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have not been satiated with hearing thy nectar-like words!'
"Vaisampayana continued, 'Thus addressed by king Yudhishthira the just, Santanu's son began to discourse to him once again,
in detail on the merits attaching to the gift of kine.'
"Bhishma said, 'By giving unto a Brahmana a cow possessed of a calf, endued with docility and other virtues, young in years,
and wrapped round with a piece of cloth, one becomes cleansed of all one's sins. There are many regions (in Hell) which are
sunless. One who makes the gift of a cow has not to go thither. That man, however, who gives unto a Brahmana a cow that is
incapable of drinking or eating, that has her milk dried up, that is endued with senses all of which have been weakened, and
that is diseased and overcome with decrepitude, and that may, therefore, be likened to a tank whose water has been dried up,--
indeed, the man who gives such a cow unto a Brahmana and thereby inflicts only pain and disappointment upon him, has
certainly to enter into dark Hell. That cow which is wrathful and vicious, or diseased, or weak or which has been purchased
without the price agreed upon having been paid,--or which would only afflict the regenerate recipient with distress and
disappointment, should never be given. The regions such a man may acquire (as the rewards of other acts of righteousness
performed by him) would fail to give him any happiness or impart to him any energy. Only such kine as are strong, endued
with good behaviour, young in years, and possessed of fragrance, are applauded by all (in the matter of gift). Verily, as Ganga
is the foremost of all rivers, even so is a Kapila cow the foremost of all kine.'
"Yudhishthira said, 'Why, O grandsire, do the righteous applaud the gift of a Kapila cow (as more meritorious) when all good
kine that are given away should be regarded as equal? O thou of great puissance, I wish to hear what the distinction is that
attaches to a Kapila cow. Thou art, verily, competent to discourse to me on this topic!'[371]
"Bhishma said, 'I have, O son, heard old men recite this history respecting the circumstances under which the Kapila cow was
created. I shall recite that old history to thee! In days of yore, the Self-born Brahman commanded the Rishi Daksha, saying,--
Do thou create living creatures! From desire of doing good to creatures, Daksha, in the first instance, created food. Even as the
deities exist, depending upon nectar, all living creatures, O puissant one, live depending upon the sustenance assigned by
Daksha. Among all objects mobile and immobile, the mobile are superior. Among mobile creatures Brahmanas are superior.
The sacrifices are all established upon them. It is by sacrifice that Soma (nectar) is got. Sacrifice has been established upon
kine.[372] The gods become gratified through sacrifices. As regards the Creation then, the means of support came first,
creatures came next. As soon as creatures were born, they began to cry aloud for food. All of them then approached their
creator who was to give them food like children approaching their father or mother. Knowing the intention which moved all his
creatures, the holy lord of all creatures, viz., Daksha, for the sake of the beings he had created, himself drank a quantity of
nectar. He became gratified with the nectar he quaffed and thereupon an eructation came out, diffusing an excellent perfume all
around. As the result of that eructation. Daksha saw that it gave birth to a cow which he named Surabhi. This Surabhi was thus
a daughter of his, that had sprung from his mouth. The cow called Surabhi brought forth a number of daughters who came to be
regarded as the mothers of the world. Their complexion was like that of gold, and they were all Kapilas. They were the means
of sustenance for all creatures. As those kine, whose complexion resembled that of Amrita, began to pour milk, the froth of that
milk arose and began to spread on every side, even as when the waves of a running stream dashing against one another,
copious froth is produced that spreads on every side. Some of that froth fell, from the mouths of the calves that were sucking,
upon the head of Mahadeva who was then sitting on the Earth. The puissant Mahadeva thereupon, filled with wrath, cast his
eyes upon those kine. With that third eye of his which adorns his forehead, he seemed to burn those kine as he looked at them.
Like the Sun tingeing masses of clouds with diverse colours the energy that issued from the third eye of Mahadeva produced, O
monarch, diverse complexion in those kine. Those amongst them, however, which succeeded in escaping from the glance of
Mahadeva by entering the region of Soma, remained of the same colour with which they were born, for no change was
produced in their complexion. Seeing that Mahadeva had become exceedingly angry; Daksha, the lord of all creatures,
addressed him, saying--Thou hast, O great deity, been drenched with nectar. The milk or the froth that escapes from the mouths
of calves sucking their dams is never regarded as impure remnant.[373] Chandramas, after drinking the nectar, pours it once
more. It is not, however, on that account, looked upon as impure. After the same manner, the milk that these kine yield, being
born of nectar, should not be regarded as impure (even though the udders have been touched by the calves with their mouths).
The wind can never become impure. Fire can never become impure. Gold can never become impure. The Ocean can never
become impure. The Nectar, even when drunk by the deities, can never become impure. Similarly, the milk of a cow, even
when her udders are sucked by her calf, can never become impure. These kine will support all these worlds with the milk they
will yield and the ghee that will be manufactured therefrom. All creatures wish to enjoy the auspicious wealth, identifiable with
nectar, that kine possess!--Having said these words, the lord of creatures, Daksha, made a present unto Mahadeva of a bull with
certain kine. Daksha gratified the heart of Rudra, O Bharata, with that present, Mahadeva, thus gratified, made that bull his
vehicle. And it was after the form of that bull that Mahadeva adopted the device on the standard floating on his battle-car. For
this reason it is that Rudra came to be known as the bull-bannered deity. It was on that occasion also that the celestials, uniting
together, made Mahadeva the lord of animals. Indeed, the great Rudra became the Master of kine and is named as the bull-
signed deity. Hence, O king, in the matter of giving away kine, the gift is regarded as primarily desirable of Kapila kine which
are endued with great energy and possessed of colour unchanged (from white). Thus are kine, the foremost of all creatures in
the world. It is from them that the means have flowed of the sustenance of all the worlds. They have Rudra for their master.
They yield Soma (nectar) in the form of milk. They are auspicious and sacred, and grantors of every wish and givers of life. A
person by making a gift of a cow come to be regarded as making a gift of every article that is desired to be enjoyed by men.
That man who, desiring to attain to prosperity, reads with a pure heart and body these verses on the origin of kine, becomes
cleansed of all his sins and attains to prosperity and children and wealth and animals. He who makes a gift of a cow, O king,
always succeeds in acquiring the merits that attach to gifts of Havya and Kavya, to the offer of oblations of water unto the
Pitris, to other religious acts whose performance brings peace and happiness, to the gift of vehicles and cloths, and to the
cherishing of children and the old.'
"Vaisampayana continued, 'Hearing these words of his grandsire, Pritha's son, viz., the royal Yudhishthira of Ajamida's race,
uniting with his brothers, began to make gifts of both bulls and kine of different colours unto foremost of Brahmanas. Verily,
for the purpose of subduing regions of felicity in the next, and winning great fame, king Yudhishthira performed many
sacrifices and, as sacrificial presents, gave away hundreds of thousands of kine unto such Brahmanas.'"
SECTION LXXVIII
"Bhishma said, 'In days of yore, king Saudasa born of Ikshvaku's race, that foremost of eloquent men, on one occasion
approached his family priest, viz., Vasishtha, that foremost of Rishis, crowned with ascetic success, capable of wandering
through every region, the receptacle of Brahma, and endued with eternal life and put him the following question.'
"Saudasa said, 'O holy one, O sinless one, what is that in the three worlds which is sacred and by reciting which at all times a
man may acquire high merit?'
"Bhishma said, 'Unto king Saudasa who stood before him with head bent in reverence, the learned Vasishtha having first
bowed unto kine and purified himself (in body and mind), discoursed upon the mystery relating to kine, a topic that is fraught
with result highly beneficial to all persons.'
"Vasishtha said, 'Kine are always fragrant. The perfume emanated by the exudation of the Amytis agallochum issues out of the
bodies. Kine are the great refuge of all creatures. Kine constitute the great source of blessing unto all.[374] Kine are the Past
and the Future. Kine are the source of eternal growth. Kine are the root of Prosperity. Anything given to kine is never lost.
Kine constitute the highest food. They are the best Havi for the deities. The Mantras called Swaha and Vashat are forever
established in kine. Kine constitute the fruit of sacrifices. Sacrifices are established in kine. Kine are the Future and the Past,
and Sacrifice rest on them. Morning and evening kine yield unto the Rishis, O foremost of men, Havi for use in Homa, O thou
of great effulgence. They who make gift of kine succeed in transcending all sins which they may have committed and all kinds
of calamities into which they may fall, O thou of great puissance. The man possessing ten kine and making a gift of one cow,
he possessing a hundred kine and making a gift of ten kine, and he possessing a thousand kine and making a gift of a hundred
kine, all earn the same measure of merit. The man who, though possessed of hundred kine, does not establish a domestic fire
for daily worship, that man who though possessed of a thousand kine does not perform sacrifices, and that man who though
possessed of wealth acts as a miser (by not making gift and discharging the duties of hospitality), are all three regarded as not
worthy of any respect. Those men who make gift of Kapila king with their calves and with vessel of white brass for milking