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what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here .
left over heat and radiation from what ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
how hot would the inner core be ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
but this is n't water . this is rock . i 'll do it in purple .
why is n't the earth just one solid piece of rock ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
is the inner core solid or liquid or gas ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
is contenental crust just the surface of the earth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and then you 're in the inner core and that essentially takes you to the rest . that 's essentially the center of the earth . and the inner core -- maybe i should draw the boundaries a little bit more to scale .
why is the earth 's center section so hot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
how does the edge of a volcano or the earth 's crust hold back the magma or lava ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the inner core , even though the temperature is really , really , really hot , the pressure is so big that the molecules ca n't flow past each other . they ca n't be liquid . they 're kind of jam-packed .
why ca n't we just make a huge wall to prevent lava from flowing down the side of the volcano ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water . this is rock .
i know that the volcanic ash will suffocate us , but could n't we just block the volcano ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
why is the crust at the end of the earth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
is the crust inside of it too ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
can we also use the oceanis crust as well ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
where is the ocean and regular crust ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
does the core cause the heat of earth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the outer core is , as i said , let me rewrite it . outer core is on the order , it 's about 2,300 kilometers thick . and then you have your inner core . i should n't do it in blue .
does sal mean that the inner core is 1200 km thick in diameter or 1200 thick in radius ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity .
if there is so much pressure from gravity pulling down , why does n't the earth implode on itself for gravity and pressure ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
how has the earth been burning its core for so many years ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water .
how is neptune 's big blue spot more powerful than jupiter 's big red spot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so let 's talk about the mantle now . so the mantle , layer like this . and once again , this is not to scale because the crust , we 're talking about 30 to 60 kilometers .
how do scientists measure the distance and the thickness between each layer ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
we 're not talking about what 's solid and what 's not solid . so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper .
why is earth divided into sections such as the lithosphere ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
it 's solid . so the difference here is actually a mechanical one between the outer core and the inner core . they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup .
why does a correction pop up saying that sal said one thirtieth but meant one tenth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
how come space is dark like pitch black almost even though earth we see the sun fine in fact it lights up earth , but the sun is in space and it should be able to light space because is n't the sun bright ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
is the force of gravity the same at the center of the inner core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
why is earth different from other plant 's ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
why do meter 's hit earth do you know ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
does the earth 's core have a gravitational interaction with the moon ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water .
is the oceanic crust supposed to be located only under water or is it located everywhere ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
let me make this clear . we 're talking about the chemical makeup . the crust is fundamentally different than the mantle based on the molecules that it is made up of , based on its composition .
/ what is the chemical makeup of the each the crust , mantle , and core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga...
so if you could drill down close to the center , would gravity be higher there ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so i would have to draw it even narrower than the way i 've drawn it over here . and the mantle itself can be subdivided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle . so let me draw this division right over here .
what is the density of the mantle ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
let me make this clear . we 're talking about the chemical makeup . the crust is fundamentally different than the mantle based on the molecules that it is made up of , based on its composition . so let 's talk about the mantle now .
is the mesosphere a layer based upon chemical composition , if so how does it differ from the lithosphere and asthenosphere ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
when they say the earth is 47 % oxygen , does that mean in terms of a gas trapped in the earth interior or in terms of a solid mineral ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity .
does anybody know from where the gravity comes from ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup . it 's just slightly -- or lower pressure on the outside so you can actually be in a fluid state . so hopefully that clarifies and gives you a little bit of depth on the makeup of the earth .
how one can relate this description you gave about the composition , pressure and temperature of the layers with phase diagram state of the elements ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right .
why is there a higher pressure as you go deeper towards the centre of the earth , since gravity is getting weaker towards the core ( and is zero in the centre ) ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
we 're not talking about what 's solid and what 's not solid . so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper .
what comes after the lithosphere and the athenosphere ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . and just so we have a sense for the distances , the width or the thickn...
how do scientists know how deep the crust , mantle , inner core , and outer core is in places ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep .
is the crust ever hot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so i would have to draw it even narrower than the way i 've drawn it over here . and the mantle itself can be subdivided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle . so let me draw this division right over here .
how come the mantle is hot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the crust is solid . now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle . so all of this up here is solid because it 's cool enough .
and how can part of the upper mantle be solid , when every thing else is , like , 3,000f* ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
there 's so much pressure in th core of the earth so that the core remains a solid , right ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle . so all of this up here is solid because it 's cool enough .
how hot is the solid portion of the upper mantle that sal was talking about ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar .
how do scientist know that the core is made up predominantly of nickel and iron ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
when you talk about the thickness of the inner core , is 1200 km the diameter out radius of the core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep .
why is the oceanic crust thin near hot spots ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
you can kind of think of it as kind of a deformable solid , or a plastic solid or a magma . and that 's the asthenosphere . so this area right over here , this area right over here , the liquid part -- actually , i should n't use the word liquid .
how thick is the asthenosphere ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
why is oceanic crust thinner than the continental crust ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
what are the true layers of the earth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar .
how do scientist know about the nickel and the iron in the outer core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga...
how long would it take until the earth is completely cooled and a soild ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
so is the inner core 1200 km thick by radius or circumference ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water .
what is the oceanic crust ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
how do we know that the core is hot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
and how did the core come to be hot ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
why is the earth round ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
where are the deepest points on the crust located ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so these are huge distances . i mean , this is going straight down . so this is the upper mantle .
sal mentioned the word viscous , what does this word mean ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick .
when sal says the inner core is 1200km thick , does he mean the radius is 1200 or the diameter of the inner core is 1200 ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
when and why was the earth made ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core .
can we harness the heat in the core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here .
can anyone explain what gutenberg discontinuity is ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and just to be clear on things . so the crust is solid . now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle .
if one part of the mantle is solid what are the other part ( s ) ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
why is the continential crust thicker than the oceanic crust ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here .
who formed the theory of plate tectonics ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
did the earth just have one big plate tectonic connecting to all the continents ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
why does the earth have to be so complicated ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward . so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get .
why would the pressure of the earth have anything to do with how liquid it is ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right . you can kind of think of it as kind of a deformable solid , or a plastic solid or a magma . and that 's the asthenosphere .
sal said that the athenosphere was magma , but if magma is liquid , sal said it was solid ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so this is our liquid outer core . and this has a pretty low viscosity , especially even relative to the mantle . so that 's why people kind of consider this in kind of a more traditional liquid state .
what is viscosity in ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid .
how did early astronomers knew how far the moon was or how big the earth was ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
it 's just slightly -- or lower pressure on the outside so you can actually be in a fluid state . so hopefully that clarifies and gives you a little bit of depth on the makeup of the earth .
how is the earth 's makeup different from the sun 's ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe...
how can the oceanic crust overlap continental crust 1.8 million years ago , even in long droughts ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep .
what does sal mean when he says that near hot spots the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so this area right over here , this area right over here , the liquid part -- actually , i should n't use the word liquid . kind of deformable . it deforms over long periods of time .
what kind of hot spots ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
but the pressures are low enough that they can still be in a fluid state . so this is our liquid outer core . and this has a pretty low viscosity , especially even relative to the mantle .
what would happen if the mantle and the outer core cooled ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
kind of deformable . it deforms over long periods of time . but it is more fluid than what we normally associate with rock magma , would be a good way to think about it .
over time how long would it take to move a meter ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
i mean , this is going straight down . so this is the upper mantle . let me write it on the actual mantle here .
when the earth 's crust and upper mantle act together mechanically , they are called what ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so let 's say that this is the crust up here . and i 'm going to make the continental crust a little bit thicker . so let 's say that that is continental crust and this is continental crust . and then in between , let me put some oceanic crust , which is going to be thinner .
at 54 seconds , what 's a continental crust ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the gaseous state , would kind of bubble up through that fluid , kind of the way , actually , carbon bubbles up in a soda , it would eventually bubble out of the fluid , ...
can trenches only form in the boundries of tectonic plates when they are pushing against each other ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right .
: why does n't the pressure diminish as you go deeper ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward . so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to t...
gravity at the core is 0 - it cancels out - would n't gravity decrease and approach 0 as you get deeper , thus reducing pressure ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
it 's solid . so the difference here is actually a mechanical one between the outer core and the inner core . they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup .
is there a difference in the force of gravity on the outside of the earth versus the core ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and then you 're in the inner core and that essentially takes you to the rest . that 's essentially the center of the earth . and the inner core -- maybe i should draw the boundaries a little bit more to scale .
is the maximum force of gravity at the center of the core of the earth ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga...
how many `` g '' 's would that force be ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar .
the core ( well the inner core ) is solid , right , and made of iron/nickel ?
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g...
and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward .
if one were to stand in some sort of machine that let them go into the center of the earth hat would gravity be like ?
i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum . it was given to the hydrogen proton . so the hydrogen was nabbed away . its electron was allowed to go bac...
i did n't want to forget that in that last step of the friedel-crafts acylation . we also get some hydrogen chloride .
does it always have to be acetyl chloride or we can use some other reagent for the pupose ?
i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum . it was given to the hydrogen proton . so the hydrogen was nabbed away . its electron was allowed to go bac...
i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum .
how is phenol prepared from cumene ( isopropyplbenzene ) ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
and two and five are interesting because if one of them are negative , their difference is three . so if one is negative ... so let 's see if we 're talking about negative 10 , you could say negative two times five .
when the resulting binomials have a positive and a negative number , why does it matter which one 's negative and which one 's positive ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 .
what is a quadratic expression ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 .
what is a quadratic expression ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab .
how did sal know that a = 2 and not b ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
and we 're not done yet . we finally look at this last term , we have a times b . well a times b needs to be equal to negative 10 .
so the last term is always a*b ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab .
what if a and b are irrational ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
now , i did it fairly involved mainly so you see where all this came from . but in the future whenever you see a quadratic expression , and you have a one coefficient on the second degree term right over here , you could say alright well i need to figure out two numbers that add up to the coefficient on the first degre...
what do you do when there is no two numbers that add to the second term and multiply to the third term ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 .
why does substituting the values between the two given equations not work and lead to the same quadratic expression ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab .
in the equation x squared+ ax+b , what would you do if a is > than b ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab .
is a+ ( -b ) the same as a-b ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab .
when given : f ( x ) =3x^2+4x-8 , it 's asking me to find f ( 0 ) and f ( a ) what does that mean exactly ?
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what...
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 .
what 's the `` 0 '' & `` a '' stand for ?