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introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | repetitive regions at the very ends of chromosomes are called telomeres , and they 're found in a wide range of eukaryotic species , from human beings to unicellular protists . telomeres act as caps that protect the internal regions of the chromosomes , and they 're worn down a small amount in each round of dna replica... | a question i 've had for a while is how are telomeres and the sections of dna that they protect not worn our through the duration of human existence or life in general ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomerase is an rna-dependent dna polymerase , meaning an enzyme that can make dna using rna as a template . how does telomerase work ? the enzyme binds to a special rna molecule that contains a sequence complementary to the telomeric repeat . | does telomerase just does duplicate or unwind the strand > ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomeres need to be protected from a cell 's dna repair systems because they have single-stranded overhangs , which `` look like '' damaged dna . the overhang at the lagging strand end of the chromosome is due to incomplete end replication ( see figure above ) . the overhang at the leading strand end of the chromosome... | will the overhang just stay there ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | thus , the single-stranded overhangs produced by incomplete end replication in humans are fairly long , and the chromosome shortens significantly with each round of cell division . telomeres to prevent the loss of genes as chromosome ends wear down , the tips of eukaryotic chromosomes have specialized dna “ caps ” call... | are the telomeres add in every terminal of the chromosome ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosomes . telomerase is an rna-dependent dna polymerase , meaning an enzyme that can make dna using rna as a template . how does telomerase work ? | is dna polymerase using telomerase 's rna template as primer ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | when the replication fork reaches the end of the chromosome , however , there is ( in many species , including humans ) a short stretch of dna that does not get covered by an okazaki fragment—essentially , there 's no way to get the fragment started because the primer would fall beyond the chromosome end $ ^1 $ . also ... | or is the primer made by primase ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | these are cell types that need to undergo many divisions , or , in the case of germ cells , give rise to a new organism with its telomeric “ clock ” reset $ ^5 $ . interestingly , many cancer cells have shortened telomeres , and telomerase is active in these cells . if telomerase could be inhibited by drugs as part of ... | is the telomerase what causes cancer or rapid cell division or is telomerase a response to the cancer and also if it were active in all cells would it be a bad thing ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | how does the gene for telomerase become the protein enzyme telomerase ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | when the replication fork reaches the end of the chromosome , however , there is ( in many species , including humans ) a short stretch of dna that does not get covered by an okazaki fragment—essentially , there 's no way to get the fragment started because the primer would fall beyond the chromosome end $ ^1 $ . also ... | is it possible for the okazaki fragment to mutate ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | the end-replication problem unlike bacterial chromosomes , the chromosomes of eukaryotes are linear ( rod-shaped ) , meaning that they have ends . these ends pose a problem for dna replication . the dna at the very end of the chromosome can not be fully copied in each round of replication , resulting in a slow , gradua... | what happens to the extended part of the 3 ' overhang after the gaps at the ends have been successfully filled ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | if we were to somehow introduce telomerase into the human body so that it lengthened each telomere , might we be able to halt , or at least drastically slow , the effects of cellular aging and lengthening the human lifespan ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | when does telomerase starts to elongate telomere ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | i mean how short ( in base pairs ) does the telomere need to be in order to activate telomerase ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | does telomerase provide any protection against mutations within chromosomes ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | the enzyme binds to a special rna molecule that contains a sequence complementary to the telomeric repeat . it extends ( adds nucleotides to ) the overhanging strand of the telomere dna using this complementary rna as a template . when the overhang is long enough , a matching strand can be made by the normal dna replic... | to what extent the telomerase extends the overhanging strand ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | the end-replication problem unlike bacterial chromosomes , the chromosomes of eukaryotes are linear ( rod-shaped ) , meaning that they have ends . these ends pose a problem for dna replication . the dna at the very end of the chromosome can not be fully copied in each round of replication , resulting in a slow , gradua... | does telomerase recognize origins of replication in dna ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | does anyone have an estimate of the amount added to telomere ends ( or the number of iterations of the telomerase activity ) in a cell cycle ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | telomere shortening has been connected to the aging of cells , and the progressive loss of telomeres may explain why cells can only divide a certain number of times $ ^4 $ . telomerase some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase , an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosom... | so telomeres are shortening because telomerase is only present in some cells and not all ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | these are cell types that need to undergo many divisions , or , in the case of germ cells , give rise to a new organism with its telomeric “ clock ” reset $ ^5 $ . interestingly , many cancer cells have shortened telomeres , and telomerase is active in these cells . if telomerase could be inhibited by drugs as part of ... | and because as we age telomerase is n't as active which causes the telomeres to shorten ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | however , the overall length of the telomere will be greater . telomerase is not usually active most somatic cells ( cells of the body ) , but it ’ s active in germ cells ( the cells that make sperm and eggs ) and some adult stem cells . these are cell types that need to undergo many divisions , or , in the case of ger... | why does n't all of our cells have telemorease ? |
introduction if you could zoom in and look at the dna on the tip of one of your chromosomes , what would you see ? you might expect to find genes , or perhaps some dna sequences involved in gene regulation . instead , what you 'd actually find is a single sequence –ttaggg – repeated over and over again , hundreds or ev... | when dna is being copied , one of the two new strands of dna at a replication fork is made continuously and is called the leading strand . the other strand is produced in many small pieces called okazaki fragments , each of which begins with its own rna primer , and is known as the lagging strand . ( see the article on... | could you clarify if telomerase adds to the leading or lagging strand ? |
background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | who is the author of these articles ? |
background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | this means the `` line integral over the boundary '' is zero , and stokes ' theorem reads as follows : $ \begin { align } \iint_ { \rede { s } } \text { curl } \ , \bluee { \textbf { f } } \cdot\greene { \hat { \textbf { n } } } \ ; \rede { d\sigma } = 0 \end { align } $ if you think back to chopping up the surface to ... | does strokes ' theorem have something to do with gauss ' law of magnetism ? |
background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | this means the `` line integral over the boundary '' is zero , and stokes ' theorem reads as follows : $ \begin { align } \iint_ { \rede { s } } \text { curl } \ , \bluee { \textbf { f } } \cdot\greene { \hat { \textbf { n } } } \ ; \rede { d\sigma } = 0 \end { align } $ if you think back to chopping up the surface to ... | i 'm confused why stoke 's theorem calculates the flux and not just circulation in 3d ? |
background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | this means the `` line integral over the boundary '' is zero , and stokes ' theorem reads as follows : $ \begin { align } \iint_ { \rede { s } } \text { curl } \ , \bluee { \textbf { f } } \cdot\greene { \hat { \textbf { n } } } \ ; \rede { d\sigma } = 0 \end { align } $ if you think back to chopping up the surface to ... | because green 's theorem calculates circulation so would n't stokes an extension of that do the same ? |
background green 's theorem flux in three dimensions curl in three dimensions not strictly required , but very helpful for a deeper understanding : formal definition of curl in three dimensions this article is for physical intuition if you would like examples of using stokes ' theorem for computations , you can find th... | that is to say , the vector is directed along the axis of rotation , and its magnitude is proportional to the rate of rotation . when we take the dot product between this curl vector and $ \greene { \hat { \textbf { n } } } $ , the unit normal vector to the surface , it extract the component of the curl vector which is... | what should i do when the direction of the unit vector and tangent vector do n't match up ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | as a result , this is one of those visualizations that is very useful as a loose idea to hold in your head , but not necessarily useful for precise representations . summary a vector field associates a vector with each point in space . vector field and fluid flow go hand-in-hand together . | can ka make videos about differentiation and integration of vector fields ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | as a result , this is one of those visualizations that is very useful as a loose idea to hold in your head , but not necessarily useful for precise representations . summary a vector field associates a vector with each point in space . vector field and fluid flow go hand-in-hand together . | why do input space and output space of a vector field have same dimension ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | what is meant by a space having a direction ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | vector field and fluid flow go hand-in-hand together . you can think of a vector field as representing a multivariable function whose input and output spaces each have the same dimension . the length of arrows drawn in a vector field are usually not to scale , but the ratio of the length of one vector to another should... | does each input and output make a dimension ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | let 's think about what a vector field is mathematically . each point in two-dimensional space is associated with a two-dimensional vector . we can think of this as a ( multivariable ) vector-valued function , whose input is a point $ ( x , y ) $ in two-dimensional space , and whose output is a two-dimensional vector . | and is two outputs and two inputs a four dimensional thing ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | we can take a brief sidestep to get a feel for the expression $ y^2-y $ by looking at the graph of the single-variable function $ g ( y ) = y^2 - y $ . the expression factors as $ y ( y-1 ) $ , so its roots are at $ 0 $ and $ 1 $ . we also know it is an upward facing parabola since it is a quadratic with a positive fir... | in example 3 should n't the range [ 0,1 ] be called the domain ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | the expression factors as $ y ( y-1 ) $ , so its roots are at $ 0 $ and $ 1 $ . we also know it is an upward facing parabola since it is a quadratic with a positive first term , so we get this graph : this function is positive outside the range $ [ 0 , 1 ] $ , and slightly negative within it . now take a look again at ... | as this domain of y gives a negative range of g ( y ) ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | $ \begin { align } \quad f ( x , y ) = \left [ \begin { array } { c } 1\ y^2-y \end { array } \right ] \end { align } $ since $ x $ does not appear anywhere in the output , the vectors in our field will remain unchanged as we pan left and right ( why ? ) . the first component of all our vectors is always $ 1 $ , so all... | what means component ( from the triple-choise question ) and is there a difference between the second and third answer ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | $ \begin { align } \quad f ( x , y ) = \left [ \begin { array } { c } 1\ y^2-y \end { array } \right ] \end { align } $ since $ x $ does not appear anywhere in the output , the vectors in our field will remain unchanged as we pan left and right ( why ? ) . the first component of all our vectors is always $ 1 $ , so all... | for example 3 , why does the x-component of the vectors not stay the same as the input values and the y-components change ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | one way , common in math and physics , is to attach the velocity vector describing that object 's movement to the drawing . the length ( magnitude ) of the vector indicates the speed . the direction of the vector indicates which way the object is moving . | why does the magnitude of each vector stay the same ? |
background multivariable functions vectors vector notation : $ \hat { \textbf { i } } $ is the unit vector in the $ x $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { j } } $ is the unit vector in the $ y $ -direction $ \hat { \textbf { k } } $ is the unit vector in the $ z $ -direction what we 're building to a vector field associates... | $ \begin { align } \quad f ( x , y ) = \left [ \begin { array } { c } 1\ y^2-y \end { array } \right ] \end { align } $ since $ x $ does not appear anywhere in the output , the vectors in our field will remain unchanged as we pan left and right ( why ? ) . the first component of all our vectors is always $ 1 $ , so all... | is it just to simplify the graph so as not the vectors to run into each other ? |
old man ’ s cloth hangs like a large tapestry , but when we look closer , it 's easy to become captivated by the small metal fragments that comprise the work in hundreds . arranged within a shifting grid of stripes and blocks of color , the components form their own internal maps across the surface , melding into verti... | old man ’ s cloth hangs like a large tapestry , but when we look closer , it 's easy to become captivated by the small metal fragments that comprise the work in hundreds . arranged within a shifting grid of stripes and blocks of color , the components form their own internal maps across the surface , melding into verti... | my question to the reader : how do the choices of flat , metallic tabs and the golden color influence your experience of this piece of artwork ? |
old man ’ s cloth hangs like a large tapestry , but when we look closer , it 's easy to become captivated by the small metal fragments that comprise the work in hundreds . arranged within a shifting grid of stripes and blocks of color , the components form their own internal maps across the surface , melding into verti... | they made rum in the west indies , took it to liverpool , and then it made its way back to africa . i thought that the bottle caps had a strong reference to the history of africa . the luminescent gold colors also recall the colonial past of anatsui ’ s home country—modern ghana was previously a british colony called t... | was and is it thought of in similar regard in africa ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | if you 'd like to see this , check out the following articles : solving quadratics by factoring intro to simplifying rational expressions what 's next ? the next step in the factoring process involves learning how to factor monomials . you can learn about this in our next article . | why do we say that quotients can not be monomials ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | for example , since $ { 14 } =2\cdot 7 $ , we know that $ 2 $ and $ 7 $ are factors of $ { 14 } $ . one number is divisible by another number if the result of the division is an integer . for example , since $ \dfrac { { 15 } } { 3 } =5 $ and $ \dfrac { { 15 } } { 5 } =3 $ , then $ { 15 } $ is divisible by $ 3 $ and $ ... | does the coefficient have to be an integer ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | this means that $ { 2x } $ and $ { x+3 } $ are factors of $ { 2x^2+6x } $ . also , one polynomial is divisible by another polynomial if the quotient is also a polynomial . for example , since $ \dfrac { 6x^2 } { 3x } =2x $ and since $ \dfrac { 6x^2 } { 2x } =3x $ , then $ 6x^2 $ is divisible by $ 3x $ and $ 2x $ . | does n't that mean we can not accurately factorise any polynomial without knowing the precise value of the variable ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | in the other direction , since $ \dfrac { \goldd { 15 } } { \blued3 } =5 $ ( which means $ 15 $ is divisible by $ 3 $ ) , we know that $ \goldd { 15 } =\blued3\cdot 5 $ ( which means $ 3 $ is a factor of $ 15 $ ) . this is true in general : if $ a $ is a factor of $ b $ , then $ b $ is divisible by $ a $ , and vice ver... | can anyone show me a simpler example of ax ( times ) b=c , where a and b are factors of c ac is divisible by a and b ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | example 2 : is $ 4x^6 $ a factor of $ 32x^3 $ ? if $ 4x^6 $ is a factor of $ 32x^3 $ , then $ 32x^3 $ is divisible by $ 4x^6 $ . so let 's find and simplify $ \dfrac { 32x^3 } { 4x^6 } $ . | what is the difference between factor and divisible ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | when two or more polynomials are multiplied , we call each of these polynomials factors of the product . for example , we know that $ { 2x } ( { x+3 } ) = { 2x^2+6x } $ . this means that $ { 2x } $ and $ { x+3 } $ are factors of $ { 2x^2+6x } $ . | how can it be that 1/2x is n't a term ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | this is true in general : if $ a $ is a factor of $ b $ , then $ b $ is divisible by $ a $ , and vice versa . factors and divisibility in polynomials this knowledge can be applied to polynomials as well . when two or more polynomials are multiplied , we call each of these polynomials factors of the product . | if we are doing polynomials whats the difference between polynomials and monomials ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . | how does factorisation help us in our day to day life ? |
what we need to know for this lesson a monomial is an expression that is the product of constants and nonnegative integer powers of $ x $ , like $ 3x^2 $ . a polynomial is an expression that consists of a sum of monomials , like $ 3x^2+6x-1 $ . what we will learn in this lesson in this lesson , we will explore the rela... | for example , since $ \dfrac { 6x^2 } { 3x } =2x $ and since $ \dfrac { 6x^2 } { 2x } =3x $ , then $ 6x^2 $ is divisible by $ 3x $ and $ 2x $ . however , since $ \dfrac { 4x } { 2x^2 } =\dfrac { 2 } { x } $ , we know that $ 4x $ is not divisible by $ 2x^2 $ . the same relationship between factors and divisibility that ... | why is x^2+5x not a factor of x^2+5x+4 ? |
a gentleman architect in an undated note , thomas jefferson left clear instructions about what he wanted engraved upon his burial marker : here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statute of virginia for religious freedom father of the university of virginia jefferson e... | a gentleman architect in an undated note , thomas jefferson left clear instructions about what he wanted engraved upon his burial marker : here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statute of virginia for religious freedom father of the university of virginia jefferson e... | what is meant here by a `` gentleman architect '' ? |
a gentleman architect in an undated note , thomas jefferson left clear instructions about what he wanted engraved upon his burial marker : here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statute of virginia for religious freedom father of the university of virginia jefferson e... | over the next five years , that is , until september 1789 when jefferson returned to the united states to serve as secretary of state under newly elected president washington , jefferson had the opportunity to visit classical and neoclassical architecture in france . this time abroad had an enormous effect on jefferson... | did any of benjamin franklin 's architectural illustrations survive ? |
a gentleman architect in an undated note , thomas jefferson left clear instructions about what he wanted engraved upon his burial marker : here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statute of virginia for religious freedom father of the university of virginia jefferson e... | from this year until 1809 , jefferson diligently redesigned and rebuilt his home , creating in time one of the most recognized private homes in the history of the united states . in it , jefferson fully integrated the ideals of french neoclassical architecture for an american audience . in this later construction perio... | why is thomas jefferson considered to be the father of american architecture ? |
a gentleman architect in an undated note , thomas jefferson left clear instructions about what he wanted engraved upon his burial marker : here was buried thomas jefferson author of the declaration of american independence of the statute of virginia for religious freedom father of the university of virginia jefferson e... | in doing so , jefferson reinforced the symbolic nature of architecture . jefferson did not just design a building ; he designed a building that eloquently spoke to the democratic ideals of the united states . this is clearly seen in the virginia state capitol , in the rotunda at the university of virginia , and especia... | what are the neoclassical elements in this building ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | is n't the death of a child a sad and heartbreaking thing in any culture ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | located near the modern city of konya in south central turkey , it was inhabited 9000 years ago by up to 8000 people who lived together in a large town . çatalhöyük , across its history , witnesses the transition from exclusively hunting and gathering subsistence to increasing skill in plant and animal domestication . ... | is it possible that the use of animal parts was a way of honoring the animal or call it to the hunter ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | the volume and variety of art at çatalhöyük is immense and must be understood as a vital , functional part of the everyday lives of its ancient inhabitants . many figurines have been found at the site , the most famous of which illustrates a large woman seated on or between two large felines . the figurines , which ill... | pottery , household items , clothing ) have been found at the site ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | similar items were displayed in the chauvet cave ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | çatalhöyük had no streets or foot paths ; the houses were built right up against each other and the people who lived in them traveled over the town ’ s rooftops and entered their homes through holes in the roofs , climbing down a ladder . communal ovens were built above the homes of çatalhöyük and we can assume group a... | a bed dresser , storage space , sofa platform ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | it is also a site at which we see art , both painting and sculpture , appear to play a newly important role in the lives of settled people . çatalhöyük had no streets or foot paths ; the houses were built right up against each other and the people who lived in them traveled over the town ’ s rooftops and entered their ... | where is the ladder in the third picture ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | the volume and variety of art at çatalhöyük is immense and must be understood as a vital , functional part of the everyday lives of its ancient inhabitants . many figurines have been found at the site , the most famous of which illustrates a large woman seated on or between two large felines . the figurines , which ill... | in the picture of the seated woman , are the two cats armrests to a throne or chair ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | could this statue be that of a deity or a member of royalty ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | like at jericho , the deceased were placed under the floors or platforms in houses and sometimes the skulls were removed and plastered to resemble live faces . the burials at çatalhöyük show no significant variations , either based on wealth or gender ; the only bodies which were treated differently , decorated with be... | why did the some ancients decorated the died ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | wall reliefs are found at çatalhöyük with some frequency , most often representing animals , such as pairs of animals facing each other and human-like creatures . these latter reliefs , alternatively thought to be bears , goddesses or regular humans , are always represented splayed , with their heads , hands and feet r... | how long did it take them to build all of that [ it must have ] take [ n ] time to create something that big ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | was this a hittite civilization or pre-hittite ? |
çatalhöyük after the first excavations by james mellaart and his team ( photo : omar hoftun , cc : by-sa 3.0 ) çatalhöyük or çatal höyük ( pronounced `` cha-tal hay ook '' ) is not the oldest site of the neolithic era or the largest , but it is extremely important to the beginning of art . located near the modern city ... | in many houses the main room was decorated with several plastered skulls of bulls set into the walls ( most common on east or west walls ) or platforms , the pointed horns thrust out into the communal space . often the bucrania would be painted ochre red . in addition to these , the remains of other animals ’ skulls , ... | would the bucraina be similar to todays taxidermy used by modern hunters to decorate their homes and as trophies of hunting ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | a single piece of glass during the late 1400s glass windows in domestic interiors became ubiquitous , and small painted roundels like this one—a single piece of clear glass with vitreous paint and golden silver stain—became so popular that their production reached nearly industrial proportions by the 1520s . purchased... | where did this image of satan as a lizard like creature come from ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | but then you also have various ways in which the glass painter manipulated the layers of glass . you see the constant use of silver stain , or yellow stain . the yellow stain is applied to the back of the panel . | certainly people did not have interactions with all these sorts of creatures , but yet we see such imagery all over the place and i wonder where all of this came from ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | but then you also have various ways in which the glass painter manipulated the layers of glass . you see the constant use of silver stain , or yellow stain . the yellow stain is applied to the back of the panel . | what created the different shades of yellow following application of the silver stain ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | a single piece of glass during the late 1400s glass windows in domestic interiors became ubiquitous , and small painted roundels like this one—a single piece of clear glass with vitreous paint and golden silver stain—became so popular that their production reached nearly industrial proportions by the 1520s . purchased... | like tiffany or in frank lloyd wrights buildings ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | among the most famous of these is in reims cathedral , from which this arresting lunette ( a half moon–shape ) originally came . the seraph , one of the six-winged angels that were thought to stand in the presence of god , is frighteningly formal , with thick strokes of black vitreous paint used to render its commandin... | i was curious , what are the thick black lines in the image ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | typical of such panels , it is colorful , light , and humorous . large-scale stained glass the production of large-scale stained-glass windows for churches flourished in europe during the renaissance . these two monumental examples ( left ) probably once decorated a chapel . | were stained glass windows only put in churches during this period ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | they are made partly of colored glass , which you see from the rich robes of st. john the evangelist and the virgin . this red glass and blue glass would be a consistent color throughout . but then you also have various ways in which the glass painter manipulated the layers of glass . you see the constant use of silver... | did n't stain glass in churches just serve to make the building darker , essentially preventing churchgoers from seeing what was going on ? |
the virgin and saint john , from a crucifixion , german , c. 1420 , dark brown vitreous paint , colored pot metal and clear glass , silver stain , h : 58.5 x w : 50 x d : 1 cm ( 23 1/16 x 19 11/16 x 3/8 in . ) each ( j. paul getty museum , 2003.35 ) during the gothic period and the renaissance ( 1100s–1500s ) stained g... | one of the most widespread forms of painting , stained glass inspired the lives of the faithful through religious narratives in churches and cloisters , celebrated family and political ties in city halls , and even decorated the windows of private houses . why is it called stained glass ? the term stained glass derives... | how were medieval stained glass makers named ? |
overview during the gilded age , politics were riddled with corruption as presidents awarded government positions to political supporters through the patronage or spoils system . although several presidents made limited efforts toward reforming the spoils system , it was not until disappointed office-seeker charles gui... | the loss of his meager public support due to the compromise of 1877 and a declining congressional faction together sealed hayes fate and made his reelection impossible . an assassin 's bullet sets the stage for civil service reform in the wake of president hayes ’ failure , the republican factions began to battle over ... | who gave the assassin his objective ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | second , viruses with different segments ( kind of like tiny chromosomes ) can swap some of those segments , a process called reassortment . $ ^ { 2,3 } $ recombination and influenza ( `` the flu '' ) influenza ( `` flu '' ) viruses are masters of reassortment . they have eight rna segments , each carrying one or a few... | what would happen if 3 viruses combined ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | in some cases , the viruses in a population—such as all the flu viruses in a geographical region , or all the different hiv particles in a patient 's body—may evolve by natural selection . heritable traits that help a virus reproduce ( such as high infectivity for influenza , or drug resistance for hiv ) will tend to g... | how does the influenza virus affect the human body ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | most dna viruses copy their genetic material using enzymes from the host cell , called dna polymerases , which “ proofread '' ( catch and fix mistakes as they go ) . rna viruses instead use enzymes called rna polymerases , which do n't proofread and thus make many more mistakes. $ ^9 $ case study : hiv drug resistance ... | in relation to the section , case study : hiv , why do vaccines for viral infections/viruses become ineffective over time ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | an example is the evolution of drug resistance in hiv . introduction have you ever wondered why a different strain of flu virus comes around every year ? or how hiv , the virus that causes aids , can become drug-resistant ? | is it because as viruses mutate , antigens develop on their surfaces which are different to the original antigens on the virus before mutation , and hence require the production of different antibodies to be granted immunity against the new , mutated virus ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | mixing it up : recombination before we looks specifically at the flu , let 's examine how viruses swap dna and rna in a process called recombination . recombination usually happens when two viruses have infected the same cell at the same time . since both viruses are using the cell to crank out more virus particles , t... | what happens if the cell is already infected by a virus and then another virus comes along and try 's to infect the already infected cell ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . | i know this will most likely be impossible but is it possible for a virus to evolve rapidly enough to spread and wipe out life on earth , i mean the h1n1 pandemic looked bad enough right ? |
key points : viruses undergo evolution and natural selection , just like cell-based life , and most of them evolve rapidly . when two viruses infect a cell at the same time , they may swap genetic material to make new , `` mixed '' viruses with unique properties . for example , flu strains can arise this way . rna viru... | introduction have you ever wondered why a different strain of flu virus comes around every year ? or how hiv , the virus that causes aids , can become drug-resistant ? the short answer to these questions is that viruses evolve . that is , the `` gene pool '' of a virus population can change over time . | what causes the virus evolve ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | the extra substrate makes the substrate molecules abundant enough to consistently “ beat ” the inhibitor molecules to the enzyme . with a noncompetitive inhibitor , the reaction can never reach its normal $ v_ { max } $ , regardless of how much substrate we add . a subset of the enzyme molecules will always be “ poison... | `` conversely , for a competitive inhibitor , the reaction gets never reaches its normal v { max } '' it 's noncompetitve right ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | noncompetitive inhibitors don ’ t prevent the substrate from binding to the enzyme . in fact , the inhibitor and substrate do n't affect one another 's binding to the enzyme at all . however , when the inhibitor is bound , the enzyme can not catalyze its reaction to produce a product . | `` an uncompetitive inhibitor reduces vmax , but increases the apparent km '' ... does n't the uncompetitive inhibitor bind to the enzyme and enhancing its binding to the substrate ( higher affinity means lower km ) ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | this maximum rate of reaction is characteristic of a particular enzyme at a particular concentration and is known as the maximum velocity , or $ v_ { max } $ . $ v_ { max } $ is the y-value ( initial rate of reaction value ) at which the graph above plateaus . the substrate concentration that gives you a rate that is h... | the curve approaches the vmax asympotically and it never reaches or touches it.. then how can we fix the vmax value ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | with a noncompetitive inhibitor , the reaction can never reach its normal $ v_ { max } $ , regardless of how much substrate we add . a subset of the enzyme molecules will always be “ poisoned ” by the inhibitor , so the effective concentration of enzyme ( which determines $ v_ { max } $ ) is reduced . however , the rea... | can someone please clarify why km is always the same ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | however , the reaction reaches half of its new $ v_ { max } $ at the same substrate concentration , so $ k_m $ is unchanged . the unchanged $ k_m $ reflects that the inhibitor does n't affect binding of enzyme to substrate , just lowers the concentration of usable enzyme . michaelis-menten and allosteric enzymes many e... | if i were to add more enzyme vmax would increase and since km is just 1/2 of vmax , would n't km increase as well ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | noncompetitive inhibitors don ’ t prevent the substrate from binding to the enzyme . in fact , the inhibitor and substrate do n't affect one another 's binding to the enzyme at all . however , when the inhibitor is bound , the enzyme can not catalyze its reaction to produce a product . thus , noncompetitive inhibition ... | but if it binds permanently , like an irreversible inhibitor , would n't the number of enzymes available decrease , thus making it a noncompetitive inhibitor ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | unlike $ v_ { max } $ , which depends on enzyme concentration , $ k_m $ is always the same for a particular enzyme characterizing a given reaction ( although the `` apparent , '' or experimentally measured , $ k_m $ can be altered by inhibitors , as discussed below ) . enzyme kinetics graphs and inhibitors now , what a... | if non competitive inhibitors reduces vmax , how come km remains constant ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | if we wanted to show the effects of these inhibitors on a graph like the one above , we could repeat our whole experiment two more times : once with a certain amount of competitive inhibitor added to each test reaction , and once with a certain amount of noncompetitive inhibitor added instead . we would get results as ... | in regards to competitive inhibition , would it not also take a longer time to reach the vmax ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | the information from these experiments is often presented in the form of graphs , so we ’ ll spend a little time here discussing how the graphs are made ( and how to read them to get the most out of them ) . basic enzyme kinetics graphs graphs like the one shown below ( graphing reaction rate as a function of substrate... | according to the aamc ( practice questions ) : traditional m-m kinetics describes a hyperbolic dependance of v0 on substrate ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | unlike $ v_ { max } $ , which depends on enzyme concentration , $ k_m $ is always the same for a particular enzyme characterizing a given reaction ( although the `` apparent , '' or experimentally measured , $ k_m $ can be altered by inhibitors , as discussed below ) . enzyme kinetics graphs and inhibitors now , what a... | can i reffer to noncompetitive inhibitors as `` competitive-allosteric inhibitors '' or event as `` allosteric inhibitors '' ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | now , let ’ s say you ’ ve found your $ v_0 $ values for all your concentrations of interest . you can then plot each substrate concentration its $ v_0 $ as an ( x , y ) pair . once you ’ ve plotted all your ( x , y ) pairs for different concentrations , you can connect the dots with a best-fit curve to get a graph . f... | in the third graph , are there any explanations why the green and the purple curve meet at the same y ( vmax at the end ) at the same concentration ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | this maximum rate of reaction is characteristic of a particular enzyme at a particular concentration and is known as the maximum velocity , or $ v_ { max } $ . $ v_ { max } $ is the y-value ( initial rate of reaction value ) at which the graph above plateaus . the substrate concentration that gives you a rate that is h... | is the rate of product formation faster or slower in this later , curved line region compared to the initial linear region and why ? |
introduction let ’ s imagine that you ’ re in the market for a sports car . what might you want to know about your various options ( ferrari , porsche , jaguar , etc . ) to decide which one is best ? one obvious factor would be how fast the car can go when you floor it . but you might also want more fine-grained inform... | competitive inhibition acts by decreasing the number of enzyme molecules available to bind the substrate . noncompetitive inhibitors don ’ t prevent the substrate from binding to the enzyme . in fact , the inhibitor and substrate do n't affect one another 's binding to the enzyme at all . | in the article , it says that noncompetitive inhibitors will not prevent substrate from binding with the enzymes , but should n't that be uncompetitive inhibitors ? |
genes are stored deep inside a cell , in a locked room called the nucleus . ribosomes , the machines that assemble proteins , live outside the nucleus , floating around in a soup of chemicals called the cytosol . this spatial separation presents a logistical hurdle for the cell . a ribosome needs the instructions in a ... | many call the mrna transcript that still contains introns pre-mrna , and the intron-free transcript that the spliceosome produces primary mrna ( also called “ mature mrna ” by some authors ) . think of intron splicing in terms of our restaurant analogy . the recipes in the big book may contain extraneous information , ... | do you think you could add on to the restaurant analogy for ebola ? |
genes are stored deep inside a cell , in a locked room called the nucleus . ribosomes , the machines that assemble proteins , live outside the nucleus , floating around in a soup of chemicals called the cytosol . this spatial separation presents a logistical hurdle for the cell . a ribosome needs the instructions in a ... | protection during this phase , nucleotide sequences are added to each end of the mrna transcript to protect it from degradation that can occur outside of the nucleus . the 5 ’ end of a single g nucleotide is attached to the 5 ’ end of the transcript . this is called the 5 ’ cap . at the 3 ’ end of the transcript , a lo... | the 5'cap g is different than a regular g found in the dna or mrna , right ? |
genes are stored deep inside a cell , in a locked room called the nucleus . ribosomes , the machines that assemble proteins , live outside the nucleus , floating around in a soup of chemicals called the cytosol . this spatial separation presents a logistical hurdle for the cell . a ribosome needs the instructions in a ... | in contrast to introns , exons are the part of an mrna transcript that actually contain assembly instructions for a protein . many call the mrna transcript that still contains introns pre-mrna , and the intron-free transcript that the spliceosome produces primary mrna ( also called “ mature mrna ” by some authors ) . t... | in the mrna processing , does the slicing of pre-mrna goes before the protection phase , or the other way around ? |
genes are stored deep inside a cell , in a locked room called the nucleus . ribosomes , the machines that assemble proteins , live outside the nucleus , floating around in a soup of chemicals called the cytosol . this spatial separation presents a logistical hurdle for the cell . a ribosome needs the instructions in a ... | the 3x5 card , with the recipe written on it , is analogous to a messenger rna transcript ( mrna transcript , for short ) . an mrna transcript is a single strand of rna that encapsulate the information contained in a gene . think of an mrna transcript as a portable gene : smaller and more mobile than the dna sequence t... | do the transcription termination of a gene `` passe '' in the pre m rna/ ? |
can a 25,000-year-old object be a work of art ? the artifact known as the venus of willendorf dates to between 24,000-22,000 b.c.e. , making it one of the oldest and most famous surviving works of art . but what does it mean to be a work of art ? the oxford english dictionary , perhaps the authority on the english lang... | this small scale was very deliberate and allowed whoever carved ( or , perhaps owned ) this figurine to carry it during their nearly daily nomadic travels in search of food . naming and dating clearly , the paleolithic sculptor who made this small figurine would never have named it the venus of willendorf . venus was t... | what role would carbon dating play if any with finding this artififacts age ? |
can a 25,000-year-old object be a work of art ? the artifact known as the venus of willendorf dates to between 24,000-22,000 b.c.e. , making it one of the oldest and most famous surviving works of art . but what does it mean to be a work of art ? the oxford english dictionary , perhaps the authority on the english lang... | as such , these figurines were significant enough to take along during the nomadic wanderings of their paleolithic creators . the venus of willendorf is a perfect example of this . josef szombathy , an austro-hungarian archaeologist , discovered this work in 1908 outside the small austrian village of willendorf . | here 's a thought ... could the venus of willendorf 's odd head be a simple calendar -- the rings representing the months & tick marks representing the days , to indicate the nine months of pregnancy ? |
can a 25,000-year-old object be a work of art ? the artifact known as the venus of willendorf dates to between 24,000-22,000 b.c.e. , making it one of the oldest and most famous surviving works of art . but what does it mean to be a work of art ? the oxford english dictionary , perhaps the authority on the english lang... | artifact , then , is anything created by humankind , and art is a particular kind of artifact , a group of objects under the broad umbrella of artifact , in which beauty has been achieved through the application of skills . think of the average plastic spoon : a uniform white color , mass produced , and unremarkable in... | would this be possible in any way or am i using my own socialised sense of humour to apply false meaning ? |
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