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Krystal Hu, ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base analyst note,
Reuters, February 3, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-re-
cord-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/.
2.
Michael Chui, Eric Hazan, Roger Roberts, Alex Singla, Kate Smaje, Alex
Sukharevsky, Lareina Yee, and Rodney Zemmei, The economic potential of
generative AI: The next productivity frontier, McKinsey, June 14, 2023, https://
www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-po-
tential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier.
3.
Michael Briest, Lloyd Walmsley, Karl Keirstead, Timothy Arcuri, Francois-Xavier
Bouvignies, Gerry Fowler, Nicolas Gaudois, Victoria Kalb, Navin Killa, David Vogt,
and Kathinka de Kuyper, Will Generative AI deliver a generational transforma-
tion? UBS, May 26, 2023, https://www.ubs.com/global/en/investment-bank/
in-focus/2023/generative-ai.html.
4.
Ghiath Shabsigh and El Bachir Boukherouaa, Generative Artificial Intelligence in
Finance: Risk Considerations, International Monetary Fund, August 2023, https://
www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/FTN063/2023/English/FTNEA2023006.
ashx.
5.
Gartner Places Generative AI on the Peak of Inflated Expectations on the 2023
Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies (press release), Gartner, August 16, 2023,
https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-08-16-gartner-plac-
es-generative-ai-on-the-peak-of-inflated-expectations-on-the-2023-hype-cycle-
for-emerging-technologies.
6.
Michael Chui, Eric Hazan, Roger Roberts, Alex Singla, Kate Smaje, Alex
Sukharevsky, Lareina Yee, and Rodney Zemmei, The economic potential of
generative AI: The next productivity frontier, McKinsey, June 14, 2023, https://
www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-po-
tential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Generative AI, Boston Consulting Group, https://www.bcg.com/capabilities/artifi-
cial-intelligence/generative-ai.
9.
Michael Chui, Eric Hazan, Roger Roberts, Alex Singla, Kate Smaje, Alex
Sukharevsky, Lareina Yee, and Rodney Zemmei, The economic potential of
generative AI: The next productivity frontier, McKinsey, June 14, 2023, https://
www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-po-
tential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier.
10. Justina Lee, Saijel Kishan, and Bloomberg, Hedge funds are using ChatGPT to
do all their mundane grunt work usually relegated to junior staffers, Fortune,
June 2, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/06/01/hedge-fund-chatgpt-grunt-work-
mundane/.
11.
Alex Kim et al., Bloated Disclosures: Can ChatGPT Help Investors Process
Financial Information? University of Chicago, April 2023, https://bfi.uchicago.edu/
wp-content/uploads/2023/04/BFI_WP_2023-59.pdf.
12. Erik Brynjolfsson, Danielle Li, and Lindsey R. Raymond, Generative AI at Work,
National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2023, https://www.nber.org/
system/files/working_papers/w31161/w31161.pdf.
13. Ibid.
14. Douglas Blakey, Kasisto launches KAI-GPT, the first banking industry-specific
large language model, Retail Banker International, June 1, 2023, https://www.
retailbankerinternational.com/news/digital-experience-platform-kasisto-launch-
es-kai-gpt/.
15. Aoibhinn McBride and Jobbio, FinTech Futures Jobs: Three ways generative AI
is being used in financial services, FinTech Futures, June 2, 2023, https://www.
fintechfutures.com/2023/06/fintech-futures-jobs-three-ways-generative-ai-
is-being-used-in-financial-services/; and Tatiana Bautzer and Lananh Nguyen,
Morgan Stanley to launch AI chatbot to woo wealthy, Reuters, September 7,
2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/morgan-stanley-launch-ai-chatbot-
woo-wealthy-2023-09-07/.
16. Cowbell introduces MooGPT, TechsterHub, June 21, 2023, https://www.techster-
hub.com/news/cowbell-introduces-moogpt/.
17. Samuel May, Generative AI and the Fraud Examiner, Association of Certified
Fraud Examiners, May 9, 2023, https://www.acfe.com/fraud-resources/fraud-ex-
aminer-archives/fraud-examiner-article?s=may-2023-generative-ai.
18. The Next Evolution in Finance: Leveraging Generative AI for Enhanced Risk
Management and Fraud Detection, iffort, April 7, 2023, https://www.iffort.com/
blog/2023/04/07/generative-ai-for-enhanced-risk-management-and-fraud-de-
tection/.
19. Ryan Browne, Goldman Sachs is using ChatGPT-style A.I. in house to assist
developers with writing code, CNBC, March 22, 2023, https://www.cnbc.
com/2023/03/22/goldman-sachs-experiments-with-chatgpt-like-ai-to-help-devs-
write-code.html.
20. Kate Weber, Westpac sees 46 percent productivity gain from AI coding
experiment, IT News, June 1, 2023, https://www.itnews.com.au/news/west-
pac-sees-46-percent-productivity-gain-from-ai-coding-experiment-596423.
21. Justina Lee, Saijel Kishan, and Bloomberg, Hedge funds are using ChatGPT to
do all their mundane grunt work usually relegated to junior staffers, Fortune,
June 1, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/06/01/hedge-fund-chatgpt-grunt-work-
mundane/.
22. Tatiana Bautzer and Lananh Nguyen, Morgan Stanley to launch AI chatbot to
woo wealthy, Reuters, September 7, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/
morgan-stanley-launch-ai-chatbot-woo-wealthy-2023-09-07/.
23. Introducing BloombergGPT, Bloombergs 50-billion parameter large language
model, purpose-built from scratch for finance, March 30, 2023, Bloomberg,
https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/bloomberggpt-50-billion-parameter-
llm-tuned-finance/.
24. Ariel Bogle, New York Times, CNN and Australias ABC block OpenAIs GPTBot
web crawler from accessing content, Guardian, August 25, 2023, https://www.
theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/25/new-york-times-cnn-and-abc-block-
openais-gptbot-web-crawler-from-scraping-content.
25. Yada Zhu et al., PAGAN: Portfolio Analysis with Generative Adversarial Networks,
IBM Research, December 26, 2020, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3755355; and
Chi Seng Pun et al., Financial Thought Experiment: A GAN-based Approach