic opportunities available to woman , sexual harassment incidences make less conducive working environment in organisation.” With respect to this statement, critically analyse the measures taken bythe government to address the issue of workplace sexual harassment.
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##Question:Despite having the equal economic opportunities available to woman , sexual harassment incidences make less conducive working environment in organisation.” With respect to this statement, critically analyse the measures taken bythe government to address the issue of workplace sexual harassment.##Answer:,
| 22,898
|
The tribal and peasant movement of 19th century British India had certain similarities as well as differences. Elaborate. (200 words)
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##Question:The tribal and peasant movement of 19th century British India had certain similarities as well as differences. Elaborate. (200 words)##Answer:,
| 22,899
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The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words)
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##Question:The war of 1857 was more than a mutiny but less than a war of independence. Discuss. (200 words)##Answer:,
| 22,900
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Discuss the impact of the colonial tribal policies during the 19th and 20th Century. To what extent these policies have undergone a change in post-independence India.(200 Words)
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##Question:Discuss the impact of the colonial tribal policies during the 19th and 20th Century. To what extent these policies have undergone a change in post-independence India.(200 Words) ##Answer:,
| 22,901
|
Why is the PSLV most reliable space workhorse of ISRO? Briefly discuss the difference between PSLV and GSLV. Mention GSL MK III development and their application in space program
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##Question:Why is the PSLV most reliable space workhorse of ISRO? Briefly discuss the difference between PSLV and GSLV. Mention GSL MK III development and their application in space program ##Answer:,
| 22,902
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write a short note on:- 1)Team Indus 2)Chandrayaan 1 and 2
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##Question:write a short note on:- 1)Team Indus 2)Chandrayaan 1 and 2##Answer:,
| 22,903
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To what extent urbanization and migration has aggravated the problems of old age group.(250 words)
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##Question:To what extent urbanization and migration has aggravated the problems of old age group.(250 words)##Answer:,
| 22,904
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Discuss the impact of globalization on old age group in India.(200 words)
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##Question:Discuss the impact of globalization on old age group in India.(200 words)##Answer:,
| 22,905
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Prostitution is a victim less crime.” In the context of the statement discuss to what extent legalization of prostitution is important.(250 words)
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##Question:Prostitution is a victim less crime.” In the context of the statement discuss to what extent legalization of prostitution is important.(250 words)##Answer:,
| 22,906
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Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss (150 words)
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##Question:Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss (150 words)##Answer:,
| 22,907
|
Removing barriers due to disability is not only a welfare issue but also one which includes human development and human rights. Discuss. Highlight the lacunae in the present legislation and suggest measures to improve them. (250 words)
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##Question:Removing barriers due to disability is not only a welfare issue but also one which includes human development and human rights. Discuss. Highlight the lacunae in the present legislation and suggest measures to improve them. (250 words)##Answer:,
| 22,908
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Employment is a vital factor in the empowerment of persons with disabilities. Enumerate the steps taken by the government to increase employment of persons with disabilities, their lacunae and way forward. (250 words)
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##Question:Employment is a vital factor in the empowerment of persons with disabilities. Enumerate the steps taken by the government to increase employment of persons with disabilities, their lacunae and way forward. (250 words)##Answer:,
| 22,909
|
To what extent Transgender Bill recognizes the cocerns of the community. Discuss (150 words)
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##Question:To what extent Transgender Bill recognizes the cocerns of the community. Discuss (150 words)##Answer:,
| 22,910
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Discuss the role and significance of India infrastructure fund . (200 words| 10 marks)
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##Question:Discuss the role and significance of India infrastructure fund . (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:,
| 22,911
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Discuss the role of credit rating agencies with suitable examples. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the role of credit rating agencies with suitable examples. (150 words)##Answer:,
| 22,912
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Write a short note on following 1)Function of kidney 2)Drug therapy 3)Types of photosynthesis
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##Question:Write a short note on following 1)Function of kidney 2)Drug therapy 3)Types of photosynthesis ##Answer:,
| 22,913
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प्रवाल भित्तियों के निर्माण में आवश्यक कारकों को बताए तथा प्रवाल भित्तियों के विभिन्न प्रकार की चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द
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##Question:प्रवाल भित्तियों के निर्माण में आवश्यक कारकों को बताए तथा प्रवाल भित्तियों के विभिन्न प्रकार की चर्चा कीजिए| शब्द सीमा – 200 शब्द##Answer:.
| 22,914
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Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy on rural India. (200 words)
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##Question:Briefly discuss the land revenue systems adopted by the British in different parts of India. Analyze the effects of the British land revenue policy on rural India. (200 words)##Answer:.
| 22,915
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Write short notes on the following: a.) Characteristics of the British Land Revenue systems and its comparison with pre-colonial systems. (150 words) b.) Comparison of changes brought about through Pitts India Act from Regulating Act, 1773. c.) British pattern of expenditure in the 18th century.
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##Question:Write short notes on the following: a.) Characteristics of the British Land Revenue systems and its comparison with pre-colonial systems. (150 words) b.) Comparison of changes brought about through Pitts India Act from Regulating Act, 1773. c.) British pattern of expenditure in the 18th century.##Answer:.
| 22,916
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Bring out the significance of cloud formation. Discuss the processes involved in convectional rainfall. [200 words]
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##Question:Bring out the significance of cloud formation. Discuss the processes involved in convectional rainfall. [200 words]##Answer:.
| 22,917
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Write short notes ( 150 words/10 Marks) Valley winds Land and Sea Breeze
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##Question:Write short notes ( 150 words/10 Marks) Valley winds Land and Sea Breeze ##Answer:.
| 22,918
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What is humidity? Differentiate between relative humidity and absolute humidity?[150 words/10Marks]
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##Question:What is humidity? Differentiate between relative humidity and absolute humidity?[150 words/10Marks]##Answer:.
| 22,919
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Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in Macro-climatic changes. (UPSC) [200 words]
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##Question:Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in Macro-climatic changes. (UPSC) [200 words]##Answer:.
| 22,920
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Some people think values change with respect to time, place and context, while others believe values are universal & eternal in nature.” Explain the statement and give your opinion regarding the same with justification. (300 words)
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##Question:Some people think values change with respect to time, place and context, while others believe values are universal & eternal in nature.” Explain the statement and give your opinion regarding the same with justification. (300 words)##Answer:,
| 22,921
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Write short notes on i. Rossby waves ii. Jet Streams iii. Barocline (50 words each)
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##Question:Write short notes on i. Rossby waves ii. Jet Streams iii. Barocline (50 words each)##Answer:.
| 22,922
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Define a) Values b) Ethics c) Morality
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##Question:Define a) Values b) Ethics c) Morality##Answer:,
| 22,923
|
What is a stationary front? (100 words)
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##Question:What is a stationary front? (100 words)##Answer:.
| 22,924
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What do you understand by value conflict? Give certain examples of prevailing value conflicts in society. What are the consequences of value conflict? How value conflict can be resolved?
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##Question:What do you understand by value conflict? Give certain examples of prevailing value conflicts in society. What are the consequences of value conflict? How value conflict can be resolved?##Answer:,
| 22,925
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Write a critical note on relationship between Ethics, Values and Morality. Give examples.
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##Question:Write a critical note on relationship between Ethics, Values and Morality. Give examples.##Answer:,
| 22,926
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Religion and morality have been closely intertwined. Discuss.
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##Question:Religion and morality have been closely intertwined. Discuss.##Answer:,
| 22,927
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What do you understand by moral policing? Discuss examples of moral policing, various ethical angles of moral policing and steps to resolve the same
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##Question:What do you understand by moral policing? Discuss examples of moral policing, various ethical angles of moral policing and steps to resolve the same##Answer:,
| 22,928
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Define a) Intrinsic value b) Extrinsic value
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##Question:Define a) Intrinsic value b) Extrinsic value##Answer:,
| 22,929
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Discuss different determinants of Ethics.
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##Question:Discuss different determinants of Ethics.##Answer:,
| 22,931
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Evaluate the role of family in determining an individual’s ethics .
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##Question:Evaluate the role of family in determining an individual’s ethics . ##Answer:,
| 22,932
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Critically analyse the role of media in radicalisation of youth.
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##Question:Critically analyse the role of media in radicalisation of youth.##Answer:,
| 22,933
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Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make it conducive to civilized social existence. Discuss how they achieve this objective. Giving examples show how the two differ in their approaches.
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##Question:Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make it conducive to civilized social existence. Discuss how they achieve this objective. Giving examples show how the two differ in their approaches.##Answer:,
| 22,934
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What were the changes brought by 44th Amendment Act, 1978 in Article 352 and 356? Justify their insertion to safeguard constitutionalism in India. [200 words]
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##Question:What were the changes brought by 44th Amendment Act, 1978 in Article 352 and 356? Justify their insertion to safeguard constitutionalism in India. [200 words]##Answer:.
| 22,935
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Compare and contrast the grounds of proclamation of National emergency with that of President’s Rule. [100 words]
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##Question:Compare and contrast the grounds of proclamation of National emergency with that of President’s Rule. [100 words]##Answer:.
| 22,936
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Till 1991, the emphasis of industrial policy was on "regulation". The New Industrial Policy of 1991 shifts emphasis from regulation to development. What were the reasons that necessitated such a shift in the economy? Also, analyse the New Industrial Policy of 1991 in meeting its objective. (250 words)
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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of industrial policy was on "regulation". The New Industrial Policy of 1991 shifts emphasis from regulation to development. What were the reasons that necessitated such a shift in the economy? Also, analyse the New Industrial Policy of 1991 in meeting its objective. (250 words) ##Answer:,
| 22,937
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Discuss how a national emergency can act as a safety valve for the government? (150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:Discuss how a national emergency can act as a safety valve for the government? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,938
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Write a short note on the types of public sector enterprises. Give an example of each
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##Question:Write a short note on the types of public sector enterprises. Give an example of each##Answer:,
| 22,939
|
Differentiate between MRTP and Competition Act. What is the role played by CCI in present context?
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##Question:Differentiate between MRTP and Competition Act. What is the role played by CCI in present context?##Answer:,
| 22,940
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The policy of divestment has increasingly become a tool to raise resources to cover the fiscal deficit with little focus on strategic objective. In the light of the above statement, define the policy of disinvestment and critically analyze effectiveness of it in the present context.
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##Question:The policy of divestment has increasingly become a tool to raise resources to cover the fiscal deficit with little focus on strategic objective. In the light of the above statement, define the policy of disinvestment and critically analyze effectiveness of it in the present context. ##Answer:.
| 22,941
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Write a short note on corporate social responsibility. What are the major shortcomings observed in recent times regarding CSR contribution by companies?
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##Question:Write a short note on corporate social responsibility. What are the major shortcomings observed in recent times regarding CSR contribution by companies?##Answer:.
| 22,942
|
Differentiate between privatization and disinvestment (100 words/10 Marks)
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##Question:Differentiate between privatization and disinvestment (100 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.
| 22,943
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Devise a strategy for de-radicalization of youth in the contemporary context of growing religious fundamentalism and other form of extremism?
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##Question:Devise a strategy for de-radicalization of youth in the contemporary context of growing religious fundamentalism and other form of extremism?##Answer:.
| 22,944
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Define a) Honesty b) Integrity c) Fortitude
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##Question:Define a) Honesty b) Integrity c) Fortitude ##Answer:.
| 22,945
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There can be honesty without integrity but no integrity without honesty. Justify and give examples.
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##Question:There can be honesty without integrity but no integrity without honesty. Justify and give examples.##Answer:.
| 22,946
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Attitude and aptitude are two significant attributes that determine professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is more important?
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##Question:Attitude and aptitude are two significant attributes that determine professional success of a civil servant. Which one of the two do you think is more important?##Answer:.
| 22,947
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Values without knowledge are weak and lame. Knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful. Analyse the statement and discuss the significance of values in life.
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##Question:Values without knowledge are weak and lame. Knowledge without values is dangerous and dreadful. Analyse the statement and discuss the significance of values in life.##Answer:.
| 22,948
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Critically evaluate role of traditional mechanisms of accountability. Can social accountability fill in the gaps for traditional mechanisms of accountability? Discuss.
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##Question:Critically evaluate role of traditional mechanisms of accountability. Can social accountability fill in the gaps for traditional mechanisms of accountability? Discuss.##Answer:.
| 22,949
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Differentiate between accountability and responsibility. Suggest some measures through which administrative responsibility can be made more effective in India.
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##Question:Differentiate between accountability and responsibility. Suggest some measures through which administrative responsibility can be made more effective in India.##Answer:.
| 22,950
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What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day-to-day administration.(10 marks/150 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by foundational values of civil services? Discus some foundational values which should be followed in day-to-day administration.(10 marks/150 words)##Answer:.
| 22,951
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Define a) Selflessness b) Apathy
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##Question:Define a) Selflessness b) Apathy##Answer:.
| 22,953
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Critically evaluate the role of traditional mechanisms of accountability. Can social accountability fill in the gaps for traditional mechanisms of accountability? Discuss.
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##Question:Critically evaluate the role of traditional mechanisms of accountability. Can social accountability fill in the gaps for traditional mechanisms of accountability? Discuss.##Answer:.
| 22,954
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Differentiate between accountability and responsibility. Suggest some measures through which administrative responsibility can be made more effective in India.
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##Question:Differentiate between accountability and responsibility. Suggest some measures through which administrative responsibility can be made more effective in India.##Answer:.
| 22,955
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What do you understand by conflict of interests? Give two examples of it. How can you resolve conflict of interest?
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##Question:What do you understand by conflict of interests? Give two examples of it. How can you resolve conflict of interest? ##Answer:.
| 22,956
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Dr Ambedkar expected that article 356 would remain a dead letter but since then it has been implemented more than 100 times and also has been misused multiple times. Should it be repealed because it harms the spirit of federalism? Critically Comment.
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##Question:Dr Ambedkar expected that article 356 would remain a dead letter but since then it has been implemented more than 100 times and also has been misused multiple times. Should it be repealed because it harms the spirit of federalism? Critically Comment.##Answer:.
| 22,957
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Briefly explain the purpose of financial emergency and available constitution provisions .
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##Question:Briefly explain the purpose of financial emergency and available constitution provisions .##Answer:.
| 22,958
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Rajya Sabha is second house , not a secondary House . Critically Examine
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##Question:Rajya Sabha is second house , not a secondary House . Critically Examine##Answer:.
| 22,959
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How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of the Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times?
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##Question:How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of the Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times?##Answer:.
| 22,960
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Briefly explain different sub styles of the dravida temples. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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##Question:Briefly explain different sub styles of the dravida temples. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,961
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Briefly explain the Vesara style of temple architecture and how it is different from the Dravida style of temple architecture. (150 words/10 marks)
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##Question:Briefly explain the Vesara style of temple architecture and how it is different from the Dravida style of temple architecture. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,962
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Not only the Temple architecture but also the Literature and development in science have important beginning in the Gupta period? Discus.
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##Question:Not only the Temple architecture but also the Literature and development in science have important beginning in the Gupta period? Discus.##Answer:.
| 22,963
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Briefly explain the cave architecture of the Gupta style .
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##Question:Briefly explain the cave architecture of the Gupta style .##Answer:.
| 22,964
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Gupta period did not lay the foundation of temple architecture but it played imperative role which brought temple architecture to its zenith. Discus
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##Question:Gupta period did not lay the foundation of temple architecture but it played imperative role which brought temple architecture to its zenith. Discus##Answer:.
| 22,965
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What do you understand by code of ethics and code of conduct? Compare and discuss their relevance for the civil servants. (200 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by code of ethics and code of conduct? Compare and discuss their relevance for the civil servants. (200 words)##Answer:.
| 22,966
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“I do not agree with what you have to say, but I"ll defend to death your right to say it.” Bring out what this statement means to you in the present context. (150 words)
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##Question:“I do not agree with what you have to say, but I"ll defend to death your right to say it.” Bring out what this statement means to you in the present context. (150 words)##Answer:.
| 22,967
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What do you understand by conflict of interest? Give examples and suggest mechanisms to resolve the conflict of interest.(150 words)
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##Question:What do you understand by conflict of interest? Give examples and suggest mechanisms to resolve the conflict of interest.(150 words)##Answer:.
| 22,968
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Discuss the role and significance of India infrastructure fund . (200 words| 10 marks)
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##Question:Discuss the role and significance of India infrastructure fund . (200 words| 10 marks)##Answer:.
| 22,969
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Discuss the role of credit rating agencies with suitable examples. (150 words)
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##Question:Discuss the role of credit rating agencies with suitable examples. (150 words)##Answer:.
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President’s Rule as envisaged by Dr Ambedkar was to be a dead letter. However, it has been brought to life multiple times since independence. What are the issues with such frequent invocation of Article 356? Discuss in the light of the Supreme Court verdict in the S.R. Bommai"s case. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Brief Approach: In Introduction very briefly write about article 356 of the Indian constitution. Here also briefly highlight the comment of Dr Ambedkar in the constituent assembly on article 356 and Instances of its use multiple times since the adoption of the constitution. Highlight the Issues associated with frequent invocation of Article 356 Mention Sarkaria Commission"s recommendation on Article 356 Also, discuss guidelines laid down by the SC for the imposition/use of article 365 in S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India Case Conclude your answer briefly by highlighting reduced uses of article 356 in recent decades. Answer: Under Article 356, President’s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Dr B R Ambedkar, while replying to the critics of this provision in the Constituent Assembly, hoped that the drastic power conferred by Article 356 would remain a ‘dead-letter’ and would be used only as a measure of last resort. However, since 1950, the President’s Rule has been imposed on more than 100 occasions, that is, on an average twice a year. Further, on a number of occasions, the President’s Rule has been imposed in an arbitrary manner for political or personal reasons. Hence, Article 356 has become one of the most controversial and most criticised provision of the Constitution. Issues with such frequent invocation of Article 356 Article 356 gives the Central government wide powers to stamp its authority on the state governments. Although it was meant only as a means to preserve the integrity and unity of the country, it had been used blatantly to oust state governments who were ruled by political opponents of the centre. Post-1967, Political Parties at power in the centre started dismissing the state governments of other parties. Sarkaria Commission noted that article 356 was abused several times even though the government in the state enjoyed the popular support of the legislative assembly. In 1977, Janta Party Government dismissed 9 state governments of Congress Party under 356. Subsequently, in 1980, Indira Gandhi dismissed state governments of opposition parties in as many as in 15 cases.At times not just state governments but even state legislative assemblies were also dissolved. Expression “Breakdown of constitutional machinery” under article 356 is vague. In many cases, In the case of a hung assembly, opposition parties were not given the chance to explore possibilities to form the government as legislative assemblies were dissolved Governor’s report has been manipulated to the advantage of the party in power at the centre. Sarkaria Commission (1983) on Article 356 According to the Sarkaria Commission, Article 356 provides remedies for a situation in which there has been an actual breakdown of the constitutional machinery in a State. Any abuse or misuse of this drastic power would damage the democratic fabric of the Constitution. The report discourages a literal construction of Article 356(1). The Commission recommended that Article 356 should be used sparingly, as a last measure, when all available alternatives had failed to prevent or rectify a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State. It further recommended that a warning be issued to the errant State, in specific terms that it is not carrying on the government of the State in accordance with the Constitution. Before taking action under Article 356, any explanation received from the State should be taken into account. In a situation of political breakdown, the Governor should explore all possibilities of having a Government enjoying majority support in the Assembly. If it is not possible for such a Government to be installed and if fresh elections can be held without delay Governor should request the outgoing Ministry to continue as a caretaker government, provided the Ministry was defeated solely on a major policy issue, unconnected with any allegations of maladministration or corruption and agrees to continue. The Governor should then dissolve the Legislative Assembly, leaving the resolution of the constitutional crisis to the electorate. During the interim period, the caretaker government should merely carry on the day-to-day government and should desist from taking any major policy decision. Guidelines laid down by the SC for the imposition/use of article 365 inS.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) Case The power conferred by Article 356 upon the President is a conditioned power. It is not absolute power. The existence of material - which may comprise of or include the report(s) of the Governor - is a pre-condition. The satisfaction must be formed on the relevant material. The President shall exercise the power of dissolving of the Legislative Assembly only after the Proclamation is approved by both Houses of Parliament and not before. Until such approval, the President can only suspend the Legislative Assembly. It should be resorted to only where it is found necessary for achieving the purposes of the Proclamation. In case both Houses of Parliament disapprove or do not approve the Proclamation, the Proclamation lapses at the end of the two month period. In such a case, Government which was dismissed revives. The Legislative Assembly, which may have been kept in suspended animation gets reactivated. Since the Proclamation lapses - and is not retrospectively invalidated - the acts done, orders made and laws passed during the period of two months do not become illegal or void. They are, however, subject to review, repeal or modification by the Government/Legislative Assembly or other competent authority. Election of a new party at the centre can’t be a ground for the imposition of the article 356 Article 74(2) merely bars an enquiry into the question whether any and if so, what advice was tendered by the Ministers to the President. It does not bar the Court from calling upon the Union Council of Ministers (Union of India) to disclose to the Court the material upon which the President had formed the requisite satisfaction. The Proclamation under Article 356(1) is not immune from judicial review. The Supreme Court or the High Court can strike down the Proclamation if it is found to be mala fide or based on wholly irrelevant or extraneous grounds. When called upon, the Union of India has to produce the material on the basis of which action was taken. It cannot refuse to do so if it seeks to defend the action. The court will not go into the correctness of the material or its adequacy. Its enquiry is limited to see whether the material was relevant to the action. If the Court strikes down the proclamation, it has the power to restore the dismissed Government to the office and revive and reactivate the Legislative Assembly wherever it may have been dissolved or kept under suspension. Since the SC judgement inS.R. Bommai case (1994) the frequent usage of Article 356 has reduced significantly. In this context, the emergence of the era of coalition governments has also played an important role.
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##Question:President’s Rule as envisaged by Dr Ambedkar was to be a dead letter. However, it has been brought to life multiple times since independence. What are the issues with such frequent invocation of Article 356? Discuss in the light of the Supreme Court verdict in the S.R. Bommai"s case. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach: In Introduction very briefly write about article 356 of the Indian constitution. Here also briefly highlight the comment of Dr Ambedkar in the constituent assembly on article 356 and Instances of its use multiple times since the adoption of the constitution. Highlight the Issues associated with frequent invocation of Article 356 Mention Sarkaria Commission"s recommendation on Article 356 Also, discuss guidelines laid down by the SC for the imposition/use of article 365 in S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India Case Conclude your answer briefly by highlighting reduced uses of article 356 in recent decades. Answer: Under Article 356, President’s Rule is imposed if the President, upon receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Dr B R Ambedkar, while replying to the critics of this provision in the Constituent Assembly, hoped that the drastic power conferred by Article 356 would remain a ‘dead-letter’ and would be used only as a measure of last resort. However, since 1950, the President’s Rule has been imposed on more than 100 occasions, that is, on an average twice a year. Further, on a number of occasions, the President’s Rule has been imposed in an arbitrary manner for political or personal reasons. Hence, Article 356 has become one of the most controversial and most criticised provision of the Constitution. Issues with such frequent invocation of Article 356 Article 356 gives the Central government wide powers to stamp its authority on the state governments. Although it was meant only as a means to preserve the integrity and unity of the country, it had been used blatantly to oust state governments who were ruled by political opponents of the centre. Post-1967, Political Parties at power in the centre started dismissing the state governments of other parties. Sarkaria Commission noted that article 356 was abused several times even though the government in the state enjoyed the popular support of the legislative assembly. In 1977, Janta Party Government dismissed 9 state governments of Congress Party under 356. Subsequently, in 1980, Indira Gandhi dismissed state governments of opposition parties in as many as in 15 cases.At times not just state governments but even state legislative assemblies were also dissolved. Expression “Breakdown of constitutional machinery” under article 356 is vague. In many cases, In the case of a hung assembly, opposition parties were not given the chance to explore possibilities to form the government as legislative assemblies were dissolved Governor’s report has been manipulated to the advantage of the party in power at the centre. Sarkaria Commission (1983) on Article 356 According to the Sarkaria Commission, Article 356 provides remedies for a situation in which there has been an actual breakdown of the constitutional machinery in a State. Any abuse or misuse of this drastic power would damage the democratic fabric of the Constitution. The report discourages a literal construction of Article 356(1). The Commission recommended that Article 356 should be used sparingly, as a last measure, when all available alternatives had failed to prevent or rectify a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State. It further recommended that a warning be issued to the errant State, in specific terms that it is not carrying on the government of the State in accordance with the Constitution. Before taking action under Article 356, any explanation received from the State should be taken into account. In a situation of political breakdown, the Governor should explore all possibilities of having a Government enjoying majority support in the Assembly. If it is not possible for such a Government to be installed and if fresh elections can be held without delay Governor should request the outgoing Ministry to continue as a caretaker government, provided the Ministry was defeated solely on a major policy issue, unconnected with any allegations of maladministration or corruption and agrees to continue. The Governor should then dissolve the Legislative Assembly, leaving the resolution of the constitutional crisis to the electorate. During the interim period, the caretaker government should merely carry on the day-to-day government and should desist from taking any major policy decision. Guidelines laid down by the SC for the imposition/use of article 365 inS.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) Case The power conferred by Article 356 upon the President is a conditioned power. It is not absolute power. The existence of material - which may comprise of or include the report(s) of the Governor - is a pre-condition. The satisfaction must be formed on the relevant material. The President shall exercise the power of dissolving of the Legislative Assembly only after the Proclamation is approved by both Houses of Parliament and not before. Until such approval, the President can only suspend the Legislative Assembly. It should be resorted to only where it is found necessary for achieving the purposes of the Proclamation. In case both Houses of Parliament disapprove or do not approve the Proclamation, the Proclamation lapses at the end of the two month period. In such a case, Government which was dismissed revives. The Legislative Assembly, which may have been kept in suspended animation gets reactivated. Since the Proclamation lapses - and is not retrospectively invalidated - the acts done, orders made and laws passed during the period of two months do not become illegal or void. They are, however, subject to review, repeal or modification by the Government/Legislative Assembly or other competent authority. Election of a new party at the centre can’t be a ground for the imposition of the article 356 Article 74(2) merely bars an enquiry into the question whether any and if so, what advice was tendered by the Ministers to the President. It does not bar the Court from calling upon the Union Council of Ministers (Union of India) to disclose to the Court the material upon which the President had formed the requisite satisfaction. The Proclamation under Article 356(1) is not immune from judicial review. The Supreme Court or the High Court can strike down the Proclamation if it is found to be mala fide or based on wholly irrelevant or extraneous grounds. When called upon, the Union of India has to produce the material on the basis of which action was taken. It cannot refuse to do so if it seeks to defend the action. The court will not go into the correctness of the material or its adequacy. Its enquiry is limited to see whether the material was relevant to the action. If the Court strikes down the proclamation, it has the power to restore the dismissed Government to the office and revive and reactivate the Legislative Assembly wherever it may have been dissolved or kept under suspension. Since the SC judgement inS.R. Bommai case (1994) the frequent usage of Article 356 has reduced significantly. In this context, the emergence of the era of coalition governments has also played an important role.
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Emergency provisions may appear to be contradicting the very ethos of Indian Constitution which professes to be built upon an edifice of fundamental rights and democracy. In light of the statement, critically analyse these provisions.[200 -220 words]
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##Question:Emergency provisions may appear to be contradicting the very ethos of Indian Constitution which professes to be built upon an edifice of fundamental rights and democracy. In light of the statement, critically analyse these provisions.[200 -220 words]##Answer:.
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Examine the conditions under which emergency can be proclaimed under Article 352 of the Constitution. Point out the safeguards against undue prolongation of the emergency. [200 -220 words]
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##Question:Examine the conditions under which emergency can be proclaimed under Article 352 of the Constitution. Point out the safeguards against undue prolongation of the emergency. [200 -220 words]##Answer:.
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How are the fundamental rights affected with the proclamation of emergency? What are the changes brought about by 44th Amendment Act, 1978 in Articles 358 and 359. [200 -220 words]
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##Question:How are the fundamental rights affected with the proclamation of emergency? What are the changes brought about by 44th Amendment Act, 1978 in Articles 358 and 359. [200 -220 words]##Answer:.
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Every individual must be treated as end in himself, He must not be treated as means to an end.” Discuss the relevance of this statement in contemporary Indian Society.
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##Question:Every individual must be treated as end in himself, He must not be treated as means to an end.” Discuss the relevance of this statement in contemporary Indian Society. ##Answer:,
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What do you understand by conflict of interest .Discuss the examples of conflict of interest. Also discuss the steps to resolve conflict of interest.
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##Question:What do you understand by conflict of interest .Discuss the examples of conflict of interest. Also discuss the steps to resolve conflict of interest.##Answer:,
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