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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine .
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do molecules from a specific functional group produce more atp or go through cellular respiration faster than another functional group ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into .
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would barley ( containing mainly starch ) , and mung beans ( containing mainly protein ) have a different rates of respiration ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
|
in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules .
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do nucleotides ingested from the cells we eat , say in the cells of a tomato , enter in the cellular respiration pathway ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
|
cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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i 'm just wonder whether the use of proteins and lipids in cellular respiration is unhealthy , or does the body needs to do this too ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
|
in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit .
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how are the krebs cycle and urea cycle connected ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
|
this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens .
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how is the energy obtained from cellular respiration used for biosynthesis ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ .
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how are the intermediates of respiration linked to other growth processes ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration .
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why do amino acids have to be recycled to make new proteins ?
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introduction so far , we ’ ve spent a lot of time describing the pathways used to break down glucose . when you sit down for lunch , you might have a turkey sandwich , a veggie burger , or a salad , but you ’ re probably not going to dig in to a bowl of pure glucose . how , then , are the other components of food – such as proteins , lipids , and non-glucose carbohydrates – broken down to generate atp ? as it turns out , the cellular respiration pathways we ’ ve already seen are central to the extraction of energy from all these different molecules . amino acids , lipids , and other carbohydrates can be converted to various intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle , allowing them to slip into the cellular respiration pathway through a multitude of side doors . once these molecules enter the pathway , it makes no difference where they came from : they ’ ll simply go through the remaining steps , yielding nadh , fadh $ _2 $ , and atp . in addition , not every molecule that enters cellular respiration will complete the entire pathway . just as various types of molecules can feed into cellular respiration through different intermediates , so intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may be removed at various stages and used to make other molecules . for instance , many intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used in the pathways that build amino acids $ ^1 $ . in the sections below , we ’ ll look at a few examples of how different non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration . how carbohydrates enter the pathway most carbohydrates enter cellular respiration during glycolysis . in some cases , entering the pathway simply involves breaking a glucose polymer down into individual glucose molecules . for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose . when this sugar is broken down , the fructose can easily enter glycolysis : addition of a phosphate group turns it into fructose-6-phosphate , the third molecule in the glycolysis pathway $ ^2 $ . because it enters so close to the top of the pathway , fructose yields the same number of atp as glucose during cellular respiration . how proteins enter the pathway when you eat proteins in food , your body has to break them down into amino acids before they can be used by your cells . most of the time , amino acids are recycled and used to make new proteins , not oxidized for fuel . however , if there are more amino acids than the body needs , or if cells are starving , some amino acids will broken down for energy via cellular respiration . in order to enter cellular respiration , amino acids must first have their amino group removed . this step makes ammonia $ ( \text { nh } _3 ) $ as a waste product , and in humans and other mammals , the ammonia is converted to urea and removed from the body in urine . once they ’ ve been deaminated , different amino acids enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . the chemical properties of each amino acid determine what intermediate it can be most easily converted into . for example , the amino acid glutamate , which has a carboxylic acid side chain , gets converted into the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate . this point of entry for glutamate makes sense because both molecules have a similar structure with two carboxyl groups , as shown below $ ^3 $ . how lipids enter the pathway fats , known more formally as triglycerides , can be broken down into two components that enter the cellular respiration pathways at different stages . a triglyceride is made up of a three-carbon molecule called glycerol , and of three fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol . glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , an intermediate of glycolysis , and continue through the remainder of the cellular respiration breakdown pathway . fatty acids , on the other hand , must be broken down in a process called beta-oxidation , which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria . in beta-oxidation , the fatty acid tails are broken down into a series of two-carbon units that combine with coenzyme a , forming acetyl coa . this acetyl coa feeds smoothly into the citric acid cycle . cellular respiration : it 's a two-way street we 've thought a lot about how molecules can enter cellular respiration , but it 's also important to consider how they can exit . molecules in the cellular respiration pathway can be pulled out at many stages and used to build other molecules , including amino acids , nucleotides , lipids , and carbohydrates . to give just one example , acetyl coa ( mentioned above ) that 's produced in cellular respiration can be diverted from the citric acid cycle and used to build the lipid cholesterol . cholesterol forms the backbone of the steroid hormones in our bodies , such as testosterone and estrogens . whether it 's better to `` burn '' molecules for fuel via cellular respiration or use them to build other molecules depends on the needs of the cell—and so does which specific molecules they 're used to build !
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for instance , the glucose polymer glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle cells in our bodies . if blood sugar levels drop , the glycogen will be broken down into phosphate-bearing glucose molecules , which can easily enter glycolysis . non-glucose monosaccharides can also enter glycolysis . for instance , sucrose ( table sugar ) is made up of glucose and fructose .
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would different molecules that go through glycolysis process slower than glucose ?
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overview in june 1972 a group of spies with ties to president richard nixon was caught while attempting to place listening devices in the office of the democratic national committee in washington 's watergate building . after a lengthy investigation , which nixon attempted to undermine by refusing to turn over tapes of his conversations in the oval office , congress determined to impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon resigned in august 1974 , succeeded by vice president gerald ford . watergate , as the scandal came to be known , added to a general sense that the golden age of the postwar era in the united states had ended . nixon richard nixon had not clawed his way up to the presidency without scratching a few people along the way . from early in his career , nixon had made an art of employing `` dirty tricks '' to win elections , and by the time he made it into the white house he had many enemies . after a military analyst leaked the pentagon papers—documents that revealed that the us government had lied to congress and the american people about the scope of the vietnam war—nixon became obsessed with maintaining secrecy in his administration . he employed a group of aides that he called `` plumbers '' in order to plug any further leaks. $ ^1 $ the plumbers helped nixon 's fundraising organization , the committee to re-elect the president ( creep ) , with a series of illegal activities aimed at maintaining the president 's power and harassing individuals on an internally-circulated `` enemy list . '' creep and the plumbers undertook a variety of dirty tricks during the election of 1972 , including but not limited to forging documents that might incriminate or embarrass democratic opponents , conducting illegal surveillance , breaking into a psychiatrist 's office in order to steal information to discredit a political enemy , placing spies undercover in democratic campaigns and press corps , and renting facilities and ordering campaign supplies in the name of democratic challengers and sticking them with the bill. $ ^2 $ the watergate break-in creep eventually made a fatal blunder . on june 17 , 1972 , a security guard caught a group of five `` burglars '' in washington , dc 's watergate office complex , home of the democratic national committee ( dnc ) headquarters . the incident seemed fairly innocuous until the fbi discovered that the burglars had ties with the cia . over time , it became clear that the burglary was in fact a botched attempt at wiretapping the phones at the dnc headquarters in order to spy on the presidential campaign of george mcgovern. $ ^3 $ during the election of 1972 , mcgovern accused nixon and the republicans of breaking in to his office , but at that time there was little solid information tying the men involved with the break-in to the president . nixon won the election handily , with 520 electoral votes compared to mcgovern 's 17 . by early 1973 , however , the truth was beginning to trickle out . bob woodward and carl bernstein , reporters for the washington post , had reported on the watergate story since the break-in . they received tips from a highly-placed anonymous source known only as deep throat ( revealed in 2005 to have been fbi deputy director mark felt ) and kept the story alive by publishing their research into the break-in and alleged cover-up. $ ^4 $ although several of the watergate burglars cracked and pointed fingers at nixon in their testimony before the senate judiciary committee , there was no hard evidence connecting the president to any wrongdoing on the part of his subordinates . perhaps the investigation would have ground to a halt had the existence of a voice-recording device in the oval office not emerged : all of nixon 's conversations had been taped . the senate judiciary committee subpoenaed the tapes. $ ^5 $ denial and `` executive privilege '' nixon refused to hand over the tapes , citing `` executive privilege , '' or the right of the president not to respond to certain subpoenas or reveal confidential white house information . after the revelations from the pentagon papers that the president secretly had carried the vietnam war into the neighboring countries of cambodia and laos , it began to seem as though nixon believed he was above the law . his administration was further compromised when vice president spiro agnew was forced to resign after federal prosecutors charged him with taking bribes . nixon appointed gerald ford as agnew 's successor. $ ^6 $ in july 1974 , the house judiciary committee recommended that the house of representatives impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon finally handed over the tapes after a supreme court order in august 1974 . revelations and resignation the tapes confirmed that nixon had been involved in covering up the watergate affair ; in what has been called the `` smoking gun '' tape , nixon ordered the fbi not to investigate the break-in any further , a clear obstruction of justice . on august 8 , 1974 nixon resigned rather than face impeachment . his successor , gerald ford , immediately pardoned nixon for all crimes , discovered and undiscovered . ford became the first and only person to have served as both vice president and president of the united states without having been elected to either office . ford 's connection with the disgraced nixon ensured that he would not be elected to a second term. $ ^7 $ the pentagon papers , the watergate scandal and nixon 's subsequent fall from grace contributed to a growing sense in the united states that the government was unprincipled and untrustworthy . the power of the executive branch had grown steadily over the course of the 1960s and early 1970s , but nixon stretched it too far . by impeaching nixon , congress demonstrated that the system of checks and balances between the branches of the government still performed its function. $ ^8 $ nevertheless , watergate was yet another grim chapter in a grim era of us history . between 1968 and 1975 , the united states had witnessed the assassinations of martin luther king , jr. and robert f. kennedy , learned that us soldiers had murdered innocent women and children in vietnam during the my lai massacre , endured rising oil prices and a stagnating economy , watched as their president was exposed as a liar and a criminal , and lost the cause they had fought for in vietnam . little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ? do you think nixon 's impeachment and resignation was a sign that the american system of government was broken , or was it a sign that government was working ?
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little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ?
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what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ?
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overview in june 1972 a group of spies with ties to president richard nixon was caught while attempting to place listening devices in the office of the democratic national committee in washington 's watergate building . after a lengthy investigation , which nixon attempted to undermine by refusing to turn over tapes of his conversations in the oval office , congress determined to impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon resigned in august 1974 , succeeded by vice president gerald ford . watergate , as the scandal came to be known , added to a general sense that the golden age of the postwar era in the united states had ended . nixon richard nixon had not clawed his way up to the presidency without scratching a few people along the way . from early in his career , nixon had made an art of employing `` dirty tricks '' to win elections , and by the time he made it into the white house he had many enemies . after a military analyst leaked the pentagon papers—documents that revealed that the us government had lied to congress and the american people about the scope of the vietnam war—nixon became obsessed with maintaining secrecy in his administration . he employed a group of aides that he called `` plumbers '' in order to plug any further leaks. $ ^1 $ the plumbers helped nixon 's fundraising organization , the committee to re-elect the president ( creep ) , with a series of illegal activities aimed at maintaining the president 's power and harassing individuals on an internally-circulated `` enemy list . '' creep and the plumbers undertook a variety of dirty tricks during the election of 1972 , including but not limited to forging documents that might incriminate or embarrass democratic opponents , conducting illegal surveillance , breaking into a psychiatrist 's office in order to steal information to discredit a political enemy , placing spies undercover in democratic campaigns and press corps , and renting facilities and ordering campaign supplies in the name of democratic challengers and sticking them with the bill. $ ^2 $ the watergate break-in creep eventually made a fatal blunder . on june 17 , 1972 , a security guard caught a group of five `` burglars '' in washington , dc 's watergate office complex , home of the democratic national committee ( dnc ) headquarters . the incident seemed fairly innocuous until the fbi discovered that the burglars had ties with the cia . over time , it became clear that the burglary was in fact a botched attempt at wiretapping the phones at the dnc headquarters in order to spy on the presidential campaign of george mcgovern. $ ^3 $ during the election of 1972 , mcgovern accused nixon and the republicans of breaking in to his office , but at that time there was little solid information tying the men involved with the break-in to the president . nixon won the election handily , with 520 electoral votes compared to mcgovern 's 17 . by early 1973 , however , the truth was beginning to trickle out . bob woodward and carl bernstein , reporters for the washington post , had reported on the watergate story since the break-in . they received tips from a highly-placed anonymous source known only as deep throat ( revealed in 2005 to have been fbi deputy director mark felt ) and kept the story alive by publishing their research into the break-in and alleged cover-up. $ ^4 $ although several of the watergate burglars cracked and pointed fingers at nixon in their testimony before the senate judiciary committee , there was no hard evidence connecting the president to any wrongdoing on the part of his subordinates . perhaps the investigation would have ground to a halt had the existence of a voice-recording device in the oval office not emerged : all of nixon 's conversations had been taped . the senate judiciary committee subpoenaed the tapes. $ ^5 $ denial and `` executive privilege '' nixon refused to hand over the tapes , citing `` executive privilege , '' or the right of the president not to respond to certain subpoenas or reveal confidential white house information . after the revelations from the pentagon papers that the president secretly had carried the vietnam war into the neighboring countries of cambodia and laos , it began to seem as though nixon believed he was above the law . his administration was further compromised when vice president spiro agnew was forced to resign after federal prosecutors charged him with taking bribes . nixon appointed gerald ford as agnew 's successor. $ ^6 $ in july 1974 , the house judiciary committee recommended that the house of representatives impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon finally handed over the tapes after a supreme court order in august 1974 . revelations and resignation the tapes confirmed that nixon had been involved in covering up the watergate affair ; in what has been called the `` smoking gun '' tape , nixon ordered the fbi not to investigate the break-in any further , a clear obstruction of justice . on august 8 , 1974 nixon resigned rather than face impeachment . his successor , gerald ford , immediately pardoned nixon for all crimes , discovered and undiscovered . ford became the first and only person to have served as both vice president and president of the united states without having been elected to either office . ford 's connection with the disgraced nixon ensured that he would not be elected to a second term. $ ^7 $ the pentagon papers , the watergate scandal and nixon 's subsequent fall from grace contributed to a growing sense in the united states that the government was unprincipled and untrustworthy . the power of the executive branch had grown steadily over the course of the 1960s and early 1970s , but nixon stretched it too far . by impeaching nixon , congress demonstrated that the system of checks and balances between the branches of the government still performed its function. $ ^8 $ nevertheless , watergate was yet another grim chapter in a grim era of us history . between 1968 and 1975 , the united states had witnessed the assassinations of martin luther king , jr. and robert f. kennedy , learned that us soldiers had murdered innocent women and children in vietnam during the my lai massacre , endured rising oil prices and a stagnating economy , watched as their president was exposed as a liar and a criminal , and lost the cause they had fought for in vietnam . little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ? do you think nixon 's impeachment and resignation was a sign that the american system of government was broken , or was it a sign that government was working ?
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little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ? do you think nixon 's impeachment and resignation was a sign that the american system of government was broken , or was it a sign that government was working ?
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i think what is way more interesting , is why have n't the recent media revelations beginning with chelsea manning and edward snowden ( to name just a few ) , modern `` whistle blowers '' had a similar effect today ?
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overview in june 1972 a group of spies with ties to president richard nixon was caught while attempting to place listening devices in the office of the democratic national committee in washington 's watergate building . after a lengthy investigation , which nixon attempted to undermine by refusing to turn over tapes of his conversations in the oval office , congress determined to impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon resigned in august 1974 , succeeded by vice president gerald ford . watergate , as the scandal came to be known , added to a general sense that the golden age of the postwar era in the united states had ended . nixon richard nixon had not clawed his way up to the presidency without scratching a few people along the way . from early in his career , nixon had made an art of employing `` dirty tricks '' to win elections , and by the time he made it into the white house he had many enemies . after a military analyst leaked the pentagon papers—documents that revealed that the us government had lied to congress and the american people about the scope of the vietnam war—nixon became obsessed with maintaining secrecy in his administration . he employed a group of aides that he called `` plumbers '' in order to plug any further leaks. $ ^1 $ the plumbers helped nixon 's fundraising organization , the committee to re-elect the president ( creep ) , with a series of illegal activities aimed at maintaining the president 's power and harassing individuals on an internally-circulated `` enemy list . '' creep and the plumbers undertook a variety of dirty tricks during the election of 1972 , including but not limited to forging documents that might incriminate or embarrass democratic opponents , conducting illegal surveillance , breaking into a psychiatrist 's office in order to steal information to discredit a political enemy , placing spies undercover in democratic campaigns and press corps , and renting facilities and ordering campaign supplies in the name of democratic challengers and sticking them with the bill. $ ^2 $ the watergate break-in creep eventually made a fatal blunder . on june 17 , 1972 , a security guard caught a group of five `` burglars '' in washington , dc 's watergate office complex , home of the democratic national committee ( dnc ) headquarters . the incident seemed fairly innocuous until the fbi discovered that the burglars had ties with the cia . over time , it became clear that the burglary was in fact a botched attempt at wiretapping the phones at the dnc headquarters in order to spy on the presidential campaign of george mcgovern. $ ^3 $ during the election of 1972 , mcgovern accused nixon and the republicans of breaking in to his office , but at that time there was little solid information tying the men involved with the break-in to the president . nixon won the election handily , with 520 electoral votes compared to mcgovern 's 17 . by early 1973 , however , the truth was beginning to trickle out . bob woodward and carl bernstein , reporters for the washington post , had reported on the watergate story since the break-in . they received tips from a highly-placed anonymous source known only as deep throat ( revealed in 2005 to have been fbi deputy director mark felt ) and kept the story alive by publishing their research into the break-in and alleged cover-up. $ ^4 $ although several of the watergate burglars cracked and pointed fingers at nixon in their testimony before the senate judiciary committee , there was no hard evidence connecting the president to any wrongdoing on the part of his subordinates . perhaps the investigation would have ground to a halt had the existence of a voice-recording device in the oval office not emerged : all of nixon 's conversations had been taped . the senate judiciary committee subpoenaed the tapes. $ ^5 $ denial and `` executive privilege '' nixon refused to hand over the tapes , citing `` executive privilege , '' or the right of the president not to respond to certain subpoenas or reveal confidential white house information . after the revelations from the pentagon papers that the president secretly had carried the vietnam war into the neighboring countries of cambodia and laos , it began to seem as though nixon believed he was above the law . his administration was further compromised when vice president spiro agnew was forced to resign after federal prosecutors charged him with taking bribes . nixon appointed gerald ford as agnew 's successor. $ ^6 $ in july 1974 , the house judiciary committee recommended that the house of representatives impeach nixon for obstruction of justice and abuse of power . nixon finally handed over the tapes after a supreme court order in august 1974 . revelations and resignation the tapes confirmed that nixon had been involved in covering up the watergate affair ; in what has been called the `` smoking gun '' tape , nixon ordered the fbi not to investigate the break-in any further , a clear obstruction of justice . on august 8 , 1974 nixon resigned rather than face impeachment . his successor , gerald ford , immediately pardoned nixon for all crimes , discovered and undiscovered . ford became the first and only person to have served as both vice president and president of the united states without having been elected to either office . ford 's connection with the disgraced nixon ensured that he would not be elected to a second term. $ ^7 $ the pentagon papers , the watergate scandal and nixon 's subsequent fall from grace contributed to a growing sense in the united states that the government was unprincipled and untrustworthy . the power of the executive branch had grown steadily over the course of the 1960s and early 1970s , but nixon stretched it too far . by impeaching nixon , congress demonstrated that the system of checks and balances between the branches of the government still performed its function. $ ^8 $ nevertheless , watergate was yet another grim chapter in a grim era of us history . between 1968 and 1975 , the united states had witnessed the assassinations of martin luther king , jr. and robert f. kennedy , learned that us soldiers had murdered innocent women and children in vietnam during the my lai massacre , endured rising oil prices and a stagnating economy , watched as their president was exposed as a liar and a criminal , and lost the cause they had fought for in vietnam . little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ? do you think nixon 's impeachment and resignation was a sign that the american system of government was broken , or was it a sign that government was working ?
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little wonder that the suffix -gate has remained in the american vernacular to indicate scandal and conspiracy. $ ^9 $ what do you think ? what role did the media play in the watergate scandal ? why do you think nixon did n't destroy the oval office tapes that incriminated him ?
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was gerald part of the watergate scandal ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern .
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why is the tomb-chapel `` now lost '' ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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`` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . )
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being found in the 1820s , there must be some indication to it 's location especially when the general area is known ( thebes ) ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun .
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how come the paintings are so different from egyptian decorum ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy .
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why was everyday life more commonly drawn ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak .
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in the first paragraph , it said that their were 11 fragments of wall painting , does that mean that there are more fragments around the world , or are there only the 11 of them ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death .
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since the ancients did n't include vowels , how do we know what vowels were used and where they were place in the name ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s .
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the consonant sounds recorded were ( probably ) equivalent to nbmn , and wonder if the name could have been something different , such as inbemonu ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern .
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when did people find all these tomb paintings ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern .
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why do they draw pictures of their daily lifestyles in a chapel , is n't a chapel a place like a church ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb .
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what was there art technique in paragraph 3-4 ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak .
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why are there no similar groups of men at the banquet ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints .
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were the women the daughters of the couples seen in the upper register ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) .
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did young men not go to banquets in ancient egyptian times ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak .
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were banquets for young women an expected part of their role in egyptian society ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak .
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what happened to the mummy ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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what is the method conservators use to estimate how long a conservation technique/attempt should hold/remain viable ?
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the british museum contains 11 fragments of wall painting , some of the most famous images of egyptian art . the fragments come from the now lost tomb-chapel of nebamun , an ancient egyptian scribe or , `` scribe and grain accountant in the granary of divine offerings , '' in the temple of amun at karnak . nebamun died c. 1350 b.c.e. , a generation or so before tutankhamun . his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga . stylistically , the magnificent wall paintings can be dated to either the final years of the reign of amenhotep iii ( 1390-1352 b.c.e . ) or the early years of his successor . the fragments were constantly on display until the late 1990s . since then , the fragile wall-paintings have been meticulously conserved , securing them for at least the next fifty years . the project has provided numerous new insights into the superb technique of the painters called by one art-historian `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' —with their exuberant compositions , astonishing depictions of animal life and unparalleled handling of textures . new research and scholarship have enabled new joins to be made between the fragments , allowing a better understanding of their original locations in the tomb . they will now be re-displayed together for the first time in a setting designed to recreate their original aesthetic impact and to evoke their original position in a small intimate chapel . the paintings show scenes of daily life and include images of banquets , agriculture , animal husbandry , hunting and scenes of offerings . the quality of the drawing and composition is outstanding , and the superbly detailed treatment of the animals makes these some of the finest paintings to survive from ancient egypt . a place of commemoration nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was a place for people to come and commemorate nebamun and his wife after his death with prayers and offerings . nebamun himself was buried somewhere beneath the floor of the innermost room of the tomb-chapel in a hidden burial chamber.the beautiful paintings , which decorated the wall , not only showed how nebamun wanted his life to be remembered but what he wanted in his life after death . building a tomb-chapel was expensive and would have only been done by the wealthy . the majority of ancient egyptians would have been buried in cemeteries . how the tomb-chapel was built and used nebamun ’ s tomb-chapel was cut into the desert hills opposite the city of thebes ( modern luxor and karnak ) . workmen would have cut the tomb out of the rock using flint tools and copper-alloy chisels . the walls and ceilings of the tomb were then covered in a layer of mud plaster , followed by a layer of white plaster . this provided a smooth surface for painting . the tomb-chapel was painted by a team of artists . they first sketched out the designs and figures before painting the final pattern . sometimes the sketches can still be seen , showing how the artists changed their minds . the artists used black , white , red , yellow , blue and green paints . the tomb-chapel probably contained three sections : an outer chamber , an inner chamber and an underground burial chamber , which was sealed once nebamun and his wife had been buried . outside the tomb-chapel a courtyard was cut into the hillside . the walls of the chapel facade were decorated with rows of pottery cones stamped with the names and titles of the owner . suggested readings : m. hooper , the tomb of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2007 ) . r. parkinson , the painted tomb-chapel of nebamun ( london , british museum press , 2008 ) . a. middleton and k. uprichard , ( eds . ) , the nebamun wall paintings : conservation , scientific analysis and display at the british museum ( london , archetype , 2008 ) . explore the tomb-chapel of nebamun in a 3d interactive animation at the british museum © trustees of the british museum
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his name is damaged but he was almost certainly called nebamun . `` antiquity ’ s equivalent to michelangelo '' the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s . the location of the tomb from which they came is still not known with any certainty , but it is thought to be in the northern part of the necropolis in the area known as dra abu el-naga .
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`` the tomb-paintings were discovered by the local agent of henry salt in thebes and acquired by the museum in the 1820s '' what was the process of `` acquiring '' this art ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization .
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how did the quipu knot system work ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization .
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did certain knots represent specific numbers ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations .
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what numeric base did the incas use ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites .
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how can we be sure that `` the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone '' if there are no written records of this civilisation that we actually understand ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
|
they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru .
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how do modern archeologists know that the chavin people stored llama meat by drying it ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
|
this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation .
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would n't have all the evidence decomposed by now ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials .
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how can you tell there was remodeling or renovations ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru .
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silly question : since ch'arki is the origin of the word jerky , were historians able to trace what the chavin used for their jerky ?
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overview several complex societies formed in the andean region of south america , the caral—or norte chico—and the chavín . some scholars dispute whether the caral culture represented a true civilization . the chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at chavín de huántar and was probably organized around a religious hierarchy . caral—or norte chico—civilization the caral civilization—also known as the norte chico civilization—was a complex society , meaning its people had specialized , but interconnected , roles . it was located in what is now north-central coastal peru , and existed between roughly 3500-1700 bce . some have argued that it is the oldest known civilization in the americas , but others have claimed that there is too little evidence of the political , economic , and religious structures to definitively claim the caral society was truly a civilization . for example , those who study caral sites assume that sophisticated government was required to manage them , but questions remain over how it was organized to carry out these building projects . the most impressive achievement of the caral society was its monumental architecture , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . the urban complex of caral takes up more than 150 acres , and at its peak , approximately 3,000 people lived in caral . its urban plan , which contained a central plaza and temples surrounded by homes , was used by other andean civilizations for the next 4,000 years . most cities were located on one of three rivers in the region . this provided irrigation that allowed for cotton cultivation on a large scale . evidence for large-scale cultivation of food crops is less clear . archaeological evidence suggests use of textile technology for making clothing and fishnets , which fits with the evidence of cotton cultivation . there is no evidence for the creation or use of ceramic pottery , which is often related to food storage and preparation . some scholars have suggested that caral civilization obtained much of its food resources from the sea rather than from the development of agricultural cereal and crop surpluses , which have been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations . this is one reason why not all scholars are convinced that caral represents a “ true civilization ” . artifacts found include flutes made of bird bones and cornetts—a type of instrument similar to a flute , made of deer and llama bones . these animals also provided meat to the caral diet and were almost certainly hunted in the wild , rather than domesticated . one of the most interesting artifacts found at caral is a knotted cotton textile piece called a quipu —sometimes spelled khipu . quipu were used by many andean societies , including the inca , who were still using the system in the 1500s ce when the spanish arrived in south america . quipu consisted of a series of strings with knots that allowed its users to perform calculations and to record transactions and other information . along with questions about caral food production , debates over whether quipu represented a formal writing system also prevent agreement over the status of the caral as a civilization . chavín civilization the chavín civilization developed in the northern andean highlands of peru between 900 and 250 bce , roughly 1,000 years after the decline of the caral civilization . it was located in the mosna river valley , where the mosna and huachecsa rivers merge . the chavín civilization is named for the temple at chavín de huántar , which is the most prominent site linked with the broader culture . like all other civilizations , chavín society developed and changed over time . between about 900 and 500 bce , only several hundred people lived near the temple site . the temple itself was probably a regional ceremonial center to which people would travel for significant events . around 500 bce , the number of people living around the temple increased , and renovations and remodeling of the temple to allow for larger crowds were completed . the domestication of llamas appeared around this time , as did increased evidence of cross-cultural trade in the form of non-chavín materials . this indicates that there must have been some increase in specialized economic activity to produce goods that could be traded . from about 400 bce to 200 bce , the chavin population grew substantially , and more urban forms of settlement appeared . specialized pottery showed up during this time as well , indicating increased local production and probably an increased level of agricultural surplus , as pottery was often a means of storing surplus food . the unique geography of the chavín site—near two rivers and also near high mountain valleys—allowed its residents to grow both maize , which thrived in the lowlands of the river valley , and potatoes , which grew best in the higher altitudes of the andes mountains . the settlement pattern of larger villages in the lowland regions surrounded by smaller satellite villages in the highlands might have been a way to take advantage of these diverse agricultural opportunities through specialized production . along with maize and potatoes , the chavin people also grew the grain quinoa and built irrigation systems to water these crops . they used domesticated llamas as pack animals to transport goods and as a source of food . a common method of preserving llama meat was drying it into what later andean people called ch ’ arki—the origin of the word jerky ! the design of the chavín de huántar temple shows advanced building techniques that were adapted to the highland environment of peru . to avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season , the chavín people created a drainage system with canals under the temple structure . chavín art was the first widespread , recognizable artistic style in the andes and the temple itself was the most dramatic expression of chavín style . the old temple featured the lanzón , a 4.5 meter long piece of granite , carved in the form of the most important chavín deity . the name lanzón refers to the sculpture itself , coming from the spanish word for lance , which the spanish thought the sculpture resembled . because the chavín left no written records and the civilization was no longer in existence when the spanish arrived , the chavín name of the deity is unknown . the lanzón was housed in the central chamber of a labyrinth of underground passages below the temple . spiritually , the lanzón likely marked a pivot point linking the heavens , earth , and underworld . also near the temple was the tello obelisk , a giant sculpted shaft of granite . the obelisk features images of plants and animals—including caymans , birds , crops , and human figures—and may portray a chavín creation myth . though its purpose has not been fully deciphered by archaeologists , the obelisk seems to have been aligned on an axis with the lanzón and thus may have also served as a sort of spiritual or astrological marker . this indicates that the chavin possessed some knowledge of astronomy . the chavín people created refined goldwork and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering—connecting two pieces of metal by using another metal as a sort of glue . chavín art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings , sculptures , and pottery . the feline figure—most often the jaguar—had important religious meaning and shows up in many carvings and sculptures . eagles are also commonly seen throughout chavín art . the art was intentionally difficult to interpret , as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone . there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above . the political structures of chavín society are not clear , but the construction of the temple and the limited access to knowledge of symbols both imply that a hierarchy based on religious or spiritual beliefs existed . the construction and later renovation of the temple would have required mobilizing a large amount of labor , so there must have been some system for doing this . the most common theory is that there existed a small , elite group of shamans—people believed to have the ability to communicate with the spiritual world—and that they maintained positions of power through this exclusive ability . what do you think ? how did early andean societies take advantage of the region ’ s geography for agricultural production ? how did chavín elites maintain power ? why does the existence of monumental architecture , such as the temple at chavín de huántar , imply that some sort of political organization must have existed ?
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there is little evidence of warfare in chavín relics and no signs of defensive structures at urban sites . instead , local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions . the andes mountains and pacific ocean acted as natural barriers to movement , confining settlement and travel largely to the coastal strip , see map above .
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given the lack of written material how do archeologists find out such detailed information about their religious practices ?
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the first international style since antiquity the term `` romanesque , '' meaning in the manner of the romans , was first coined in the early nineteenth century . today it is used to refer to the period of european art from the second half of the eleventh century throughout the twelfth ( with the exception of the region around paris where the gothic style emerged in the mid-12th century ) . in certain regions , such as central italy , the romanesque continued to survive into the thirteenth century . the romanesque is the first international style in western europe since antiquity—extending across the mediterranean and as far north as scandinavia . the transmission of ideas was facilitated by increased travel along the pilgrimage routes to shrines such as santiago de compostela in spain ( a pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred place ) or as a consequence of the crusades which passed through the territories of the byzantine empire . there are , however , distinctive regional variants—tuscan romanesque art ( in italy ) for example is very different from that produced in northern europe . painting + sculpture + architecture the relation of art to architecture—especially church architecture—is fundamental in this period . for example , wall-paintings may follow the curvature of the apse of a church as in the apse wall-painting from the church of san clemente in taüll , and the most important art form to emerge at this period was architectural sculpture—with sculpture used to decorate churches built of stone . many sculptors may have begun their career as stone masons , and there is a remarkable coherence between architecture and sculpture in churches at this period . the two most important sculptural forms to emerge at this time were the tympanum ( the lunette-shaped space above the entrance to a church ) , and the historiated capital ( a capital incorporating a narrative element usually an episode from the bible or the life of a saint ) . one of the most famous tympanums is on the west entrance to autun cathedral ( below ) which represents—appropriately for this part of the church—the last judgment . an inscription ( gislebertus hoc fecit ” “ gislebertus made me ” ) , at the base of the giant immobile figure of christ at the center , records the name of the artist or head of the workshop which produced it , though it has been suggested that it may refer to the original patron who was responsible for bringing the relics of lazurus to autun in the carolingian period . the influence of ancient rome one influence on the romanesque is , as the name implies , ancient roman art—especially sculpture—which survived in large quantities particularly in southern europe . this can be seen , for example , in a marble relief representing the calling of st. peter and st. andrew from the front frieze of the abbey church of sant pere de rodes on the catalonian coast . the imprint of the antique can be seen in the deep undercutting in the drapery folds , an effect achieved by the roman device of the drill , and the individualization of the faces . classical influence was also frequently mediated through an intermediary—most importantly byzantine art ( especially textiles and painting ) , but also through earlier medieval styles which had absorbed elements of the classical tradition such as ottonian art . the illustrations in the bury bible have , for example , been convincingly compared to byzantine wall-paintings in a church at asinou in cyprus which suggests that its artist—a certain master hugo ( having the name of the artist is unusual during this period ) had seen them or a similar source . monasteries such as that of bury st. edmunds in east anglia in england ( where the bury bible was made ) were important centers of production—especially for the writing and decorating of manuscripts . the bury bible is a good example of the remarkable achievements of monastic scriptoria in the romanesque period . monasteries were not the only centers of production . romanesque art is also associated with towns that were revived and expanded during this period—for the first time since the fall of the roman empire—a consequence of broad economic expansion ( examples include assisi in umbria with its romanesque cathedral or the newly founded town of puente la reina in northern spain on the pilgrimage route to santiago de compostela ) . romanesque art is for the most part religious in its imagery , but this is partly a matter of what has survived , and there are examples of secular art from the period . unusual is a casket in the british museum , a product of limoges craftsmanship , which is made of wood with champlevé enamels attached to it ( produced by heating powdered glass set into groves hollowed out of bronze plate ) . this is decorated with scenes to do with courtly love inspired by troubadour poets from provence . metalwork the distinction between the fine and decorative arts is one that emerges only in the renaissance and does not apply at this earlier period . if anything the most highly valued works of art during the romanesque period were objects of metalwork made from precious metals that were frequently produced to house relics ( characteristically the body part of a saint , or—in the case of christ who , the faithful believe ascended to heaven—objects associated with him such as fragments of the so-called true cross on which christ was thought to have been crucified ) . an example of this is the reliquary known as the stavelot triptych . it consists of a central panel flanked by side wings that can be closed , a design format derived from byzantine art but made at the benedictine monastery of stavelot in the mosan region in present day belgium in the mid-twelfth century . the triptych was commissioned by the abbot , a man called wibald , whom we know travelled extensively and who acquired , during a trip to constantinople , the two byzantine enamel plaques incorporated into the center of the triptych that contain what were believed to be fragments of the true cross . a wall painting from san clemente in catalonia the apse wall-painting from the church of san clemente is a good example of the romanesque style . the church is situated in a remote valley in northern catalonia ( north-east spain today ) and is typical of the handsome stone-built churches which sprung up in this region in the romanesque period . the painting would have been painted onto fresh plaster applied to the walls of the church ( it was transferred for safekeeping to the museum of catalan art in barcelona early in the twentieth century ) . the painting is dominated by the giant figure of christ in a mandorla ( a halo around the body of a sacred person ) , represented as he will appear at the end of time as described in the book of revelation . christ is represented characteristically out of scale to the other figures to indicate his status . his head is distorted , elongated and highly geometric , and he has piercing hypnotic eyes . to either side of him are written the greek letters “ alpha ” and “ omega ” ( the beginning and the end ) , and with one hand he gestures in blessing , while the other holds an open book with the words ego sum lux mundi ( i am the light of the world ) inscribed on it . below him is an equally elongated and distorted figure of the virgin mary who holds a chalice with christ ’ s blood , a representation of the holy grail which predates the earliest written description of the subject . her presence in the scheme is symptomatic of the growing cult of the virgin mary at this period . it would be just as much a mistake to regard the lack of naturalism found in this painting as indicating lack of artistic competence as it would be in a work by picasso . rather it indicates that its artist ( whose real name we do not know ) is not interested in replicating external appearances but rather in conveying a sense of the sacred and communicating the religious teachings of the church . picasso ( who was brought up in barcelona ) greatly admired catalonian romanesque , and it is significant that later in his life he kept a poster of this painting in his studio in southern france . we live in a world saturated with images but in the romanesque period people would rarely encounter them and an image such as this would have made an immense impression . essay by dr. andreas petzold additional resources : romanesque art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history romanesque art at the national museum of catalan art ( video )
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one of the most famous tympanums is on the west entrance to autun cathedral ( below ) which represents—appropriately for this part of the church—the last judgment . an inscription ( gislebertus hoc fecit ” “ gislebertus made me ” ) , at the base of the giant immobile figure of christ at the center , records the name of the artist or head of the workshop which produced it , though it has been suggested that it may refer to the original patron who was responsible for bringing the relics of lazurus to autun in the carolingian period . the influence of ancient rome one influence on the romanesque is , as the name implies , ancient roman art—especially sculpture—which survived in large quantities particularly in southern europe .
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why is `` gislebertus hoc fecit '' translated as gislebertus made me ?
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the first international style since antiquity the term `` romanesque , '' meaning in the manner of the romans , was first coined in the early nineteenth century . today it is used to refer to the period of european art from the second half of the eleventh century throughout the twelfth ( with the exception of the region around paris where the gothic style emerged in the mid-12th century ) . in certain regions , such as central italy , the romanesque continued to survive into the thirteenth century . the romanesque is the first international style in western europe since antiquity—extending across the mediterranean and as far north as scandinavia . the transmission of ideas was facilitated by increased travel along the pilgrimage routes to shrines such as santiago de compostela in spain ( a pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred place ) or as a consequence of the crusades which passed through the territories of the byzantine empire . there are , however , distinctive regional variants—tuscan romanesque art ( in italy ) for example is very different from that produced in northern europe . painting + sculpture + architecture the relation of art to architecture—especially church architecture—is fundamental in this period . for example , wall-paintings may follow the curvature of the apse of a church as in the apse wall-painting from the church of san clemente in taüll , and the most important art form to emerge at this period was architectural sculpture—with sculpture used to decorate churches built of stone . many sculptors may have begun their career as stone masons , and there is a remarkable coherence between architecture and sculpture in churches at this period . the two most important sculptural forms to emerge at this time were the tympanum ( the lunette-shaped space above the entrance to a church ) , and the historiated capital ( a capital incorporating a narrative element usually an episode from the bible or the life of a saint ) . one of the most famous tympanums is on the west entrance to autun cathedral ( below ) which represents—appropriately for this part of the church—the last judgment . an inscription ( gislebertus hoc fecit ” “ gislebertus made me ” ) , at the base of the giant immobile figure of christ at the center , records the name of the artist or head of the workshop which produced it , though it has been suggested that it may refer to the original patron who was responsible for bringing the relics of lazurus to autun in the carolingian period . the influence of ancient rome one influence on the romanesque is , as the name implies , ancient roman art—especially sculpture—which survived in large quantities particularly in southern europe . this can be seen , for example , in a marble relief representing the calling of st. peter and st. andrew from the front frieze of the abbey church of sant pere de rodes on the catalonian coast . the imprint of the antique can be seen in the deep undercutting in the drapery folds , an effect achieved by the roman device of the drill , and the individualization of the faces . classical influence was also frequently mediated through an intermediary—most importantly byzantine art ( especially textiles and painting ) , but also through earlier medieval styles which had absorbed elements of the classical tradition such as ottonian art . the illustrations in the bury bible have , for example , been convincingly compared to byzantine wall-paintings in a church at asinou in cyprus which suggests that its artist—a certain master hugo ( having the name of the artist is unusual during this period ) had seen them or a similar source . monasteries such as that of bury st. edmunds in east anglia in england ( where the bury bible was made ) were important centers of production—especially for the writing and decorating of manuscripts . the bury bible is a good example of the remarkable achievements of monastic scriptoria in the romanesque period . monasteries were not the only centers of production . romanesque art is also associated with towns that were revived and expanded during this period—for the first time since the fall of the roman empire—a consequence of broad economic expansion ( examples include assisi in umbria with its romanesque cathedral or the newly founded town of puente la reina in northern spain on the pilgrimage route to santiago de compostela ) . romanesque art is for the most part religious in its imagery , but this is partly a matter of what has survived , and there are examples of secular art from the period . unusual is a casket in the british museum , a product of limoges craftsmanship , which is made of wood with champlevé enamels attached to it ( produced by heating powdered glass set into groves hollowed out of bronze plate ) . this is decorated with scenes to do with courtly love inspired by troubadour poets from provence . metalwork the distinction between the fine and decorative arts is one that emerges only in the renaissance and does not apply at this earlier period . if anything the most highly valued works of art during the romanesque period were objects of metalwork made from precious metals that were frequently produced to house relics ( characteristically the body part of a saint , or—in the case of christ who , the faithful believe ascended to heaven—objects associated with him such as fragments of the so-called true cross on which christ was thought to have been crucified ) . an example of this is the reliquary known as the stavelot triptych . it consists of a central panel flanked by side wings that can be closed , a design format derived from byzantine art but made at the benedictine monastery of stavelot in the mosan region in present day belgium in the mid-twelfth century . the triptych was commissioned by the abbot , a man called wibald , whom we know travelled extensively and who acquired , during a trip to constantinople , the two byzantine enamel plaques incorporated into the center of the triptych that contain what were believed to be fragments of the true cross . a wall painting from san clemente in catalonia the apse wall-painting from the church of san clemente is a good example of the romanesque style . the church is situated in a remote valley in northern catalonia ( north-east spain today ) and is typical of the handsome stone-built churches which sprung up in this region in the romanesque period . the painting would have been painted onto fresh plaster applied to the walls of the church ( it was transferred for safekeeping to the museum of catalan art in barcelona early in the twentieth century ) . the painting is dominated by the giant figure of christ in a mandorla ( a halo around the body of a sacred person ) , represented as he will appear at the end of time as described in the book of revelation . christ is represented characteristically out of scale to the other figures to indicate his status . his head is distorted , elongated and highly geometric , and he has piercing hypnotic eyes . to either side of him are written the greek letters “ alpha ” and “ omega ” ( the beginning and the end ) , and with one hand he gestures in blessing , while the other holds an open book with the words ego sum lux mundi ( i am the light of the world ) inscribed on it . below him is an equally elongated and distorted figure of the virgin mary who holds a chalice with christ ’ s blood , a representation of the holy grail which predates the earliest written description of the subject . her presence in the scheme is symptomatic of the growing cult of the virgin mary at this period . it would be just as much a mistake to regard the lack of naturalism found in this painting as indicating lack of artistic competence as it would be in a work by picasso . rather it indicates that its artist ( whose real name we do not know ) is not interested in replicating external appearances but rather in conveying a sense of the sacred and communicating the religious teachings of the church . picasso ( who was brought up in barcelona ) greatly admired catalonian romanesque , and it is significant that later in his life he kept a poster of this painting in his studio in southern france . we live in a world saturated with images but in the romanesque period people would rarely encounter them and an image such as this would have made an immense impression . essay by dr. andreas petzold additional resources : romanesque art on the metropolitan museum of art 's heilbrunn timeline of art history romanesque art at the national museum of catalan art ( video )
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the illustrations in the bury bible have , for example , been convincingly compared to byzantine wall-paintings in a church at asinou in cyprus which suggests that its artist—a certain master hugo ( having the name of the artist is unusual during this period ) had seen them or a similar source . monasteries such as that of bury st. edmunds in east anglia in england ( where the bury bible was made ) were important centers of production—especially for the writing and decorating of manuscripts . the bury bible is a good example of the remarkable achievements of monastic scriptoria in the romanesque period .
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what is a bury bible ?
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pure abstract art becomes completely emancipated , free of naturalistic appearances . —piet mondrian , 1929 [ 1 ] walking up to piet mondrian ’ s painting , composition with red , blue , and yellow can be a baffling experience ( see image above ) . the canvas is small and uses only the simplest of colors : red , blue , yellow , white and black . the composition is similarly reduced to the simplest of rectilinear forms , squares and rectangles defined by vertical and horizontal lines . one would hardly suspect that we are seeing the artist ’ s determination to depict the underlying structure of reality . neo-plasticism mondrian called his style neo-plasticism or “ the new plastic painting , ” the title of his famous 1917 essay promoting abstraction for the expression of modern life . don ’ t be confused by mondrian ’ s use of the term “ plastic. ” he uses it to refer to the plastic arts—media such as sculpture , that molds three-dimensional form , or , in mondrian ’ s case , painting on canvas . for centuries , european painters had attempted to render three-dimensional forms in believable spaces—creating convincing illusions of reality . see for an example—vermeer ’ s young woman with a water pitcher ( below ) . in contrast , mondrian and other modernists wanted to move painting beyond naturalistic depiction to focus instead on the material properties of paint and its unique ability to express ideas abstractly using formal elements such as line and color . mondrian believed his abstraction could serve as a universal pictorial language representing the dynamic , evolutionary forces that govern nature and human experience . in fact , he believed that abstraction provides a truer picture of reality than illusionistic depictions of objects in the visible world . perhaps this is why mondrian characterized his style as “ abstract real ” painting . abstraction and human progress mondrian ’ s earliest paintings were quite traditional in both subject and style . he studied at the art academies in the hague and in amsterdam in his home country of the netherlands . then , as with many artists during the early twentieth century , he began to emulate a variety of contemporary styles , including impressionism , neo-impressionism , and symbolism in an effort to find his own artistic voice . the impact of these modern movements can be seen in the development of mondrian ’ s painting which , over time , shows the dissolution of recognizable objects into increasingly pared-down structures ( see the three depictions of trees below ) . his emphasis on line , color , and geometric shape sought to highlight formal characteristics . mondrian was inspired by cubism , a movement led by pablo picasso and georges braque that explored the use of multiple perspectives . mondrian began experimenting with abstracted forms around the time he moved to paris in 1912 . his famous “ pier and ocean ” series ( see above ) , which reduces the landscape to arrangements of vertical and horizontal lines , exemplifies this period in mondrian ’ s career . he wanted to push beyond cubism ’ s strategy of fragmenting forms ( café tables were a favorite subject ) , and move toward pure abstraction . however , this change in mondrian ’ s process did not take place overnight and he continued to work in a studied , methodical way . in fact , his production of paintings within a series of canvases was part of mondrian ’ s method , and how he worked through thematic and compositional issues . because mondrian continued to rely on the series throughout his career , we can see the progression of his pictorial language even in his later , purely abstract work . his use of the term “ composition ” ( the organization of forms on the canvas ) signals his experimentation with abstract arrangements . mondrian had returned home to the netherlands just prior to the outbreak of the first world war and would remain there until the war ended . while in the netherlands he further developed his style , ruling out compositions that were either too static or too dynamic , concluding that asymmetrical arrangements of geometric ( rather than organic ) shapes in primary ( rather than secondary ) colors best represent universal forces . moreover , he combined his development of an abstract style with his interest in philosophy , spirituality , and his belief that the evolution of abstraction was a sign of humanity ’ s progress . philosophy & amp ; theosophy some art historians have viewed mondrian ’ s painting as an expression of his interest in dialectical relationships , ideas advanced by the early nineteenth-century german philosopher hegel that art and civilization progress by successive moments of tension and reconciliation between oppositional forces . for mondrian then , composing with opposites such as black and white pigments or vertical and horizontal lines suggest an evolutionary development . mondrian ’ s painting may also reflect his association with the theosophical society , an esoteric group that had a strong presence in europe . theosophists were interested in opposites as an expression of hidden unity . during wwi , mondrian stayed in laren , a village with a thriving art community near amsterdam . he lived near m.h.j . schoenmaeker , a prominent theosophist who used terms such as “ new plastic ” to promote his ideas on spiritual evolution and the unification of the real and the ideal , the physical and immaterial . in theosophy , lines , shapes , and colors symbolized the unity of spiritual and natural forces . de stijl while in holland , mondrian founded the movement called de stijl ( the style ) with the artist theo van doesburg . the two shared many ideas about art as an expression of relationships , particularly the relationships between art and life . because these artists believed that the evolution of art coincided with the modern progression of humankind , they thought that new plasticism could , and should , encompass all of human experience . van doesburg founded the journal de stijl to promote these ideas and demonstrate that their geometric abstraction , based on their theory of spiritual and pictorial progress , could form a total environment , and impact modern life . although mondrian and van doesburg eventually parted ways , their movement to combine modern art and living was so influential that the abstract , geometric principles and use of primary colors they applied in painting , sculpture , design , and architecture still resonate today . mondrian ’ s composition with red , blue , and yellow demonstrates his commitment to relational opposites , asymmetry , and pure planes of color . mondrian composed this painting as a harmony of contrasts that signify both balance and the tension of dynamic forces . mondrian viewed his black lines not as outlines but as planes of pigment in their own right ; an idea seen in the horizontal black plane on the lower right of the painting that stops just short of the canvas edge ( see image above ) . mondrian eradicates the entire notion of illusionistic depth predicated on a figure in front of a background . he achieves a harmonious tension by his asymmetrical placement of primary colors that balance the blocks of white paint . notice how the large red square at the upper right , which might otherwise dominate the composition , is balanced by the small blue square at the bottom left . what ’ s more , when you see this painting in a person you can discern just how much variation is possible using this color scheme—and that mondrian used varying shades of blacks and whites , some of which are subtly lighter or darker . seen up close , this variety of values and textures create a surprising harmony of contrasts . even the visible traces of the artist ’ s brushwork counter what might otherwise be a rigid geometric composition and balance the artist ’ s desire for a universal truth with the intimately personal experience of the artist . essay by dr. stephanie chadwick [ 1 ] piet mondrian , “ pure abstract art , 1929 ” in the new art—the new life : the collected writings of piet mondrian , edited and translated by harry holtzman and martin s. james ( boston : g.k. hall & amp ; co. ) , p. 224 . additional resources marty bax , complete mondrian ( aldershot , hampshire , u.k. : lund humphries , 2001 ) . yve-alain bois , et.al. , piet mondrian , 1872-1944 ( boston : little , brown & amp ; co. , 1994 ) . piet mondrian , harry holtzman , and martin s. james , the new art–the new life : the collected writings of piet mondrian ( boston : g.k. hall , 1986 ) . nancy troy , the de stijl environment ( cambridge : mit press , 1983 ) .
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pure abstract art becomes completely emancipated , free of naturalistic appearances . —piet mondrian , 1929 [ 1 ] walking up to piet mondrian ’ s painting , composition with red , blue , and yellow can be a baffling experience ( see image above ) . the canvas is small and uses only the simplest of colors : red , blue , yellow , white and black .
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what is the difference between mondrian 's works and malevich 's geometry ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ?
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carbon and oxygen are all important for life but why is codangerous ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ?
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if an element like carbon want 's 8 electrons to be like neon and therefor bonds easily with 4 hydrogen 's , would n't that give carbon a slight negative charge ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen .
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( 10 electrons and 6 protons ) and why would n't carbon just want to stay at 6 protons , 6 electrons , keeping it non-polar ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes .
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how do people actually look and measure the angles of bonds if we have n't actually seen an atom ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ?
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why are hydrocarbons like methane , butane and propane considered to be organic macromolecules but not carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form .
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is it possible to artificially create diamond using huge hydraulic presses with super hot base plates such that all conditions to create diamond are fulfilled ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons .
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why is it like that sio2 bond is stronger than co2 bond although it is the carbon which form good bonds due to its high linkage property ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell .
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if the bonds in methane are repelled to each other , then would n't the bonds be too far apart that it would break the bonds ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell .
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what are the different types of covalent bonds found in carbons compounds ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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is limestone an organic compound ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats .
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but it is literally made of dead animals ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule .
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can two carbons share all of there electrons with each other ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons .
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why are some carbon compounds like co2 inorganic while some others like ch4 iorganic ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane .
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i did n't exactly understand what tetrahedral geometry meant ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ?
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why is carbon 12 more common than carbon 13 ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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are hydrocarbons and organic molecules the same thing ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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why do carbon and hydrogen form a nonpolar covalent bond ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ?
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are squids and things without backbones have different carbon structure ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form .
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( i hope so ) but what does hedron mean ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule .
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how are hyrdocarbons the backbone of organic molecules ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry .
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is fat in our food is also hydrocarbon ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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how could you explain from where the hydrocarbons come from : coal , natural gas and oil ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form .
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and how oil could be trapped in rock or sand ( extracted by hydraulic fractured ) ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding .
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why is it that `` carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong '' ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons .
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in general , does the number of shells of an atom affect its capacity/strength to bond with other atoms ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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how can certain carbons be organic and others not , and how can some carbons be bad for us if we have to much of it while others are the backbone to our own existence ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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so by extension , do other element combinations aside from hydrocarbons create tetrahedral geometry ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry .
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what are hydrocarbon chains and rings ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes .
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i 'm not sure i understand how covalent bonds can result in neutral atoms , if an atom is sharing one or more electrons than it has protons , would n't that mean that the atom would have a negative charge ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding .
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is the reason for silicon 's inability to form looking chains similar to carbon related to the overall diameter of the silicon atom ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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why are n't macro molecules considered hydrocarbons when all of them have a hydrocarbon backbone or skeleton ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen .
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can carbon completely give or take electrons to become c+2 or c-2 ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons .
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what are hydrocarbons used for ?
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introduction carbon isn ’ t a difficult element to spot in your daily life . for instance , if you ’ ve used a pencil , you ’ ve seen carbon in its graphite form . similarly , the charcoal briquettes on your barbeque are made out of carbon , and even the diamonds in a ring or necklace are a form of carbon ( in this case , one that has been exposed to high temperature and pressure ) . what you may not realize , though , is that about 18 % of your body ( by weight ) is also made of carbon . in fact , carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body , including proteins , dna , rna , sugars , and fats . these complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules ; they ’ re also classified as organic molecules , which simply means that they contain carbon atoms . ( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ? why don ’ t we instead use , say , oxygen for the same purpose ? for one thing , carbon-carbon bonds are unusually strong , so carbon can form a stable , sturdy backbone for a large molecule . perhaps more important , however , is carbon ’ s capacity for covalent bonding . because a c atom can form covalent bonds to as many as four other atoms , it ’ s well suited to form the basic skeleton , or “ backbone , ” of a macromolecule . as an analogy , imagine that you ’ re playing with a tinker toy® set and have connector wheels with either two or four holes . if you choose the connector wheel with four holes , you ’ ll be able to make more connections and build a complex structure more easily than if you choose the wheel with two holes . a carbon atom can bond with four other atoms and is like the four-hole wheel , while an oxygen atom , which can bond only to two , is like the two-hole wheel . carbon ’ s ability to form bonds with four other atoms goes back to its number and configuration of electrons . carbon has an atomic number of six ( meaning six protons , and six electrons as well in a neutral atom ) , so the first two electrons fill the inner shell and the remaining four are left in the second shell , which is the valence ( outermost ) shell . to achieve stability , carbon must find four more electrons to fill its outer shell , giving a total of eight and satisfying the octet rule . carbon atoms may thus form bonds to as many as four other atoms . for example , in methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , carbon forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms . each bond corresponds to a pair of shared electrons ( one from carbon and one from hydrogen ) , giving carbon the eight electrons it needs for a full outer shell . hydrocarbons hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen . we often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives : for instance , the propane in a gas grill and the butane in a lighter are both hydrocarbons . they make good fuels because their covalent bonds store a large amount of energy , which is released when the molecules are burned ( i.e. , when they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water ) . methane ( ch $ _4 $ ) , the simplest hydrocarbon molecule , consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms . the carbon and the four hydrogen atoms form the vertices of a three-dimensional shape known as a tetrahedron , which has four triangular faces ; because of this , methane is said to have a tetrahedral geometry . more generally , when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms , the molecule ( or part of a molecule ) will take on a tetrahedral shape similar to that of methane . this happens because the electron pairs that make up the bonds repel each other , and the shape that maximizes their distance from each other is a tetrahedron . most macromolecules are not classified as hydrocarbons , because they contain other atoms in addition to carbon and hydrogen , such as nitrogen , oxygen , and phosphorous . however , carbon chains with attached hydrogens are a key structural component of most macromolecules ( even if they are interspersed with other atoms ) , so understanding the properties of hydrocarbons is important to understanding the behavior of macromolecules .
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( notably , there are a few exceptions to this rule . for example , carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide contain carbon , but generally are n't considered to be organic . ) the bonding properties of carbon why is carbon so popular for making molecular backbones ?
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if our body is 50 % carbon would that mean we exhale smoke ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables .
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and what is exactly meant by flooring in ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going .
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what is the main or basic difference between speed and velocity ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going .
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acceleration is used only for change in velocity or even for a change in speed ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ?
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how do u determine if the acceleration is positive or negative ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing .
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why did you get the initial velocity as negative ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration .
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is the wind blowing back against the eagle positive ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ?
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thus , having a positive acceleration ... what if the wind blows in the same direction as the eagle is flying ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ?
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is it possible to say that , if an object has a positive velocity , its acceleration will be negative ... and vice versa ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going .
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how can something accelerate in the opposite direction to the velocity ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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$ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate !
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what is the velocity : initial or final ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity .
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what would be your acceleration ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ .
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in the 3rd question down , ( where we can fill in the bubbles ) why is it not high speed and high acceleration ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful .
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is there a way to calculate the acceleration of an object whose speed is changing every second ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ?
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if an object is travelling to the right and slowing down , what is the difference between acceleration decreasing in magnitude to the right and acceleration increasing in magnitude to the left ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ?
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what is the difference between instantaneous velocity and acceleration ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration .
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i have learned that the magnitude of displacement is distance and that the magnitude of velocity is speed , so what does the magnitude of acceleration represent ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds .
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the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity that slows down the object just like a friction , right ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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$ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second .
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how is it possible to 24m/s^2-34m/s and get the units m/s ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables .
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what does a triangle stand for ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables .
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why is the answer `` low speed , high acceleration '' and not `` high speed , high acceleration '' ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ?
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if an object changes speed and directions at the same time , how do we calculate acceleration ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice .
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calculate the overall velocity like in a chart and then use it to find acceleration ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds .
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can there be a scenario where acceleration is n't constant like 20m/s/s but goes like 20 in the first second , 30 in the second and so on ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both .
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how to calculate velocity in particular time when acceleration changes ?
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables . it can be violent ; some people are scared of it ; and if it 's big , it forces you to take notice . that feeling you get when you 're sitting in a plane during take-off , or slamming on the brakes in a car , or turning a corner at a high speed in a go kart are all situations where you are accelerating . acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity changes . since velocity is a speed and a direction , there are only two ways for you to accelerate : change your speed or change your direction—or change both . if you ’ re not changing your speed and you ’ re not changing your direction , then you simply can not be accelerating—no matter how fast you ’ re going . so , a jet moving with a constant velocity at 800 miles per hour along a straight line has zero acceleration , even though the jet is moving really fast , since the velocity isn ’ t changing . when the jet lands and quickly comes to a stop , it will have acceleration since it ’ s slowing down . or , you can think about it this way . in a car you could accelerate by hitting the gas or the brakes , either of which would cause a change in speed . but you could also use the steering wheel to turn , which would change your direction of motion . any of these would be considered an acceleration since they change velocity . what 's the formula for acceleration ? to be specific , acceleration is defined to be the rate of change of the velocity . $ \huge { a=\frac { \delta v } { \delta t } = \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ the above equation says that the acceleration , $ a $ , is equal to the difference between the initial and final velocities , $ v_f - v_i $ , divided by the time , $ \delta t $ , it took for the velocity to change from $ v_i $ to $ v_f $ . note that the units for acceleration are $ \dfrac { \text m/s } { \text s } $ , which can also be written as $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s^2 } $ . that 's because acceleration is telling you the number of meters per second by which the velocity is changing , during every second . keep in mind that if you solve $ \large { a= \frac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } } $ for $ v_f $ , you get a rearranged version of this formula that ’ s really useful . $ v_f=v_i+a\delta t $ this rearranged version of the formula lets you find the final velocity , $ v_f $ , after a time , $ \delta t $ , of constant acceleration , $ a $ . what 's confusing about acceleration ? i have to warn you that acceleration is one of the first really tricky ideas in physics . the problem isn ’ t that people lack an intuition about acceleration . many people do have an intuition about acceleration , which unfortunately happens to be wrong much of the time . as mark twain said , “ it ain ’ t what you don ’ t know that gets you into trouble . it ’ s what you know for sure that just ain ’ t so. ” the incorrect intuition usually goes a little something like this : “ acceleration and velocity are basically the same thing , right ? ” wrong . people often erroneously think that if the velocity of an object is large , then the acceleration must also be large . or they think that if the velocity of an object is small , it means that acceleration must be small . but that “ just ain ’ t so ” . the value of the velocity at a given moment does not determine the acceleration . in other words , i can be changing my velocity at a high rate regardless of whether i 'm currently moving slow or fast . to help convince yourself that the magnitude of the velocity does not determine the acceleration , try figuring out the one category in the following chart that would describe each scenario . i wish i could say that there was only one misconception when it comes to acceleration , but there is another even more pernicious misconception lurking here—it has to do with whether the acceleration is negative or positive . people think , “ if the acceleration is negative , then the object is slowing down , and if the acceleration is positive , then the object is speeding up , right ? ” wrong . an object with negative acceleration could be speeding up , and an object with positive acceleration could be slowing down . how is this so ? consider the fact that acceleration is a vector that points in the same direction as the change in velocity . that means that the direction of the acceleration determines whether you will be adding to or subtracting from the velocity . mathematically , a negative acceleration means you will subtract from the current value of the velocity , and a positive acceleration means you will add to the current value of the velocity . subtracting from the value of the velocity could increase the speed of an object if the velocity was already negative to begin with since it would cause the magnitude to increase . if acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration points in the opposite direction of the velocity , the object will be slowing down . check out the accelerations in the diagram below , where a car accidentally drives into the mud—which slows it down—or chases down a donut—which speeds it up . assuming rightward is positive , the velocity is positive whenever the car is moving to the right , and the velocity is negative whenever the car is moving to the left . the acceleration points in the same direction as the velocity if the car is speeding up , and in the opposite direction if the car is slowing down . another way to say this is that if the acceleration has the same sign as the velocity , the object will be speeding up . and if the acceleration has the opposite sign as the velocity , the object will be slowing down . what do solved examples involving acceleration look like ? example 1 : a neurotic tiger shark starts from rest and speeds up uniformly to 12 meters per second in a time of 3 seconds . what was the magnitude of the average acceleration of the tiger shark ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ a=\dfrac { 12\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } -0\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } } { 3\text { s } } \qquad \text { ( plug in the final velocity , initial velocity , and time interval . ) } $ $ a= 4\frac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \qquad \text { ( calculate and celebrate ! ) } $ example 2 : a bald eagle is flying to the left with a speed of 34 meters per second when a gust of wind blows back against the eagle causing it to slow down with a constant acceleration of a magnitude 8 meters per second squared . what will the speed of the bald eagle be after the wind has blown for 3 seconds ? $ a= \dfrac { v_f-v_i } { \delta t } \qquad \text { ( start with the definition of acceleration . ) } $ $ v_f=v_i +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( symbolically solve to isolate the final velocity on one side of the equation . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } +a \delta t \qquad \text { ( plug in the initial velocity as negative since it points left . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } \delta t \quad \text { ( plug in acceleration with opposite sign as velocity since the eagle is slowing . ) } $ $ v_f=-34\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } + 8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } ( 3\text { s } ) \qquad \text { ( plug in the time interval during which the acceleration acted . ) } $ $ v_f=-10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \qquad \text { ( solve for the final velocity . ) } $ $ \text { final speed } = +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } \quad \text { ( the question asked for speed ; since speed is always a positive number , the answer must be positive . ) } $ note : alternatively we could have taken the initial direction of the eagle 's motion to the left as positive , in which case the initial velocity would have been $ +34\dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ , the acceleration would have been $ -8\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } ^2 } $ , and the final velocity would have come out to equal $ +10\dfrac { \text { m } } { \text { s } } $ . if you always choose the current direction of motion as positive , then an object that is slowing down will always have a negative acceleration . however , if you always choose rightward as positive , then an object that is slowing down could have a positive acceleration—specifically , if it is moving to the left and slowing down .
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what does acceleration mean ? compared to displacement and velocity , acceleration is like the angry , fire-breathing dragon of motion variables .
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why we assume that acceleration is constant ?
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