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in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
but these are even today , these were built over 4,500 years ago , are some of the most iconic symbols that humanity has ever created . and the reason why we know so much about ancient egypt is that we have been able to decipher their writing . it 's a symbolic , they have these pictographs , these hieroglyphics , i 'm...
do we know why someone wrote the rosseta stone ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
you have some of the great cities of the ancient world , thebes , which was the capital during parts of the new kingdom and the middle kingdom , you have memphis , which was one of the , some people say founded by menes and the capital of the old kingdom . these were all happening in ancient egypt .
do egyptians still celebrate the ancient gods today or just 1 god ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now the kings are referred to as pharaohs but as we 'll see that term pharaoh is not really used until we get to the new kingdom . but i will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video , just to say , hey these are the egyptian kings . and the old kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture fo...
how many kings were mummified ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now the kings are referred to as pharaohs but as we 'll see that term pharaoh is not really used until we get to the new kingdom . but i will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video , just to say , hey these are the egyptian kings . and the old kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture fo...
what were the mummified kings names ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now , eventually the new kingdom does collapse , as we get to the end of the second millennium , and then over the next several hundreds of years , we 're talking about a very long period of time , it gets fragmented , you have several rulers , you have the kushites rule from the upper nile , the kushites were in this ...
how did the kings rule ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now , eventually the new kingdom does collapse , as we get to the end of the second millennium , and then over the next several hundreds of years , we 're talking about a very long period of time , it gets fragmented , you have several rulers , you have the kushites rule from the upper nile , the kushites were in this ...
was egypt not a monarchy during the intermediate period ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
you have the old kingdom , which went from about , right from about the 27th century bce up to about the 17th century bce . you have the middle kingdom and you have the new kingdom . and once again , this is spanning right over here over a thousand years of history .
what happened to the pharaohs of the old kingdom that it meant the end of the old kingdom ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
it 's a symbolic , they have these pictographs , these hieroglyphics , i 'm sure you 've heard of the word before , and for a while we had no idea what they said . we would see these encryptions in these tombs and we had a sense that , okay these tombs , especially things like the pyramids would be for these great king...
did the pyramids have traps-pits , loose steps , etc- to prevent anyone from invading the tombs ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now , eventually the new kingdom does collapse , as we get to the end of the second millennium , and then over the next several hundreds of years , we 're talking about a very long period of time , it gets fragmented , you have several rulers , you have the kushites rule from the upper nile , the kushites were in this ...
2 could i please have a quick recap of what the `` neolithic period '' was ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
in fact , human settlement we believe was along this nile river valley as far as 6,000 bce or 8,000 years ago , and it might have been there even further back in time . and because you have that agriculture , it allowed for higher population densities , which allowed for more specialization of labor and more complex so...
during the egyptian times , was anyone allowed to be buried in the tombs , or under the pyramids ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
here is just the some of them right over here , this is the god osiris , often associated with the afterlife or transition , regeneration , resurrection . you have the god amun here and his first name amenhotep , it means amun is satisfied . what is considered kind of the equivalent of zeus , you have the god here horu...
are aten and ra the same person ( the sun god ) ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
and the old kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture for what we most associate with ancient egypt and that is the pyramids . and here , right over here are the pyramids , there 's the great pyramid of giza , which is near modern-day cairo today . this is the sphinx and they were built in that old pe...
is there gold inside pyramids and are the king inside dead in the pyramid ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
so the nile river , it flows from , you could say , eastern mid-africa up into the mediterranean sea and because it has this northward flow , the southern parts of the river are upriver and they are actually called the upper nile . so , upper . the upper nile is actually south of the lower nile , of the lower nile .
when was upper and and lower egypt united ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
it 's a symbolic , they have these pictographs , these hieroglyphics , i 'm sure you 've heard of the word before , and for a while we had no idea what they said . we would see these encryptions in these tombs and we had a sense that , okay these tombs , especially things like the pyramids would be for these great king...
what light source was used in underground tombs and passages ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here .
can daylight be reflected by polished brass mirrors with enough intensity to be practical over the distances required ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
and the reason why he changed his name is he decides that , okay we have , the egyptians have this huge pantheon of gods . here is just the some of them right over here , this is the god osiris , often associated with the afterlife or transition , regeneration , resurrection . you have the god amun here and his first n...
isent houres the god of the sky ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
but just to get a sense of some of what happened over this thousands of years , and i 'm kind of laughing in my head because it 's hard to cover over two , 3,000 years , in the course of just a few minutes , but this will give you a sense of what ancient egyptian civilization was all about . now the kings are referred ...
what were the pharaohs referred as before the new kindom ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
if it was flowing the other way , it would be a right-side-up delta . so the nile river , it flows from , you could say , eastern mid-africa up into the mediterranean sea and because it has this northward flow , the southern parts of the river are upriver and they are actually called the upper nile . so , upper .
is the nile river the only river that flows from south to north ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile river is one of the great rivers of the world . it rivals the amazon river as the longest river and it sources the tributaries of the nile rover start even south of this picture and th...
and , why do most rivers in the world flow from north to south ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
you have some of the great cities of the ancient world , thebes , which was the capital during parts of the new kingdom and the middle kingdom , you have memphis , which was one of the , some people say founded by menes and the capital of the old kingdom . these were all happening in ancient egypt .
how was life different in each part of egypt ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
you have some of the great cities of the ancient world , thebes , which was the capital during parts of the new kingdom and the middle kingdom , you have memphis , which was one of the , some people say founded by menes and the capital of the old kingdom . these were all happening in ancient egypt .
how many pyramids exist in egypt approximately ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
and the reason why king tut , as he 's often known , although it 's tutankhamen , is known is because we were able to find his tombs in relatively good order and so he 's become a popular part of the imagination . and he 's known as a child pharaoh . he comes to power when he 's very young , he dies at 18 and so it 's ...
if pyramids were trapped , who disarmed them to place the pharaoh ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
here is just the some of them right over here , this is the god osiris , often associated with the afterlife or transition , regeneration , resurrection . you have the god amun here and his first name amenhotep , it means amun is satisfied . what is considered kind of the equivalent of zeus , you have the god here horu...
is n't amun ra / ra the sun god ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
now the kings are referred to as pharaohs but as we 'll see that term pharaoh is not really used until we get to the new kingdom . but i will refer to the kings as pharaohs throughout this video , just to say , hey these are the egyptian kings . and the old kingdom is probably most known today in our popular culture fo...
how many kings were mummified ?
in this video , we are going to give ourselves an overview of ancient egypt , which corresponds geographically pretty closely to the modern day state of egypt in northeast africa . now the central feature in both ancient egypt and in modern egypt is the nile river that you see in blue right over here . and the nile ri...
the first is , he was born amenhotep or he was originally known as amenhotep the fourth and then he eventually names himself akhenaton and akhenaton means effective for aton , aton being a significant egyptian god . and the reason why he changed his name is he decides that , okay we have , the egyptians have this huge ...
were there any gods before ra and all the other gods came ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so all of these are basic needs as well . but they can only be fulfilled when our physiological needs are fulfilled . so we call these two levels the basic levels .
can you regress to lower level even when those needs have previously been fulfilled ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so you get to the next checkpoint and the next checkpoint , and finally , you 're at the top , where you 've realized your maximum potential . so this is called maslow 's hierarchy of human needs .
do you have to climb the hierarchy sequentially ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
it 's a big word , but it 's basically our need for wanting morality , a sense of morality , a need for acceptance and also creativity . so we call this our full potential . so think of this as climbing mount everest .
can a person ever reach the top of maslow 's pyramid ; in other words , can a person ever reach their full potential ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
all of these are essential needs to survive , basically . the second level is our need for safety , so safety of resources , safety of employment , safety in our health , property . so all of these are basic needs as well .
can we have love without safety.. ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid .
did maslow make one more shape for our basic needs ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid .
is there one more person like maslow in the world ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so you get to the next checkpoint and the next checkpoint , and finally , you 're at the top , where you 've realized your maximum potential . so this is called maslow 's hierarchy of human needs .
is the maslow 's hierarchy of needs still used by psychologist ?
so we talked about before that there 's five approaches in understanding motivation . and one of these approaches is called maslow 's hierarchy of needs . and it 's actually broken down into a pyramid . so it looks just like this . and it was created by famous psychologist named maslow . so maslow said that we have nee...
so we like to feel confident and have a sense of achievement in what we do . so this level is called our level of respect . we like to gain respect from others when we reach this level .
or being porn into an ethiopian poor family , am i stuck at level 1 or 2 since most ethiopians die by the age of 40 ?
( intro music ) my name is karen lewis , and i 'm an assistant [ br ] professor of philosophy at barnard college , columbia university . and today , i want to talk to [ br ] you about gricean pragmatics . pragmatics is the study of how people use language in real conversations , and in books and emails [ br ] and other...
and today , i want to talk to [ br ] you about gricean pragmatics . pragmatics is the study of how people use language in real conversations , and in books and emails [ br ] and other sorts of media of language use . pragmatics , on the one hand , is distinguished from [ br ] semantics , on the other hand , which studi...
i am a little confused why discussing the nature of our language is relative to philosophy , and do the same maxims apply to the written language ?
( intro music ) my name is karen lewis , and i 'm an assistant [ br ] professor of philosophy at barnard college , columbia university . and today , i want to talk to [ br ] you about gricean pragmatics . pragmatics is the study of how people use language in real conversations , and in books and emails [ br ] and other...
and remember here again , [ br ] when we 're talking about conversations , we 're often [ br ] including things like books , letter-writing and so on . what grice observed is that , in general , conversations are cooperative efforts . people aim to understand [ br ] each other and be understood . they wan na give and r...
if i understand correctly , this video is trying to explain some maxims in languages to improve conversations between people , right ?
( intro music ) my name is karen lewis , and i 'm an assistant [ br ] professor of philosophy at barnard college , columbia university . and today , i want to talk to [ br ] you about gricean pragmatics . pragmatics is the study of how people use language in real conversations , and in books and emails [ br ] and other...
and today , i want to talk to [ br ] you about gricean pragmatics . pragmatics is the study of how people use language in real conversations , and in books and emails [ br ] and other sorts of media of language use . pragmatics , on the one hand , is distinguished from [ br ] semantics , on the other hand , which studi...
do we need to use all maxims when talking , or is it up to the scenario ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers . now , how would i denote this business right over here ?
so is a sequence basically just a function where the input is limited to positive integers ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
let me write this in . this is an explicit function . and so you might say , well , what 's another way of defining these functions ?
what is an explicit sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
what is the difference between finite and infinite sequence , as they both have similar functions ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
now , i could also define it by not explicitly writing the sequence like this . i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of ex...
so , what is the difference between a function and a sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
now , i could also define it by not explicitly writing the sequence like this . i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of ex...
why is a sequence discrete and a function is continuous ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 plus 3 is 4 . 4 plus 3 is 7 .
how to calculate the coefficient of x^98 , x^99 , x^49 in the expasion of ( x-1 ) ( x-2 ) ( x-3 ) ( x-4 ) ... ... ... ( x-100 ) ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
what 's the difference between a set and a sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and you do n't always have to add the same thing . we 'll explore fancier sequences . the sequences where you keep adding the same amount , we call these arithmetic sequences , which we will also explore in more detail . but to show that this is infinite , to show that we keep this pattern going on and on and on , i 'l...
are recursive or explicit arithmetic sequences used more often ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
is it possible to have a non-infinite sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
also , does infinite mean that you do not have any limit of terms in your pattern and you can go on and on ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and you do n't always have to add the same thing . we 'll explore fancier sequences . the sequences where you keep adding the same amount , we call these arithmetic sequences , which we will also explore in more detail .
are their any infinite number sequences where each number is irrational ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers .
what do the squigly parentheses mean ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
also , does that sideways 8 mean infinity ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so it 's going to be plus 4 times k minus 1 . so this is another way of defining this infinite sequence . now , in both of these cases , i defined it as an explicit function .
what is the difference between denoting a sequence and defining a sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
let me write this in . this is an explicit function . and so you might say , well , what 's another way of defining these functions ?
are explicit and recursive formulas denotations or definitions ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
why is the second sequence k=1 instead of k=3 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of explicitly writing the numbers here , i could say a sub k is equal to some functio...
i thought the k= was to indicate where the sequence begins ( and , obviously there is no end , hence the infinity ) ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
now , i could also define it by not explicitly writing the sequence like this . i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of ex...
can you use sigma notation to shorten an arithmetic sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if k is equal to 2 , you 're going to have 1 plus 3 , which is 4 . if k is equal to 3 , you get 3 times 2 plus 1 is 7 . so it works out .
while k=3 , so 3-1=2 and 2+3=5 how come 7 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and i 'm just going to add 3 for every successive term . so how would we do this one ? well , once again , we could write this as a sub k. starting at k , the first term , going to infinity with -- our first term , a sub 1 , is going to be 3 , now .
i wish i knew : what 's the simplest possible ( or at least one very simple ) example of recursion ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so we could call this an infinite sequence . now , there 's a bunch of different notations that seem fancy for denoting sequences . but this is all they refer to .
does it matter what the sub-letter is or is it something specific for different sequences ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and you do n't always have to add the same thing . we 'll explore fancier sequences . the sequences where you keep adding the same amount , we call these arithmetic sequences , which we will also explore in more detail .
so all sequences have to be finite or infinite ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of explicitly writing the numbers here , i could say a sub k is equal to some functio...
so k is like a place holder for the value of the place number in the sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers . now , how would i denote this business right over here ?
a sequence is a function limited to a positive input , right ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so it 's going to be a sub 1 plus 3 . well , we know a sub 1 is 1 . so it 's going to be 1 plus 3 , which is 4 .
what is a sub 1 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
so the infinite sign is ... right ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
well , we could also -- another way of defining this first sequence , we could say a sub k , starting at k equals 1 and going to 4 with . and when you define a sequence recursively , you want to define what your first term is , with a sub 1 equaling 1 . you can define every other term in terms of the term before it . a...
and why is it necessary to define the first term of tge sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and you do n't always have to add the same thing . we 'll explore fancier sequences . the sequences where you keep adding the same amount , we call these arithmetic sequences , which we will also explore in more detail .
is there any use of sequences over functions in real life ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so whatever k is , we started at 1 . and we added 3 one less than the k term times . so we could say that this is going to be equal to 1 plus k minus 1 times 3 , or maybe i should write 3 times k minus 1 -- same thing .
what does `` k one less than ... '' mean ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
where does the 1 + and the 3 come from in 1 + 3 ( k - 1 ) ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
i want to make it clear -- i have essentially defined a function here . if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restr...
can n or k ever be negative ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
in the equation a sub k = a sub ( k-1 ) - ( -3 ) what happens when k = 0 or k = 1 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
would it not be easier to write the second sequence in form a= -1=4k instead of a=3+4 ( k-1 ) ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
well , once again , we could write this as a sub k. starting at k , the first term , going to infinity with -- our first term , a sub 1 , is going to be 3 , now . and every successive term , a sub k , is going to be the previous term , a sub k minus 1 , plus 4 . and once again , you start at 3 .
what does the a sub k part mean ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
can a sequence go infinitely both ways ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
what is the exact definition for sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
it 's going to be 3 plus 4 . you get to 7 . and you keep adding 4 .
how would i write a recursive formula for something with a changing difference , like 6 7 9 12 16 where the difference goes up ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
well , what about a sub 3 ? well , it 's going to be a sub 2 plus 3. a sub 2 , we just calculated as 4 . you add 3 .
why is n't an infinite notation noted { x , x+y , x+ ( y*2 ) } ... instead of { x , x+y , x+ ( y*2 ) ... } ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
i do n't think i 'm understanding the part where it says a^k=1+3 ( k-1 ) where did the 1 come from ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and so then we could write a sub k is equal to the previous term . so this is a sub k minus 1 . so a given term is equal to the previous term .
for a recursive rule , in a sub k-1 , what number are you plugging in ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
could writing ( k-1 ) in the explicit function definitions be avoided if we just start counting when k=0 rather than k=1 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
what is the difference between a series and a sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
could n't the sequence defined as `` finite '' be also infinite ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this is a sub k minus 1 . so a given term is equal to the previous term . let me make it clear -- this is the previous term , plus -- in this case , we 're adding 3 every time .
how do you write an explicit general term for a recursive sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers .
so what if your difference was a negative integer ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
if i wanted a more traditional function notation , i could have written a of k , where k is the term that i care about . a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers .
would you then write the formula : asubk=1-3 ( k-1 ) ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
4 plus 3 is 7 . 7 plus 3 is 10 . and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here .
0 sal defines the sequence recursively , but how does the recursive definition know to stop at 10 because the sequence stops at 10 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and this right over here would be the first term . we would call that a sub 1 . this right over here would be the second term .
why does sal call the sequence a sub 1 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 plus 3 is 4 . 4 plus 3 is 7 .
how do you find the nth term for a sequence 1,4,9,16 ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
is the definition of explicit and recursive is that explicit is used in a finite sequence and recursive is used in an infinite sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
a of k is equal to 1 plus 3 times k minus 1 . this is essentially a function , where an allowable input , the domain , is restricted to positive integers . now , how would i denote this business right over here ?
how is a sequence a function limited to positive integers ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so when we look at it this way , we can look at each of these as the terms in the sequence . and this right over here would be the first term . we would call that a sub 1 . this right over here would be the second term .
what would this sequence be called : { -1 , -4 , -7 , -10 , ... } where it would be negative ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and you keep adding 4 . so both of these , this right over here is a recursive definition . we started with kind of a base case .
what does the word recursive even mean ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
i could essentially do it defining our sequence as explicitly using kind of a function notation or something close to function notation . so the same exact sequence , i could define it as a sub k from k equals 1 to 4 , with -- instead of explicitly writing the numbers here , i could say a sub k is equal to some functio...
also , do the type of brackets matter when writing { a ( k ) } ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so we go to 3 , to 7 , to 11 , 15 . and you do n't always have to add the same thing . we 'll explore fancier sequences . the sequences where you keep adding the same amount , we call these arithmetic sequences , which we will also explore in more detail .
are sequences essentially the same thing as sets ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
what is the difference between a sequence and a series ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
can a sequence not have a pattern ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
can an irrational be expressed as a sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and once again , you start at 3 . and then if you want the second term , it 's going to be the first term plus 4 . it 's going to be 3 plus 4 .
in other words , when does a sequence not go from the first term ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
for the first example , the rule could also be 3k-2 right ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
when k is 3 , we added 3 twice . let me make it clear . so this was a plus 3 .
can someone please explain how to make an finite equation ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
that 's not an attractive color . let me write this in . this is an explicit function .
is it possible to write the same sequence with different `` equations '' ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
and let 's say i only have these four terms right over here . so this one we would call a finite sequence . i could also have an infinite sequence . so an example of an infinite sequence -- let 's say we start at 3 , and we keep adding 4 .
how do you find a good sequence ?
what i want to do in this video is familiarize ourselves with the notion of a sequence . and all a sequence is is an ordered list of numbers . so for example , i could have a finite sequence -- that means i do n't have an infinite number of numbers in it -- where , let 's say , i start at 1 and i keep adding 3 . so 1 p...
let me write this in . this is an explicit function . and so you might say , well , what 's another way of defining these functions ?
is recursive method easier than the explicit method ?