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what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . | left over heat and radiation from what ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | how hot would the inner core be ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | but this is n't water . this is rock . i 'll do it in purple . | why is n't the earth just one solid piece of rock ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | is the inner core solid or liquid or gas ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | is contenental crust just the surface of the earth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and then you 're in the inner core and that essentially takes you to the rest . that 's essentially the center of the earth . and the inner core -- maybe i should draw the boundaries a little bit more to scale . | why is the earth 's center section so hot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | how does the edge of a volcano or the earth 's crust hold back the magma or lava ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the inner core , even though the temperature is really , really , really hot , the pressure is so big that the molecules ca n't flow past each other . they ca n't be liquid . they 're kind of jam-packed . | why ca n't we just make a huge wall to prevent lava from flowing down the side of the volcano ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water . this is rock . | i know that the volcanic ash will suffocate us , but could n't we just block the volcano ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | why is the crust at the end of the earth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | is the crust inside of it too ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | can we also use the oceanis crust as well ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | where is the ocean and regular crust ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | does the core cause the heat of earth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the outer core is , as i said , let me rewrite it . outer core is on the order , it 's about 2,300 kilometers thick . and then you have your inner core . i should n't do it in blue . | does sal mean that the inner core is 1200 km thick in diameter or 1200 thick in radius ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . | if there is so much pressure from gravity pulling down , why does n't the earth implode on itself for gravity and pressure ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | how has the earth been burning its core for so many years ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water . | how is neptune 's big blue spot more powerful than jupiter 's big red spot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so let 's talk about the mantle now . so the mantle , layer like this . and once again , this is not to scale because the crust , we 're talking about 30 to 60 kilometers . | how do scientists measure the distance and the thickness between each layer ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | we 're not talking about what 's solid and what 's not solid . so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . | why is earth divided into sections such as the lithosphere ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | it 's solid . so the difference here is actually a mechanical one between the outer core and the inner core . they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup . | why does a correction pop up saying that sal said one thirtieth but meant one tenth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | how come space is dark like pitch black almost even though earth we see the sun fine in fact it lights up earth , but the sun is in space and it should be able to light space because is n't the sun bright ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | is the force of gravity the same at the center of the inner core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | why is earth different from other plant 's ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | why do meter 's hit earth do you know ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | does the earth 's core have a gravitational interaction with the moon ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water . | is the oceanic crust supposed to be located only under water or is it located everywhere ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | let me make this clear . we 're talking about the chemical makeup . the crust is fundamentally different than the mantle based on the molecules that it is made up of , based on its composition . | / what is the chemical makeup of the each the crust , mantle , and core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga... | so if you could drill down close to the center , would gravity be higher there ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so i would have to draw it even narrower than the way i 've drawn it over here . and the mantle itself can be subdivided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle . so let me draw this division right over here . | what is the density of the mantle ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | let me make this clear . we 're talking about the chemical makeup . the crust is fundamentally different than the mantle based on the molecules that it is made up of , based on its composition . so let 's talk about the mantle now . | is the mesosphere a layer based upon chemical composition , if so how does it differ from the lithosphere and asthenosphere ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | when they say the earth is 47 % oxygen , does that mean in terms of a gas trapped in the earth interior or in terms of a solid mineral ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . | does anybody know from where the gravity comes from ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup . it 's just slightly -- or lower pressure on the outside so you can actually be in a fluid state . so hopefully that clarifies and gives you a little bit of depth on the makeup of the earth . | how one can relate this description you gave about the composition , pressure and temperature of the layers with phase diagram state of the elements ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right . | why is there a higher pressure as you go deeper towards the centre of the earth , since gravity is getting weaker towards the core ( and is zero in the centre ) ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | we 're not talking about what 's solid and what 's not solid . so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . | what comes after the lithosphere and the athenosphere ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . and just so we have a sense for the distances , the width or the thickn... | how do scientists know how deep the crust , mantle , inner core , and outer core is in places ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep . | is the crust ever hot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so i would have to draw it even narrower than the way i 've drawn it over here . and the mantle itself can be subdivided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle . so let me draw this division right over here . | how come the mantle is hot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the crust is solid . now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle . so all of this up here is solid because it 's cool enough . | and how can part of the upper mantle be solid , when every thing else is , like , 3,000f* ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | there 's so much pressure in th core of the earth so that the core remains a solid , right ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle . so all of this up here is solid because it 's cool enough . | how hot is the solid portion of the upper mantle that sal was talking about ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar . | how do scientist know that the core is made up predominantly of nickel and iron ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | when you talk about the thickness of the inner core , is 1200 km the diameter out radius of the core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep . | why is the oceanic crust thin near hot spots ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | you can kind of think of it as kind of a deformable solid , or a plastic solid or a magma . and that 's the asthenosphere . so this area right over here , this area right over here , the liquid part -- actually , i should n't use the word liquid . | how thick is the asthenosphere ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | why is oceanic crust thinner than the continental crust ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | what are the true layers of the earth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar . | how do scientist know about the nickel and the iron in the outer core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga... | how long would it take until the earth is completely cooled and a soild ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | so is the inner core 1200 km thick by radius or circumference ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | actually , let me do that in a different color . let me do the oceanic crust in blue . but this is n't water . | what is the oceanic crust ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | how do we know that the core is hot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | and how did the core come to be hot ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | why is the earth round ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | where are the deepest points on the crust located ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so these are huge distances . i mean , this is going straight down . so this is the upper mantle . | sal mentioned the word viscous , what does this word mean ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and that 's a little over 1,000 kilometers thick . so this is the inner core . the number i have is about 1,200 kilometers thick . | when sal says the inner core is 1200km thick , does he mean the radius is 1200 or the diameter of the inner core is 1200 ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | when and why was the earth made ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to the core , and the core is divided between the outer core and the inner core . so the outer core and then , of course , you have the inner core . | can we harness the heat in the core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . | can anyone explain what gutenberg discontinuity is ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and just to be clear on things . so the crust is solid . now when you go into the upper mantle , the upper part of the upper mantle -- and we 'll talk about that a little bit more -- is cool enough to be solid . so there is a solid portion of the upper mantle . | if one part of the mantle is solid what are the other part ( s ) ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | why is the continential crust thicker than the oceanic crust ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . | who formed the theory of plate tectonics ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | did the earth just have one big plate tectonic connecting to all the continents ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | why does the earth have to be so complicated ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward . so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . | why would the pressure of the earth have anything to do with how liquid it is ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right . you can kind of think of it as kind of a deformable solid , or a plastic solid or a magma . and that 's the asthenosphere . | sal said that the athenosphere was magma , but if magma is liquid , sal said it was solid ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so this is our liquid outer core . and this has a pretty low viscosity , especially even relative to the mantle . so that 's why people kind of consider this in kind of a more traditional liquid state . | what is viscosity in ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and both the -- the entire core , both the outer core and the inner core , is mainly nickel and iron . think about when the earth was forming . what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . | how did early astronomers knew how far the moon was or how big the earth was ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | it 's just slightly -- or lower pressure on the outside so you can actually be in a fluid state . so hopefully that clarifies and gives you a little bit of depth on the makeup of the earth . | how is the earth 's makeup different from the sun 's ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i do n't want it to be that thick . so let me draw the oceanic crust -- is thinner than the continental crust , which i 'm trying to depict right over here . so this right over here is oceanic crust , and up here is continental crust . and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on whe... | how can the oceanic crust overlap continental crust 1.8 million years ago , even in long droughts ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the thickness , or how deep you can go and still be in crust , it depends on where you are . and we know that near hot spots , the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit . but roughly , when we talk about the crust , we 're talking about something that 's 30 to 60 kilometers deep . | what does sal mean when he says that near hot spots the oceanic crust can actually thin out a good bit ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so this area right over here , this area right over here , the liquid part -- actually , i should n't use the word liquid . kind of deformable . it deforms over long periods of time . | what kind of hot spots ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | but the pressures are low enough that they can still be in a fluid state . so this is our liquid outer core . and this has a pretty low viscosity , especially even relative to the mantle . | what would happen if the mantle and the outer core cooled ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | kind of deformable . it deforms over long periods of time . but it is more fluid than what we normally associate with rock magma , would be a good way to think about it . | over time how long would it take to move a meter ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | i mean , this is going straight down . so this is the upper mantle . let me write it on the actual mantle here . | when the earth 's crust and upper mantle act together mechanically , they are called what ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so let 's say that this is the crust up here . and i 'm going to make the continental crust a little bit thicker . so let 's say that that is continental crust and this is continental crust . and then in between , let me put some oceanic crust , which is going to be thinner . | at 54 seconds , what 's a continental crust ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the gaseous state , would kind of bubble up through that fluid , kind of the way , actually , carbon bubbles up in a soda , it would eventually bubble out of the fluid , ... | can trenches only form in the boundries of tectonic plates when they are pushing against each other ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | so this is the lithosphere . you go a little bit deeper . right below the lithosphere , now the temperatures are high enough for -- and i use the word liquid , but that 's not exactly right . | : why does n't the pressure diminish as you go deeper ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward . so the deeper you go , the more pressure you get . now , when we get even deeper than that , we get to t... | gravity at the core is 0 - it cancels out - would n't gravity decrease and approach 0 as you get deeper , thus reducing pressure ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | it 's solid . so the difference here is actually a mechanical one between the outer core and the inner core . they 're made up of the same things , roughly the same chemical makeup . | is there a difference in the force of gravity on the outside of the earth versus the core ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and then you 're in the inner core and that essentially takes you to the rest . that 's essentially the center of the earth . and the inner core -- maybe i should draw the boundaries a little bit more to scale . | is the maximum force of gravity at the center of the core of the earth ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | what happens is when this whole earth was super hot and was kind of in a fluid state , the heavier elements were allowed to sink down , when everything was fluid . the things that were in between would kind of -- or the things that were lighter would go up . and then the gases , things that would naturally be in the ga... | how many `` g '' 's would that force be ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and then the lightest elements are forming the atmosphere . and the outer core and the inner core , they are made up predominantly of nickel and iron . and their makeup is actually very similar . | the core ( well the inner core ) is solid , right , and made of iron/nickel ? |
what i want to do in this video is really make some clarifications and go a little bit more in detail about the different layers of the earth . so let me draw a cross-section of the earth over here . and i 'll try to do it . i wo n't be able to do it perfectly to scale , but i 'll try to do a little bit better job at g... | and the pressure 's just from all of the rock that 's above it . remember , gravity is pulling down on everything . every molecule here wants to go downward because of gravity . so it 's applying pressure downward . | if one were to stand in some sort of machine that let them go into the center of the earth hat would gravity be like ? |
i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum . it was given to the hydrogen proton . so the hydrogen was nabbed away . its electron was allowed to go bac... | i did n't want to forget that in that last step of the friedel-crafts acylation . we also get some hydrogen chloride . | does it always have to be acetyl chloride or we can use some other reagent for the pupose ? |
i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum . it was given to the hydrogen proton . so the hydrogen was nabbed away . its electron was allowed to go bac... | i want to add one super fast addendum to the video on friedel-crafts acylation . in the last step of the mechanism i had this chlorine swipe the electron , or essentially that electron that was with the aluminum . | how is phenol prepared from cumene ( isopropyplbenzene ) ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | and two and five are interesting because if one of them are negative , their difference is three . so if one is negative ... so let 's see if we 're talking about negative 10 , you could say negative two times five . | when the resulting binomials have a positive and a negative number , why does it matter which one 's negative and which one 's positive ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . | what is a quadratic expression ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . | what is a quadratic expression ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab . | how did sal know that a = 2 and not b ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | and we 're not done yet . we finally look at this last term , we have a times b . well a times b needs to be equal to negative 10 . | so the last term is always a*b ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab . | what if a and b are irrational ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | now , i did it fairly involved mainly so you see where all this came from . but in the future whenever you see a quadratic expression , and you have a one coefficient on the second degree term right over here , you could say alright well i need to figure out two numbers that add up to the coefficient on the first degre... | what do you do when there is no two numbers that add to the second term and multiply to the third term ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . | why does substituting the values between the two given equations not work and lead to the same quadratic expression ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab . | in the equation x squared+ ax+b , what would you do if a is > than b ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab . | is a+ ( -b ) the same as a-b ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so plus bx . b x . and then finally we have plus the a times the b , which is of course going to be ab . | when given : f ( x ) =3x^2+4x-8 , it 's asking me to find f ( 0 ) and f ( a ) what does that mean exactly ? |
so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . and what i 'd like to do in this video is i 'd like to factor it as the product of two binomials . or to put it another way , i want to write it as the product x plus a , that 's one binomial , times x plus b , where we need to figure out what... | so we have a quadratic expression here . x squared minus three x minus 10 . | what 's the `` 0 '' & `` a '' stand for ? |
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