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on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
sometimes when the three objects line up we get an eclipse . when the moon is between the sun and the earth during the new moon phase , we can get a solar eclipse ( see figure 1 below ) . it seems like we should get a solar eclipse every month , but we do n't .
when the moon rotates does it move further out each year ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
check out the images below . can i look directly at the solar eclipse ? never look directly at the sun .
is it safe to look at the lunar eclipse ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
check out the images below . can i look directly at the solar eclipse ? never look directly at the sun .
is there any other way to look at the solor eclipse without the glasses ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
never ! doing so will cause blindness . however , you may view the solar eclipse using special solar eclipse glasses or by making a solar eclipse viewer yourself at home . check for recommendations from nasa .
is it okay to close your eyes and adjust your head so that it 's facing a partial eclipse without special glasses , or will that cause blindness , too ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
doing so will cause blindness . however , you may view the solar eclipse using special solar eclipse glasses or by making a solar eclipse viewer yourself at home . check for recommendations from nasa .
will i be able to see this solar eclipse from the uk ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
can i look directly at the solar eclipse ? never look directly at the sun . never .
what happens if you stack polarized lens ( lets say more than 5 ) on top of each other and look at the sun ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
doing so will cause blindness . however , you may view the solar eclipse using special solar eclipse glasses or by making a solar eclipse viewer yourself at home . check for recommendations from nasa .
how often does each type of solar eclipse happen ?
on august 21 , 2017 , the mainland united states will experience an event that hasn ’ t happened across the entire country in about a century - a total solar eclipse ! a solar eclipse is one of the most spectacular events you can ever see . the sky goes dark , and the stars come out just like it is nighttime . ancient ...
doing so will cause blindness . however , you may view the solar eclipse using special solar eclipse glasses or by making a solar eclipse viewer yourself at home . check for recommendations from nasa .
how often does a full solar eclipse happen ?
introduction in this article we take an intuitive look at the natural response of a resistor-inductor-capacitor circuit $ ( \text { rlc ) } $ . this is the last circuit we 'll analyze with the full differential equation treatment , which we will do in two follow-on articles . the $ \text { rlc } $ circuit is representa...
over at the inductor there is a current flowing , even though the voltage is at or near $ 0 $ . the energy stored in the inductor 's magnetic field tends to keep the current flowing . ( current does not abruptly drop to $ 0 $ when the inductor voltage reaches $ 0 $ .
i 'm tempted to presume that if the circuit was made up of real-world components , some energy would be lost as heat in the inductor as well , as the energy alternates between being stored in the magnetic field and being used to direct charge ; is this correct ?
introduction in this article we take an intuitive look at the natural response of a resistor-inductor-capacitor circuit $ ( \text { rlc ) } $ . this is the last circuit we 'll analyze with the full differential equation treatment , which we will do in two follow-on articles . the $ \text { rlc } $ circuit is representa...
if we place a starting charge on the capacitor and then close the switch , that charge will slosh back and forth from one plate of the capacitor to the other , passing through the inductor and resistor in both directions . each cycle of oscillation will be a little less than the previous , because energy is lost when t...
what percentage of energy is lost during a given transition ) ?
the group of artists known as abstract expressionists emerged in the united states in the years following world war ii . as the term suggests , their work was characterized by non-objective imagery that appeared emotionally charged with personal meaning . the artists , however , rejected these implications of the name ...
barnet newman , an artist associated with the movement , wrote : `` we felt the moral crisis of a world in shambles , a world destroyed by a great depression and a fierce world war , and it was impossible at that time to paint the kind of paintings that we were doing—flowers , reclining nudes , and people playing the c...
what was so different about this era that made early `` pioneer 's '' styles so impossible to study and successfully replicate ?
the group of artists known as abstract expressionists emerged in the united states in the years following world war ii . as the term suggests , their work was characterized by non-objective imagery that appeared emotionally charged with personal meaning . the artists , however , rejected these implications of the name ...
for artists like rothko , these images were meant to encourage meditation and personal reflection . adolph gottlieb , writing with rothko and newman in 1943 , explained , “ we favor the simple expression of the complex thought. ” ** barnett newman ’ s vir , heroicus , sublimis illustrates this lofty goal . in this pain...
why was pollock and newman important for this movement ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
we may overwrite the grayed numbers at will . next , we merge the two sorted subarrays , now in lowhalf and highhalf , back into array [ p..r ] . we should put the smallest value in either of the two subarrays into array [ p ] .
would the efficiency or complexity be any different if we did not use `` temporary arrays '' , but instead simply : - insertion sort the already-sorted lowhalf into the already-sorted highhalf ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible .
is the condition of the while loops right ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
here is my `` merge '' function ... how can i get step 1 to mark complete ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible .
what should the for loop condition be ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
once one of lowhalf and highhalf has had all its elements copied back into array , copy each remaining untaken element from the other temporary array back into array . how many lines of code do we need to execute for each of these steps ? it 's a constant number per element .
final code returns correct results but khan site will not grade or advance ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
how to write a function to run in linear time and use node to perform the above merge sort ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
as long as some elements are untaken in both lowhalf and highhalf , compare the first two untaken elements and copy the smaller one back into array . once one of lowhalf and highhalf has had all its elements copied back into array , copy each remaining untaken element from the other temporary array back into array . ho...
why do we use three separate while loops instead of condensing the code to finish off the array once one sub-array has been exhausted inside the first while loop ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible .
is there anything anyone can do to suggest a fix ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
we have to examine each of the elements in order to merge them together , and so the best we can hope for would be a merging time of $ \theta ( n ) $ . indeed , we 'll see how to merge a total of $ n $ elements in $ \theta ( n ) $ time . in order to merge the sorted subarrays array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] and hav...
hey , i have an issue that 's driving me insane , i have finished the challenge and got it right , but i still ca n't fully wrap my head around how the implementation works , i know how merge sort works but the implementation of it using recursion is literally driving me nuts , i just ca n't seem to know what 's going ...
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
we may overwrite the grayed numbers at will . next , we merge the two sorted subarrays , now in lowhalf and highhalf , back into array [ p..r ] . we should put the smallest value in either of the two subarrays into array [ p ] .
in step two : why does the code works only with lower half and upper half sorted ?
the remaining piece of merge sort is the merge function , which merges two adjacent sorted subarrays , array [ p..q ] and array [ q+1..r ] into a single sorted subarray in array [ p..r ] . we 'll see how to construct this function so that it 's as efficient as possible . let 's say that the two subarrays have a total o...
where must the next value to copy back into array reside ? it 's either first untaken element in lowhalf ( lowhalf [ 0 ] ) or the first untaken element in highhalf ( highhalf [ 1 ] ) . with one comparison , we determine that lowhalf [ 0 ] is smaller , and so we copy it into array [ k ] and increment k and i : next , we...
it says that the first while loop is taking too long to run , but i 'm not sure of any other way of writing the parameters ?
siena : a city overlooked ? for centuries , siena ’ s role in the history of european art was underappreciated . this is partly because its moment of greatest influence occurred just before the renaissance , a period commonly associated with the nearby city of florence ( both florence and siena were independent city-st...
siena : a city overlooked ? for centuries , siena ’ s role in the history of european art was underappreciated .
according to the met 's online essay on painting in siena , which statement is not true of duccio 's maesta ?
siena : a city overlooked ? for centuries , siena ’ s role in the history of european art was underappreciated . this is partly because its moment of greatest influence occurred just before the renaissance , a period commonly associated with the nearby city of florence ( both florence and siena were independent city-st...
building on the legacy of duccio , simone was also influenced by the elongated , swaying figures and elaborate architectural forms of northern european art . on the other hand , his paintings show a bit more of the kind of careful observation of the world around him that we might associate with giotto , the leading flo...
zucker and harris , which statement is not true of giotto 's paintings in the arena chapel ?
key points homeotic genes are master regulator genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structures . when homeotic genes are overactivated or inactivated by mutations , body structures may develop in the wrong place—sometimes dramatically so ! most animal homeotic genes encode transcription fact...
when homeotic genes are overactivated or inactivated by mutations , body structures may develop in the wrong place—sometimes dramatically so ! most animal homeotic genes encode transcription factor proteins that contain a region called the homeodomain and are called hox genes . hox genes are turned on by a cascade of r...
what are the similarities between animal and plant homeotic genes ?
key points homeotic genes are master regulator genes that direct the development of particular body segments or structures . when homeotic genes are overactivated or inactivated by mutations , body structures may develop in the wrong place—sometimes dramatically so ! most animal homeotic genes encode transcription fact...
this type of mutation causes legs to grow from the fly 's head in place of antennae ! in other words , the gene activates its normal , second-segment leg development program , but in the wrong part of the fly. $ ^1 $ another fly homeotic gene with dramatic effects is the ultrabithorax gene . this gene is expressed stro...
what does it mean to duplicate a gene ?
the so-called maison carrée or “ square house ” is an ancient roman temple located in nîmes in southern france . nîmes was founded as a roman colony ( colonia nemausus ) during the first century b.c.e . the maison carrée is an extremely well preserved ancient roman building and represents a nearly textbook example of a...
while not especially common within italy during the time of the iulio-claudians , the worship of the emperor and the imperial family was more commonplace in the provinces of the roman empire . the late first century b.c.e . temple of augustus and livia located in vienne , france ( an ancient settlement of the allobroge...
approximately what period was the `` c '' in latin pronounced like an `` s '' ?
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform . he was clearly keen to project the image of an ever-ready soldier , but other conclusions have been drawn from his...
he built defensive barriers in germany and northern africa . rome ’ s first emperor , augustus ( reigned 27 b.c.e.– 14 c.e . ) , had also suffered severe military setbacks , and took the decision to stop expanding the empire .
why are you choosing to use the terms b.c.e and c.e instead of bc and ad ?
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform . he was clearly keen to project the image of an ever-ready soldier , but other conclusions have been drawn from his...
hadrian 's travels hadrian is also famous as the emperor who built the eighty-mile-long wall across britain , from the solway firth to the river tyne at wallsend : `` to separate the barbarians from the romans '' in the words of his biographer . this head comes from a statue of hadrian that probably stood in roman lond...
where was the statue of hadrian ( from which the bronze head came ) ?
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform . he was clearly keen to project the image of an ever-ready soldier , but other conclusions have been drawn from his...
this influenced fashion and such representations can assist the modern archaeologist and art-historian . for example , beards became fashionable after the accession of hadrian , and the hairstyles of empresses and other imperial women may be seen in private portraiture and decorative art , even in remote provinces such...
why is there the hairstyles of women changed but it never said who changed it ?
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform . he was clearly keen to project the image of an ever-ready soldier , but other conclusions have been drawn from his...
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform .
how do we know that this torso from cyrene at the picture belongs to hadrian ?
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform . he was clearly keen to project the image of an ever-ready soldier , but other conclusions have been drawn from his...
hadrian ( reigned 117-138 c.e . ) , once a tribune ( staff officer ) in three different legions of the roman army and commander of a legion in one of trajan ’ s wars , was often shown in military uniform .
why does such an old artifact have an impact on society today ?
imperial patronage worship and power struggles , enlightenment and suicide—the 2300 caves and niches filled with buddhist art at longmen in china has witnessed it all . the steep limestone cliffs extend for almost a mile and contain approximately 110,000 buddhist stone statues , 60 stupas ( hemispherical structures con...
the style of the reliefs may be inspired by secular painting , since the figures all appear very gracious and solemn.they are clad in chinese court robes and look genuinely chinese—mission accomplished for the northern wei ! tang dynasty the tang dynasty ( 618–907 c.e . ) is considered the age of `` international buddh...
during the tang dynasty when statues were made in the longmen caves , did the artists convert to buddhism or born into it ?
imperial patronage worship and power struggles , enlightenment and suicide—the 2300 caves and niches filled with buddhist art at longmen in china has witnessed it all . the steep limestone cliffs extend for almost a mile and contain approximately 110,000 buddhist stone statues , 60 stupas ( hemispherical structures con...
the style of the reliefs may be inspired by secular painting , since the figures all appear very gracious and solemn.they are clad in chinese court robes and look genuinely chinese—mission accomplished for the northern wei ! tang dynasty the tang dynasty ( 618–907 c.e . ) is considered the age of `` international buddh...
and why did they make statues in these caves during the tang dynasty ?
imperial patronage worship and power struggles , enlightenment and suicide—the 2300 caves and niches filled with buddhist art at longmen in china has witnessed it all . the steep limestone cliffs extend for almost a mile and contain approximately 110,000 buddhist stone statues , 60 stupas ( hemispherical structures con...
across from the entry is the most significant devotional grouping—a pentad ( five figures—see image above ) . the central buddha , seated on a lion throne , is generally identified as shakyamuni ( the historical buddha ) , although some scholars identify him as maitreya ( the buddha of the future ) based on the `` givi...
why did they choose to carve the buddha statues and temples on the cliffs instead of just build them flat ground ?
imperial patronage worship and power struggles , enlightenment and suicide—the 2300 caves and niches filled with buddhist art at longmen in china has witnessed it all . the steep limestone cliffs extend for almost a mile and contain approximately 110,000 buddhist stone statues , 60 stupas ( hemispherical structures con...
in contrast to the northern wei style seen on the pentad , the sinuous and dynamic surface decoration displays chinese style . the northern wei craftsmen were able to marry two different aesthetics in one cave temple . two relief carvings of imperial processions once flanked the doorway of the cave entrance .
could someone please explain to me the different types of buddhas the essay mentions ?
imperial patronage worship and power struggles , enlightenment and suicide—the 2300 caves and niches filled with buddhist art at longmen in china has witnessed it all . the steep limestone cliffs extend for almost a mile and contain approximately 110,000 buddhist stone statues , 60 stupas ( hemispherical structures con...
the centers of buddhism in china were invigorated by these travels , and important developments in buddhist thought and practice originated in china at this time . fengxian temple this imposing group of nine monumental images carved into the hard , gray limestone of fengxian temple at longmen is a spectacular display o...
in the fengxian temple , longmen grottos , was there a specific reason why the statues were carved into ( the ) rock ?
portraits were once rare we live in a culture that is so saturated with images , it may be difficult to imagine a time when only the wealthiest people had their likeness captured . the weathy merchants of renaissance florence could commission a portrait , but even they would likely only have a single portrait painted d...
the background had been painted over , but when the painting was cleaned , scientific analysis revealed that the copy was likely painted by another artist who sat beside leonardo and copied his work , brush-stroke by brush-stroke . the copy gives us an idea of what the mona lisa might look like if layers of yellowed va...
why does moana lisa have no eye brows ?
portraits were once rare we live in a culture that is so saturated with images , it may be difficult to imagine a time when only the wealthiest people had their likeness captured . the weathy merchants of renaissance florence could commission a portrait , but even they would likely only have a single portrait painted d...
the background had been painted over , but when the painting was cleaned , scientific analysis revealed that the copy was likely painted by another artist who sat beside leonardo and copied his work , brush-stroke by brush-stroke . the copy gives us an idea of what the mona lisa might look like if layers of yellowed va...
why does mona lisa 's eyes look dreary when they put the filter on the painting ?
portraits were once rare we live in a culture that is so saturated with images , it may be difficult to imagine a time when only the wealthiest people had their likeness captured . the weathy merchants of renaissance florence could commission a portrait , but even they would likely only have a single portrait painted d...
in addition , portraits generally took a long time to paint , and the subject would commonly have to sit for hours or days , while the artist captured their likeness . the most recognized painting in the world the mona lisa was originally this type of portrait , but over time its meaning has shifted and it has become a...
why such detail is there in the painting of the net over the face ?
portraits were once rare we live in a culture that is so saturated with images , it may be difficult to imagine a time when only the wealthiest people had their likeness captured . the weathy merchants of renaissance florence could commission a portrait , but even they would likely only have a single portrait painted d...
portraits were once rare we live in a culture that is so saturated with images , it may be difficult to imagine a time when only the wealthiest people had their likeness captured . the weathy merchants of renaissance florence could commission a portrait , but even they would likely only have a single portrait painted d...
what is the significance of the net historically ?
overview gold , silver , and furs attracted european exploration , colonization , and competition in the new world . rivalries between european nations were often rooted in religious or political feuds taking place in europe , yet these tensions played out in the theater of the new world . the spanish lost their strong...
determined to imperil protestantism , king philip of spain assembled a massive force of over thirty thousand men and 130 ships , and sent this giant navy , known as the spanish armada , towards england and holland . but the skilled english navy and a maritime storm destroyed the fleet in 1588 . the defeat of the spanis...
where there burn marks , destroyed buildings , dead bodies , anything ?
overview gold , silver , and furs attracted european exploration , colonization , and competition in the new world . rivalries between european nations were often rooted in religious or political feuds taking place in europe , yet these tensions played out in the theater of the new world . the spanish lost their strong...
overview gold , silver , and furs attracted european exploration , colonization , and competition in the new world . rivalries between european nations were often rooted in religious or political feuds taking place in europe , yet these tensions played out in the theater of the new world .
who was the animal skinners who that traded animal skin for other things ?
overview gold , silver , and furs attracted european exploration , colonization , and competition in the new world . rivalries between european nations were often rooted in religious or political feuds taking place in europe , yet these tensions played out in the theater of the new world . the spanish lost their strong...
cabot sailed from england that year and explored maine and nova scotia . thereafter , english fishermen routinely crossed the atlantic to fish the rich waters off the east coast . however , english colonization efforts in the 1500s were closer to home , as england devoted its energy to the colonization of ireland .
what did the fishermen catch in the rich waters ?
key points carbon is an essential element in the bodies of living organisms . it is also economically important to modern humans , in the form of fossil fuels . carbon dioxide— $ \text { co } _2 $ —from the atmosphere is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and used to make organic molecules , which travel through food...
this increase in $ \text { co } _2 $ levels affects earth 's climate and is a major environmental concern worldwide . let 's take a look at the carbon cycle and see how atmospheric $ \text { co } _2 $ and carbon use by living organisms fit into the bigger picture of carbon cycling . the carbon cycle the carbon cycle is...
what changes in the state of a carbon atom when i travels through the carbon cycle ?
key points carbon is an essential element in the bodies of living organisms . it is also economically important to modern humans , in the form of fossil fuels . carbon dioxide— $ \text { co } _2 $ —from the atmosphere is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and used to make organic molecules , which travel through food...
longterm storage of organic carbon occurs when matter from living organisms is buried deep underground or sinks to the bottom of the ocean and forms sedimentary rock . volcanic activity and , more recently , human burning of fossil fuels bring this stored carbon back into the carbon cycle . although the formation of fo...
does the carbon cycle happen in human bones ?
key points carbon is an essential element in the bodies of living organisms . it is also economically important to modern humans , in the form of fossil fuels . carbon dioxide— $ \text { co } _2 $ —from the atmosphere is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and used to make organic molecules , which travel through food...
when in the atmosphere , it traps heat and keeps it from radiating into space . based on extensive evidence , scientists think that elevated levels of $ \text { co } _2 $ and other greenhouse gases are causing pronounced changes in earth 's climate . without decisive changes to reduce emissions , earth 's temperature i...
where can i find mathematical evidence that matter is recycled in ecosystem ?
key points carbon is an essential element in the bodies of living organisms . it is also economically important to modern humans , in the form of fossil fuels . carbon dioxide— $ \text { co } _2 $ —from the atmosphere is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and used to make organic molecules , which travel through food...
the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is influenced by the reservoir of carbon in the oceans and vice versa . carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in water and reacts with water molecules in the following reactions : $ \text { co } _2 + \text h_2\text o \ : \ : \rightleftharpoons \ : \ : \text h_2\text ...
what is the current state of the carbonate budget ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
they then measured the density of the dna ( and , indirectly , its $ ^ { 15 } \text n $ and $ ^ { 14 } \text n $ content ) using density gradient centrifugation . this method separates molecules such as dna into bands by spinning them at high speeds in the presence of another molecule , such as cesium chloride , that f...
why is cesium chloride used ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
after many generations growing in the $ ^ { 15 } \text n $ medium , the nitrogenous bases of the bacteria 's dna were all labeled with heavy $ ^ { 15 } \text n $ . then , the bacteria were switched to medium containing a `` light '' $ ^ { 14 } \text n $ isotope and allowed to grow for several generations . dna made aft...
what would have happened if they grew the bacteria in the light isotope and then introduced it to the heavy isotope ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
then , the bacteria were switched to medium containing a `` light '' $ ^ { 14 } \text n $ isotope and allowed to grow for several generations . dna made after the switch would have to be made up of $ ^ { 14 } \text n $ , as this would have been the only nitrogen available for dna synthesis . meselson and stahl knew how...
what would the vial layers and densities look like ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
dispersive replication . in the dispersive model , dna replication results in two dna molecules that are mixtures , or “ hybrids , ” of parental and daughter dna . in this model , each individual strand is a patchwork of original and new dna .
if most of the dna contains 14n in its 'normal ' state , why not just remove the small amount of dna containing 15n ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
what burning questions might be on your mind , and on the minds of other scientists ? one big question concerned dna replication . the structure of the dna double helix provided a tantalizing hint about how copying might take place $ ^ { 1,2 } $ .
what does `` one round of replication '' mean ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
spoiler alert : the answer is yes ! in this article , we 'll look at a famous experiment , sometimes called `` the most beautiful experiment in biology , '' that established the basic mechanism of dna replication as semi-conservative—that is , as producing dna molecules containing one new and one old strand $ ^3 $ . th...
why nitrogen only uses for this experiment ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
dispersive replication . in the dispersive model , dna replication results in two dna molecules that are mixtures , or “ hybrids , ” of parental and daughter dna . in this model , each individual strand is a patchwork of original and new dna .
what do you mean by `` dna from the first four generations '' ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
dispersive replication . in the dispersive model , dna replication results in two dna molecules that are mixtures , or “ hybrids , ” of parental and daughter dna . in this model , each individual strand is a patchwork of original and new dna .
how to calculate density of a dna ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
conservative replication . in this model , dna replication results in one molecule that consists of both original dna strands ( identical to the original dna molecule ) and another molecule that consists of two new strands ( with exactly the same sequences as the original molecule ) . dispersive replication .
is n't it necessary that every new dna molecule would have half part of the older one and half the copy ?
key points : there were three models for how organisms might replicate their dna : semi-conservative , conservative , and dispersive . the semi-conservative model , in which each strand of dna serves as a template to make a new , complementary strand , seemed most likely based on dna 's structure . the models were test...
results of the experiment when dna from the first four generations of e. coli was analyzed , it produced the pattern of bands shown in the figure below : what did this result tell meselson and stahl ? let 's walk through the first few generations , which provide the key information . generation 0 dna isolated from cell...
could you give the ratios for n14 , n15-n15 , and n15 for generations 0-4 ?
this article includes a lot of function composition . if you need a review on this subject , we recommend that you go here before reading this article . inverse functions , in the most general sense , are functions that `` reverse '' each other . for example , if a function takes $ a $ to $ b $ , then the inverse must ...
example 2 : functions $ f $ and $ g $ are not inverses if $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ or $ g ( f ( x ) ) $ is not equal to $ x $ , then $ f $ and $ g $ can not be inverses . let 's try this for $ f ( x ) =5x-7 $ and $ g ( x ) =\dfrac { x } { 5 } +7 $ . $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ | $ \qquad g ( f ( x ) ) $ : - : | : - : $ \begin { align }...
how did 5 ( x/5 +7 ) -7 become x+35-7 ?
this article includes a lot of function composition . if you need a review on this subject , we recommend that you go here before reading this article . inverse functions , in the most general sense , are functions that `` reverse '' each other . for example , if a function takes $ a $ to $ b $ , then the inverse must ...
but for two functions to be inverses , we have to show that this happens for all possible inputs regardless of the order in which $ f $ and $ g $ are applied . this gives rise to the inverse composition rule . the inverse composition rule these are the conditions for two functions $ f $ and $ g $ to be inverses : $ f (...
do we actually need to know the inverse composition rule , like when we have to memorize theorems for geometry tests , do we need to know the composition rule as a mandatory thing ?
this article includes a lot of function composition . if you need a review on this subject , we recommend that you go here before reading this article . inverse functions , in the most general sense , are functions that `` reverse '' each other . for example , if a function takes $ a $ to $ b $ , then the inverse must ...
example 1 : functions $ f $ and $ g $ are inverses let 's use the inverse composition rule to verify that $ f $ and $ g $ above are indeed inverse functions . recall that $ f ( x ) =\dfrac { x+1 } { 3 } $ and $ g ( x ) =3x-1 $ . let 's find $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ and $ g ( f ( x ) ) $ . $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ | $ \qquad \qquad g...
the inverse function mean that the f ( g ( x ) ) multiply g ( f ( x ) ) is equal x^2 , right ?
this article includes a lot of function composition . if you need a review on this subject , we recommend that you go here before reading this article . inverse functions , in the most general sense , are functions that `` reverse '' each other . for example , if a function takes $ a $ to $ b $ , then the inverse must ...
let 's find $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ and $ g ( f ( x ) ) $ . $ f ( g ( x ) ) $ | $ \qquad \qquad g ( f ( x ) ) $ : - : | : - : $ \begin { align } f ( \greend { g ( x ) } ) & amp ; =\dfrac { \greend { g ( x ) } +1 } { 3 } \\ & amp ; =\dfrac { \greend { 3x-1 } +1 } { 3 } \\ & amp ; =\dfrac { 3x } { 3 } \\ & amp ; =x\\end { alig...
why , in problem # 3 , does n't the order of operations apply to the second line ?
this article includes a lot of function composition . if you need a review on this subject , we recommend that you go here before reading this article . inverse functions , in the most general sense , are functions that `` reverse '' each other . for example , if a function takes $ a $ to $ b $ , then the inverse must ...
let 's take functions $ f $ and $ g $ for example : $ f ( x ) =\dfrac { x+1 } { 3 } $ and $ g ( x ) =3x-1 $ . notice how $ f ( 5 ) =2 $ and $ g ( 2 ) =5 $ . here we see that when we apply $ f $ followed by $ g $ , we get the original input back .
in other words , why does n't one first multiply `` x '' by `` 3/2 '' , and then `` 8 '' by `` 3/2 '' , and then multiply that by `` 2/3 '' ?
a garden of gold and silver imagine a garden of miniature llamas , corn , flowers , and people all made of gold and silver . such a garden existed in the courtyard in one of the most important inka temples , the qorikancha , in the capital city of cuzco . one of these beautiful metal objects is a gold-silver alloy corn...
plants and animals represented in the golden garden can not grow and survive at every point in the empire , but only at specified altitudes . for example maize grows up to a mid-range altitude , and llamas graze at the highest points of the empire . the metallic maize cobs would have represented one of the most importa...
can anyone tell me why did the artist choose maize as the subject matter ?
a garden of gold and silver imagine a garden of miniature llamas , corn , flowers , and people all made of gold and silver . such a garden existed in the courtyard in one of the most important inka temples , the qorikancha , in the capital city of cuzco . one of these beautiful metal objects is a gold-silver alloy corn...
a garden of gold and silver imagine a garden of miniature llamas , corn , flowers , and people all made of gold and silver . such a garden existed in the courtyard in one of the most important inka temples , the qorikancha , in the capital city of cuzco .
how were these cobs made ?
a garden of gold and silver imagine a garden of miniature llamas , corn , flowers , and people all made of gold and silver . such a garden existed in the courtyard in one of the most important inka temples , the qorikancha , in the capital city of cuzco . one of these beautiful metal objects is a gold-silver alloy corn...
it mimics the appearance of a ripe ear of corn breaking through its husk , still on the stalk but ready to be harvested . in this sculptural representation of maize ( zea mays ) , individual kernels of corn protrude from the cob that is nestled in jagged metallic leaves . inka metalsmiths expertly combined silver and c...
can you provide me with the link to the the corn cob on the berlin museum 's website ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
a retrovirus genome is single-stranded rna and comes in two copies per viral particle . the rna must be converted into double-stranded dna by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase , reversing the normal flow of information from dna to rna to protein in cells . the double-stranded dna enters the nucleus of the host cel...
where does a virus gets it rna or dna from in the first place ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
a retrovirus genome is single-stranded rna and comes in two copies per viral particle . the rna must be converted into double-stranded dna by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase , reversing the normal flow of information from dna to rna to protein in cells . the double-stranded dna enters the nucleus of the host cel...
what do dna and rna stand for ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories .
what the difference between eukaryocytes and prokaryocytes ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
once attached to a host cell , animal viruses may enter in a variety of ways : by endocytosis , where the membrane folds in ; by making channels in the host membrane ( through which dna or rna can be injected ) ; or , for enveloped viruses , by fusing with the membrane and releasing the capsid inside of the cell . afte...
how does the viral genetic code know what to do once inside a cell ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
the double-stranded dna enters the nucleus of the host cell and is inserted into the host genome by an enzyme called integrase . mrna can then be made by transcription of the viral dna , which , as a permanent part of the host cell 's genome , is called a provirus . the mrna is read to produce viral proteins and may al...
just to clarify : a prophage then falls under provirus ( in terms of categorizing these terms in my brain ) ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
a retrovirus genome is single-stranded rna and comes in two copies per viral particle . the rna must be converted into double-stranded dna by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase , reversing the normal flow of information from dna to rna to protein in cells . the double-stranded dna enters the nucleus of the host cel...
where does viruses steal the dna or rna ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
animal viruses , like other viruses , depend on host cells to complete their life cycle . in order to reproduce , a virus must infect a host cell and reprogram it to make more virus particles . the first key step in infection is recognition : an animal virus has special surface molecules that let it bind to receptors o...
herpes virus synthesizes its lipoprotein envelope with its host nuclear membrane 's aid but why does it not incorporate itself within the host cell plasma membrane , once eluding from the cell ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
they have a protein shell , or capsid , and genetic material made of dna or rna that 's tucked inside the caspid . they may also feature an envelope , a sphere of membrane made of lipid . animal virus capsids come in many shapes .
so what is it that drives the synthesis of a lipoprotein envelope ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
animal viruses , like other viruses , depend on host cells to complete their life cycle . in order to reproduce , a virus must infect a host cell and reprogram it to make more virus particles . the first key step in infection is recognition : an animal virus has special surface molecules that let it bind to receptors o...
is it correlated to the polarity of the outermost covering of a virus ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
these drugs include : fusion inhibitors , which block fusion of the hiv viral envelope with the plasma membrane of the host cell reverse transcriptase inhibitors , which impair the conversion of the rna genome into double-stranded dna integrase inhibitors , which inhibit the integration of the viral dna into the host g...
or in case of glycoproteins something even more fascinating ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
what does an animal virus look like ? like other viruses , animal viruses are tiny packages of protein and nucleic acid . they have a protein shell , or capsid , and genetic material made of dna or rna that 's tucked inside the caspid . they may also feature an envelope , a sphere of membrane made of lipid .
how does a tegumental protein show active and dormant phases ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
you can see the basic features of each group , including its genetic material and the pathway it uses to make an mrna , in the diagram below : human viruses are found in all seven baltimore groups , while plant and bacterial viruses are found only in a subset of groups. $ ^1 $ if we want to develop a drug to target a v...
does a retrovirus go through both the lysogenic and lytic cycle ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
animal viruses , like other viruses , depend on host cells to complete their life cycle . in order to reproduce , a virus must infect a host cell and reprogram it to make more virus particles . the first key step in infection is recognition : an animal virus has special surface molecules that let it bind to receptors o...
where in the cell does an ebola virus replicate its genome ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
a more `` standard-looking '' virus , chikungunya , is shown below for comparison : chikungunya looks like a sphere , but is actually a $ 20 $ -sided icosahedron . animal virus genomes consist of either rna or dna , which may be single-stranded or double-stranded . animal viruses may use a range of strategies ( includi...
since dna molecule is a double-helix , and rna molecule is a single-stranded helix , why are there `` single-stranded dna '' in group ii and `` double-stranded rna '' in group iii according to the baltimore system ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
animal viruses , like other viruses , depend on host cells to complete their life cycle . in order to reproduce , a virus must infect a host cell and reprogram it to make more virus particles . the first key step in infection is recognition : an animal virus has special surface molecules that let it bind to receptors o...
how does a virus infect a macrophage ?
key points : there are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals , some causing serious illness and others not . viruses can be classified according to the baltimore system , and human-infecting viruses fall into all of its seven categories . the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , which c...
you can learn why this is the case in the virus evolution article . for more on symptoms , treatment , and prevention of hiv and aids , please see the health & amp ; medicine section on hiv and aids .
why do people get affected by hiv aids ?
multi-colored dots swirl throughout the picture plane . smudges , blurs , irregularities—all are intentional . the artist , sigmar polke , delights in imperfections . stand too close to the canvas and you are immersed within the erratic whirl of dots . take a step back , and the imagery coheres into the loosest arrange...
smudges , blurs , irregularities—all are intentional . the artist , sigmar polke , delights in imperfections . stand too close to the canvas and you are immersed within the erratic whirl of dots .
seemingly opposite bodies of thought ... was there a third body of thought the artist did embrace ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
in eukaryotes such as plants and animals , the majority of dna is found in the nucleus and is called nuclear dna . mitochondria , organelles that harvest energy for the cell , contain their own mitochondrial dna , and chloroplasts , organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plant cells , also have chloroplast dna . t...
dna is copied and split , but would n't that mean the other organelles in the cell have to copy too ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
on the other hand , you may have two different gene versions on your two homologous chromosomes , such as one for type a and one for type b ( giving ab blood ) . the sex chromosomes , x and y , determine a person 's biological sex : xx specifies female and xy specifies male . these chromosomes are not true homologues a...
sperms have 1 sex determining chromosome x or y or it has 2 both x and y ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
but what exactly is this genetic material , and how does it behave over the course of a cell division ? dna and genomes dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) is the genetic material of living organisms . in humans , dna is found in almost all the cells of the body and provides the instructions they need to grow , function , an...
how does dna get to the cells in the body ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes . humans , for instance , have 46 chromosomes in a typical body cell ( somatic cell ) , ...
why do dogs have so many chromosomes ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes . humans , for instance , have 46 chromosomes in a typical body cell ( somatic cell ) , ...
how many dna are there in a chromosomes ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
physically speaking , dna is a long string of paired chemical units ( nucleotides ) that come in four different types , abbreviated a , t , c , and g , and it carries information organized into units called genes . genes typically provide instructions for making proteins , which give cells and organisms their functiona...
there are some cells without dna ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes . humans , for instance , have 46 chromosomes in a typical body cell ( somatic cell ) , ...
after replication in , say for example metaphase , there are how many chromosomes ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
these chromosomes are not true homologues and are an exception to the rule of the same genes in the same places . aside from small regions of similarity needed during meiosis , or sex cell production , the x and y chromosomes are different and carry different genes . the 44 non-sex chromosomes in humans are called auto...
what does it mean by ''aside from small regions of similarity needed during meiosis , or sex cell production , the x and y chromosomes are different and carry different genes '' ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
chromosomes and cell division as a cell prepares to divide , it must make a copy of each of its chromosomes . the two copies of a chromosome are called sister chromatids . the sister chromatids are identical to one another and are attached to each other by proteins called cohesins . the attachment between sister chroma...
are cohesins the joining protein of the sister chromatids ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes . humans , for instance , have 46 chromosomes in a typical body cell ( somatic cell ) , ...
what 's the relationship and differences between chromatids , centromeres and chromosomes ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
in eukaryotes such as plants and animals , the majority of dna is found in the nucleus and is called nuclear dna . mitochondria , organelles that harvest energy for the cell , contain their own mitochondrial dna , and chloroplasts , organelles that carry out photosynthesis in plant cells , also have chloroplast dna . t...
what purpose does the dna in mitochondria and chloroplasts serve ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
but what exactly is this genetic material , and how does it behave over the course of a cell division ? dna and genomes dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) is the genetic material of living organisms . in humans , dna is found in almost all the cells of the body and provides the instructions they need to grow , function , an...
what happens if dna is not present in human beings ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
so , for each homologous pair of chromosomes in your genome , one of the homologues comes from your mom and the other from your dad . the two chromosomes in a homologous pair are very similar to one another and have the same size and shape . most importantly , they carry the same type of genetic information : that is ,...
how do chromosomes differ between one another ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes . humans , for instance , have 46 chromosomes in a typical body cell ( somatic cell ) , ...
why do we need 46 chromosomes ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
but what exactly is this genetic material , and how does it behave over the course of a cell division ? dna and genomes dna ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) is the genetic material of living organisms . in humans , dna is found in almost all the cells of the body and provides the instructions they need to grow , function , an...
i would like to thank you for these helpful information.nevertheless , my question is does our gene exist in our dna inwhich dna combines with histone forming chromatids or what ?
introduction when a cell divides , one of its main jobs is to make sure that each of the two new cells gets a full , perfect copy of genetic material . mistakes during copying , or unequal division of the genetic material between cells , can lead to cells that are unhealthy or dysfunctional ( and may lead to diseases s...
when chromatin condenses , you can se that eukaryotic dna is not just one long string . instead , it ’ s broken up into separate , linear pieces called chromosomes . bacteria also have chromosomes , but their chromosomes are typically circular . chromosomes each species has its own characteristic number of chromosomes ...
moreover , i ca n't understand how can 2 chromatid sisters forming 1 chromosomes separate forming 2 chromosomes ?