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householder should never disregard the man that comes to his abode, nor should he insult him by sending him away. A gift of
food made unto even a Chandala or a dog is never lost. That man who makes a gift of clean food unto a person on the way who
is toil-worn and unknown to the giver, is sure to acquire great merit. The man who gratifies with gifts of food the Pitris, the
deities, the Rishis, the Brahmanas, and guests arrived at his abode, acquires merit whose measure is very large. That person
who having committed even a heinous sin makes a gift of food unto one that solicits, or unto a Brahmana, is never stupefied by
that heinous sin. A gift of food made unto a Brahmana becomes inexhaustible. One made to a Sudra becomes productive of
great merit. Even this is the difference between the merits that attach to gifts of food made unto Brahmanas and Sudras.
Solicited by it Brahmana, one should not enquire about his race or conduct or Vedic lore. Asked for food, one should give food
to him that asks. There is no doubt in tits, O king, that he who makes gifts of food obtains both here and hereafter many trees
yielding food and every other object of desire. Like tillers expecting auspicious showers of rain, the Pitris always expect that
their sons and grandsons would make offerings unto them of food (in Sraddhas). The Brahmana is a great being. When he
comes into one's anode and solicits, saying, 'Give me,' the owner of the abode, whether influenced or not by the desire of
acquiring merit, is sure to win great merit by listening to that solicitation. The Brahmana is the guest of all creatures in the
universe. He is entitled to the first portion of every food. That house Increases in prosperity to which the Brahmanas repair
from desire of soliciting alms and from which they return honoured in consequence of their desires being fulfilled. The owner
of such a house takes birth in his next life in a family, O Bharata, that can command all the comforts and luxuries of life. A
man, by making gifts of food in this world, is sure to attain to an excellent place hereafter. He who makes gifts of sweetmeat
and all food that is sweet, attains to a residence in heaven where he is honoured by all the deities and other denizens. Food
constitutes the life-breath of men. Everything is established upon food. He who makes gifts of food obtains many animals (as
his wealth), many children, considerable wealth (in other shape), and a command in abundance of all articles of comfort and
luxurious enjoyment. The giver of food is said to be the giver of life. Indeed, he is said to be the giver of everything. Hence, O
king, such a man acquires both strength and beauty of form in this world. If food be given duly unto a Brahmana arrived at the
giver's house as a guest, the giver attains to great happiness, and is adored by the very deities. The Brahmana, O Yudhishthira,
is a great being. He is also a fertile field. Whatever seed is sown on that field produces an abundant crop of merit. A gift of
food is visibly and immediately productive of the happiness of both the giver and the receiver. All other gifts produce fruits
that are unseen. Food is the origin of all creatures. From food, comes happiness and delight. O Bharata, know that religion and
wealth both flow from food. The cure of disease or health also flows from food. In a former Kalpa, the Lord of all creatures
said that food is Amrita or the source of immortality. Food is Earth, food is Heaven, food is the Firmament. Everything is
established on food. In the absence of food, the five elements that constitute the physical organism cease to exist in a state of
union. From absence of food the strength of even the strongest man is seen to fail. Invitations and marriages and sacrifices all
cease in the absence of food. The very Vedas disappear when food there is none. Whatever mobile and immobile creatures
exist in the universe are dependent on food. Religion and wealth, in the three worlds, are all dependent on food. Hence the wise
should make gifts of food. The strength, energy, fame and achievements of the man who makes gifts of food, constantly
increase in the three worlds, O king. The lord of the life-breaths, viz., the deity of wind, places above the clouds (the water
sucked up by the Sun). The water thus borne to the clouds is caused by Sakra to be poured upon the earth, O Bharata. The Sun,
by means of his rays, sucks up the moisture of the earth. The deity of wind causes the moisture to fall down from the Sun.[333]
When the water falls down from the clouds upon the Earth, the goddess Earth becomes moist, O Bharata. Then do people sow
diverse kinds of crops upon whose outturn the universe of creatures depends. It is in the food thus produced that the flesh, fat,
bones and vital seed of all beings have their origin. From the vital seed thus originated, O king, spring diverse kinds of living
creatures. Agni and Soma, the two agents living within the body, create and maintain the vital seed. Thus from food, the Sun
and the deity of wind and the vital seed spring and act. All these are said to constitute one element or quantity, and it is from
these that all creatures spring. That man who gives food into one who comes into his house and solicits it, is said, O chief of the
Bharatas, to contribute both life and energy unto living creatures.'
'Bhishma continued, 'Thus addressed by Narada, O king, I have always made gifts of food. Do thou also, therefore, freed from
malice and with a cheerful heart, make gifts of food. By making gifts of food, O king, unto deserving Brahmanas with due
rites, thou mayst be sure, O puissant one, of attaining to Heaven. Hear me, O monarch, as I tell thee what the regions are that
are reserved for those that make gifts of food. The mansions of those high-souled persons shine with resplendence in the
regions of Heaven. Bright as the stars in the firmament, and supported upon many columns, white as the disc of the moon, and
adorned with many tinkling bells, and rosy like the newly-risen sun, those palatial abodes are either fixed or movable. Those
mansions are filled with hundreds upon hundreds of things and animals that live on land and as many things and animals living
in water. Some of them are endued with the effulgence of lapis lazuli and some are possessed of the resplendence of the sun.
Some of them are made of silver and some of gold. Within those mansions are many trees capable of crowning with fruition
every desire of the inmates. Many tanks and roads and halls and well and lakes occur all around. Thousands of conveyances
with horses and other animals harnessed thereto and with wheels whose clatter is always loud, may be seen there. Mountains of
food and all enjoyable articles and heaps of cloths and ornaments are also to be seen there. Numerous rivers that run milk, and
hills of rice and other edibles, may also be seen there. Indeed, many palatial residences looking like white clouds, with many
beds of golden splendour, occur in those regions, All these are obtained by those men that make gifts of food in this world. Do
thou, therefore, become a giver of food. Verily, these are the regions that are reserved for those high-souled and righteous
persons that make gifts of food in this world. For these reasons, men should always make gifts of food in this world.'"
SECTION LXIV
"Yudhishthira said, 'I have heard the discourse regarding the ordinance about the gift of food. Do thou discourse to me now
about the conjunction of the planets and the stars in relation to the subject of making gifts.[334]
"Bhishma said, 'In this connection is recited this ancient narrative of the discourse between Devaki and Narada, that foremost
of Rishis. Once on a time when Narada of godlike feature and conversant with every duty arrived at Dwaraka, Devaki asked
him this question. Unto her that had asked him, the celestial Rishi Narada duly answered in the following words. Do thou hear
as I recite them.'
"Narada said, 'By gratifying, O blessed lady, deserving Brahmanas with Payasa mixed with ghee, under the constellation
Krittika one attains to regions of great happiness.[335] Under the constellation Rohini, one should for freeing oneself from the
debt one owes to the Brahmanas make gift unto them of many handfuls of venison along with rice and ghee and milk, and other
kinds of edibles and drinks. One giving away a cow with a calf under the constellation called Somadaivata (or Mrigasiras),
proceeds from this region of human beings to a region in heaven of great felicity. One undergoing a fast and giving away
Krisara mixed with sesame, transcends all difficulties in the next world, including those mountains with rocks sharp as razors.
By making gifts, O beautiful lady, of cakes and other food under the constellation Punarvasu one becomes possessed of
personal beauty and great fame and takes birth in one's next life in a family in which there is abundance of food. Making a gift
of wrought or unwrought gold, under the constellation Pushya, one shines in effulgence like Soma himself in regions of
surrounding gloom. He who makes a gift, under the constellation Aslesha, of silver of a bull, becomes freed from every fear
and attains to great affluence and prosperity. By making a gift, under the constellation Magha, of earthen dishes filled with
sesame, one becomes possessed of children and animals in this world and attains to felicity in the next.[336] For making gifts
unto Brahmanas, under the constellation called Purva-Phalguni of food mixed with Phanita the giver observing a fast the while,
reward is great prosperity both here and hereafter.[337] By making a gift, under the constellation called Uttara-Phalguni, of
ghee and milk with rice called Shashthika, one attains to great honours in heaven. Whatever gifts are made by men under the
constellation of Uttara-Phalguni produce great merit, which, again, becomes inexhaustible. This is very certain. Observing a
fast the while, the person that makes, under the constellation Hasta, a gift of a car with four elephants, attains to regions of
great felicity that are capable of granting the fruition of every wish. By making a gift, under the constellation Chitra, of a bull
and of good perfumes, one sports in bliss in regions of Apsaras like the deities sporting in the woods of Nandana. By making
gifts of wealth under the constellation Swati, one attains to such excellent regions as one desires and wins besides great fame.
By making gifts, under constellation Visakha, of a bull, and a cow that yields a copious measure of milk, a cart full of paddy,
with a Prasanga for covering the same, and also cloths for wear,[338] a person gratifies the Pitris and the deities attains to
inexhaustible merit in the other world. Such a person never meets with any calamity and gratifies the Pitris and the deities and
attains to inexhaustible merit in the other world. Such a person never meets with any calamity and certainly reaches heaven. By
making gifts unto the Brahmanas of whatever articles they solicit, one attains to such means of subsistence as one desires, and
becomes rescued from hell and every calamity that visits a sinner after death. This is the certain conclusion of the scriptures.
By making gifts, under the constellation Anuradha of embroidered cloth and other vestments and of food, observing a fast the
while, one becomes honoured in heaven for a hundred Yugas. By making a gift under the constellation Jyeshtha, of the potherb
called Kalasaka with the roots, one attains to great prosperity as also to such an end as is desirable. By making unto Brahmanas