sid-th26/mains_question · Datasets at Hugging Face

Write down the conditions under which the Parliament can legislate on matters enumerated in the State List

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##Question: Write down the conditions under which the Parliament can legislate on matters enumerated in the State List##Answer:.

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Write a short note on article 356 and its advantages and disadvantages.

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##Question:Write a short note on article 356 and its advantages and disadvantages.##Answer:.

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There have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in poverty level over time. Still many people in India are living below poverty line. Do you think making right to food as a fundamental right will help in poverty reduction? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? [ 200 words]

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##Question:There have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in poverty level over time. Still many people in India are living below poverty line. Do you think making right to food as a fundamental right will help in poverty reduction? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? [ 200 words]##Answer:.

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1.Write a short note on doctrine of eclipse

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##Question:1.Write a short note on doctrine of eclipse##Answer:.

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1. Define doctrine of eclipse. Discuss this in the light of judgements of apex court in this regard.[200 words]

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##Question:1. Define doctrine of eclipse. Discuss this in the light of judgements of apex court in this regard.[200 words] ##Answer:.

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The founding fathers of the constitution had not included the words “socialist and secular” in the original Preamble to the constitution. Does it mean these two words were not spirit of the Indian Constitution? [200 Words]

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##Question:The founding fathers of the constitution had not included the words “socialist and secular” in the original Preamble to the constitution. Does it mean these two words were not spirit of the Indian Constitution? [200 Words]##Answer:.

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A. Consider the following statements regarding Preamble of Indian constitution:1. It is based on the Objective Resolution drafted by Pandit Nehru and adopted by the Constituent assembly.2. It is a tool of prohibition upon the powers of legislature.3. The words Socialist, Secular and integrity were inserted in the preamble by 42nd amendment.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3

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##Question:A. Consider the following statements regarding Preamble of Indian constitution:1. It is based on the Objective Resolution drafted by Pandit Nehru and adopted by the Constituent assembly.2. It is a tool of prohibition upon the powers of legislature.3. The words Socialist, Secular and integrity were inserted in the preamble by 42nd amendment.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3##Answer:.

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B. With regard to the Preamble of India, consider the following statements:1. It is not a part of the Constitution2. It cannot be amended3. It is non-justiciable in nature4. The words socialist, secular and (integrity) were added in Preamble through 44th Amendment Act 1978.Which of the statement(s) above given is/are correct?(a) 1, 2 and 4 only(b) 3 only(c) 4 only(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

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##Question:B. With regard to the Preamble of India, consider the following statements:1. It is not a part of the Constitution2. It cannot be amended3. It is non-justiciable in nature4. The words socialist, secular and (integrity) were added in Preamble through 44th Amendment Act 1978.Which of the statement(s) above given is/are correct?(a) 1, 2 and 4 only(b) 3 only(c) 4 only(d) 1, 3 and 4 only##Answer:.

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c. The Preamble enshrines the ideals of ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’-Ideals inspired by the-(a) Russian Revolution (b) USA Constitution(c) French Revolution (d) Irish Revolution

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##Question:c. The Preamble enshrines the ideals of ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’-Ideals inspired by the-(a) Russian Revolution (b) USA Constitution(c) French Revolution (d) Irish Revolution##Answer:.

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What is the meaning of Democratic Socialism? What are the main goals of a socialist government? (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:What is the meaning of Democratic Socialism? What are the main goals of a socialist government? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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2. Write down the difference between equality before law and equal protection of law. [150 words]

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##Question:2. Write down the difference between equality before law and equal protection of law. [150 words]##Answer:.

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Explain the formation of the different outer layers of the Earth such as the Crust, the Atmosphere and the Ocean. [200 words]

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##Question:Explain the formation of the different outer layers of the Earth such as the Crust, the Atmosphere and the Ocean. [200 words]##Answer:.

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In India, the constitution has arrived at a middle course and a compromise between British sovereignty of parliament and American judicial supremacy. Discuss [200 words]

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##Question:In India, the constitution has arrived at a middle course and a compromise between British sovereignty of parliament and American judicial supremacy. Discuss [200 words]##Answer:.

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Explain the plate tectonics and the various major formations in the process.

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##Question:Explain the plate tectonics and the various major formations in the process. ##Answer:.

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Write a short note on Asthenosphere.(150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Write a short note on Asthenosphere.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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2.Which are the plate movements led by the convection?

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##Question:2.Which are the plate movements led by the convection? ##Answer:.

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Article 19(1)(a) has undergone most liberal interpretation at the hand of Supreme Court after article 21. Discuss (150 words/ 10 Marks)

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##Question:Article 19(1)(a) has undergone most liberal interpretation at the hand of Supreme Court after article 21. Discuss (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:.

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The Law commission of India has recommended the abolition of the death penalty for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war. What are your arguments to justify its stand? Do you think this issue needs a revisit in the context of changed socio-economic conditions in the country? Analyse

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##Question:The Law commission of India has recommended the abolition of the death penalty for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war. What are your arguments to justify its stand? Do you think this issue needs a revisit in the context of changed socio-economic conditions in the country? Analyse##Answer:.

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Why Pluto does not qualify as a Planet?

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##Question:Why Pluto does not qualify as a Planet?##Answer:.

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Discuss the evidences and the weaknesses of Continental Drift.

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##Question:Discuss the evidences and the weaknesses of Continental Drift. ##Answer:.

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Explain the phenomena of Sea floor spreading and briefly discuss the evidences

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##Question:Explain the phenomena of Sea floor spreading and briefly discuss the evidences##Answer:.

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Explain the phenomena of Sea floor spreading and briefly discuss the evidences. (150 words/10 Marks)

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##Question:Explain the phenomena of Sea floor spreading and briefly discuss the evidences. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.

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Write a short note on P-waves

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##Question:Write a short note on P-waves##Answer:.

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What are shadow zones and how it can be useful in earthquake studies? (150 words/10 Marks)

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##Question:What are shadow zones and how it can be useful in earthquake studies? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.

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Differentiate between Procedure established by law and Due process of law.

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##Question:Differentiate between Procedure established by law and Due process of law. ##Answer:.

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Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is often described as the cornerstone of the democratic edifice and soul of the constitution. Analyse

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##Question:Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is often described as the cornerstone of the democratic edifice and soul of the constitution. Analyse##Answer:.

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Bring out the difference between Fundamental rights and Directive principles of State Policy.

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##Question:Bring out the difference between Fundamental rights and Directive principles of State Policy.##Answer:.

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Explain what is Tsunami? How is receding water on the coast related to Tsunami?

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##Question:Explain what is Tsunami? How is receding water on the coast related to Tsunami?##Answer:.

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Explain the concept of volcanicity. Why there is no volcanic eruption in Himalayas?

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##Question:Explain the concept of volcanicity. Why there is no volcanic eruption in Himalayas?##Answer:.

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Explain the formation of bituminous type of coal in India

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##Question:Explain the formation of bituminous type of coal in India##Answer:.

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Discuss the major processes of denudation and write down the various factors which affect it.

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##Question:Discuss the major processes of denudation and write down the various factors which affect it.##Answer:.

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Right to freedom is also called as indispensable part of Indian constitution. Discuss

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##Question:Right to freedom is also called as indispensable part of Indian constitution. Discuss ##Answer:.

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Explain the difference between Deltas and Estuaries. (150 words)

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##Question:Explain the difference between Deltas and Estuaries. (150 words)##Answer:.

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In India, the constitution has arrived at a middle course and a compromise between British sovereignty of parliament and American judicial supremacy. Discuss [200 words]

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##Question:In India, the constitution has arrived at a middle course and a compromise between British sovereignty of parliament and American judicial supremacy. Discuss [200 words] ##Answer:.

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The Law commission of India has recommended the abolition of the death penalty for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war. What are your arguments to justify its stand? Do you think this issue needs a revisit in the context of changed socio-economic conditions in the country? Analyze.

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##Question: The Law commission of India has recommended the abolition of the death penalty for all crimes except terrorism-related offences and waging war. What are your arguments to justify its stand? Do you think this issue needs a revisit in the context of changed socio-economic conditions in the country? Analyze. ##Answer:.

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Define rock and its classification based on formation.

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##Question:Define rock and its classification based on formation. ##Answer:.

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Explain the concept of volcanicity. Why there is no volcanic eruption in Himalayas?

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##Question: Explain the concept of volcanicity. Why there is no volcanic eruption in Himalayas?##Answer:.

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Discuss the major processes of denudation and write down the various factors which affect it.

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##Question:Discuss the major processes of denudation and write down the various factors which affect it.##Answer:.

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1.Explain the classification of the earthquake zones of India. (150 words)

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##Question:1.Explain the classification of the earthquake zones of India. (150 words)##Answer:.

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2.Explain the supercontinent cycle formation.

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##Question:2.Explain the supercontinent cycle formation.##Answer:.

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Essentially all that is contained in Part IV-A of the constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of Life. Critically examine this statement

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##Question:Essentially all that is contained in Part IV-A of the constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of Life. Critically examine this statement##Answer:.

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Indicate the nature of fundamental duties inserted in our constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)

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##Question:Indicate the nature of fundamental duties inserted in our constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:.

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Indicate the nature of fundamental duties inserted in our constitution.

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##Question:Indicate the nature of fundamental duties inserted in our constitution.##Answer:.

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Explain what is Tsunami? How is receding water on the coast related to Tsunami?

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##Question:Explain what is Tsunami? How is receding water on the coast related to Tsunami?##Answer:.

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Explain the classification of the earthquake zones of India. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Explain the classification of the earthquake zones of India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment

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##Question: It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment ##Answer:.

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Discuss the geological structure of India.

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##Question:Discuss the geological structure of India.##Answer:.

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Discuss the physiographic division of the Himalayas and the Purvanchal hills.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)

Approach: Introduction : Briefly write about the Himalayan region Body: Highlight the four parallel mountainous ranges with associated topography, types, and features. In 2nd part give a brief description, aspects, and types of Purvanchal hills. Conclusion: Give a brief conclusion mentioning the relevance of these Himalayan mountains. Answer: The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India. They are the highest mountain ranges in the world. These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east. Himalayas ranges: These Himalayas extend in the East-west direction. They are wider on the western side whereas they are narrower on the eastern side. These are four parallel mountainous ranges which are as follows: 1. Trans Himalayas: These merge with the Kunlun Mountain range and are not considered as True Himalayas. In the north of the Trans Himalayas, there is a knot-like structure called Pamir Knot.From the Pamir Knot, there are many ranges that radiate out such as the Kunlun range, Tien Shan, Hindu kush ranges. They are further classified into four mountain ranges: 1. Karakoram ranges 2. Ladakh ranges 3. Zaskar ranges 4. Kailash ranges K2 is the tallest peak in the Karakoram range. This is the world’s second tallest peak. K2 is also called the Godwin-Austin mountain. River Indus takes birth in the Kailash ranges of Tibet enters India in between Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges. 2. The Great Himalayas: This is the second range. The Great Himalayas are also called Himadris. They are continuous mountain ranges stretching from Nanga Parbat on the western side to Namcha Barwa on the eastern side stretching about 2400 Km. The majority of the world’s tallest peaks are present here such as Mount Everest, Mount Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Manaslu, Annapurna, Cho Oyu Other peaks are Nanda Devi, Namcha Barwa, Nanga Parbat. To the north of these Himalayas, the world’s largest glaciers such as Lhotse, Biafo, Baltoro, Hunza are formed. The average height of these Himalayas is 6100m 3. Himachal Himalayas or Middle Himalayas: These are to the south of the Great Himalayas with an average height of 3500m to 4500m. These are further divided into different mountain ranges such as: PirPanjal Kumaon Gharwal Dhola-dhar ranges Mahabharat range 4. The outer Himalayas: These are also known as the Shiwaliks. Their average height is between 900m to 1500m. They are lowly elevated Himalayan ranges which got overlap with the plains of Northern India. These are also broken hill ranges with different names in different regions such as Jammu hills in Jammu and Kashmir (in the western side) but in Arunachal Pradesh, these are called Dafla, Abor, Miri, Mishmi hills. The rivers which have bisected the mountains are called antecedent rivers. Physiographic divisions of Purvanchal hills Eastern Hills or The Purvanchal are the southward extensions of the Himalayas running along the north-eastern edge of India. At the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas take a sudden southward bend and form a series of comparatively low hills which are collectively called the Purvanchal. Their physiographic division involves: Patkai Bum : hills are made up of strong sandstone; elevation varying from 2,000 m to 3,000 m; merges into Naga Hills where Saramati (3,826 m) is the highest peak. Manipur hills: South of Naga Hills are the Manipur hills which are generally less than 2,500 metres in elevation. Barail ranges : separate Naga Hills from Manipur Hills Jayanti, Garo, and Khasi hills are an eastward continuation of the Indian peninsular block. They are separated from the main block by Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. Mizo hills: South of the Manipur Hills are the Mizo Hills (previously known as the Lushai hills) which have an elevation of less than 1,500 metres. The highest point is the Blue Mountain (2,157 m) in the south. Himalayas and Purvanchal hills form the important boundary of South Asia which separates Indian sub continent from China and Indo- China peninsula. The Himalayas and Purvanchal hills play an important role in influencing climatic conditions and thus the economy of our country

##Question:Discuss the physiographic division of the Himalayas and the Purvanchal hills.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Briefly write about the Himalayan region Body: Highlight the four parallel mountainous ranges with associated topography, types, and features. In 2nd part give a brief description, aspects, and types of Purvanchal hills. Conclusion: Give a brief conclusion mentioning the relevance of these Himalayan mountains. Answer: The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India. They are the highest mountain ranges in the world. These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east. Himalayas ranges: These Himalayas extend in the East-west direction. They are wider on the western side whereas they are narrower on the eastern side. These are four parallel mountainous ranges which are as follows: 1. Trans Himalayas: These merge with the Kunlun Mountain range and are not considered as True Himalayas. In the north of the Trans Himalayas, there is a knot-like structure called Pamir Knot.From the Pamir Knot, there are many ranges that radiate out such as the Kunlun range, Tien Shan, Hindu kush ranges. They are further classified into four mountain ranges: 1. Karakoram ranges 2. Ladakh ranges 3. Zaskar ranges 4. Kailash ranges K2 is the tallest peak in the Karakoram range. This is the world’s second tallest peak. K2 is also called the Godwin-Austin mountain. River Indus takes birth in the Kailash ranges of Tibet enters India in between Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges. 2. The Great Himalayas: This is the second range. The Great Himalayas are also called Himadris. They are continuous mountain ranges stretching from Nanga Parbat on the western side to Namcha Barwa on the eastern side stretching about 2400 Km. The majority of the world’s tallest peaks are present here such as Mount Everest, Mount Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Manaslu, Annapurna, Cho Oyu Other peaks are Nanda Devi, Namcha Barwa, Nanga Parbat. To the north of these Himalayas, the world’s largest glaciers such as Lhotse, Biafo, Baltoro, Hunza are formed. The average height of these Himalayas is 6100m 3. Himachal Himalayas or Middle Himalayas: These are to the south of the Great Himalayas with an average height of 3500m to 4500m. These are further divided into different mountain ranges such as: PirPanjal Kumaon Gharwal Dhola-dhar ranges Mahabharat range 4. The outer Himalayas: These are also known as the Shiwaliks. Their average height is between 900m to 1500m. They are lowly elevated Himalayan ranges which got overlap with the plains of Northern India. These are also broken hill ranges with different names in different regions such as Jammu hills in Jammu and Kashmir (in the western side) but in Arunachal Pradesh, these are called Dafla, Abor, Miri, Mishmi hills. The rivers which have bisected the mountains are called antecedent rivers. Physiographic divisions of Purvanchal hills Eastern Hills or The Purvanchal are the southward extensions of the Himalayas running along the north-eastern edge of India. At the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas take a sudden southward bend and form a series of comparatively low hills which are collectively called the Purvanchal. Their physiographic division involves: Patkai Bum : hills are made up of strong sandstone; elevation varying from 2,000 m to 3,000 m; merges into Naga Hills where Saramati (3,826 m) is the highest peak. Manipur hills: South of Naga Hills are the Manipur hills which are generally less than 2,500 metres in elevation. Barail ranges : separate Naga Hills from Manipur Hills Jayanti, Garo, and Khasi hills are an eastward continuation of the Indian peninsular block. They are separated from the main block by Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. Mizo hills: South of the Manipur Hills are the Mizo Hills (previously known as the Lushai hills) which have an elevation of less than 1,500 metres. The highest point is the Blue Mountain (2,157 m) in the south. Himalayas and Purvanchal hills form the important boundary of South Asia which separates Indian sub continent from China and Indo- China peninsula. The Himalayas and Purvanchal hills play an important role in influencing climatic conditions and thus the economy of our country

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The Civil Servant has always played a pivotal role in ensuring continuity and change in administration. Explain

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##Question:The Civil Servant has always played a pivotal role in ensuring continuity and change in administration. Explain##Answer:.

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It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment.

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##Question:It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment. ##Answer:.

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Differentiate between All India Services and State Services.

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##Question:Differentiate between All India Services and State Services.##Answer:.

12,316

The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]

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##Question:The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]##Answer:.

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Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyse (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyse (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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What is welfare state and how it can be brought into effect ? (10 marks/150 words)

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##Question:What is welfare state and how it can be brought into effect ? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:.

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Write a short note on “Mandamus”, "Prohibiton", "Quo Warranto". (150 words)

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##Question:Write a short note on “Mandamus”, "Prohibiton", "Quo Warranto". (150 words)##Answer:.

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Write down the objectives of DPSP.(150 words/10Marks)

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##Question:Write down the objectives of DPSP.(150 words/10Marks)##Answer:.

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Write the importance of D.P.S.P in Indian Constitution.

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##Question:Write the importance of D.P.S.P in Indian Constitution. ##Answer:.

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1.Compare similarities and dissimilarities between D.P.S.P and F.R.

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##Question:1.Compare similarities and dissimilarities between D.P.S.P and F.R. ##Answer:.

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Compare the role of civil officials and military officials in democracies like India.

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##Question:Compare the role of civil officials and military officials in democracies like India. ##Answer:.

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1.Write down the need of fundamental duties in Indian constitution.

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##Question:1.Write down the need of fundamental duties in Indian constitution.##Answer:.

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Indian Constitution has made an obligation on the part of the President to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. But the President of India still enjoys certain discretionary powers. Don’t you think the discretion given to the President is not necessary in the Parliamentary governance? Discuss

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##Question:Indian Constitution has made an obligation on the part of the President to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. But the President of India still enjoys certain discretionary powers. Don’t you think the discretion given to the President is not necessary in the Parliamentary governance? Discuss##Answer:.

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What is a Uniform Civil Code? Why does India need a Uniform Civil Code? What are the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a Uniform Civil Code? (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:What is a Uniform Civil Code? Why does India need a Uniform Civil Code? What are the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a Uniform Civil Code? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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Briefly discuss the structure of the atmosphere and the main characteristics of each layer. Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth’s surface. Explain. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:Briefly discuss the structure of the atmosphere and the main characteristics of each layer. Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth’s surface. Explain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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Briefly discuss the structure of the atmosphere and the main characteristics of each layer. Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth’s surface. Explain

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##Question:Briefly discuss the structure of the atmosphere and the main characteristics of each layer. Temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth’s surface. Explain##Answer:.

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Write short notes on:1. Heterosphere2. Heat Budget

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##Question:Write short notes on:1. Heterosphere2. Heat Budget##Answer:.

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Briefly discuss the geological classification of rocks on the basis of age and type along with the regions where they are found. (150 words)

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##Question:Briefly discuss the geological classification of rocks on the basis of age and type along with the regions where they are found. (150 words)##Answer:.

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Explain the physiography of Himalayas. (200 words)

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##Question:Explain the physiography of Himalayas. (200 words)##Answer:.

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Discuss the physiography of Peninsular plateau.(200 words)

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##Question:Discuss the physiography of Peninsular plateau.(200 words)##Answer:.

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What is Greenhouse effect? What are the primary sources of Greenhouse gasses? What are the steps would you suggest to reduce emission of such gasses?

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##Question:What is Greenhouse effect? What are the primary sources of Greenhouse gasses? What are the steps would you suggest to reduce emission of such gasses?##Answer:.

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It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment ( 200 words)

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##Question:It is basic importance that the Civil Servant should remain non-political though loyal to the government in power. Comment ( 200 words)##Answer:.

12,495

Differentiate between All India Services and State Services.

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##Question:Differentiate between All India Services and State Services.##Answer:.

12,496

The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]

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##Question:The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]##Answer:.

12,497

Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyze

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##Question:Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyze##Answer:.

12,498

Briefly discuss the zonation of Ganga plains from Bhabhar to Khaddar along with the features of each region.

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##Question:Briefly discuss the zonation of Ganga plains from Bhabhar to Khaddar along with the features of each region.##Answer:.

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Explain the various layers of atmosphere based on temperature and composition based division? (150 words/10 marks)

Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention about layers of atmosphere and how many are they Main Body: Write the various layers and sub-layers here a diagram can be drawn showing all the layers Conclude with a general statement in related aspects to give a smooth ending Answer: STRUCTURE/LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Earth"s atmosphere has five major and several secondary layers. From lowest to highest, the major layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere to the ionosphere. Earth"s atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space. These with their character and nature are as follows- 1)Homosphere Up to 80km Uniform-all gases are uniformly mixed together Gases occur in Molecular from contain a higher proportion of water vapor and dust particles denser Divided into 3 Layers- i)Troposphere- First later from the surface of the earth It extends from sea level to16 km near the tropics and 6 km near the poles Normal Lapse Rate- temperature decreases with a uniform rate of 6.5 degrees Celcius per km as we go up in the troposphere the troposphere contains 99% of water vapor and most of the dust particles and 75% of all gases in the earth"s atmosphere it is also called a Zone of Turbulence or convection or friction layer as all the weather phenomenon is restricted to the Troposphere Tropopause- It is at the edge of the troposphere Here mixing stops and the temperature reversal occur which is called temperature inversion ii)Stratosphere extends from the tropopause to up to 50 km it is called so as the layers are stratified and non-convective in nature The temperature rises in the stratosphere due to the absorption of UV radiation by ozone The conditions are extremely dry except for a few rare clouds of mother of pearls or Nacreuos which are called stratospheric clouds The edge of the stratosphere is called the stratopause iii)Mesosphere it extends from stratopause to up to 80km temperature decreases with height and reaches nearly -100 degrees Celcius edge of the mesosphere is called Mesopause 2)Heterosphere Beyond 80 km The gases are segregated into different layers itself Gases occur in atomic from Contain very low/almost nill proportion of water vapor and dust particles Divided into the following layers- i)Thermosphere it extends from 80 km to up to 700 km it consists of a lower nitrogen layer and upper oxygen layer the temperature rises rapidly in this layer due to the absorption of high energy solar radiation However, the effect is not felt due to the absence of molecular collision ii)Exosphere It is the outermost layer It extends from 500 km to vacuum It contains atomic oxygen, helium, hydrogen The exosphere contains a magnetosphere which is composed of electrons and protons derived from solar winds and other charged particles trapped in the earth"s magnetic field They are arranged in two bands at 3000 and 1500 km known as Van Allen radiation belts Ionosphere: 80-650 km It is formed due to ionization by solar radiation It is made of different layers such as D layer, E layer, F layer, G layer Major layers disappear at night It reflects short wave radio waves back to earth and helps in radio communication. The ionosphere is not a distinct layer like the others mentioned above. Instead, the ionosphere is a series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has knocked electrons loose from their parent atoms and molecules. The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name and endowing this region with some special properties.

##Question:Explain the various layers of atmosphere based on temperature and composition based division? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention about layers of atmosphere and how many are they Main Body: Write the various layers and sub-layers here a diagram can be drawn showing all the layers Conclude with a general statement in related aspects to give a smooth ending Answer: STRUCTURE/LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE Earth"s atmosphere has five major and several secondary layers. From lowest to highest, the major layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere to the ionosphere. Earth"s atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space. These with their character and nature are as follows- 1)Homosphere Up to 80km Uniform-all gases are uniformly mixed together Gases occur in Molecular from contain a higher proportion of water vapor and dust particles denser Divided into 3 Layers- i)Troposphere- First later from the surface of the earth It extends from sea level to16 km near the tropics and 6 km near the poles Normal Lapse Rate- temperature decreases with a uniform rate of 6.5 degrees Celcius per km as we go up in the troposphere the troposphere contains 99% of water vapor and most of the dust particles and 75% of all gases in the earth"s atmosphere it is also called a Zone of Turbulence or convection or friction layer as all the weather phenomenon is restricted to the Troposphere Tropopause- It is at the edge of the troposphere Here mixing stops and the temperature reversal occur which is called temperature inversion ii)Stratosphere extends from the tropopause to up to 50 km it is called so as the layers are stratified and non-convective in nature The temperature rises in the stratosphere due to the absorption of UV radiation by ozone The conditions are extremely dry except for a few rare clouds of mother of pearls or Nacreuos which are called stratospheric clouds The edge of the stratosphere is called the stratopause iii)Mesosphere it extends from stratopause to up to 80km temperature decreases with height and reaches nearly -100 degrees Celcius edge of the mesosphere is called Mesopause 2)Heterosphere Beyond 80 km The gases are segregated into different layers itself Gases occur in atomic from Contain very low/almost nill proportion of water vapor and dust particles Divided into the following layers- i)Thermosphere it extends from 80 km to up to 700 km it consists of a lower nitrogen layer and upper oxygen layer the temperature rises rapidly in this layer due to the absorption of high energy solar radiation However, the effect is not felt due to the absence of molecular collision ii)Exosphere It is the outermost layer It extends from 500 km to vacuum It contains atomic oxygen, helium, hydrogen The exosphere contains a magnetosphere which is composed of electrons and protons derived from solar winds and other charged particles trapped in the earth"s magnetic field They are arranged in two bands at 3000 and 1500 km known as Van Allen radiation belts Ionosphere: 80-650 km It is formed due to ionization by solar radiation It is made of different layers such as D layer, E layer, F layer, G layer Major layers disappear at night It reflects short wave radio waves back to earth and helps in radio communication. The ionosphere is not a distinct layer like the others mentioned above. Instead, the ionosphere is a series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has knocked electrons loose from their parent atoms and molecules. The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name and endowing this region with some special properties.

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Write short notes on: 1. Heterosphere 2. Heat Budget

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##Question:Write short notes on: 1. Heterosphere 2. Heat Budget ##Answer:.

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Explain the factors affecting temperature. 200 words

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##Question:Explain the factors affecting temperature. 200 words##Answer:.

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How does Isotherm shift on the Ocean and the Land? (100 words)

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##Question:How does Isotherm shift on the Ocean and the Land? (100 words)##Answer:.

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The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]

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##Question:The principle of Civil Service neutrality is more a principle than a practice in the context of India. Analyse [200 words]##Answer:.

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Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyse

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##Question:Bureaucracy and Democracy are compatible to each other and both are necessary for the development of the country. Analyse##Answer:.

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The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to meet an extraordinary circumstances. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?

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##Question:The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to meet an extraordinary circumstances. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?##Answer:.

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The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to meet an extraordinary circumstances. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?"Analyse"

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##Question:The power to promulgate an ordinance is essentially a power to meet an extraordinary circumstances. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?"Analyse"##Answer:.

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Is President of India really powerful? Discuss. (150 words)

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##Question:Is President of India really powerful? Discuss. (150 words)##Answer:.

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The Prime minister acts as a bridge between the Parliament and President. A cooperative and harmonious relationship between the President and the Prime Minister will lead to smooth functioning of the State. Discuss

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##Question:The Prime minister acts as a bridge between the Parliament and President. A cooperative and harmonious relationship between the President and the Prime Minister will lead to smooth functioning of the State. Discuss##Answer:.

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Prime Minister of India is Primus inter pares. Analyse

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##Question:Prime Minister of India is Primus inter pares. Analyse##Answer:.

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What is the difference between GDP and GNP? Also, briefly discuss the concept of Gross National Income. (150 words/10 marks)

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##Question:What is the difference between GDP and GNP? Also, briefly discuss the concept of Gross National Income. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:.

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1.Write a short note on functions of RBI.

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##Question:1.Write a short note on functions of RBI.##Answer:.

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What do you mean by ICOR? What is its importance? (10 marks/150 words)

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##Question:What do you mean by ICOR? What is its importance? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:.

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GDP as a concept is a very good indicator to provide growth in the economy. But, it failed in terms of providing the development picture of the economy. Justify the statement.

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##Question:GDP as a concept is a very good indicator to provide growth in the economy. But, it failed in terms of providing the development picture of the economy. Justify the statement.##Answer:.

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Explain the meaning of Isobars and Pressure gradient. Describe the relation between Pressure gradient to Isobars, Wind speed and direction

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##Question:Explain the meaning of Isobars and Pressure gradient. Describe the relation between Pressure gradient to Isobars, Wind speed and direction##Answer:.

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Explain the meaning of Isobars and Pressure gradient. Describe the relation between Pressure gradient to Isobars, Wind speed and direction

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##Question:Explain the meaning of Isobars and Pressure gradient. Describe the relation between Pressure gradient to Isobars, Wind speed and direction##Answer:.

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The various socio-religious reform movements in the 19th century can be categorised into both reformist and revivalist. Explain.

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##Question:The various socio-religious reform movements in the 19th century can be categorised into both reformist and revivalist. Explain.##Answer:.

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Briefly discuss the global pattern of the horizontal distribution of pressure. Explain how do seasonal variations affect the movement of the pressure belts?

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##Question:Briefly discuss the global pattern of the horizontal distribution of pressure. Explain how do seasonal variations affect the movement of the pressure belts?##Answer:.

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Explain the formation of Geostrophic Winds. ( 150 words)

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##Question:Explain the formation of Geostrophic Winds. ( 150 words)##Answer:.

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1. Write short note on the following:a) Credit Rationingb) Repo Ratec) Marginal Standing Facility

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##Question:1. Write short note on the following:a) Credit Rationingb) Repo Ratec) Marginal Standing Facility##Answer:.

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2. How does moral suasion differ from the direct action under qualitative measures of RBI?

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##Question:2. How does moral suasion differ from the direct action under qualitative measures of RBI?##Answer:.

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What are the instruments of monetary policy of RBI? How does RBI stabilize money supply against exogenous shocks? Examine

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##Question:What are the instruments of monetary policy of RBI? How does RBI stabilize money supply against exogenous shocks? Examine##Answer:.

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Differentiate between the Cabinet and Parliamentary form of government, which among these is most powerful?Discuss [200 Words]

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##Question:Differentiate between the Cabinet and Parliamentary form of government, which among these is most powerful?Discuss [200 Words]##Answer:.

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1. What are the benefits and disadvantages of Cabinet form of government? (100 WORDS) (5 MARKS)

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##Question:1. What are the benefits and disadvantages of Cabinet form of government? (100 WORDS) (5 MARKS)##Answer:.

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2. Write short note on Shadow Cabinet.

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##Question:2. Write short note on Shadow Cabinet.##Answer:.

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