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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate .
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is there a rule behind it that if a certain group reacts with a certain group , the product forms a salt ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess .
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is n't checking the stoichiometry the same thing as balancing the equation ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry .
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how would you find the gravimetric factor from grams of pcl3 to grams of p ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution .
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why is the variable of mgcl2 = 2m ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun !
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why did we add extra agno3 and ignore nano3 ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio !
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am i correct to understand that 1 mole of mgc12 gives 2 mole of cl- and 1 mole of nacl gives 1 mole of cl- ?
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what is precipitation gravimetry ? precipitation gravimetry is an analytical technique that uses a precipitation reaction to separate ions from a solution . the chemical that is added to cause the precipitation is called the precipitant or precipitating agent . the solid precipitate can be separated from the liquid components using filtration , and the mass of the solid can be used along with the balanced chemical equation to calculate the amount or concentration of ionic compounds in solution . sometimes you might hear people referring to precipitation gravimetry simply as gravimetric analysis , which is a broader class of analytical techniques that includes precipitation gravimetry and volatilization gravimetry . if you want to read more about gravimetric analysis in general , see this article on gravimetric analysis and volatilization gravimetry . in this article , we will go through an example of finding the amount of an aqueous ionic compound using precipitation gravimetry . we will also discuss some common sources of error in our experiment , because sometimes in lab things do n't go quite as expected and it can help to be extra prepared ! example : determining the purity of a mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ oh no ! our sometimes less-than-helpful lab assistant igor mixed up the bottles of chemicals again . ( in his defense , many white crystalline solids look interchangeable , but that is why reading labels is important ! ) as a result of the mishap , we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mysterious mixture containing $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nano } _3 $ . we would like to know the relative amount of each compound in our mixture , which is fully dissolved in water . we add an excess of our precipitating agent silver ( i ) nitrate , $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , and observe the formation of a precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . once the precipitate is filtered and dried , we find that the mass of the solid is $ 1.032 \ , \text { g } $ . what is the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture ? any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess . you might remember that precipitation reactions are a type of double replacement reaction , which means we can predict the products by swapping the anions ( or cations ) of the reactants . we might check our solubility rules if necessary , and then balance the reaction . in this problem we are already given the identity of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . that means we just have to identify the other product , $ \text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ , and make sure the overall reaction is balanced . the resulting balanced chemical equation is : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +2\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow2\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) $ the balanced equation tells us that for every $ 1 \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ , which is the compound we are interested in quantifying , we expect to make $ 2 \ , \text { mol agcl } ( s ) $ , our precipitate . we will use this molar ratio to convert moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ . we are also going to make the following assumptions : all of the precipitate is $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . we do n't have to worry about any precipitate forming from the $ \text { nano } _3 $ . all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ has reacted to form $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . in terms of the stoichiometry , we need to make sure we add an excess of the precipitating agent $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ so all of the $ \text { cl } ^- ( aq ) $ from $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ reacts . now let 's go through the full calculation step-by-step ! step $ 1 $ : convert mass of precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) , $ to moles since we are assuming that the mass of the precipitate is all $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , we can use the molecular weight of $ \text { agcl } $ to convert the mass of precipitate to moles . $ \text { mol of agcl } ( s ) =1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol agcl } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } =0.007201\ , \text { mol agcl } =7.201 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol agcl } $ step $ 2 $ : convert moles of precipitate to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can convert the moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , the precipitate , to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ using the molar ratio from the balanced equation . $ \text { mol of mgcl } _2 ( aq ) =7.201\times10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } =3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \text { mol mgcl } _2 $ step $ 3 $ : convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ to mass in grams since we are interested in calculating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture , we will need to convert moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ into grams using the molecular weight . $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=3.600 \times 10^ { -3 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ step $ 4 $ : calculate mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture can be calculated using the ratio of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ from step $ 3 $ and the mass of the mixture . $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.3427 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =47.54\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~~~~\text { ( thanks igor ! ) } $ shortcut : we could also combine steps $ 1 $ through $ 3 $ into a single calculation which will involve careful checking of units to make sure everything cancels out properly : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=\underbrace { 1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 2\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } } =0.3427\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 1 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 2 : } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { step 3 : } $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { find mol agcl } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\text { use mole ratio } ~~~~~~\text { find g mgcl } _2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ potential sources of error we now know how to use stoichiometry to analyze the results of a precipitation gravimetry experiment . if you are doing gravimetric analysis in lab , however , you might find that there are various factors than can affect the accuracy of your experimental results ( and therefore also your calculations ) . some common complications include : lab errors , such as not fully drying the precipitate stoichiometry errors , such as not balancing the equation for the precipitation reaction or not adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess what would happen to our results in the above situations ? situation $ 1 $ : the precipitate is not fully dried maybe you ran out of time during the lab period , or the vacuum filtration set-up was not producing sufficient vacuum . it probably does n't help that water is notoriously difficult to fully remove compared to typical organic solvents because it has a relatively high boiling point as well as a tendency to hang on with hydrogen-bonds whenever possible . let 's think about how residual water would affect our calculations . if our precipitate is not completely dry when we measure the mass , we will think we have a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ than we actually do ( since we are now measuring the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ plus the residual water ) . a higher mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will result in calculating more moles of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ in step $ 1 $ , which will be converted into more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ in our mixture . in the last step , we will end up calculating that the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( s ) $ is higher than it really is . lab tip : if you have time , one way to check for water in the sample is to recheck the mass a few times during the end of the drying process to make sure the mass is not changing even if you dry it longer . this is called drying to constant mass , and while it does not guarantee that your sample is completely dry , it certainly helps ! you can also try stirring up your sample during the drying process to break up clumps and increase surface area . make sure you do n't tear holes in the filter paper , though ! situation $ 2 $ : we forgot to balance the equation ! remember how we said earlier that gravimetric analysis is really just another stoichiometry problem ? that means that working from an unbalanced equation can mess up our calculations . for this scenario , we would be using stoichiometric coefficients from the following unbalanced equation : $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) +\text { agno } _3 ( aq ) \rightarrow\text { agcl } ( s ) +\text { mg ( no } _3 ) _2 ( aq ) ~~~~~~~~~~~ ( \text { \redd { warning } : not balanced } ! ) $ this equation tells us ( incorrectly ! ) that for every mole of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ we make , we can infer that we started with $ 1 $ mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . when we use that stoichiometric ratio to calculate the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will get : $ \text { mass of mgcl } _2=1.032\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } { 143.32\ , \cancel { \text { g agcl } } } \times \underbrace { \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { \teald { 1 } \ , \cancel { \text { mol agcl } } } } \times \dfrac { 95.20 \ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =0.6854\ , \text { g mgcl } _2 $ $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\teald { \text { wrong molar ratio ! } } ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ we just calculated that the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in our mixture is double the correct amount ! this will result in overestimating the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ by a factor of $ 2 $ : $ \text { mass % mgcl } _2= \dfrac { 0.6854 \ , \text { g mgcl } _2 } { 0.7209\ , \text { g mixture } } \times100\ % =95.08\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2\ , \text { in mixture } ~~~ ( \text { compare to 47.54 % ! ! } ) $ situation $ 3 $ : adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess in the last scenario we wonder what would happen if we did n't add $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess . we know this would be bad because if $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is not in excess , we will have unreacted $ \text { cl } ^- $ in solution . that means the mass of $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ will no longer be a measure of the mass of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture since we wo n't be accounting for the $ \text { cl } ^- $ still in solution . therefore , we will underestimate the mass percent of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ in the original mixture . a related and perhaps more important question we might want to answer is : how do we make sure that we are adding $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ in excess ? if we knew the answer to that question , we could be extra confident in our calculations ! in this problem : we have $ 0.7209 \ , \text g $ of a mixture that contains some percentage of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ . we also know from our balanced equation that for each mole of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ , we will need $ 2 $ moles of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ at a minimum . it is okay if we have extra $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ , since once all the $ \text { cl } ^- $ has reacted , the rest of the $ \text { agno } _3 $ will simply stay part of the solution which we will be able to filter away . if we do n't know how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ are in our original mixture , how do we calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ necessary to add ? we know that the more moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our original mixture , the more moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ we need . luckily , we have enough information to prepare for the worst case scenario , which is when our mixture is $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . this is the maximum amount of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we can possibly have , which means this is when we will need the most $ \text { agno } _3 $ . let 's pretend that we have $ 100\ % \ , \text { mgcl } _2 $ . how many moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ will we need ? this is another stoichiometry problem ! we can calculate the number of moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ by converting the mass of the sample to moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ using the molecular weight , and then converting to the moles of $ \text { agno } _3 $ using the molar ratio : $ \text { mol of agno } _3=0.7209\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } \times \dfrac { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } { 95.20\ , \cancel { \text { g mgcl } _2 } } \times \dfrac { 2\ , \text { mol agno } _3 } { 1\ , \cancel { \text { mol mgcl } _2 } } =1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ this result tells us that even if we do n't know exactly how much $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ we have in our mixture , as long as we add at least $ 1.514 \times 10^ { -2 } \ , \text { mol agno } _3 $ we should be good to go ! summary precipitation gravimetry is a gravimetric analysis technique that uses a precipitation reaction to calculate the amount or concentration of an ionic compound . for example , we could add a solution containing $ \text { ag } ^+ $ to quantify the amount of a halide ion such as $ \text { br } ^- ( aq ) $ . some useful tips for precipitation gravimetry experiments and calculations include : double check stoichiometry and make sure equations are balanced . make sure that the precipitate is dried to constant mass . add an excess of the precipitating agent . just for fun ! let 's say we started with $ 0.4015\ , \text g $ of a mixture of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ . we add an excess of $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ and find that we have $ 1.032\ , \text g $ of the precipitate , $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ . how many moles of $ \text { mgcl } _2 $ and $ \text { nacl } $ did we have in our original mixture ? express your answers with $ 4 $ significant digits .
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any gravimetric analysis calculation is really just a stoichiometry problem plus some extra steps . since this is a stoichiometry problem , we will want to start with a balanced chemical equation . here we are interested in the precipitation reaction between $ \text { mgcl } _2 ( aq ) $ and $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ to make $ \text { agcl } ( s ) $ , when $ \text { agno } _3 ( aq ) $ is in excess .
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at the beginning of our example problem , why did n't we include nano3 in our chemical equation ?
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stark , spare , meticulous this starkly simple still life by juan sánchez de cotán is the kind of life-long puzzle that makes for great contemplative fodder on long plane rides and sleepless summer nights . what could a cabbage , a cucumber , a melon and quince mean ? is there some underlying universal truth at the heart of their stark , spare , meticulous arrangement within the window ’ s inky , impenetrable darkness ? completely different from the voluptuous pronkstilleven , the ostentatious 17th-century still lifes of dutch art—with their luscious lobsters , silver chargers and glass vessels strewn in careless abandon ( as in the example below ) , cotán ’ s pristine austerity is akin to a vegetal altar . cotan was a pioneer of the spanish still life bodegón , an arrangement of simple foodstuffs . some historians have suggested he drew his inspiration from his own ascetic carthusian piety ( the carthusians are an order of monks that live in seclusion and devote themselves to prayer ) . born in orgaz , his art developed in completely the opposite direction from el greco , whose profuse and luxurious altarpiece of the burial of count orgaz is located in the cathedral of san tomé , toledo , where cotán had a studio . his still lifes , however , belong to his secular period before entering the monastery , after which he took up religious painting , later electing to leave the monastery and dying as a lay brother in granada . archimedes ’ hyperbola if these still lifes are not ascetic deliberations , or early meditations on vegetarianism , what could they possibly mean ? what of the quince and cabbage , suspended , as was typically done in country kitchens , to keep them from spoiling ? why a sectioned melon , seeds exposed , a quivering sliver sitting on the sill beside the cut fruit ? the final member of the quartet is the intact cucumber , pushed over the edge of the sill toward the viewer , completing a sequence of gradual emergence from the window ’ s depths . in fact , the gradual , emergent curvilinear plane has been compared to archimedes ’ hyperbola , suggesting that such paintings , which were generally made for an educated , secular clientele , were perhaps understood as geometric meditations ( archimedes was a 3rd century b.c.e . greek mathematician and astronomer ) . archimedes was first translated and published by federico commandino in 1565 ( archimedis de iis quae vehuntur in aqua libri duo/ a frederico commandinorestituti et commentariis illustrate_ ) , at approximately the same time that he published his own _de centrogravitatis . commandino ’ s work was followed by luca valerio ’ s de centro gravitatis in 1604—confirming a strong contemporary interest in spherical bodies that might be related to cotán ’ s still-life experiments . empire and conversion others have suggested that the arrangement of spheres and sectioned semi-spherical fruits and vegetables is to be understood in terms of astronomy , a representation of celestial bodies moving against the night sky , possibly in relation to celestial navigation . spain was , of course , at the forefront of exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . or , they could represent specific celestial bodies in their various phases , although galileo did not turn his telescope toward the moon until 1609 . finally , all four of the items here were introduced from europe for cultivation in the new world , perhaps alluding , however obliquely , to empire and conversion . essay by dr. sally hickson
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stark , spare , meticulous this starkly simple still life by juan sánchez de cotán is the kind of life-long puzzle that makes for great contemplative fodder on long plane rides and sleepless summer nights . what could a cabbage , a cucumber , a melon and quince mean ?
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what is the 4th item ?
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masaccio was the first painter in the renaissance to incorporate brunelleschi 's discovery in his art . he did this in his fresco the holy trinity , in santa maria novella , in florence . have a close look at the painting and at this perspective diagram . the orthogonals can be seen in the edges of the coffers in the ceiling ( look for diagonal lines that appear to recede into the distance ) . because masaccio painted from a low viewpoint , as though we were looking up at christ , we see the orthogonals in the ceiling , and if we traced all of the orthogonals , we would see that the vanishing point is on the ledge that the donors kneel on . god 's feet my favorite part of this fresco is god 's feet . actually , you can only really see one of them . think about this for a moment . god is standing in this painting . does n't that strike you as odd just a little bit ? this may not strike you all that much when you first think about it because our idea of god , our picture of god in our minds eye—as an old man with a beard—is very much based on renaissance images of god . so , here masaccio imagines god as a man . not a force or a power , or something abstract , but as a man . a man who stands -- his feet are foreshortened , and he weighs something and is capable of walking ! in medieval art , god was often represented by a hand , just a hand , as though god was an abstract force or power in our lives , but here he seems so much like a flesh and blood man . this is a good indication of humanism in the renaissance . masaccio 's contemporaries were struck by the palpable realism of this fresco , as was vasari who lived over one hundred years later . vasari wrote that `` the most beautiful thing , apart from the figures , is a barrel-shaped vaulting , drawn in perspective and divided into squares filled with rosettes , which are foreshortened and made to diminish so well that the wall appears to be pierced . `` * the architecture one of the other remarkable things about this fresco is the use of the forms of classical architecture ( from ancient greece and rome ) . masaccio borrowed much of what we see from ancient roman architecture , and may have been helped by the great renaissance architect brunelleschi . coffers - the indented squares on the ceiling column - a round , supporting element in architecture . in this fresco by masaccio we see an attached column pilasters - a shallow , flattened out column attached to a wall—it is only decorative , and has no supporting function barrel vault - vault means ceiling , and a barrel vault is a ceiling in the shape of a round arch ionic and corinthian capitals - a capital is the decorated top of a column or pilaster . an ionic capital has a scroll shape ( like the ones on the attached columns in the painting ) , and a corinthian capital has leaf shapes . fluting - the vertical , indented lines or grooves that decorated the pilasters in the painting—fluting can also be applied to a column *vasari , `` masaccio '' in lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects the artists ( first published in 1550 in italian ) additional resources : 360-degree tour of santa maria novella the magic of illusion : masaccio 's holy trinity , from the national gallery of art
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masaccio was the first painter in the renaissance to incorporate brunelleschi 's discovery in his art . he did this in his fresco the holy trinity , in santa maria novella , in florence . have a close look at the painting and at this perspective diagram .
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what was the point of the holy spirit being a bird ?
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masaccio was the first painter in the renaissance to incorporate brunelleschi 's discovery in his art . he did this in his fresco the holy trinity , in santa maria novella , in florence . have a close look at the painting and at this perspective diagram . the orthogonals can be seen in the edges of the coffers in the ceiling ( look for diagonal lines that appear to recede into the distance ) . because masaccio painted from a low viewpoint , as though we were looking up at christ , we see the orthogonals in the ceiling , and if we traced all of the orthogonals , we would see that the vanishing point is on the ledge that the donors kneel on . god 's feet my favorite part of this fresco is god 's feet . actually , you can only really see one of them . think about this for a moment . god is standing in this painting . does n't that strike you as odd just a little bit ? this may not strike you all that much when you first think about it because our idea of god , our picture of god in our minds eye—as an old man with a beard—is very much based on renaissance images of god . so , here masaccio imagines god as a man . not a force or a power , or something abstract , but as a man . a man who stands -- his feet are foreshortened , and he weighs something and is capable of walking ! in medieval art , god was often represented by a hand , just a hand , as though god was an abstract force or power in our lives , but here he seems so much like a flesh and blood man . this is a good indication of humanism in the renaissance . masaccio 's contemporaries were struck by the palpable realism of this fresco , as was vasari who lived over one hundred years later . vasari wrote that `` the most beautiful thing , apart from the figures , is a barrel-shaped vaulting , drawn in perspective and divided into squares filled with rosettes , which are foreshortened and made to diminish so well that the wall appears to be pierced . `` * the architecture one of the other remarkable things about this fresco is the use of the forms of classical architecture ( from ancient greece and rome ) . masaccio borrowed much of what we see from ancient roman architecture , and may have been helped by the great renaissance architect brunelleschi . coffers - the indented squares on the ceiling column - a round , supporting element in architecture . in this fresco by masaccio we see an attached column pilasters - a shallow , flattened out column attached to a wall—it is only decorative , and has no supporting function barrel vault - vault means ceiling , and a barrel vault is a ceiling in the shape of a round arch ionic and corinthian capitals - a capital is the decorated top of a column or pilaster . an ionic capital has a scroll shape ( like the ones on the attached columns in the painting ) , and a corinthian capital has leaf shapes . fluting - the vertical , indented lines or grooves that decorated the pilasters in the painting—fluting can also be applied to a column *vasari , `` masaccio '' in lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects the artists ( first published in 1550 in italian ) additional resources : 360-degree tour of santa maria novella the magic of illusion : masaccio 's holy trinity , from the national gallery of art
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in this fresco by masaccio we see an attached column pilasters - a shallow , flattened out column attached to a wall—it is only decorative , and has no supporting function barrel vault - vault means ceiling , and a barrel vault is a ceiling in the shape of a round arch ionic and corinthian capitals - a capital is the decorated top of a column or pilaster . an ionic capital has a scroll shape ( like the ones on the attached columns in the painting ) , and a corinthian capital has leaf shapes . fluting - the vertical , indented lines or grooves that decorated the pilasters in the painting—fluting can also be applied to a column *vasari , `` masaccio '' in lives of the most excellent painters , sculptors , and architects the artists ( first published in 1550 in italian ) additional resources : 360-degree tour of santa maria novella the magic of illusion : masaccio 's holy trinity , from the national gallery of art
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are the columns near the skelton tuscan and so it would follow the architure of the time in using the tuscan floor tiles by the iconic and then the corinthian ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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is phospholipid bilayer , cell membrane , and semi-permeable membrane the same thing ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell .
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what is meant by fluidity of cell membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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what is chemistry behind each function of cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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how do plasma membrane differ from cell membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components .
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is cytoplasm the same thing as cytosol ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules .
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where will be the plasma membrane will found ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell .
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how does cholesterol effect fluidity the of the membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell .
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what is the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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what exactly is a transmembrane protein ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane .
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so the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and not just the jell-o like substance ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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if what sal said is correct , does it mean that the dna in a prokaryotic cell is part of the cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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what does cytoplasm refer to ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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is cytoplasm an important part of a cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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does a prokaryotic cell have a membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section .
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but the outermost part of the membrane is polar ( hydrophilic ) , how can nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) molecules pass through it smoothly ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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why does the plasma membrane have the `` plasma '' part in the name ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails .
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are the tails of phospholipids called lipids ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell .
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this may seem like a simple question , but what is a lipid ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section .
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how can non polar molecules move through the membrane because firstly they need to pass through the polar end of phospholipid layer ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell .
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and why ca n't polar molecules ant pass through the membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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when we talk about first aid with serious injury , such as on the battlefield , what is the 'plasma ' that medics use for the injured ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward .
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how many percent is water in cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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are the organelus full of the same cytosol as the rest of the cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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all organelus have the same plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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what is percentage of it in plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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how does plasma membrane in prokaryotes interact with the outer environment despite being the inner most layer ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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what are sodium and potassium pumps in the plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules .
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just to clarify , for eukaryotes , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus , and for prokaryotes , the cytoplasm is everything found in the plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails .
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also , the plasma membrane is a double layer of lipids circumventing the cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food .
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what folds into finger like projections called microvilli ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell .
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if cholestrol maintains the fluidity of the cell membrane , then does eating too much cholestrol alter the cell membrane 's liquidity ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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is it possible that a human can be a prokaryote ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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what is the fluid mosiac model ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane .
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does bacterium have a phospholipid layer ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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is there a difference between the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section .
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what are polar and non polar molecules ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane .
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what does it mean the `` r '' on top of the phospholipid representation ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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is there any solidity in a cell or it is wholly in liquidity state ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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how can you tell the differences between eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules .
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the material inside the mitochondria 's inner membrane is their own cytoplasm , is it true ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components .
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what 's the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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what is the main function of dna ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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how does the cell actually regulate the intake of nutrients ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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how does it know how much to take in ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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why did we call plasma membrane as plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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write the location of cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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if the dna never leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell , then how does information in the dna get to the ribosomes ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components .
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what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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what 's the percentage of cytoplasm in a cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell .
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how do lipids affect the fluidity of the cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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how can someone get carbohydrates if they 're on a glutton free diet ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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is there any carbohydrate in plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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what is the difference between plasma membrane and cell membrane or are they the same ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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why is the plasma membrane a double layered structure ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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what role do phospholipids play in membrane permeability ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components .
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what is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes .
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why two fatty acid tails inward-pointing and phosphate-containing head outward-pointing ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids .
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the plasma membrane is an organelle or not ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo .
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this must be stupid but , if cells are on some level , like bags of goo , then why is n't our skin sticky ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo .
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how does information flow within the cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane .
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if the plasma membrane controls the passage of various molecules , why does the molecules have to go into the cell ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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what is the difference between the cell membrane and the cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules .
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if the nucleus is essentially the `` control center '' of a cell , how is it possible for prokaryotes to function without one ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge .
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what kind of proteins are there in the plasma membrane ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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what is the actual function of the cytoplasm ?
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introduction what ’ s a cell ? well , on some level , it 's a bag of goo . the plasma membrane—the outer boundary of the cell—is the bag , and the cytoplasm is the goo . of course , a cell is ever so much more than just a bag of goo . it 's a complex , highly organized unit , the basic building block of all living things . and the plasma membrane and cytoplasm are actually pretty sophisticated . the membrane is a delicate , two-layered structure of lipids and proteins , and it controls what can enter and exit the cell . similarly , the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consists not only of cytosol—a gel-like substance made up of water , ions , and macromolecules—but also of organelles and the structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton , or `` skeleton of the cell . '' in this article , we ’ ll take a closer look at the plasma membrane and cytoplasm . the plasma membrane both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane , a double layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment . this double layer consists largely of specialized lipids called phospholipids . a phospholipid is made up of a hydrophilic , water-loving , phosphate head , along with two hydrophobic , water-fearing , fatty acid tails . phospholipids spontaneously arrange themselves in a double-layered structure with their hydrophobic tails pointing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward . this energetically favorable two-layer structure , called a phospholipid bilayer , is found in many biological membranes . as shown below , proteins are also an important component of the plasma membrane . some of them pass all the way through the membrane , serving as channels or signal receptors , while others are just attached at the edge . different types of lipids , such as cholesterol , may also be found in the cell membrane and affect its fluidity . the plasma membrane is the border between the interior and exterior of a cell . as such , it controls passage of various molecules—including sugars , amino acids , ions , and water—into and out of the cell . how easily these molecules can cross the membrane depends on their size and polarity . some small , nonpolar molecules , such as oxygen , can pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the membrane . larger and more polar , hydrophilic , molecules , such as amino acids , must instead cross the membrane by way of protein channels , a process that is often regulated by the cell . you can learn more about cellular transport in the membranes and transport section . the surface area of the plasma membrane limits the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment . some cells are specialized in the exchange of wastes or nutrients and have modifications to increase the area of the plasma membrane . for instance , the membranes of some nutrient-absorbing cells are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli , singular , microvillus . cells with microvilli cover the inside surface of the small intestine , the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food . the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope . in prokaryotes , which lack a nucleus , cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane . one major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the gel-like cytosol , a water-based solution that contains ions , small molecules , and macromolecules . in eukaryotes , the cytoplasm also includes membrane-bound organelles , which are suspended in the cytosol . the cytoskeleton , a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape , is also part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components . even though the cytosol is mostly water , it has a semi-solid , jello-like consistency because of the many proteins suspended in it . the cytosol contains a rich broth of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules , including glucose and other simple sugars , polysaccharides , amino acids , nucleic acids , and fatty acids . ions of sodium , potassium , calcium , and other elements are also found in the cytosol . many metabolic reactions , including protein synthesis , take place in this part of the cell .
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the microvilli help intestinal cells maximize their absorption of nutrients from food by increasing plasma membrane surface area . the cytoplasm the part of the cell referred to as cytoplasm is slightly different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . in eukaryotic cells , which have a nucleus , the cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope .
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but some online sites say that cytosol is the part of cytoplasm not held by any other cell organelle.. what is the correct definition ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ?
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why is the paint on this statue so well preserved when the paint on the greek marble statues has mostly disappeared ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies .
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in the last paragraph , it speaks about an etruscan artist named `` vulca '' and i suppose there is no way to truly know whether or not this artist was truly named this or was given the name later in reference to roman god `` vulcan '' ( greek god `` hephaestus '' ) as he was the god of blacksmiths , craftsman and artisans ... ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ?
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how and why did these temples disappear ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence .
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and did the greeks and romans was inspired from the etruscans ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ?
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are there any etruscan temples that used greek orders ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ?
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would you describe the little temple ( sanctuary ) in prince charles ' garden at highgrove as being etruscan in design ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide .
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are temple of minerva and the portonaccio temple the same structure ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative .
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is there in relationship between mythic events and the temple ceremonies of modern day ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis .
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what happened to aplu 's arms ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide .
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is there dimensions for the temple of minerva at veii ?
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etruscan temples have largely vanished among the early etruscans , the worship of the gods and goddesses did not take place in or around monumental temples as it did in early greece or in the ancient near east , but rather , in nature . early etruscans created ritual spaces in groves and enclosures open to the sky with sacred boundaries carefully marked through ritual ceremony . around 600 b.c.e. , however , the desire to create monumental structures for the gods spread throughout etruria , most likely as a result of greek influence . while the desire to create temples for the gods may have been inspired by contact with greek culture , etruscan religious architecture was markedly different in material and design . these colorful and ornate structures typically had stone foundations but their wood , mud-brick and terracotta superstructures suffered far more from exposure to the elements . greek temples still survive today in parts of greece and southern italy since they were constructed of stone and marble but etruscan temples were built with mostly ephemeral materials and have largely vanished . how do we know what they looked like ? despite the comparatively short-lived nature of etruscan religious structures , etruscan temple design had a huge impact on renaissance architecture and one can see echoes of etruscan , or ‘ tuscan , ’ columns ( doric columns with bases ) in many buildings of the renaissance and later in italy . but if the temples weren ’ t around during the 15th and 16th centuries , how did renaissance builders know what they looked like and , for that matter , how do we know what they looked like ? fortunately , an ancient roman architect by the name of vitruvius wrote about etruscan temples in his book de architectura in the late first century b.c.e . in his treatise on ancient architecture , vitruvius described the key elements of etruscan temples and it was his description that inspired renaissance architects to return to the roots of tuscan design and allows archaeologists and art historians today to recreate the appearance of these buildings . archaeological evidence for the temple of minerva the archaeological evidence that does remain from many etruscan temples largely confirms vitruvius ’ s description . one of the best explored and known of these is the portonaccio temple dedicated to the goddess minerva ( roman=minerva/greek=athena ) at the city of veii about 18 km north of rome . the tufa-block foundations of the portonaccio temple still remain and their nearly square footprint reflects vitruvius ’ s description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:6 , just a bit deeper than wide . the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance . approaching the parthenon with its low rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an etruscan temple high off the ground with a single , defined entrance . sculpture perhaps most interesting about the portonaccio temple is the abundant terracotta sculpture that still remains , the volume and quality of which is without parallel in etruria . in addition to many terracotta architectural elements ( masks , antefixes , decorative details ) , a series of over life-size terracotta sculptures have also been discovered in association with the temple . originally placed on the ridge of temple roof , these figures seem to be etruscan assimilations of greek gods , set up as a tableau to enact some mythic event . apollo of veii the most famous and well-preserved of these is the aplu ( apollo ) of veii , a dynamic , striding masterpiece of large scale terracotta sculpture and likely a central figure in the rooftop narrative . his counterpart may have been the less well-preserved figure of hercle ( hercules ) with whom he struggled in an epic contest over the golden hind , an enormous deer sacred to apollo ’ s twin sister artemis . other figures discovered with these suggest an audience watching the action . whatever the myth may have been , it was a completely etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way , placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky . an artist by the name of vulca ? since etruscan art is almost entirely anonymous it is impossible to know who may have contributed to such innovative display strategies . we may , however , know the name of the artist associated with the workshop that produced the terracotta sculpture . centuries after these pieces were created , the roman writer pliny recorded that in the late 6th century b.c.e. , an etruscan artist by the name of vulca was summoned from veii to rome to decorate the most important temple there , the temple of jupiter optimus maximus . the technical knowledge required to produce terracotta sculpture at such a large scale was considerable and it may just have been the master sculptor vulca whose skill at the portonaccio temple earned him not only a prestigious commission in rome but a place in the history books as well . essay by dr. laurel taylor additional resources : etruscan art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history
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the temple is also roughly divided into two parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms . known as a triple cella , this three room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple , perhaps menrva as well as tinia ( jupiter/zeus ) and uni ( juno/hera ) . in addition to their internal organization and materials , what also made etruscan temples noticeably distinct from greek ones was a high podium and frontal entrance .
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have any of you heard of a god called zeus ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example .
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`` how long does that [ checking for membership in the adjacency list ] take ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it .
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if you store the adjacency lists in sorted order , though , then would n't it be $ \theta ( \lg d ) $ , using binary search ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ?
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can anyone give a real life example of when to use particular graph representation ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list .
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how do you know where we can use edge list , or adjacent matrix or adjacent list ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky .
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what 's the answer to the `` question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take o ( lge ) time ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight .
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how can i give adjacency list representation of an undirected graph ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge .
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can someone please explain the algorithm of how to reverse a linked list with algorithm written down here ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria .
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what is the importance of data representation through graphs ?
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there are several ways to represent graphs , each with its advantages and disadvantages . some situations , or algorithms that we want to run with graphs as input , call for one representation , and others call for a different representation . here , we 'll see three ways to represent graphs . we 'll look at three criteria . one is how much memory , or space , we need in each representation . we 'll use asymptotic notation for that . yes , we can use asymptotic notation for purposes other than expressing running times ! it 's really a way to characterize functions , and a function can describe a running time , an amount of space required , or some other resource . the other two criteria we 'll use relate to time . one is how long it takes to determine whether a given edge is in the graph . the other is how long it takes to find the neighbors of a given vertex . it is common to identify vertices not by name ( such as `` audrey , '' `` boston , '' or `` sweater '' ) but instead by a number . that is , we typically number the $ |v| $ vertices from 0 to $ |v|-1 $ . here 's the social network graph with its 10 vertices identified by numbers rather than names : edge lists one simple way to represent a graph is just a list , or array , of $ |e| $ edges , which we call an edge list . to represent an edge , we just have an array of two vertex numbers , or an array of objects containing the vertex numbers of the vertices that the edges are incident on . if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky . adjacency matrices for a graph with $ |v| $ vertices , an adjacency matrix is a $ |v| \times |v| $ matrix of 0s and 1s , where the entry in row $ i $ and column $ j $ is 1 if and only if the edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph . if you want to indicate an edge weight , put it in the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry , and reserve a special value ( perhaps null ) to indicate an absent edge . here 's the adjacency matrix for the social network graph : in javascript , we represent this matrix by : [ [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] , [ 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 ] ] with an adjacency matrix , we can find out whether an edge is present in constant time , by just looking up the corresponding entry in the matrix . for example , if the adjacency matrix is named graph , then we can query whether edge $ ( i , j ) $ is in the graph by looking at graph [ i ] [ j ] . so what 's the disadvantage of an adjacency matrix ? two things , actually . first , it takes $ \theta ( v^2 ) $ space , even if the graph is sparse : relatively few edges . in other words , for a sparse graph , the adjacency matrix is mostly 0s , and we use lots of space to represent only a few edges . second , if you want to find out which vertices are adjacent to a given vertex $ i $ , you have to look at all $ |v| $ entries in row $ i $ , even if only a small number of vertices are adjacent to vertex $ i $ . for an undirected graph , the adjacency matrix is symmetric : the row $ i $ , column $ j $ entry is 1 if and only if the row $ j $ , column $ i $ entry is 1 . for a directed graph , the adjacency matrix need not be symmetric . adjacency lists representing a graph with adjacency lists combines adjacency matrices with edge lists . for each vertex $ i $ , store an array of the vertices adjacent to it . we typically have an array of $ |v| $ adjacency lists , one adjacency list per vertex . here 's an adjacency-list representation of the social network graph : in javascript , we represent these adjacency lists by : [ [ 1 , 6 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 6 , 9 ] , [ 4 , 6 ] , [ 4 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 9 ] , [ 3 , 4 ] , [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 8 , 9 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 7 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] ] vertex numbers in an adjacency list are not required to appear in any particular order , though it is often convenient to list them in increasing order , as in this example . we can get to each vertex 's adjacency list in constant time , because we just have to index into an array . to find out whether an edge $ ( i , j ) $ is present in the graph , we go to $ i $ 's adjacency list in constant time and then look for $ j $ in $ i $ 's adjacency list . how long does that take in the worst case ? the answer is $ \theta ( d ) $ , where $ d $ is the degree of vertex $ i $ , because that 's how long $ i $ 's adjacency list is . the degree of vertex $ i $ could be as high as $ |v|-1 $ ( if $ i $ is adjacent to all the other $ |v|-1 $ vertices ) or as low as 0 ( if $ i $ is isolated , with no incident edges ) . in an undirected graph , vertex $ j $ is in vertex $ i $ 's adjacency list if and only if $ i $ is in $ j $ 's adjacency list . if the graph is weighted , then each item in each adjacency list is either a two-item array or an object , giving the vertex number and the edge weight . you can use a for-loop to iterate through the vertices in an adjacency list . for example , suppose that you have an adjacency-list representation of a graph in the variable graph , so that graph [ i ] is an array containing the neighbors of vertex $ i $ . then , to call a function dostuff on each vertex adjacent to vertex $ i $ , you could use the following javascript code : for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; graph [ i ] .length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( graph [ i ] [ j ] ) ; } if the double-subscript notation confuses you , you can think of it this way : var vertex = graph [ i ] ; for ( var j = 0 ; j & lt ; vertex.length ; j++ ) { dostuff ( vertex [ j ] ) ; } how much space do adjacency lists take ? we have $ |v| $ lists , and although each list could have as many as $ |v|-1 $ vertices , in total the adjacency lists for an undirected graph contain $ 2|e| $ elements . why $ 2|e| $ ? each edge $ ( i , j ) $ appears exactly twice in the adjacency lists , once in $ i $ 's list and once in $ j $ 's list , and there are $ |e| $ edges . for a directed graph , the adjacency lists contain a total of $ |e| $ elements , one element per directed edge . this content is a collaboration of dartmouth computer science professors thomas cormen and devin balkcom , plus the khan academy computing curriculum team . the content is licensed cc-by-nc-sa .
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if edges have weights , add either a third element to the array or more information to the object , giving the edge 's weight . since each edge contains just two or three numbers , the total space for an edge list is $ \theta ( e ) $ . for example , here 's how we represent an edge list in javascript for the social network graph : [ [ 0,1 ] , [ 0,6 ] , [ 0,8 ] , [ 1,4 ] , [ 1,6 ] , [ 1,9 ] , [ 2,4 ] , [ 2,6 ] , [ 3,4 ] , [ 3,5 ] , [ 3,8 ] , [ 4,5 ] , [ 4,9 ] , [ 7,8 ] , [ 7,9 ] ] edge lists are simple , but if we want to find whether the graph contains a particular edge , we have to search through the edge list . if the edges appear in the edge list in no particular order , that 's a linear search through $ |e| $ edges . question to think about : how can you organize an edge list to make searching for a particular edge take $ o ( \lg e ) $ time ? the answer is a little tricky .
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how to find whether the graph contains a particular edge through edge list ?
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a fallen woman ( with a new twist ) william holman hunt ’ s painting , the awakening conscience , addresses the common victorian narrative of the fallen woman ( for more about this subject , see stanhope 's thoughts of the past ) . trapped in a newly decorated interior , hunt ’ s heroine at first appears to be a stereotype of the age , a young unmarried woman engaged in an illicit liaison with her lover . this is made clear by the fact that she is partially undressed in the presence of a clothed man and wears no wedding ring . however , hunt offers a new twist on this story . the young woman springs up from her lover ’ s lap . she is reminded of her country roots by the music the man plays ( the sheet music to thomas moore ’ s oft in the stilly night sits on the piano ) , causing her to have an awakening prick of conscience . the symbolism of the picture makes her situation as a kept woman clear—the enclosed interior , the cat playing with a bird under the chair , and the man ’ s one discarded glove on the floor all speak to the precarious position the woman has found herself in . however , as she stands up , a ray of light illuminates her from behind , almost like a halo , offering the viewer hope that she may yet find the strength to redeem herself . the theme of the fallen woman was popular in victorian art , echoing the prevalence of prostitution in victorian society . hunt ’ s redemptive message is unusual when compared to other examples of this theme . for example , richard redgrave ’ s the outcast ( 1851 ) , which shows a young unwed mother and her baby being cast out into the snow by her disgraced father , while the rest of her family pleads for mercy . countless other paintings of the period emphasize the perils of stepping outside the bounds of acceptable morality with the typical conclusion to the story being that the woman is ostracized , and inevitably , suffers a premature death . by contrast , hunt offers the viewer the hope that the young woman in his painting is truly repentant and can ultimately reclaim her life . pre-raphaelite in style the awakening conscience is one of the few pre-raphaelite paintings to deal with a subject from contemporary life , but it still retains the truth to nature and attention to detail common to the style . the texture of the carpet , the reflection in the mirror behind the girl and the carvings of the furniture all speak to to hunt ’ s unwavering belief that the artist should recreate the scene as closely as possible , and paint from direct observation . to do that , he hired a room in the neighborhood of st. john ’ s wood . the picture was first exhibited at the royal academy in 1854 , and unfortunately for hunt , met with a mixed reception . while ruskin praised the attention to detail , many critics disliked the subject of the painting and ignored the more positive spiritual message . a deeply religious man for hunt , the moral of the story was an important element in any of his subjects . he was a deeply religious man and committed to the principles of the pre-raphaelite brotherhood and john ruskin . in fact , shortly after this painting was completed , hunt embarked on a journey to the holy land , convinced that in order to paint religious subjects , he had to go to the actual source for inspiration . the fact that a trip to the holy land was a difficult , expensive and dangerous journey at the time was immaterial to him . the awakening conscience is an unconventional approach to a common subject . hunt ’ s work reflects the ideal of christian charity espoused in theory by many victorians , but not exactly put into practice when dealing with the issue of the fallen woman . while others emphasized the consequences of one ’ s actions as a way of discouraging inappropriate behavior , hunt maintained that the truly repentant can change their lives . essay by dr. rebecca jeffrey easby additional resources : this painting at tate britain this painting at the google art project william holman hunt in the google art project the pre-raphaelites at the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history pre-raphaelite online resource at birmingham museums & amp ; art gallery
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a fallen woman ( with a new twist ) william holman hunt ’ s painting , the awakening conscience , addresses the common victorian narrative of the fallen woman ( for more about this subject , see stanhope 's thoughts of the past ) . trapped in a newly decorated interior , hunt ’ s heroine at first appears to be a stereotype of the age , a young unmarried woman engaged in an illicit liaison with her lover .
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it seems to be exclusively casting a downward eye towards the so called `` fallen women '' of the times ?
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a fallen woman ( with a new twist ) william holman hunt ’ s painting , the awakening conscience , addresses the common victorian narrative of the fallen woman ( for more about this subject , see stanhope 's thoughts of the past ) . trapped in a newly decorated interior , hunt ’ s heroine at first appears to be a stereotype of the age , a young unmarried woman engaged in an illicit liaison with her lover . this is made clear by the fact that she is partially undressed in the presence of a clothed man and wears no wedding ring . however , hunt offers a new twist on this story . the young woman springs up from her lover ’ s lap . she is reminded of her country roots by the music the man plays ( the sheet music to thomas moore ’ s oft in the stilly night sits on the piano ) , causing her to have an awakening prick of conscience . the symbolism of the picture makes her situation as a kept woman clear—the enclosed interior , the cat playing with a bird under the chair , and the man ’ s one discarded glove on the floor all speak to the precarious position the woman has found herself in . however , as she stands up , a ray of light illuminates her from behind , almost like a halo , offering the viewer hope that she may yet find the strength to redeem herself . the theme of the fallen woman was popular in victorian art , echoing the prevalence of prostitution in victorian society . hunt ’ s redemptive message is unusual when compared to other examples of this theme . for example , richard redgrave ’ s the outcast ( 1851 ) , which shows a young unwed mother and her baby being cast out into the snow by her disgraced father , while the rest of her family pleads for mercy . countless other paintings of the period emphasize the perils of stepping outside the bounds of acceptable morality with the typical conclusion to the story being that the woman is ostracized , and inevitably , suffers a premature death . by contrast , hunt offers the viewer the hope that the young woman in his painting is truly repentant and can ultimately reclaim her life . pre-raphaelite in style the awakening conscience is one of the few pre-raphaelite paintings to deal with a subject from contemporary life , but it still retains the truth to nature and attention to detail common to the style . the texture of the carpet , the reflection in the mirror behind the girl and the carvings of the furniture all speak to to hunt ’ s unwavering belief that the artist should recreate the scene as closely as possible , and paint from direct observation . to do that , he hired a room in the neighborhood of st. john ’ s wood . the picture was first exhibited at the royal academy in 1854 , and unfortunately for hunt , met with a mixed reception . while ruskin praised the attention to detail , many critics disliked the subject of the painting and ignored the more positive spiritual message . a deeply religious man for hunt , the moral of the story was an important element in any of his subjects . he was a deeply religious man and committed to the principles of the pre-raphaelite brotherhood and john ruskin . in fact , shortly after this painting was completed , hunt embarked on a journey to the holy land , convinced that in order to paint religious subjects , he had to go to the actual source for inspiration . the fact that a trip to the holy land was a difficult , expensive and dangerous journey at the time was immaterial to him . the awakening conscience is an unconventional approach to a common subject . hunt ’ s work reflects the ideal of christian charity espoused in theory by many victorians , but not exactly put into practice when dealing with the issue of the fallen woman . while others emphasized the consequences of one ’ s actions as a way of discouraging inappropriate behavior , hunt maintained that the truly repentant can change their lives . essay by dr. rebecca jeffrey easby additional resources : this painting at tate britain this painting at the google art project william holman hunt in the google art project the pre-raphaelites at the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history pre-raphaelite online resource at birmingham museums & amp ; art gallery
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hunt ’ s work reflects the ideal of christian charity espoused in theory by many victorians , but not exactly put into practice when dealing with the issue of the fallen woman . while others emphasized the consequences of one ’ s actions as a way of discouraging inappropriate behavior , hunt maintained that the truly repentant can change their lives . essay by dr. rebecca jeffrey easby additional resources : this painting at tate britain this painting at the google art project william holman hunt in the google art project the pre-raphaelites at the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history pre-raphaelite online resource at birmingham museums & amp ; art gallery
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was there no such social construct to discourage men from such foul behavior as there was this social ostracizing of women that existed ?
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the origins of orientalism snake charmers , carpet vendors , and veiled women may conjure up ideas of the middle east , north africa , and west asia , but they are also partially indebted to orientalist fantasies . to understand these images , we have to understand the concept of orientalism , beginning with the word “ orient ” itself . in its original medieval usage , the `` orient '' referred to the “ east , ” but whose “ east ” did this orient represent ? east of where ? we understand now that this designation reflects a western european view of the `` east , '' and not necessarily the views of the inhabitants of these areas . we also realize today that the label of the “ orient ” hardly captures the wide swath of territory to which it originally referred : the middle east , north africa , and asia . these are at once distinct , contrasting , and yet interconnected regions . scholars often link visual examples of orientalism alongside the romantic literature and music of the early nineteenth century , a period of rising imperialism and tourism when western artists traveled widely to the middle east , north africa , and asia . we now understand that the world has been interconnected for much longer than we initially acknowledged and we can see elements of orientalist representation much earlier—for example , in religious objects of the crusades , or gentile bellini ’ s painting of the ottoman sultan ( ruler ) mehmed ii ( above ) , or in the arabesques ( flowing s-shaped ornamental forms ) of early modern textiles . the politics of orientalism in his groundbreaking 1978 text orientalism , the late cultural critic and theorist edward saïd argued that a dominant european political ideology created the notion of the orient in order to subjugate and control it . saïd explained that the concept embodied distinctions between `` east '' ( the orient ) and `` west '' ( the occident ) precisely so the '' west '' could control and authorize views of the `` east . '' for saïd , this nexus of power and knowledge enabled the `` west '' to generalize and misrepresent north africa , the middle east and asia . though his text has itself received considerable criticism , the book nevertheless remains a pioneering intervention . saïd continues to influence many disciplines of cultural study , including the history of art . representing the “ orient ” as art historian linda nochlin argued in her widely read essay , “ the imaginary orient , ” from 1983 , the task of critical art history is to assess the power structures behind any work of art or artist . [ 1 ] following nochlin ’ s lead , art historians have questioned underlying power dynamics at play in the artistic representations of the `` orient , '' many of them from the nineteenth century . in doing so , these scholars challenged not only the ways that the “ west ” represented the “ east , ” but they also complicate the long held misconception of a unidirectional westward influence . similarly , these scholars questioned how artists have represented people of the orient as passive or licentious subjects . for example , in the painting the snake charmer and his audience , c. 1879 , the french artist jean-léon gérôme ’ s depicts a naked youth holding a serpent as an older man plays the flute—charming both the snake and their audience . gérôme constructs a scene out of his imagination , but he utilizes a highly refined and naturalistic style to suggest that he himself observed the scene . in doing so , gérôme suggests such nudity was a regular and public occurrence in the `` east . '' in contrast , artists like henriette browne and osman hamdi bey created works that provide a counter-narrative to the image of the `` east '' as passive , licentious or decrepit . in a visit : harem interior , constantinople , 1860 , the french painter browne represents women fully clothed in harem scenes . likewise , the école des beaux arts-trained ottoman painter osman hamdi bey depicts islamic scholarship and learnedness in a young emir studying , 1878 . orientalism : fact or fiction ? orientalist paintings and other forms of material culture operate on two registers . first , they depict an “ exotic ” and therefore racialized , feminized , and often sexualized culture from a distant land . second , they simultaneously claim to be a document , an authentic glimpse of a location and its inhabitants , as we see with gérôme 's detailed and naturalistic style . in the snake charmer and his audience , gérôme constructs this layer of exotic `` truth '' by including illegible , faux-arabic tilework in the background . nochlin pointed out that many of gérôme ’ s paintings worked to convince their audiences by carefully mimicking a `` preexisting oriental reality. ” [ 2 ] surprisingly , the invention of photography in 1839 did little to contribute to a greater authenticity of painterly and photographic representations of the `` orient '' by artists , western military officials , technocrats , and travelers . instead , photographs were frequently staged and embellished to appeal to the western imagination . for instance , the french bonfils family , in studio photographs , situated sitters in poses with handheld props against elaborate backdrops to create a fictitious world of the photographer ’ s making . in orientalist secular history paintings ( narrative moments from history ) , western artists portrayed disorderly and often violent battle scenes , creating a conception of an `` orient '' that was rooted in incivility . the common figures and locations of orientalist genre paintings ( scenes of everyday life ) —including the angry despot , licentious harem , chaotic medina , slave market , or the decadent palace—demonstrate a blend of pseudo-ethnography based on descriptions of first-hand observation and outright invention . these paintings created visions of a decaying mythic `` east '' inhabited by a controllable people without regard to geographic specificity . artists operating in this vein include jean-léon gérôme , eugène delacroix , jean-auguste-dominique ingres , and others . in the visual discourses of orientalism , we must systematically question any claim to objectivity or authenticity . global imperialism and consumerism we also must consider the creation of an `` orient '' as a result of imperialism , industrial capitalism , mass consumption , tourism , and settler colonialism in the nineenth-century . in europe , trends of cultural appropriation included a consumerist “ taste ” for materials and objects , like porcelain , textiles , fashion , and carpets , from the middle east and asia . for instance , japonisme was a trend of japonese-inspired decorative arts , as were chinoiserie ( chinese-inspired ) and_turquerie_ ( turkish-inspired ) . the ability of europeans to purchase and own these materials , to some extent confirmed imperial influence in those areas . the phenomenon of world ’ s fairs and cultural-national pavilions ( beginning with the crystal palace in london in 1851 and continuing into the twentieth century ) also supported the goals of colonial expansion . like the decorative arts , they fostered the notion of the `` orient '' as an entity to be consumed through its varied pre-industrial craft traditions . we see this continually in the architectural imitations built on the grounds of these fairs , that sought to provide both spectacle and authenticity to the fair goer . for instance , at the 1867 exposition universelle in paris , the designers of the egyptian section jacques drévet and e. schmitz topped what was supposed to represent the residential khedival ( ottoman empire ruler 's ) palace with a dome typical of mosque architecture . [ 3 ] yet , they also attached to this building a barn ( not typical of a khedival palace ) that housed imported donkeys brought in to give visitors the impression of reality . [ 4 ] the fairs objectified the otherness of non-western peoples , cultures , and practices . orientalism constructs cultural , spatial , and visual mythologies and stereotypes that are often connected to the geopolitical ideologies of governments and institutions . the influence of these mythologies has impacted the formation of knowledge and the process of knowledge production . in this light , as saïd and nochlin remind us , when we see orientalist works like gérôme 's snake charmer , we should ask what idea of the `` orient '' we see , and why ? essay by nancy demerdash [ 1 ] linda nochlin , “ the imaginary orient , ” art in america , vol . ixxi , no . 5 ( 1983 ) , pp . 118–31 . [ 2 ] ibid. , 37 . [ 3 ] zeynep çelik , displaying the orient : architecture of islam at nineteenth-century world ’ s fairs ( berkeley : university of california press , 1992 ) . [ 4 ] timothy mitchell , colonising egypt , ( berkeley : university of california press , 1991 ) . additional resources : roger benjamin , orientalist aesthetics : art , colonialism , and french north africa 1880–1930 ( berkeley : university of california press , 2003 ) . zeynep çelik , “ colonialism , orientalism , and the canon ” the art bulletin 78 , no . 2 ( june 1996 ) : pp . 202-205 . zeynep çelik , displaying the orient : architecture of islam at nineteenth-century world ’ s fairs ( berkeley : university of california press , 1992 ) . oleg grabar , “ europe and the orient : an ideologically charged exhibition. ” muqarnas vii ( 1990 ) : pp . 1-11 . robert irwin , dangerous knowledge : orientalism and its discontents ( woodstock , ny : overlook press , 2006 ) . j.m . mackenzie , orientalism : history , theory , and the arts ( manchester , ny : manchester university press , 1995 ) . linda nochlin , “ the imaginary orient , ” a. america , ixxi/5 ( 1983 ) : pp . 118–31 . edward saïd , orientalism ( new york : vintage books , 1978 ) . edward saïd , “ orientalism reconsidered , ” race & amp ; class 27 , no . 2 ( autumn 1985 ) : pp . 1-15 . nicholas tromans , ed . the lure of the east : british orientalist painting ( london : tate , 2008 ) . stephen vernoit and d. behrens-abouseif , eds . islamic art in the nineteenth century : tradition , innovation , and eclecticism ( leiden ; boston : brill publishers , 2006 ) .
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in doing so , these scholars challenged not only the ways that the “ west ” represented the “ east , ” but they also complicate the long held misconception of a unidirectional westward influence . similarly , these scholars questioned how artists have represented people of the orient as passive or licentious subjects . for example , in the painting the snake charmer and his audience , c. 1879 , the french artist jean-léon gérôme ’ s depicts a naked youth holding a serpent as an older man plays the flute—charming both the snake and their audience .
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who says the depictions of the people and culture of `` the orient '' is licentious and decadent ?
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the origins of orientalism snake charmers , carpet vendors , and veiled women may conjure up ideas of the middle east , north africa , and west asia , but they are also partially indebted to orientalist fantasies . to understand these images , we have to understand the concept of orientalism , beginning with the word “ orient ” itself . in its original medieval usage , the `` orient '' referred to the “ east , ” but whose “ east ” did this orient represent ? east of where ? we understand now that this designation reflects a western european view of the `` east , '' and not necessarily the views of the inhabitants of these areas . we also realize today that the label of the “ orient ” hardly captures the wide swath of territory to which it originally referred : the middle east , north africa , and asia . these are at once distinct , contrasting , and yet interconnected regions . scholars often link visual examples of orientalism alongside the romantic literature and music of the early nineteenth century , a period of rising imperialism and tourism when western artists traveled widely to the middle east , north africa , and asia . we now understand that the world has been interconnected for much longer than we initially acknowledged and we can see elements of orientalist representation much earlier—for example , in religious objects of the crusades , or gentile bellini ’ s painting of the ottoman sultan ( ruler ) mehmed ii ( above ) , or in the arabesques ( flowing s-shaped ornamental forms ) of early modern textiles . the politics of orientalism in his groundbreaking 1978 text orientalism , the late cultural critic and theorist edward saïd argued that a dominant european political ideology created the notion of the orient in order to subjugate and control it . saïd explained that the concept embodied distinctions between `` east '' ( the orient ) and `` west '' ( the occident ) precisely so the '' west '' could control and authorize views of the `` east . '' for saïd , this nexus of power and knowledge enabled the `` west '' to generalize and misrepresent north africa , the middle east and asia . though his text has itself received considerable criticism , the book nevertheless remains a pioneering intervention . saïd continues to influence many disciplines of cultural study , including the history of art . representing the “ orient ” as art historian linda nochlin argued in her widely read essay , “ the imaginary orient , ” from 1983 , the task of critical art history is to assess the power structures behind any work of art or artist . [ 1 ] following nochlin ’ s lead , art historians have questioned underlying power dynamics at play in the artistic representations of the `` orient , '' many of them from the nineteenth century . in doing so , these scholars challenged not only the ways that the “ west ” represented the “ east , ” but they also complicate the long held misconception of a unidirectional westward influence . similarly , these scholars questioned how artists have represented people of the orient as passive or licentious subjects . for example , in the painting the snake charmer and his audience , c. 1879 , the french artist jean-léon gérôme ’ s depicts a naked youth holding a serpent as an older man plays the flute—charming both the snake and their audience . gérôme constructs a scene out of his imagination , but he utilizes a highly refined and naturalistic style to suggest that he himself observed the scene . in doing so , gérôme suggests such nudity was a regular and public occurrence in the `` east . '' in contrast , artists like henriette browne and osman hamdi bey created works that provide a counter-narrative to the image of the `` east '' as passive , licentious or decrepit . in a visit : harem interior , constantinople , 1860 , the french painter browne represents women fully clothed in harem scenes . likewise , the école des beaux arts-trained ottoman painter osman hamdi bey depicts islamic scholarship and learnedness in a young emir studying , 1878 . orientalism : fact or fiction ? orientalist paintings and other forms of material culture operate on two registers . first , they depict an “ exotic ” and therefore racialized , feminized , and often sexualized culture from a distant land . second , they simultaneously claim to be a document , an authentic glimpse of a location and its inhabitants , as we see with gérôme 's detailed and naturalistic style . in the snake charmer and his audience , gérôme constructs this layer of exotic `` truth '' by including illegible , faux-arabic tilework in the background . nochlin pointed out that many of gérôme ’ s paintings worked to convince their audiences by carefully mimicking a `` preexisting oriental reality. ” [ 2 ] surprisingly , the invention of photography in 1839 did little to contribute to a greater authenticity of painterly and photographic representations of the `` orient '' by artists , western military officials , technocrats , and travelers . instead , photographs were frequently staged and embellished to appeal to the western imagination . for instance , the french bonfils family , in studio photographs , situated sitters in poses with handheld props against elaborate backdrops to create a fictitious world of the photographer ’ s making . in orientalist secular history paintings ( narrative moments from history ) , western artists portrayed disorderly and often violent battle scenes , creating a conception of an `` orient '' that was rooted in incivility . the common figures and locations of orientalist genre paintings ( scenes of everyday life ) —including the angry despot , licentious harem , chaotic medina , slave market , or the decadent palace—demonstrate a blend of pseudo-ethnography based on descriptions of first-hand observation and outright invention . these paintings created visions of a decaying mythic `` east '' inhabited by a controllable people without regard to geographic specificity . artists operating in this vein include jean-léon gérôme , eugène delacroix , jean-auguste-dominique ingres , and others . in the visual discourses of orientalism , we must systematically question any claim to objectivity or authenticity . global imperialism and consumerism we also must consider the creation of an `` orient '' as a result of imperialism , industrial capitalism , mass consumption , tourism , and settler colonialism in the nineenth-century . in europe , trends of cultural appropriation included a consumerist “ taste ” for materials and objects , like porcelain , textiles , fashion , and carpets , from the middle east and asia . for instance , japonisme was a trend of japonese-inspired decorative arts , as were chinoiserie ( chinese-inspired ) and_turquerie_ ( turkish-inspired ) . the ability of europeans to purchase and own these materials , to some extent confirmed imperial influence in those areas . the phenomenon of world ’ s fairs and cultural-national pavilions ( beginning with the crystal palace in london in 1851 and continuing into the twentieth century ) also supported the goals of colonial expansion . like the decorative arts , they fostered the notion of the `` orient '' as an entity to be consumed through its varied pre-industrial craft traditions . we see this continually in the architectural imitations built on the grounds of these fairs , that sought to provide both spectacle and authenticity to the fair goer . for instance , at the 1867 exposition universelle in paris , the designers of the egyptian section jacques drévet and e. schmitz topped what was supposed to represent the residential khedival ( ottoman empire ruler 's ) palace with a dome typical of mosque architecture . [ 3 ] yet , they also attached to this building a barn ( not typical of a khedival palace ) that housed imported donkeys brought in to give visitors the impression of reality . [ 4 ] the fairs objectified the otherness of non-western peoples , cultures , and practices . orientalism constructs cultural , spatial , and visual mythologies and stereotypes that are often connected to the geopolitical ideologies of governments and institutions . the influence of these mythologies has impacted the formation of knowledge and the process of knowledge production . in this light , as saïd and nochlin remind us , when we see orientalist works like gérôme 's snake charmer , we should ask what idea of the `` orient '' we see , and why ? essay by nancy demerdash [ 1 ] linda nochlin , “ the imaginary orient , ” art in america , vol . ixxi , no . 5 ( 1983 ) , pp . 118–31 . [ 2 ] ibid. , 37 . [ 3 ] zeynep çelik , displaying the orient : architecture of islam at nineteenth-century world ’ s fairs ( berkeley : university of california press , 1992 ) . [ 4 ] timothy mitchell , colonising egypt , ( berkeley : university of california press , 1991 ) . additional resources : roger benjamin , orientalist aesthetics : art , colonialism , and french north africa 1880–1930 ( berkeley : university of california press , 2003 ) . zeynep çelik , “ colonialism , orientalism , and the canon ” the art bulletin 78 , no . 2 ( june 1996 ) : pp . 202-205 . zeynep çelik , displaying the orient : architecture of islam at nineteenth-century world ’ s fairs ( berkeley : university of california press , 1992 ) . oleg grabar , “ europe and the orient : an ideologically charged exhibition. ” muqarnas vii ( 1990 ) : pp . 1-11 . robert irwin , dangerous knowledge : orientalism and its discontents ( woodstock , ny : overlook press , 2006 ) . j.m . mackenzie , orientalism : history , theory , and the arts ( manchester , ny : manchester university press , 1995 ) . linda nochlin , “ the imaginary orient , ” a. america , ixxi/5 ( 1983 ) : pp . 118–31 . edward saïd , orientalism ( new york : vintage books , 1978 ) . edward saïd , “ orientalism reconsidered , ” race & amp ; class 27 , no . 2 ( autumn 1985 ) : pp . 1-15 . nicholas tromans , ed . the lure of the east : british orientalist painting ( london : tate , 2008 ) . stephen vernoit and d. behrens-abouseif , eds . islamic art in the nineteenth century : tradition , innovation , and eclecticism ( leiden ; boston : brill publishers , 2006 ) .
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though his text has itself received considerable criticism , the book nevertheless remains a pioneering intervention . saïd continues to influence many disciplines of cultural study , including the history of art . representing the “ orient ” as art historian linda nochlin argued in her widely read essay , “ the imaginary orient , ” from 1983 , the task of critical art history is to assess the power structures behind any work of art or artist . [ 1 ] following nochlin ’ s lead , art historians have questioned underlying power dynamics at play in the artistic representations of the `` orient , '' many of them from the nineteenth century .
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were the male and female nudes of ancient greek art and sculpture a reflection of the decadence of ancient greek culture ?
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