sid-th26/mains_question · Datasets at Hugging Face

What is the difference between GIS and GPS? Mention 3 applications of each. Briefly examine the challenges in implementing GIS systems in India. (200 words | 10marks)

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##Question:What is the difference between GIS and GPS? Mention 3 applications of each. Briefly examine the challenges in implementing GIS systems in India. (200 words | 10marks)##Answer:.

24,912

Discuss the features, advantages and challenges of the Reusable launch vehicle. (150 words | 10 marks)

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##Question:Discuss the features, advantages and challenges of the Reusable launch vehicle. (150 words | 10 marks)##Answer:.

24,913

What are the factors that led to the World War II? How far was the policy of appeasement responsible for the outbreak of the war?

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##Question:What are the factors that led to the World War II? How far was the policy of appeasement responsible for the outbreak of the war?##Answer:,

24,914

Why did league of nation fail? Has united nation been successful in maintaining world peace after league of nation?

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##Question:Why did league of nation fail? Has united nation been successful in maintaining world peace after league of nation?##Answer:,

24,915

Discuss the events that led to the outbreak of the Second World War

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##Question:Discuss the events that led to the outbreak of the Second World War ##Answer:,

24,916

What are the factors affecting agriculture? Explain the characteristics of simple subsistence agriculture. [150 words]

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##Question:What are the factors affecting agriculture? Explain the characteristics of simple subsistence agriculture. [150 words]##Answer:,

24,917

Write short notes on Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals [100 words each]

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##Question:Write short notes on Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals [100 words each]##Answer:,

24,918

Right to recall will empower the voters and make the legislators more accountable thus strengthening democracy in India. Critically Analyse. [200 Words]

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##Question:Right to recall will empower the voters and make the legislators more accountable thus strengthening democracy in India. Critically Analyse. [200 Words]##Answer:,

24,919

Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) (a) Dinesh Goswami Committee on electoral reforms (b) Powers & functions of the ECI

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##Question:Write short notes on the following: (100 words each) (a) Dinesh Goswami Committee on electoral reforms (b) Powers & functions of the ECI##Answer:,

24,920

What is Non – Alignment Principle? Do you think that NAM still has relevance in the current global scenario?(200-220 words)

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##Question:What is Non – Alignment Principle? Do you think that NAM still has relevance in the current global scenario?(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,921

What is a foreign policy? What are the various determinants of foreign policy?(200-220 words)

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##Question:What is a foreign policy? What are the various determinants of foreign policy?(200-220 words) ##Answer:.

24,922

What do you understand by Heartland and Rimland theories? Why are these important from a geopolitical point of view?(200-220 words)

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##Question:What do you understand by Heartland and Rimland theories? Why are these important from a geopolitical point of view?(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,923

“It was following the end of the Cold War that structural shifts could be observed in India’s Foreign Policy approach.” In light of this statement, discuss the major shifts in both India’s foreign policy and foreign economic policy.(200 words/10 Marks)

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##Question:“It was following the end of the Cold War that structural shifts could be observed in India’s Foreign Policy approach.” In light of this statement, discuss the major shifts in both India’s foreign policy and foreign economic policy.(200 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.

24,924

BBIN Connectivity project is a sub-regional approach to regional integration. Discuss. Why does Bhutan not want to proceed with the Motor Vehicles Agreement? Do you think it’s a dead-end for the regional sub-grouping India had planned for ease of access among the four countries?(200-220 words)

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##Question:BBIN Connectivity project is a sub-regional approach to regional integration. Discuss. Why does Bhutan not want to proceed with the Motor Vehicles Agreement? Do you think it’s a dead-end for the regional sub-grouping India had planned for ease of access among the four countries?(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,925

Doklam standoff will only serve to deepen the India-Bhutan alliance even further. Critically analyse. Why should India be concerned about Bhutan’s relation with China?(200-220 words)

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##Question:Doklam standoff will only serve to deepen the India-Bhutan alliance even further. Critically analyse. Why should India be concerned about Bhutan’s relation with China?(200-220 words) ##Answer:.

24,926

The internal crisis in Nepal over the past few years has given concrete shape to the fears of Chinagaining upper hand vis-a-vis a traditionally influential India. Elaborate. What can India do to further strengthen its ties with the Himalayan nation?(200-220 words)

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##Question:The internal crisis in Nepal over the past few years has given concrete shape to the fears of Chinagaining upper hand vis-a-vis a traditionally influential India. Elaborate. What can India do to further strengthen its ties with the Himalayan nation?(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,927

What are the recent developments in bilateral relationship between India and Maldives? From India’s point of view, examine the significance of a free trade agreement between Maldives and China.(200-220 words)

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##Question:What are the recent developments in bilateral relationship between India and Maldives? From India’s point of view, examine the significance of a free trade agreement between Maldives and China.(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,928

“Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples.(200-220 words)

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##Question:“Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples.(200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,929

Even though SAARC has remained a key aspect of India"s neighborhood policy, the efficacy of this regional grouping has been questioned in recent times. Discuss. Also, critically examine the options available to India in this context.(250 words/15 marks)

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##Question:Even though SAARC has remained a key aspect of India"s neighborhood policy, the efficacy of this regional grouping has been questioned in recent times. Discuss. Also, critically examine the options available to India in this context.(250 words/15 marks)##Answer:.

24,930

India-Pakistan relationship, since the creation of both the nations in 1947 has been rocky, where the nations have been involved in four wars. What are the core issues in the India-Pakistan relationship? What are the benefits that can be accrued from positive India-Pakistan relationship? (200-220 words)

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##Question:India-Pakistan relationship, since the creation of both the nations in 1947 has been rocky, where the nations have been involved in four wars. What are the core issues in the India-Pakistan relationship? What are the benefits that can be accrued from positive India-Pakistan relationship? (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,931

Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks) UPSC 2015

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##Question:Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.(150 words/10 marks) UPSC 2015##Answer:.

24,932

Unfortunately, when it comes to Afghan, Indian, and Pakistani foreign policies regarding each other, they do not look through the prisms of bilateral relations. There is always a triangle, which deeply influences their policies.” In light of this statement, discuss the tangled India-Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship. (150-200 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Unfortunately, when it comes to Afghan, Indian, and Pakistani foreign policies regarding each other, they do not look through the prisms of bilateral relations. There is always a triangle, which deeply influences their policies.” In light of this statement, discuss the tangled India-Pakistan-Afghanistan relationship. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

24,933

What are the key attributes of Siachen issue? Critically examine the idea of demilitarisation of the Siachen glacier. (200-220 words)

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##Question:What are the key attributes of Siachen issue? Critically examine the idea of demilitarisation of the Siachen glacier. (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,935

IT and ITs and Drug Industries can have a huge market in China, it would also help in minimising the trade deficit. But it is not able to reap its potential, why? Explain.

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##Question:IT and ITs and Drug Industries can have a huge market in China, it would also help in minimising the trade deficit. But it is not able to reap its potential, why? Explain.##Answer:.

24,936

Write a short note on recent doklam issue.

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##Question:Write a short note on recent doklam issue.##Answer:.

24,937

what are the Major Water disputes Between India-China relations. What measures can be taken to resolve it? Explain

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##Question:what are the Major Water disputes Between India-China relations. What measures can be taken to resolve it? Explain##Answer:.

24,938

While on one hand China’s One Belt and One Road initiative poses security concerns and challenges for India, on the other hand, it can help improve India’s connectivity to major markets and resource supplies. Discuss (200-220 words)

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##Question:While on one hand China’s One Belt and One Road initiative poses security concerns and challenges for India, on the other hand, it can help improve India’s connectivity to major markets and resource supplies. Discuss (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,939

What are the prospects and problems of BCIM corridor? (200-220 words)

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##Question:What are the prospects and problems of BCIM corridor? (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,940

write short note on importance of pacific island nation?

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##Question:write short note on importance of pacific island nation?##Answer:.

24,941

critically discuss strategic significance of India’s Connect toSouth East Asia.

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##Question:critically discuss strategic significance of India’s Connect toSouth East Asia.##Answer:.

24,942

How is the cultural relationship between India and China?

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##Question:How is the cultural relationship between India and China?##Answer:.

24,943

Discuss the objectives behind the formation of Quad group with special reference to China. What are benefits India is looking to accrue from such a grouping? (200-220 words)

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##Question:Discuss the objectives behind the formation of Quad group with special reference to China. What are benefits India is looking to accrue from such a grouping? (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,944

What do you understand by Blue Economy? What are the opportunities and challenges faced by India in developing Blue Economy? (200-220 words)

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##Question:What do you understand by Blue Economy? What are the opportunities and challenges faced by India in developing Blue Economy? (200-220 words)##Answer:.

24,945

Briefly explain the objective and significance of gulf cooperation council.

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##Question:Briefly explain the objective and significance of gulf cooperation council.##Answer:.

24,946

Briefly explain India’s relation with Israel, what are the key components of opportunities and challenges in recent times .

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##Question:Briefly explain India’s relation with Israel, what are the key components of opportunities and challenges in recent times .##Answer:.

24,947

Briefly explain the India-Iran relation which is passing through tough time . Why is Iran a key player for India in Look west policy ? Explain.

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##Question:Briefly explain the India-Iran relation which is passing through tough time . Why is Iran a key player for India in Look west policy ? Explain.##Answer:.

24,948

Write short notes on Connect Central Asia Policy INSTC [100 words each]

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##Question:Write short notes on Connect Central Asia Policy INSTC [100 words each]##Answer:.

24,949

Explain the role of external factors for political instability in Iran. [150 words]

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##Question:Explain the role of external factors for political instability in Iran. [150 words]##Answer:.

24,950

What can be the possible benefits that India can accrue with improved India-Germany cooperation? (200 – 220 words)

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##Question:What can be the possible benefits that India can accrue with improved India-Germany cooperation? (200 – 220 words)##Answer:.

24,951

Over past few years, India-France relations have developed a lot in strategic and economic areas. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Over past few years, India-France relations have developed a lot in strategic and economic areas. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

24,952

Discuss the achievements and failures of European Union. How has EU set the benchmark for regional integration? (200 – 220 words)

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##Question:Discuss the achievements and failures of European Union. How has EU set the benchmark for regional integration? (200 – 220 words)##Answer:.

24,954

What are major opportunities and challenges in India-USA relation ? Explain

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##Question:What are major opportunities and challenges in India-USA relation ? Explain##Answer:.

24,955

What are the features of LEMOA? What are the positives of signing of LEMOA with US?

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##Question:What are the features of LEMOA? What are the positives of signing of LEMOA with US?##Answer:.

24,956

Write short note on US Trade Representative Special 301 report

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##Question:Write short note on US Trade Representative Special 301 report##Answer:.

24,957

India never wants to be labelled as an ally to USA but aspires to be an important partner of USA. Comment

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##Question:India never wants to be labelled as an ally to USA but aspires to be an important partner of USA. Comment##Answer:.

24,958

Critically examine India’s relationship with Latin America.(200 – 220 words)

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##Question:Critically examine India’s relationship with Latin America.(200 – 220 words)##Answer:.

24,959

India-U.S. bilateral relations have developed into a global strategic partnership, based on increasing convergence of interests on bilateral, regional and global issues. Discuss.(200 – 220 words)

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##Question:India-U.S. bilateral relations have developed into a global strategic partnership, based on increasing convergence of interests on bilateral, regional and global issues. Discuss.(200 – 220 words)##Answer:.

24,960

India needs engagement with Latin American states, as the scope to strengthen relations is seemingly limitless. In light if this statement, discuss the benefits of enhanced cooperation between India and Latin American countries.(200 – 220 words)

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##Question:India needs engagement with Latin American states, as the scope to strengthen relations is seemingly limitless. In light if this statement, discuss the benefits of enhanced cooperation between India and Latin American countries.(200 – 220 words)##Answer:.

24,961

Write a note on contributions of Indian Diaspora for India.

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##Question:Write a note on contributions of Indian Diaspora for India.##Answer:.

24,962

Critically analyse the relevance of the UN in present days.

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##Question:Critically analyse the relevance of the UN in present days.##Answer:.

24,963

Elaborate contributions of India in the efforts initiated by the UNO.

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##Question:Elaborate contributions of India in the efforts initiated by the UNO.##Answer:.

24,964

Write short notes on i. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation ii. UNCLOS Maritime zones iii. The Outer space treaty [100 words each]

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##Question:Write short notes on i. Mekong-Ganga Cooperation ii. UNCLOS Maritime zones iii. The Outer space treaty [100 words each]##Answer:.

24,965

The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha rounds of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and developing countries. Discuss in the Indian perspective.[200 words]

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##Question:The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha rounds of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and developing countries. Discuss in the Indian perspective.[200 words]##Answer:.

24,966

Internal migration not only affects the migrant but also the source and destination regions. Discuss. Suggest some measures to tackle the issues related to internal migration.(200 words)

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##Question:Internal migration not only affects the migrant but also the source and destination regions. Discuss. Suggest some measures to tackle the issues related to internal migration.(200 words)##Answer:,

24,967

Internal migration is not only governed by pattern of development, but also the social structure of the society. In the context of the statement, discuss the causes of migration. [100 words]

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##Question:Internal migration is not only governed by pattern of development, but also the social structure of the society. In the context of the statement, discuss the causes of migration. [100 words]##Answer:,

24,968

What are the factors responsible for high infant mortality rate in India? Discuss its implications on Indian women. Suggest some measures to address the concern.

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##Question:What are the factors responsible for high infant mortality rate in India? Discuss its implications on Indian women. Suggest some measures to address the concern.##Answer:,

24,969

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) which encompasses eight national missions representing multipronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change. Discuss. (200 word)

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##Question:National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) which encompasses eight national missions representing multipronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change. Discuss. (200 word)##Answer:,

24,970

Write a short note on following: 1. Perform, achieve and trade 2.GRIHA ratings (50 wordseach)

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##Question:Write a short note on following: 1. Perform, achieve and trade 2.GRIHA ratings (50 wordseach) ##Answer:,

24,971

Compare the impact of ozone gas presence in stratosphere with that in troposphere. Explain the phenomenon of ozone hole and the measures taken by the international community to control ozone depletion. (200 word)

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##Question:Compare the impact of ozone gas presence in stratosphere with that in troposphere. Explain the phenomenon of ozone hole and the measures taken by the international community to control ozone depletion. (200 word) ##Answer:,

24,972

भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर मुद्रास्फीति के प्रभावों का परीक्षण कीजिये|मुद्रास्फीति को नियंत्रित करने के लिए भारत सरकार द्द्वारा उठाये गए उपायों की चर्चा कीजिये | (200 शब्द)

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##Question:भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर मुद्रास्फीति के प्रभावों का परीक्षण कीजिये|मुद्रास्फीति को नियंत्रित करने के लिए भारत सरकार द्द्वारा उठाये गए उपायों की चर्चा कीजिये | (200 शब्द)##Answer:,

24,973

मुद्रास्फीति के विभिन्न प्रकारों की चर्चा कीजिये||200 शब्द)

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##Question:मुद्रास्फीति के विभिन्न प्रकारों की चर्चा कीजिये||200 शब्द)##Answer:,

24,974

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कच्चे तेल का मूल्य और स्वर्ण आयात भारत के अर्थव्यवस्था और मुद्रास्फीति को किस प्रकार प्राभावित करता है ?(200 शब्द)

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##Question:अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कच्चे तेल का मूल्य और स्वर्ण आयात भारत के अर्थव्यवस्था और मुद्रास्फीति को किस प्रकार प्राभावित करता है ?(200 शब्द)##Answer:,

24,975

Criminalisation of politics is a major impediment to the functioning of parliamentary democracy in India. In this regard, discuss the measures taken by the judiciary and the ECI to cleanse the political system of the country? [200 Words]

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##Question:Criminalisation of politics is a major impediment to the functioning of parliamentary democracy in India. In this regard, discuss the measures taken by the judiciary and the ECI to cleanse the political system of the country? [200 Words]##Answer:,

24,976

Discuss the impact that state funding of elections could have on curbing the role of unaccounted money power in electoral politics in India. (150 words)

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##Question:Discuss the impact that state funding of elections could have on curbing the role of unaccounted money power in electoral politics in India. (150 words)##Answer:,

24,977

Enumerate the conditions for recognition of a political party as a national party and a state party. (150 words / 10 marks)

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##Question:Enumerate the conditions for recognition of a political party as a national party and a state party. (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:,

24,978

Critically examine the impact of economic policies of the British on Indian economy. (200 words)

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##Question:Critically examine the impact of economic policies of the British on Indian economy. (200 words)##Answer:,

24,979

Write short notes on A. Deindustrialisation B. Commercialisation of agriculture

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##Question:Write short notes on A. Deindustrialisation B. Commercialisation of agriculture##Answer:,

24,980

The trade policies adopted by the British underwent a significant qualitative shift over the period from 18 th to 20 th Discuss.

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##Question:The trade policies adopted by the British underwent a significant qualitative shift over the period from 18 th to 20 th Discuss.##Answer:,

24,981

Discuss the major differences between land revenue policies that existed prior to coming of the British and land revenue system established by the British. (200 words)

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##Question:Discuss the major differences between land revenue policies that existed prior to coming of the British and land revenue system established by the British. (200 words)##Answer:,

24,982

Write short notes on:(150 words/10 Marks) Charter Act 1813 Charter Act 1853

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##Question:Write short notes on:(150 words/10 Marks) Charter Act 1813 Charter Act 1853 ##Answer:,

24,983

To what extent Revolt of 1857 can be considered the first war of independence?

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##Question:To what extent Revolt of 1857 can be considered the first war of independence?##Answer:,

24,985

What do you mean by civil services? What are its characteristic features? Discuss its relevance in context of Indian society. (200 words)

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##Question:What do you mean by civil services? What are its characteristic features? Discuss its relevance in context of Indian society. (200 words)##Answer:,

24,986

Write a brief note on composition of civil services in India.

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##Question:Write a brief note on composition of civil services in India.##Answer:,

24,987

What are the concerns affecting the functioning of civil services in India in current times?

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##Question:What are the concerns affecting the functioning of civil services in India in current times?##Answer:,

24,988

Differentiate between bureaucracy and civil services.

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##Question:Differentiate between bureaucracy and civil services.##Answer:,

24,989

What is the rationale behind a hierarchical system of civil services? Give examples.

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##Question:What is the rationale behind a hierarchical system of civil services? Give examples.##Answer:,

24,990

Differentiate between accountability and answerability through examples from personal and professional lives.

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##Question:Differentiate between accountability and answerability through examples from personal and professional lives.##Answer:,

24,991

What do you understand by Temperature Inversion? What are the different types of temperature inversion and their impact on the surrounding habitation? Explain. (150 words)

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##Question:What do you understand by Temperature Inversion? What are the different types of temperature inversion and their impact on the surrounding habitation? Explain. (150 words)##Answer:,

24,992

Write a short note on following. (50 words each) (a) Isotherm (b) Effect of Continentality on temperature

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##Question:Write a short note on following. (50 words each) (a) Isotherm (b) Effect of Continentality on temperature ##Answer:,

24,993

Briefly explain the factors effecting temperature. (150 words)

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##Question:Briefly explain the factors effecting temperature. (150 words)##Answer:,

24,994

What is the significance of wildlife protection in India? Discuss the challenges in implementing various wildlife projects in India.

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##Question:What is the significance of wildlife protection in India? Discuss the challenges in implementing various wildlife projects in India. ##Answer:.

24,995

Write a short note on global tiger forum.

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##Question:Write a short note on global tiger forum.##Answer:.

24,996

Write a short note on Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. (150 Words/10 Marks)

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##Question:Write a short note on Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:.

24,997

‘Money laundering and terror financing are the two significant aspects of terrorism. Any action against terrorism would be only half-hearted if the other two aspects are not taken into consideration.’ Evaluate the statement and discuss India’s strategy to deal with money laundering and terror financing. (200 words)

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##Question:‘Money laundering and terror financing are the two significant aspects of terrorism. Any action against terrorism would be only half-hearted if the other two aspects are not taken into consideration.’ Evaluate the statement and discuss India’s strategy to deal with money laundering and terror financing. (200 words)##Answer:.

24,998

What are the objectives of Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF)? What are the possible benefits of implementing the recommendations of FATF?

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##Question:What are the objectives of Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF)? What are the possible benefits of implementing the recommendations of FATF? ##Answer:.

24,999

Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry in the last few decades. Analyse the statement. [UPSC 2016]

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##Question:Terrorism is emerging as a competitive industry in the last few decades. Analyse the statement. [UPSC 2016] ##Answer:.

25,000

Discuss the nature of organized criminal activities in India. Examine its association with various terrorist activities.

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##Question:Discuss the nature of organized criminal activities in India. Examine its association with various terrorist activities.##Answer:.

25,001

What are the major issues in controlling organized crimes in India? Discuss how tackling organized crime is an important step in India’s fight against terrorism.

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##Question:What are the major issues in controlling organized crimes in India? Discuss how tackling organized crime is an important step in India’s fight against terrorism. ##Answer:.

25,002

What are the issues and challenges with respect to cyber security in India? What are the initiatives taken by the Government of India to address the same? [200 words]

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##Question:What are the issues and challenges with respect to cyber security in India? What are the initiatives taken by the Government of India to address the same? [200 words] ##Answer:.

25,003

Considering the threats posed to the cyberspace of the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation

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##Question:Considering the threats posed to the cyberspace of the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation ##Answer:.

25,004

Enumerate and briefly explain different forms of cyber threats. Critically evaluate the cyber security preparedness of India. (200 words)

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##Question:Enumerate and briefly explain different forms of cyber threats. Critically evaluate the cyber security preparedness of India. (200 words)##Answer:.

25,005

After the conventional means, Cyber warfare has entered the fifth domain. Comment with suitable examples.

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##Question:After the conventional means, Cyber warfare has entered the fifth domain. Comment with suitable examples.##Answer:.

25,006

Border management needs a multi-pronged approach. In the light of the statement, give an account of the initiatives taken by the Government of India to ensure comprehensive border management in India. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Border management needs a multi-pronged approach. In the light of the statement, give an account of the initiatives taken by the Government of India to ensure comprehensive border management in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

25,007

What are new developments in defence technologies with reference to missiles? (150 words/10 Marks)

Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to the achievements of DRDO in brief. List India"s developments of various missiles with their features. Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of missile development for India . Answer : India is increasing investments in the defence sector and this is leading to new developments in this field. All three wings- army, navy and air force have introduced newer elements in their striking capabilities. The responsibility of developing India’s defence technology is assigned to the DRDO. Recently several missiles, such as Agni V, Dhanush, Prithvi-II and Nag, being developed under IGDMP were successfully test-fired at various locations. Missile technology The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. The first successful testing of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967. 1. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMPD) The idea of IGMDP was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. The missiles proposed under this program are − · Agni - It is an intercontinental surface-to-surface, nuclear-capable ballistic missile. Starting with Agni-I which was first tested in 1989, India has recently successfully conducted tests on Agni-V, which has the following features: o Powered by 3-stage solid, all composite rocket motors o Coverage: 5000 km o Canister-launch for quick response, higher reliability, longer shelf-life, less maintenance and enhanced road mobility · Prithvi − Prithvi-II is an indigenously developed and nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile. It is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) capable of carrying 500-1,000 kgs of warheads. It uses an advanced inertial guidance system with a manoeuvring trajectory to hit its target. Dhanush (also known as Prithvi III), a naval variant of this Prithvi missile, has also been tested recently · Trishul – It is a Quick Reaction Surface Air Missile. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant. With its quickest reaction time, high-frequency operation, high manoeuvrability, high lethal capability and multi-roles for three services, is a state-of-the-art system providing a considerable advantage to the Armed forces. · Akash − it’s a supersonic surface-to-air missile. Akash has a strike range of about 25 km and can carry a 55- kg fragmentation warhead. It is designed to neutralise multiple aerial targets attacking from several directions simultaneously. The system is autonomous and its operation is fully automated. · Nag − It is a third-generation “fire and forgets” ATGM (anti-tank guided missile). The missile is equipped with a highly advanced Imaging Infrared Radar (IRR) seeker and has integrated avionics technology in its arsenal. Nag can be launched from land and air-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA), which is derived from a BMP-2 tracked infantry combat vehicle. The helicopter-launched configuration, designated as helicopter-launched NAG (HELINA), can be fired from Dhruv advanced light helicopter (ALH) and HAL Rudra attack helicopter. The land-based version has a maximum range of 4 km while air-based version has a maximum range of 7 km. 2. Brahmos Cruise Missile - The land-to-land configuration of BRAHMOS Block III, the missile was launched from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher (MAL) for its full-range testing recently. It is a joint venture between India and Russia and is named after the Brahmaputra and Moscow rivers. The first stage of the system takes the missile to supersonic speed and the second stage with liquid ramjet accelerates it to 2.8 mach. Brahmos ALCM (Air Launched Cruise Missile), is the heaviest weapon to be deployed on India’s Su-30. 3. NIRBHAY -India’s first indigenous Long-Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. It can carry a warhead of 200-300 kg at a speed of 0.6-0.7 Mach with a launch weight of about 1500 kg. It can avoid detection as it has the ability to cruise at heights as low as 100 m. It is powered by a solid rocket motor booster and has a range of 1000km. With the successful launch of NIRBHAY, India joins the select league of nations that possess the ability to make sub-sonic cruise missiles. 4. ASTRA - Beyond Visual Range Air to Air Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully conducted recently. Jointly developed by DRDO and IAF. It is an all-weather weapon system capable of destroying an enemy target 60 to 70 km far away. In a typical Astra engagement both the launcher and the target move at a speed in excess of 1000 kmph. 5. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM) - It is an advanced, all-weather, mobile, land-based air defence system. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at ranges of more than 50 km. The system will be jointly developed by Israel and DRDO with the involvement of private sectors and DPSUs. The system will have a majority of indigenous content, giving a boost to the Make-in-India initiative. The MRSAM is a land-based variant of the long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) or Barak-8 naval air defence system, which is designed to operate from naval vessels and has a range of up to 100 km. Barak-8 was also jointly developed with Israel. 6. Recently, India successfully test-fired its indigenously developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile. It is an indigenously developed single-stage missile powered by solid propellant. The interceptor missile has a navigation system, mobile launcher, and secure data link for interception, independent tracking and sophisticated radars. The missile is capable of destroying incoming ballistic missiles at low altitudes within 30 km of the earth’s atmosphere. The successful development and deployment of missiles and submarines would provide a definite boost to the armed forces, indigenous defence industry and India’s capability to design and develop lethal weapons of strategic importance.

##Question:What are new developments in defence technologies with reference to missiles? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by referring to the achievements of DRDO in brief. List India"s developments of various missiles with their features. Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of missile development for India . Answer : India is increasing investments in the defence sector and this is leading to new developments in this field. All three wings- army, navy and air force have introduced newer elements in their striking capabilities. The responsibility of developing India’s defence technology is assigned to the DRDO. Recently several missiles, such as Agni V, Dhanush, Prithvi-II and Nag, being developed under IGDMP were successfully test-fired at various locations. Missile technology The development of missile technology in India started in the 1960s. The first successful testing of space-cum-missile technology was the Rohini-75, which was tested in 1967. 1. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMPD) The idea of IGMDP was conceptualized by the former President and eminent scientist, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. The objective of this program was to enable India to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. The missiles proposed under this program are − · Agni - It is an intercontinental surface-to-surface, nuclear-capable ballistic missile. Starting with Agni-I which was first tested in 1989, India has recently successfully conducted tests on Agni-V, which has the following features: o Powered by 3-stage solid, all composite rocket motors o Coverage: 5000 km o Canister-launch for quick response, higher reliability, longer shelf-life, less maintenance and enhanced road mobility · Prithvi − Prithvi-II is an indigenously developed and nuclear-capable surface-to-surface missile. It is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) capable of carrying 500-1,000 kgs of warheads. It uses an advanced inertial guidance system with a manoeuvring trajectory to hit its target. Dhanush (also known as Prithvi III), a naval variant of this Prithvi missile, has also been tested recently · Trishul – It is a Quick Reaction Surface Air Missile. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant. With its quickest reaction time, high-frequency operation, high manoeuvrability, high lethal capability and multi-roles for three services, is a state-of-the-art system providing a considerable advantage to the Armed forces. · Akash − it’s a supersonic surface-to-air missile. Akash has a strike range of about 25 km and can carry a 55- kg fragmentation warhead. It is designed to neutralise multiple aerial targets attacking from several directions simultaneously. The system is autonomous and its operation is fully automated. · Nag − It is a third-generation “fire and forgets” ATGM (anti-tank guided missile). The missile is equipped with a highly advanced Imaging Infrared Radar (IRR) seeker and has integrated avionics technology in its arsenal. Nag can be launched from land and air-based platforms. The land version is currently available for integration on the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA), which is derived from a BMP-2 tracked infantry combat vehicle. The helicopter-launched configuration, designated as helicopter-launched NAG (HELINA), can be fired from Dhruv advanced light helicopter (ALH) and HAL Rudra attack helicopter. The land-based version has a maximum range of 4 km while air-based version has a maximum range of 7 km. 2. Brahmos Cruise Missile - The land-to-land configuration of BRAHMOS Block III, the missile was launched from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher (MAL) for its full-range testing recently. It is a joint venture between India and Russia and is named after the Brahmaputra and Moscow rivers. The first stage of the system takes the missile to supersonic speed and the second stage with liquid ramjet accelerates it to 2.8 mach. Brahmos ALCM (Air Launched Cruise Missile), is the heaviest weapon to be deployed on India’s Su-30. 3. NIRBHAY -India’s first indigenous Long-Range Sub-Sonic Cruise Missile. It can carry a warhead of 200-300 kg at a speed of 0.6-0.7 Mach with a launch weight of about 1500 kg. It can avoid detection as it has the ability to cruise at heights as low as 100 m. It is powered by a solid rocket motor booster and has a range of 1000km. With the successful launch of NIRBHAY, India joins the select league of nations that possess the ability to make sub-sonic cruise missiles. 4. ASTRA - Beyond Visual Range Air to Air Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully conducted recently. Jointly developed by DRDO and IAF. It is an all-weather weapon system capable of destroying an enemy target 60 to 70 km far away. In a typical Astra engagement both the launcher and the target move at a speed in excess of 1000 kmph. 5. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM) - It is an advanced, all-weather, mobile, land-based air defence system. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at ranges of more than 50 km. The system will be jointly developed by Israel and DRDO with the involvement of private sectors and DPSUs. The system will have a majority of indigenous content, giving a boost to the Make-in-India initiative. The MRSAM is a land-based variant of the long-range surface-to-air missile (LRSAM) or Barak-8 naval air defence system, which is designed to operate from naval vessels and has a range of up to 100 km. Barak-8 was also jointly developed with Israel. 6. Recently, India successfully test-fired its indigenously developed Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile. It is an indigenously developed single-stage missile powered by solid propellant. The interceptor missile has a navigation system, mobile launcher, and secure data link for interception, independent tracking and sophisticated radars. The missile is capable of destroying incoming ballistic missiles at low altitudes within 30 km of the earth’s atmosphere. The successful development and deployment of missiles and submarines would provide a definite boost to the armed forces, indigenous defence industry and India’s capability to design and develop lethal weapons of strategic importance.

25,008

Write a short note on each of the following: (100 words | 5 markseach ) a) Kessler’s syndrome b) Kuiper’s belt

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##Question:Write a short note on each of the following: (100 words | 5 markseach ) a) Kessler’s syndrome b) Kuiper’s belt ##Answer:,

25,009

What do you understand by disaster management.Examine India’s preparedness towards it.

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##Question:What do you understand by disaster management.Examine India’s preparedness towards it. ##Answer:,

25,010

Write short note on preparedness aspects of disaster management.

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##Question:Write short note on preparedness aspects of disaster management.##Answer:,

25,011

What are the types of vulnerability?

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##Question:What are the types of vulnerability?##Answer:,

25,012

Write down the importance of relief provision at the time of disasters.

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##Question:Write down the importance of relief provision at the time of disasters.##Answer:,

25,013

Write down the role of civil society in disaster management.

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##Question:Write down the role of civil society in disaster management.##Answer:,

25,014