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animal skins or barks of trees he should perform his ablutions morning and evening. Always living within the forest, he should
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never return to an inhabited place. Honouring guests when they come, he should give them shelter, and himself subsist upon
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fruits and leaves and common roots, and Syamaka. He should, without being slothful subsist on such water as he gets, and air,
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and all forest products. He should live upon these, in due order, according to the regulations of his initiation.[138] He should
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honour the guest that comes to him with alms of fruits and roots. He should then, without sloth, always give whatever other
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food he may have. Restraining speech the while, he should eat after gratifying deities and guests. His mind should be free from
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envy. He should eat little, and depend always on the deities. Self-restrained, practising universal compassion, and possessed of
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forgiveness, he should wear both beard and hair (without submitting to the operations of the barber). Performing sacrifices and
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devoting himself to the study of the scriptures, he should be steady in the observance of the duty of truth. With body always in
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a state of purity, endued with cleverness, ever dwelling in the forest, with concentrated mind, and senses in subjection, a forest-
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recluse, thus devoting himself, would conquer Heaven. A householder, or Brahmacharin, or forest-recluse, who would wish to
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achieve Emancipation, should have recourse to that which has been called the best course of conduct. Having granted unto all
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creatures the pledge of utter abstention from harm, he should thoroughly renounce all action. He should contribute to the
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happiness of all creatures, practise universal friendliness, subjugate all his senses, and be an ascetic. Subsisting upon food
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obtained without asking and without trouble, and that has come to him spontaneously, he should make a fire. He should make
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his round of mendicancy in a place whence smoke has ceased to curl up and where all the inhabitants have already eaten.[139]
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The person who is conversant with the conduct that leads to Emancipation should seek for alms after the vessels (used in
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cooking) have been washed. He should never rejoice when he obtains anything, and never be depressed if he obtains nothing.
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Seeking just what is needed for supporting life, he should, with concentrated mind, go about his round of mendicancy, waiting
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for the proper time. He should not wish for earnings in common with others, nor eat when honoured. The man who leads the
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life of mendicancy should conceal himself for avoiding gifts with honour. While eating, he should not eat such food as forms
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the remains of another's dish, nor such as is bitter, or astringent, or pungent. He should not also eat such kinds of food as have a
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sweet taste. He should eat only so much as is needed to keep him alive. The person conversant with Emancipation should
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obtain his subsistence without obstructing any creature. In his rounds of mendicancy he should never follow another (bent on
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the same purpose). He should never parade his piety; he should move about in a secluded place, freed from passion. Either an
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empty house, or a forest, or the foot of some tree, or a river, or a mountain-cave, he should have recourse to for shelter. In
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summer he should pass only one night in an inhabited place; in the season of rains he may live in one place. He should move
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about the world like a worm, his path pointed out by the Sun. From compassion for creatures, he should walk on the Earth with
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his eyes directed towards it. He should never make any accumulations and should avoid residence with friends. The man
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conversant with Emancipation should every day do all his acts with pure water. Such a man should always perform his
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ablutions with water that has been fetched up (from the river or the tank).[140] Abstention from harm, Brahmacharyya, truth,
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simplicity, freedom from wrath, freedom from decrying others, self-restraint, and habitual freedom from backbiting: these eight
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vows, with senses restrained, he should steadily pursue. He should always practise a sinless mode of conduct, that is not
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deceptive and not crooked. Freed from attachment, he should always make one who comes as a guest eat (at least) a morsel of
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food. He should eat just enough for livelihood, for the support of life. He should eat only such food as has been obtained by
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righteous means, and should not pursue the dictates of desire. He should never accept any other thing than food and clothing
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only. He should, again, accept only as much as he can eat and nothing more. He should not be induced to accept gifts from
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others, nor should he make gifts to others. Owing to the helplessness of creatures, the man of wisdom should always share with
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others. He should not appropriate what belongs to others, nor should he take anything without being asked. He should not,
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having enjoyed anything become so attached to it as to desire to have it once more. One should take only earth and water and
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pebbles and leaves and flowers and fruits, that are not owned by any body, as they come, when one desires to do any act. One
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should not live by the occupation of an artisan, nor should one covet gold. One should not hate, nor teach (one that does not
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seek to be taught); nor should one have any belongings. One should eat only what is consecrated by faith. One should abstain
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from controversies. One should follow that course of conduct which has been said to be nectarine. One should never be
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attached to anything, and should never enter into relations of intimacy with any creature. One should not perform, nor cause to
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perform, any such action as involves expectation of fruit or destruction of life or the hoarding of wealth or articles. Rejecting
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all objects, content with a very little, one should wander about (homeless) pursuing an equal behaviour towards all creatures
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mobile and immobile. One should never annoy another being; not should one be annoyed with another. He who is trusted by all
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creatures is regarded as the foremost of those persons that understand Emancipation. One should not think of the past, nor feel
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anxious about the future. One should disregard the present, biding time, with concentrated mind.[141] One should never defile
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anything by eye, mind, or speech. Nor should one do anything that is wrong, openly or in secret. Withdrawing one's senses like
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the tortoise withdrawing its limbs, one should attenuate one's senses and mind, cultivate a thoroughly peaceful understanding,
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and seek to master every topic. Freed from all pairs of opposites, never bending one's head in reverence, abstaining from the
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rites requiring the utterance of Swaha, one should be free from mineness, and egoism. With cleansed soul, one should never
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seek to acquire what one has not and protect what one has. Free from expectations, divested of qualities, wedded to tranquillity,
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one should be free from all attachments and should depend on none. Attached to one's own self and comprehending all topics,
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one becomes emancipated without doubt. Those who perceive the self, which is without hands and feet and back, which is
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without head and without stomach, which is free from the operation of all qualities, which is absolute, untainted, and stable,
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which is without smell, without taste, and touch, without colour, and without sound, which is to be comprehended (by close
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study), which is unattached, which is without flesh, which is free from anxiety, unfading, and divine, and, lastly, which though
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dwelling in a house resides in all creatures, succeed in escaping death. There the understanding reaches not, nor the senses, nor
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the deities, nor the Vedas, nor sacrifices, nor the regions (of superior bliss), nor penance, nor vows. The attainment to it by
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those who are possessed of knowledge is said to be without comprehension of symbols. Hence, the man who knows the
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properties of that which is destitute of symbols, should practise the truths of piety.[142] The learned man, betaking himself to a
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life of domesticity, should adopt that conduct which is conformable to true knowledge. Though undeluded, he should practise
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piety after the manner of one that is deluded, without finding fault with it. Without finding fault with the practices of the good,
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he should himself adopt such a conduct for practising piety as may induce others to always disrespect him. That man who is
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endued with such a conduct is said to be the foremost of ascetics. The senses, the objects of the senses, the (five) great
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elements, mind, understanding, egoism, the unmanifest, Purusha also, after comprehending these duly with the aid of correct
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inferences, one attains to Heaven, released from all bonds. One conversant with the truth, understanding these at the time of the
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termination of his life, should meditate, exclusively resting on one point. Then, depending on none, one attains to
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Emancipation. Freed from all attachments, like the wind in space, with his accumulations exhausted, without distress of any
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kind, he attains to his highest goal.'"
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SECTION XLVII
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"Brahmana said. 'The ancients who were utterers of certain truth, say that Renunciation is penance. Brahmanas, dwelling in
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that which has Brahman for its origin, understand Knowledge to be high Brahman.[143] Brahman is very far off, and its
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attainments depends upon a knowledge of the Vedas. It is free from all pairs of opposites, it is divested of all qualities; it is
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eternal; it is endued with unthinkable qualities: it is supreme. It is by knowledge and penance that those endued with wisdom
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behold that which is the highest. Verily, they that are of untainted minds, that are cleansed of every sin, and that have
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transcended all passion and darkness (succeed in beholding it). They who are always devoted to renunciation, and who are
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conversant with the Vedas, succeed in attaining to the supreme Lord who is identical with the path of happiness and peace, by
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the aid of penance. Penance, it has been said, is light. Conduct leads to piety. Knowledge is said to be the highest. Renunciation
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is the best penance. He who understands self through accurate determination of all topics, which is unperturbed, which is
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identical with Knowledge, and which resides in all entities, succeeds in going everywhere. The learned man who beholds
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association, and dissociation, and unity in diversity, is released from misery. He who never desires for anything, who despises
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nothing, becomes eligible, even when dwelling in this world, for assimilation with Brahman. He who is conversant with the
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truths about qualities of Pradhana, and understands the Pradhana as existing in all entities who is free from mineness and
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egoism, without doubt becomes emancipated. He who is freed from all pairs of opposites, who does not bend his head to any
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body, who has transcended the rites of Swadha, succeeds by the aid of tranquillity alone in attaining to that which is free from
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pairs of opposites, which is eternal, and which is divested of qualities. Abandoning all action, good or bad, developed from
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qualities, and casting off both truth and falsehood, a creature, without doubt, becomes emancipated. Having the unmanifest for
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the seed of its origin, with the understanding for its trunk, with the great principle of egoism for its assemblage of boughs, with
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the senses for the cavities of its little sprouts, with the (five) great elements for its large branches, the objects of the senses for
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its smaller branches, with leaves that are ever present, with flowers that always adorn it and with fruits both agreeable and
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disagreeable always produced, is the eternal tree of Brahman which forms the support of all creatures. Cutting and piercing that
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tree with knowledge of truth as the sword, the man of wisdom, abandoning the bonds which are made of attachment and which
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cause birth, decrepitude and death, and freeing himself from mineness and egoism, without doubt, becomes emancipated.
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These are the two birds, which are immutable, which are friends, and which should be known as unintelligent. That other who
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