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right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so this is now 100 million light years away from each other . the universe is expanding . these coordinates , the space is actually spreading out . | could the universe be expanding faster than the speed of light ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | ok , this photon says , oh , in another -- let me write this . this is 80 million light years -- in another 40 million light years , maybe i 'm going to get over here . but the reality is over that next 40 million light years -- sorry , in 40 million years , i might get right over here , because this is 80 million ligh... | if the universe works the way you say it does then either you are saying that the sped of light get faster over time , is this correct ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and in fact , i 'll just make that roughly -- i wo n't make it the center just because i think it makes it easier to visualize if it 's not the center . and let 's say at that very early stage in the universe , if you were able to just take some rulers instantaneously and measure that , you would measure this distance ... | is there anany other way to measure the universe or distance between planets ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | now , what i 'm going to hesitate to do , because we 're talking over such large distances and we 're talking on such large time scales and time scales over which space itself is expanding -- we 're going to see in this video that you can not say that this object over here , this is not necessarily , this is not , i 'l... | if someone could invent such a detection device we would surely know much more ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | now , what i 'm going to hesitate to do , because we 're talking over such large distances and we 're talking on such large time scales and time scales over which space itself is expanding -- we 're going to see in this video that you can not say that this object over here , this is not necessarily , this is not , i 'l... | when he is talking about cosmological time and `` primitive states '' , could n't we relate that to alien life forms ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | it is like , wow , i was able to cover 20 million light years in only 10 million years . it looks like i 'm moving faster than the speed of light . the reality is it 's not because the space coordinates themselves are spreading out . | does the universe expand at a rate faster than the speed of light ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . and so that photon , says , you know what , i only got 30 million light years to travel . | is the light of big bang travelling in the space still ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | sal said unless there is something weird going on we should be able to observe the universe in any direction and `` see '' about the same distance in all directions ... how can we know that in the big picture of things , our solar system and planet is not on the `` edge '' of the universe ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | if i 'm drawing the whole observable universe , the center actually should be where we are . because we can observe an equal distance . if things are n't really strange , we can observe an equal distance in any direction . so actually maybe we should put us at the center . | and , if this is so , does that mean that the coordinates for other objects we observe would be really different in terms of distance relative to their placement in the universe from the big bang ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | it is like , wow , i was able to cover 20 million light years in only 10 million years . it looks like i 'm moving faster than the speed of light . the reality is it 's not because the space coordinates themselves are spreading out . | would the universe be technically moving faster than light ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | all the coordinates have gotten further away from each other . now , what just happened here ? the universe has expanded . | was there anything inside the singularity where the `` big bang '' happened ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . | the opening space in between the photon and the initial body is faster than the speed of light ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and i want to make it very clear . this object is now 46 billion light years away from us . when we just use light to observe it , it looks like , just based on light years , hey , this light has been traveling 13.7 billion years to reach us . that 's our only way of kind with light to kind of think about the distance ... | how does any light reach anywhere else if every thing else is expanding away ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so let 's go 300,000 years after that initial expansion of that singularity . so we 're just 300,000 years into the universe 's history right now . so this is roughly 300,000 years into the universe 's life . i guess we could view it that way . and first of all , at that point things have n't differentiated in a meanin... | would this not make a lot more sense if viewed from a view point where god created the universe in one day approximately 6,000 years ago ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . and so that photon , says , you know what , i only got 30 million light years to travel . that 's not too bad . | what is the difference between a photon reaching our eyes that is only one day old in comparison to a photon that is thousands of light years ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so this is now 100 million light years away from each other . the universe is expanding . these coordinates , the space is actually spreading out . | do scientists know how fast the universe is expanding ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so you ca n't just multiply a rate times time on these cosmological scales , especially when the coordinates themselves , the distance coordinates are actually moving away from each other . but i think you see , or maybe you might see , where this is going . ok , this photon says , oh , in another -- let me write this ... | put a probe on a planet close to ours and see how much the distance between them grows ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . | if you say that while the photon is traveling , will it ever get there ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and in future videos , i 'm actually going to talk about the time scale . so we can really appreciate how long , or even start to appreciate , or appreciate that we ca n't appreciate how long 13.7 billion years is . and i also want to emphasize that this is the current best estimate . | how long until the sun burns out ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . | speed of light is still more than the speed of expansion of universe ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when this occurred is 13.7 billion years ago . and even though we 're used to dealing with numbers in the billions , especially when we talk about large amounts of money an... | is its about 3.7 billion years ago how does the vibrations still exist ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but the reality is after 40 million years -- so another 40 million years go by -- now , all of a sudden , the universe has expanded even more . i wo n't even draw the whole bubble . but the place where the photon was emitted from might be over here . | does n't all vibration s also die out even if it 's a big explosion ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | it is like , wow , i was able to cover 20 million light years in only 10 million years . it looks like i 'm moving faster than the speed of light . the reality is it 's not because the space coordinates themselves are spreading out . | if the universe is expanding at a faster and faster rate , will the rate of expansion eventually reach the speed of light ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | still on a cosmological time scale , still almost at kind of the infancy of the universe because we 're talking about 13.7 billion years . so let 's say 10 million years . 10 million years go by . | so if we are observing an object through photons that were emitted 3 million years ago , could we say ( from a scientific viewpoint ) that that object is 3 million years old because we have no way of knowing otherwise ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | how many alaxys are in th universe ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | how dos the universe `` end '' is there just a wall ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and now our current position is over here . where the light got after 10 million years is now over here . and now , where the light is after 40 million years , maybe it 's over here . | what was the temperature of the universe when the big bang occurred ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | how big is the entire universe anyway ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . | would not the photon have no concept of time ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . | will that photon ever reach us ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but the distance that it reversed , maybe this distance right here is now 20 million light years because it got there . every time it moved some distance , the space that it had traversed is now stretched . so even though its traveled for 10 million years , the space that it traversed is no longer just 10 million light... | what does `` traversed '' mean ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so what we 're going to see is this white-hot haze . so we 're going to see this kind of white-hot plasma , white hot , undifferentiated not differentiated into proper stable atoms , much less stars and galaxies , but white hot . we 're going to see this white-hot plasma . the reality today is that point in space that ... | a question poped up : so without the expansion we would be able to see that white hot plasma ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | maybe now , it 's on the order of -- i do n't know -- maybe it 's a billion light years . maybe now it 's a billion light years . and maybe this distance over here -- and i 'm just making up these numbers . | and a few billion years ago every light could have been seen ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so maybe it 's 13.4 or whatever -- i keep changing the decimal -- but 13.4 billion light years away . but the reality is if you had a ruler today , light year rulers , this space here has stretched so much that this is now 46 billion light years . and just to give you a hint of when we talk about the cosmic microwave b... | how much bigger is a light year than a mile ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | is n't the other object not supposed to be in the ''visible universe '' ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | the longest that that could have been traveling is 13.7 billion years . so it could be traveling 13.7 billion years . so when we looked at that depiction -- this i think was two or three videos ago , of the observable universe -- i drew , it was this circle . | did n't sal say that the universe is closer to 13.8 billion years , not 13.7 billion years , in an earlier video ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | the other thing to think about is as this -- let me actually draw it . so let 's go 300,000 years after that initial expansion of that singularity . so we 're just 300,000 years into the universe 's history right now . | how was there a singularity when there was nothing ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so this is now 100 million light years away from each other . the universe is expanding . these coordinates , the space is actually spreading out . | so if the `` surface area '' of our universe is expanding and all of this stuff is getting farther apart , does n't that mean out own atoms are getting farther apart ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and we 'll see that that was the range that it was emitting in . but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . | but if expansion were to move the celestial bodies with it , would n't the photon be moved as well , to the point where it 's not going light speed anymore ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | so this is now 100 million light years away from each other . the universe is expanding . these coordinates , the space is actually spreading out . | is there a point in time when the universe will stop expanding ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . and so that photon , says , you know what , i only got 30 million light years to travel . that 's not too bad . | when a photon reaches our eyes , how do we know for sure how long ( how many light years ) it has traveled ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but the light from that remote object is just now getting to us . and that light took 13.7 billion years to get to us . now , what i 'm going to hesitate to do , because we 're talking over such large distances and we 're talking on such large time scales and time scales over which space itself is expanding -- we 're g... | we do n't know how long the universe will be expanding but , say it was expanding infinitely , would light 13.7 billion years away ever reach us ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | but it emits a photon . and that photon is traveling at the speed of light . it is light . | why does light move at a constant speed ? |
right now , the best estimate of when the big bang occurred -- and once again , i do n't like the term that much because it kind of implies some type of explosion . but what it really is is kind of an expansion of space , when space started to really start to expand from a singularity . but our best estimate of when th... | 10 million years go by . the universe has expanded . this coordinate , where we 're sitting today at the present time , is now all the way over here . | did our universe come from the big bang ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | the $ 400 million senior tranche we raised from soon . 1000 senior securities , collateralized debt obligations . these are these , right here . | are collateralised debt obligations a pool of mortgage backed securities ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | so let 's see how we could use this same asset pool , the same pool of loans , and satisfy all of these people . satisfy this guy , who wants maybe a lower return but lower risk , and this guy , who 's willing to take a little bit higher risk in exchange for higher return . so now in this situation , we have the same b... | however the owners of the mbss all paid $ 1100 for their shares ; is n't your rate of return usually calculated compared to your investment , and therefore lower than 9 % ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | you 'd have to sell that loan to someone else . but if you have a mortgage-backed security , you can actually trade the security with someone else . and they might pay you , who knows , they might pay more than $ 1000 . | the mbs is priced based on the cfs from the mortgages , what would cause the security to trade at a premium ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | but like we said before , this security , in order to place a value on it , you have to do some type of analysis of what you think it 's worth . or what you think the real interest will be after you take into account people pre-paying their mortgage , people defaulting on their mortgage , and other things like short-te... | would it just be speculation given the number of mortgages in the pool having variable interest rates ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | so you 're saying , why would n't everyone want to be an equity investor ? well , let me ask you a question . what happens if -- let 's go to that scenario where we talked before -- 20 % of the borrowers just say , you know what ? | and as a side question to that , what motivation does the ib have to purchase these mortgages at anything more than par , back to the upside risk question , should n't the mortgager have to sell at a discount ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | and i know what you 're thinking . boy , sal , that sounds amazing . why would n't everyone want to be an equity investor ? | sal , one question which came to mind whilst watching these presentations on cdos and mbss is this : why do the commercial banks not engage in the practice of investment banking ( or merge with/acquire said investment bank ) , given that it seems to be very profitable ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed it from their local mortgage broker , who then sold it to a bank , or to an investment bank , who created the special purpose entity , and then they ipo the special purpose entity and raise the money from people who bought the mortgag... | what happened to the bank when the spe ( ipo ) collapsed ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | of that $ 100 million in payments , 6 % on the $ 400 million , that 's $ 24 million in payments . right ? so $ 24 million in payments will go to the senior tranche . | and senior tranches to be affected , 33 % and 66 % default rates , respectively , would have to be achieved , right ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | so this is a form of a collateralized debt obligation . this is actually a mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligation . you can actually do this type of a structure with any type of debt obligation that 's backed by assets . | was one of the core problems of the credit bubble the very fact that traditionally `` illiquid '' assets ( mortgages ) became very liquid due to mortgage-backed securities and cdos ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | because it 's 10 % . $ 100 million in payments . of that $ 100 million in payments , 6 % on the $ 400 million , that 's $ 24 million in payments . right ? | so does n't the total interest received becomes $ 80 million ( $ 100mn - $ 20mn ) ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | this is actually a mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligation . you can actually do this type of a structure with any type of debt obligation that 's backed by assets . so we did the situation with mortgages , but you could do it with a bunch of assets . | is the type of grouping the only difference ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | and all of a sudden , these guys are not going to be cut off . this guy is still going to get $ 24 million , this guy is still going to get $ 21 million , but now this guy is going to get $ 45 million . but he 's still getting above average yield . | considering your last video , assume that there are 20 % borrowers default for whatever reason , would there only be $ 80m that the bank is going to get ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | and say that there 's another investor here , and he thinks that this is boring . you know , 9 % , 10 % . who cares about that ? | in reality , do you know during the 08 's crises how many people actually defaulted ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | so this is a form of a collateralized debt obligation . this is actually a mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligation . you can actually do this type of a structure with any type of debt obligation that 's backed by assets . | what effect does that have on the holders of these mortgage-backed securities ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | what happens if -- let 's go to that scenario where we talked before -- 20 % of the borrowers just say , you know what ? i ca n't pay this mortgage anymore . i 'm going to hand you back the keys to these houses . | if my 325k mortgage has a 7 % intrest , how can anyone get 16 % from that mortgage ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | but if you have a mortgage-backed security , you can actually trade the security with someone else . and they might pay you , who knows , they might pay more than $ 1000 . they might pay you less . | where does the money come from to pay investors ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | now let 's say it gets even worse . let 's say a bunch of borrowers start defaulting on their loans . and instead of getting $ 90 million per year , you start only getting $ 50 million in per year . | who sold the investment bank the loans already provided the loans to the borrowers ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | right ? so $ 24 million in payments will go to the senior tranche . similarly we issued 300,000 shares at $ 1000 per share on the mezzanine tranche . this is also 1000 . | and similarly , if housing prices increase , will the share price of the senior tranche be the first to increase ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | now let 's say it gets even worse . let 's say a bunch of borrowers start defaulting on their loans . and instead of getting $ 90 million per year , you start only getting $ 50 million in per year . | what happens to the principal of the defaulted loans ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . | the traunches are the mortage brokers or the investers ( mbs ) ? |
welcome back . well , in the last presentation , we described a situation where you had a bunch of borrowers . they needed $ 1 billion collectively , because there 's 1000 of them and they each needed $ 1 million to buy their house . and they borrowed the money essentially from a special purpose entity . they borrowed ... | he 'd be willing to take a lower return as long as he was allowed to invest in less risky investments . maybe by law , maybe he 's a pension fund or he 's some type of a mutual fund , that 's forced to invest in something of a certain grade . and say that there 's another investor here , and he thinks that this is bori... | what is a hedge fund ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | well as you may expect , fine grained differences lead to difficulties on the receiving end . and with electrical systems , the resolution of these differences is always limited by electrical noise . if we attach a probe to any electrical line , and zoom in closely enough , we will always find minute undesired currents... | even without electrical noise , would n't a message with over a million possible signals be very difficult to translate into plain english ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | if we attach a probe to any electrical line , and zoom in closely enough , we will always find minute undesired currents . this is an unavoidable result of natural processes such as heat or geomagnetic storms and even latent effects of the big bang . so the differences between signaling events must be great enough that... | what are the `` late effects of the big bang '' ( if i have written the phrase down correctly ) and how do they distort the message received ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | well as you may expect , fine grained differences lead to difficulties on the receiving end . and with electrical systems , the resolution of these differences is always limited by electrical noise . if we attach a probe to any electrical line , and zoom in closely enough , we will always find minute undesired currents... | what is considered an acceptable amount of background noise for a commonly used cable ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and this simple yet elegant idea forms the basis for how information will be later defined . and this is the final step that brings us to modern information theory . it emerges in the early 20th century . | is shielding on the cables allow us to squeeze more channels onto the cable by lowering the range of `` no mans land '' we need to put between varying channels ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | for example , hard , medium versus soft plucks or high-pitch versus low-pitch plucks by tightening the cable different amounts . this was an idea implemented by thomas edison , which he applied to the morse code system , and it was based on the idea that you could use weak and strong batteries to produce signals of dif... | why do computer only use 1s and 0s ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | so he had plus three volts , plus one volt , minus one volt , and minus three volt . four different current values which could be exchanged . it enabled western union to save money by greatly increasing the number of messages the company could send without building new lines . | would n't a system with three of four different values be more efficient ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and with three plucks , this jumps to one of 27 messages . now if , instead , alice and bob were exchanging written notes in class , which contain only two letters on a piece of paper , then a single note would contain one of 26 to the power of two , or 676 possible messages . it 's important to realize now that we no ... | would it be possible to calculate the channel capacity of spoken words ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and after n symbols , we have a tree with s to the power of n leaves . and since each path through this tree can represent a message , we can think of the number of leaves as the size of the message space . this is easy to visualize . | then what is the difference between capacity and message space ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and after n symbols , we have a tree with s to the power of n leaves . and since each path through this tree can represent a message , we can think of the number of leaves as the size of the message space . this is easy to visualize . | so to send a 50 character message in english , it would require a message space of 26^50 ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and after n symbols , we have a tree with s to the power of n leaves . and since each path through this tree can represent a message , we can think of the number of leaves as the size of the message space . this is easy to visualize . | what is the message space capacity of a modern computer ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | the message space is simply the width of the base of one of these trees . and it defines the total number of possible messages one could send given a sequence of n symbols . for example , let 's say alice sends bob a message which consists of two plucks and they are using a hard versus soft pluck as their communication... | ok , i want to check my understanding here , the variation in currents allows you to send multiple messages simultaneously over the same right ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and after n symbols , we have a tree with s to the power of n leaves . and since each path through this tree can represent a message , we can think of the number of leaves as the size of the message space . this is easy to visualize . | also , can someone please clarify the term message space ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | if we attach a probe to any electrical line , and zoom in closely enough , we will always find minute undesired currents . this is an unavoidable result of natural processes such as heat or geomagnetic storms and even latent effects of the big bang . so the differences between signaling events must be great enough that... | what does brit mean by `` the big bang '' ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | how many symbols can we select from at each point ? and we can call this s. and as we 've seen before , these parameters can be thought of as a decision tree of possibilities because each symbol can be thought of as a decision where the number of branches depend on the number of differences . and after n symbols , we h... | what is decision tree of possibility ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | : it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | how did edison 's system with more difference increase the speed ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | : it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | if all the letters and necessary symbols are options , how does making more options increase the speed ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | clearly now we can step back and begin to define the capacity of a communication system using these two very simple ideas . first , how many symbol transfers per second ? which we called symbol rate . | then in what follows a message seems to be defined implicitly as what can be transmitted in 1 second ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | : it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . | what are the waves on the graph ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | he also used two directions , as gauss and weber did , forward versus reverse current and two intensities . so he had plus three volts , plus one volt , minus one volt , and minus three volt . four different current values which could be exchanged . | can one wire hold more than one pulse at the same time ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faster . for example , hard , medium versus soft plucks or high-pitch versus low-pitch plucks by tightening the cable different amounts . this was an idea implemented by ... | also the difference of symbols is technically infinite , because you can just add more plucks ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | and today it 's known simply as baud , for émile baudot . and we can define this as n where it 's n symbol transfers per second . and number two , how many differences per symbol ? | why could n't alice bring a telegraph to the world of cavemen ? |
: it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system . we can increase the number of different signaling events . for example , with alice and bob 's string communication system , they soon found that varying the type of plucks allowed them to send their messages faste... | but again , as we expanded the number of different signaling events , we ran into another problem . for example , why not send a thousand or a million different voltage levels per pulse ? well as you may expect , fine grained differences lead to difficulties on the receiving end . | would n't it be hard to receive 1 000 000 different voltage levels ? |
given the polynomial above , what are its zeros ? so the zeros of this polynomial are going to be the x-values that make it equal to zero . so it 's going to be the x-values that make this expression equal to zero . or you could say the x-values that satisfy this equation . because if you satisfy this equation , you '... | given the polynomial above , what are its zeros ? so the zeros of this polynomial are going to be the x-values that make it equal to zero . | on 5 what does it mean when they say the zeros of the polynomial factors ? |
so i 've said that if you have a vector field , a two-dimensional vector field with component functions p and q , that the divergence of this guy , the divergence of v , which is a scalar-valued function of x and y , is by definition , the partial derivative of p , with respect to x , plus the partial derivative of q ... | so i 've said that if you have a vector field , a two-dimensional vector field with component functions p and q , that the divergence of this guy , the divergence of v , which is a scalar-valued function of x and y , is by definition , the partial derivative of p , with respect to x , plus the partial derivative of q ... | is n't it strange that the formula for divergence is the same as the formula for the directional derivative ? |
so i 've said that if you have a vector field , a two-dimensional vector field with component functions p and q , that the divergence of this guy , the divergence of v , which is a scalar-valued function of x and y , is by definition , the partial derivative of p , with respect to x , plus the partial derivative of q ... | if we have something that , let 's see , something that 's a vector-valued function , and it 's gon na be a three-dimensional vector field . so , it 's got x , y , and z as its inputs , and its output then also has to have three dimensions . so , it might be like , p , q , and r , and all of these are functions of x an... | if the input and output have different dimensions , could you just think of the term at the mismatched dimension ( s ) to be zero in the respective set for the dot product and just have that dimension not weigh in on the divergence ? |
the purpose of this video is to give you an idea how to approach reading and answering questions on the critical analysis and reasoning skills section . the name of this example passage is physical education in the uk . i 'm going to read through the passage first . when i notice important sentences or signal words , ... | option a is talking about re-stating an objection against compulsory pe . so for a couple of reasons , option b is the better answer . question four , the author 's central theme for the whole passage is a , opposing formal educational mandates , b , describing the consequences of making pe compulsory , c , presenting ... | what does `` sports aptitude made in rebuttal '' mean in option b ? |
the purpose of this video is to give you an idea how to approach reading and answering questions on the critical analysis and reasoning skills section . the name of this example passage is physical education in the uk . i 'm going to read through the passage first . when i notice important sentences or signal words , ... | so for a couple of reasons , option b is the better answer . question four , the author 's central theme for the whole passage is a , opposing formal educational mandates , b , describing the consequences of making pe compulsory , c , presenting reasons why pe should not be compulsory , d , advocating that pe be abolis... | why is the answer for the last question not d , that pe should be abolished in schools ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | : the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . | what are some real life applications of matrices ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | that 's how they have set-up the data right over here . which statements are true about the above matrix ? select all that apply . | what 's the difference between a matrix and just an ordinary chart ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | select all that apply . the following matrix can also be used to contain the same information as g. that 's what 's interesting about the matrix , what we have right over here is essentially an encapsulation of all of the data that we have in this upper paragraph and it 's useful because a computer could make use of th... | if matrices are used to represent data for a computer , are matrices a relatively new concept or did they exist even before computers were invented ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | : the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . | how do matrices have anything to do with linear equations ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | that 's how they have set-up the data right over here . which statements are true about the above matrix ? select all that apply . | why cant we just solve the matrix as an equation ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | that 's how they have set-up the data right over here . which statements are true about the above matrix ? select all that apply . | does the apostrophe next to the g on the changed matrix represent an alteration on the original matrix ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | let 's go there , second row so this is one , two , second row , first column is right over there . g two comma one is not 5.25 , so i would n't check that one either . a change in the price of toilet paper in duluth can be represented by the matrix . toilet paper in duluth is this entry of our matrix right over there ... | in the first statement , why coud n't a city have been represented as a diagonal line ( a cross ) through the matrix ? |
: the price of things at two supermarkets are different in different cities . toilet paper in duluth , minnesota cost 3.99 a package while toilet paper in new york city cost 8.95 a package . in duluth , toothpaste costs $ 1.95 a tube while in new york city it costs $ 5.25 a tube . the data for this can be encoded in t... | you could have done something like this toothpaste in new york city was 5.25 , toilet paper in new york city is 8.95 , toothpaste in duluth is 1.95 and toilet paper in duluth is 3.99 . this would have been , this matrix a that i 've just constructed , this does contain the same data because if we appropriately define o... | how do you define what rows and columns represent ? |
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