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narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
( writing ) fascist party . obviously it was n't called that in italian . in italian it was the partito nazionale fascista and mussolini is the leading figure here .
between and why could n't mussolini be called a dictator , even though he has absolute power ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
this essentially causes the current government to be ... the prime minister to be ousted and the king appoints mussolini as prime minister . ( writing ) so , mussolini , mussolini is now the prime minister . so this is a super rapid ascend , really based on peoples ' unhappiness with the left-leaning government , peopl...
what were the anti-fascist parties when mussolini was rising to power ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
the estimates i 've seen is about 200 individuals who group together . what unifies them is a strongly anti-socialist ideology . there 's an irony here because mussolini was in the socialist party before the war , but is a strongly anti-socialist ideology and a strongly nationalist ideology .
why were these people anti-socialist ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
every picture you see of him he has these really stern looks , he has this impression of a really strong figure . not only did he become prime minister , but he 's able to get dictatorial powers . the legislator actually gives him dictatorial powers for a year . ( writing ) dictata- , dictatorial powers for one year , ...
was there no public say in mussolini being given dictatorial powers ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
( writing ) so , in october you have a march on rome and i 've seen several accounts of the size of this march on rome , but the numbers that i 've seen is on the order of 200,000 . ( writing ) 200,000 fascists march on rome . this essentially causes the current government to be ... the prime minister to be ousted and ...
if mussolini had a conference with the 40,000 fascists , where did the other 160,000 come from who marched on rome ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
this essentially causes the current government to be ... the prime minister to be ousted and the king appoints mussolini as prime minister . ( writing ) so , mussolini , mussolini is now the prime minister . so this is a super rapid ascend , really based on peoples ' unhappiness with the left-leaning government , peopl...
why did mussolini align with adolf hitler ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
this essentially causes the current government to be ... the prime minister to be ousted and the king appoints mussolini as prime minister . ( writing ) so , mussolini , mussolini is now the prime minister . so this is a super rapid ascend , really based on peoples ' unhappiness with the left-leaning government , peopl...
why did n't mussolini go back to milan fascio after ww1 ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
not only did he become prime minister , but he 's able to get dictatorial powers . the legislator actually gives him dictatorial powers for a year . ( writing ) dictata- , dictatorial powers for one year , so you ca n't , at this point call him the dictator .
3- why would the legislator give mussolini dictatorial powers ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
why did hitler have to have ww1 ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
you have more and more of these fasci forming throughout europe . not through europe , throughout italy . this is very appealing to , especially young boys in italy .
is it possible that italy wanted to recreate their legacy of ancient rome ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
these guys do n't view it as hey let 's meet together and talk about and maybe try to run for elections . they want to actively coerce people . they want to actively intimidate people and these groups that would rise out of this , that would be strongly anti-socialist and the anti left-leaning government they would wea...
why were n't the blackshirt thugs arrested for assaulting people before the fascists came to power ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
on the bottom right corner , what is the symbol on the hat supposed to mean ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
you have more and more of these fasci forming throughout europe . not through europe , throughout italy . this is very appealing to , especially young boys in italy .
did italy have a king ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
every picture you see of him he has these really stern looks , he has this impression of a really strong figure . not only did he become prime minister , but he 's able to get dictatorial powers . the legislator actually gives him dictatorial powers for a year . ( writing ) dictata- , dictatorial powers for one year , ...
could the italian government have given dictatorial powers to mussolini as a possible nationalistic move , thinking that he would be like giuseppe garibaldi or old roman dictators and relinquish power once everything had been put in good order ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
( writing ) fascist party . obviously it was n't called that in italian . in italian it was the partito nazionale fascista and mussolini is the leading figure here .
were n't there any other racial `` impurities '' in germany other than jews , such as asian , african , south american ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
you have the leading party in italy at the time is the italian socialist party , you have a left-leaning government . there is a desire to react against that seeming spread of socialism or of communism . these guys do n't view it as hey let 's meet together and talk about and maybe try to run for elections .
why were the nationalists against communism ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
this essentially causes the current government to be ... the prime minister to be ousted and the king appoints mussolini as prime minister . ( writing ) so , mussolini , mussolini is now the prime minister . so this is a super rapid ascend , really based on peoples ' unhappiness with the left-leaning government , peopl...
what were the main causes for the rise of totalitarian ideologies in europe before mussolini ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
which i wont write in black because then you would n't see it , so i 'll write in this blue color . ( writing ) these black shirts . these were very loosely organized bands , they were often called fasci , it would often be young men who would gather together in towns throughout italy and say we believe in this anti-so...
what is the significance of the `` black shirt '' ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
this fasci di combattimento had now morphed into a real national party , it 's now ... and they renamed themselves the nationalist or the national fascist party . ( writing ) fascist party . obviously it was n't called that in italian .
was the picture of mussolini of when he gathered followers for his fascist party ?
narrator : benito musssolini 's rise to power in the early 1920s in italy is a fairly rapid , and from historical perspective , fairly surprising one . to give some context , as late as 1915 , ( writing ) 1915 , he had recently been ousted from the italian socialist party based on his decent over whether italy should e...
which i wont write in black because then you would n't see it , so i 'll write in this blue color . ( writing ) these black shirts . these were very loosely organized bands , they were often called fasci , it would often be young men who would gather together in towns throughout italy and say we believe in this anti-so...
did the black shirts have anything to do with mussolini 's gain of dictator-like powers ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle . this one right over here , all of these angles are less than 90 degrees , just eyeballing it .
what do those two extra tiny lines mean on the triangle 5 ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle .
if a line is perpendicular it make a right angle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle . this one right over here , all of these angles are less than 90 degrees , just eyeballing it .
how can you tell the name of the triangle if it has multiple degree angles ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle .
how do u tell if its a right angle without the box ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle .
why did'nt you tell us how much is a right angle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
this symbol right over here represents a 90-degree , or a right angle . so we just have to find side ab or ba . and that 's right over here .
if the shape is a strange shape is that why some parallel lines r harder to find ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle . this one right over here , all of these angles are less than 90 degrees , just eyeballing it . so this is going to be an acute -- that 's going to be an acute triangle . i 'll put it under acute triangles right over there .
does sal mean that if a triangle has less then 3 acute angles , it is n't an acute triangle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
acute triangles -- that means all three angles are less than 90 degrees . so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here .
how can i tell the angle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle .
what is a perpendicular line ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here .
4 is there any rules in what order the letters are in ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here .
if a pulley has a parallel bar attached weighing 10lbs , and on each end of the bar is 10lbs , what is the total weight ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle . this one right over here , all of these angles are less than 90 degrees , just eyeballing it .
are there any instances that a triangle will have two right angles ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
it 's going to be more than 90 degrees . so this is an obtuse triangle . now , this one over here , all of them seem acute .
the obtuse triangle has 2 acute angles so does n't that mean it 's a acute triangle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
and that 's right over here . side ab is perpendicular to side bc . let 's do a few more of these .
the selected answer was side ab , but could n't side cd also be considered a correct answer ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here .
what is a serza in geometry ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
now , this one over here , all of them seem acute . none of them even seem to be a right angle . so i would put this again into acute -- acute triangles . this one here clearly has a right angle .
how do we know its acute or abtuse angle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle .
how do you find classifying shapes by line and angles types ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
acute triangles -- that means all three angles are less than 90 degrees . so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here .
how do you know which angle is which ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here .
how can you tell the difference between every type of shape ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
so this one has a 90-degree angle . it has a right angle right over here . so this is a right triangle .
the box means right angle ?
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here . and for another segment to be perpendicular to it , perpendicular just means that the two segments need to intersect at a right angle , or at a 90-degree angle . and we see that bc intersects ab at a 90-degree angle . this symbol righ...
which side is perpendicular to side bc ? so bc is this line segment right over here .
how could you tell what perpendicular is ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
the problem is display devices , like monitors and projectors , can only reproduce some of the perceivable colors . it 's the pure , or single wavelength , red , green and blue light , they have trouble creating . notice , this screen can generate a slightly purer , or deeper , red compared to this one .
so.. even if there is a device that can produce pure red , green and blue , it still can not produce all colors because the cie chromaticity diagram is not a perfect triangle ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
it 's the range of the perceivable colors any give device can reproduce . mathematicians would say the gamut is a subset of the perceivable color space . the size of this set is important to filmmakers because they want the biggest palate of colors to paint from .
so does it not make sense to say that what is being shown in the video via the monitor is not really the absolute complete perceivable colour space for the eye ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
this is because they use laser light which is very close to a single wavelength allowing them to produce very pure reds , greens , and blues . but here 's a practical problem for you to think about . how do we make sure our movies look good on any device , especially if they have very different gamuts ? you can think a...
also , we might think of different species ( or even humans with color-blindness or tetrachromaticity ) as having eyes with different gamuts , right ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
both of these displays are getting the same color signal of pure red . notice these resulting colors we see are n't exactly the same . the problem is display devices , like monitors and projectors , can only reproduce some of the perceivable colors . it 's the pure , or single wavelength , red , green and blue light , ...
if gamuts prevent devices from producing some colors , how is the complete cie chromaticity diagram shown in this video ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
for a long time , our movies were projected on film which has a very large gamut , like this . eventually , we moved to digital projectors which had a different gamut compared to film . more recently , laser illuminated digital projectors have been introduced which have a much larger gamut than film . this is because t...
why do the projectors have a small gamut ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
and , since the display can blend those colors , the device has the ability to create any colors in this black triangle . this region is called the gamut of the display device . it 's the range of the perceivable colors any give device can reproduce .
why is the gamut called 'gamut ' ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
the problem is display devices , like monitors and projectors , can only reproduce some of the perceivable colors . it 's the pure , or single wavelength , red , green and blue light , they have trouble creating . notice , this screen can generate a slightly purer , or deeper , red compared to this one .
if no device can produce pure red , green and blue ; then how does the full color of the cie diagram show the complete range on the video in the lessons ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
if it tries to display those colors , the best it can do is hit three points over here , here , and here . and , since the display can blend those colors , the device has the ability to create any colors in this black triangle . this region is called the gamut of the display device .
the colors show different on each device , but how than are we able to see the color differences and the pure colors on the diagram ?
- okay , so let 's step back to the larger problem . our finished movies are viewed in a number of different ways . for instance , the screen a movie is displayed on could be a monitor , like this , or a projector , like this , and that 's where another problem creeps up . both of these displays are getting the same co...
both of these displays are getting the same color signal of pure red . notice these resulting colors we see are n't exactly the same . the problem is display devices , like monitors and projectors , can only reproduce some of the perceivable colors .
is this why women 's can see more colors than men 's ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
to compare raúl to gabriela , or any combination thereof . we call these comparative and superlative adjectives . and before i get too into the weeds on that , let me just show you what that looks like .
can all adjectives form comparatives or superlatives ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy .
all the names of the penguins sound like spanish names are they ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
right . cesar is less happy than raúl . so then we use the less than symbol . gabriela is the happiest penguin , and so for this group of three , cesar is the least happy .
when you put superlative why did you put less than symbol ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
right . cesar is less happy than raúl . so then we use the less than symbol .
in the example given 0 , `` cesar is less happy than raul , '' would n't less be modifying happy , ( which is modifying cesar , a noun , meaning that happy is an adjective ) which makes less an adverb because it is modifying an adjective ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
to compare raúl to gabriela , or any combination thereof . we call these comparative and superlative adjectives . and before i get too into the weeds on that , let me just show you what that looks like .
can the comparative adjectives be used for more than two nouns , like the superlative adjectives can ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
and something that 's neat about english is that you can use the comparative and superlative for both positive relationships and also negative relationships . so we could say raúl is a happy penguin , and we can say raúl is happier than cesar . we can also say cesar is less happy than raúl .
i have a question - i wonder if we could say `` raul is the happy penguin '' instead of `` raul '' is a penguin ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
so we can say raúl , let me put in the accent , raúl is a happy penguin . he 's go all the fish he wants , life is good . raúl is happier than cesar .
where did raul 's mohawk go ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
right . cesar is less happy than raúl . so then we use the less than symbol . gabriela is the happiest penguin , and so for this group of three , cesar is the least happy .
what i want to know is ; is there a suffix to mean less than ?
so we 've got these three penguins , grammarians we 've got raúl , who you may remember from his sweet mohawk , we 've got cesar and we 've got gabriela . three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is th...
three magellanic penguins from argentina . and they are all different amounts of happy . cesar is a medium amount of happy , raúl is more happy , and gabriela is the most happy . and in english , we have a way to compare these .
so would `` the happiest '' be better to use than `` the most happy '' ?
( circus music ) : wearing a fur lined jacket and a stiff tutu , a performer slowly makes her way into the ring of the circus tent . her horse knows the route by heart and plods along in front of her . in a few deft strokes , the artist henri toulouse-lautrec captured both sides of the circus , the glamour of the brig...
people could see and be seen like never before . for the first time , artists began depicting scenes of regular people enjoying themselves . auguste renoir painted a couple promenading in the park .
did henri toulouse-lautrec ever fraternize with the other artists of this time ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
you need both the b cell to escape the weeding out in the bone marrow and the t cell to escape the weeding out in the thymus for you to get an active b cell that 's now going to start putting out antibodies that react to self . by the way , this cellular kiss here is usually going on in the lymph node . looking at this...
is the process of cellular differentiation fully understood ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
during immuno-suppressive illnesses like hiv how do the innate and adaptive cells of the immune systems lose their functions ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how does it get killed if the immature b-cells binding to it are killed ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
therefore , can mature b-cells ( or others t-cell , dendritic etc ) go into the bone marrow to fight the infection ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
muscle weakness and gravis just means it 's serious because it gets serious over time . if you ca n't activate the muscle fibers in your body you slowly become paralyzed . you do n't need to remember this exact mechanism .
if not , ca n't the infection/virus/cancer take a hold ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
if you want to tighten this muscle fiber you just need to send the signal down a neuron and they 'll release the little molecules which will activate the muscle fiber . in one example of autoimmune disease you get antibodies against this receptor here on the muscle . they bind to it and that either stops it from functi...
how are antibodies not formed against the various flora in the gut ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
is the process of vetting b and t cells in the bone marrow and thymus referred to as negative selection ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how do t-cells react to cancerous cells , which are self things ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
do b-cells react to our cells often or does that only happen rarely ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
it needs this t cell to recognize it . this is exactly the second mechanism of defense that i 'd like to bring to your attention which is that even if a b cell escapes that reacts to self . almost always it 's also going to need a t cell that reacts to self to come and activate it . you need both the b cell to escape t...
ish , he mentions that b-cells create antibodies which will go bind and kill `` self '' proteins , is n't this detrimental , and wo n't this result in more loss of `` self '' proteins ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
if memory cells are created as a result of the b/t-cell `` kiss '' , this will result in creation of memory b-cells , which will then be trained to kill self-proteins in the future , can anyone expound on how this is of benefit ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
what happens to cells that kill bacteria that we need , such as those in your gut ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
also if blood has access to the digestive system then do the cells in your blood also kill your food ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
we 'll give them slightly different colors to make that obvious . here 's one with slightly different dna and a slightly different b cell receptor . the really critical point to remember is that these b cell receptors that will become antibodies are generated at random .
how is the dna different in both ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
we 'll give them slightly different colors to make that obvious . here 's one with slightly different dna and a slightly different b cell receptor . the really critical point to remember is that these b cell receptors that will become antibodies are generated at random .
is n't it just the expression of the genes in different b-cell / t-cell that is different , but the dna throughout all nucleated cells in the body is same ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how do b cells know to shuffle dna ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
if b cells are created in the bone marrow , does eating bone marrow increase the number of b cells in the body ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
now this b cell receptor is what 's gon na bind to foreign , pieces of foreign bacteria or viruses and these antibodies are gon na bind to those things and help your body get rid of them . the important thing to remember about b cells is that these antibodies or these b cell receptors are coded in the dna of the b cell...
this protects the body should a b cell have antibodies to `` self '' , but happens if a t cell has antibodies to `` self '' ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
the processes we 're gon na talk about are equally true , maybe even in some cases more so true for t cells and b cells . let 's go to the bone marrow to figure out how this process works , and we 're going to the bone marrow because that 's where b cells come from . it 's where they get their unique antibody , your b ...
later you address if a pathogen gets into the bone marrow , but what if its a novel pathogen or cancerous pathogen ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
now even though your body has these mechanisms to keep your immune system from reacting to yourself it still happens sometimes . the process still goes wrong sometimes and the result is autoimmune disease . it 's called autoimmune because you 're immune to yourself . your immune system basically starts attacking your o...
how do you stop an auto immune disease and how long do you generally have ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
all these proteins will be around . what your body does at this stage and development is it says whatever b cell binds to something , wherever b cell binds to something with its b cell receptor in the bone marrow will be killed . this b cell right here that recognizes this insulin protein the fact that it recognizes it...
so my question is , in lymph node , what if b cell binds to good protein and activated itself and proliferates plasma cell ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
the processes we 're gon na talk about are equally true , maybe even in some cases more so true for t cells and b cells . let 's go to the bone marrow to figure out how this process works , and we 're going to the bone marrow because that 's where b cells come from . it 's where they get their unique antibody , your b ...
can any auto-immune diseases be treated by injecting auto-antigens into the bone marrow or thymus ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
in fact there 's no way to do it because as i said , this process of creating different b cell receptors and antibodies is totally random . there 's no way to keep your body from making b cell receptors or b cells that will react to yourself . what does that mean ?
but how can the body react precisely to different invaders if the receptors on the immature b lymphocytes are randomly created ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
it 's just because every process has its mistakes and maybe you do n't have every single protein here in the bone marrow and enough abundance to find the b cells that reacts to a protein of your own body . let 's say this is a b cell that escaped the bone marrow even though it reacts to self . what 's gon na happen now...
are t cell first produced in bone marrow and matured in the thymus ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
so every protein is presented to b cells for vetting purposes ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
this is exactly what happens . the reason why it 's not too much of a problem is that even if you have this bacterium here in the bone marrow for a week or two or maybe a month , after that once this bacterium goes away or it 's killed then it wo n't be there anymore and you can start producing these b cells that react...
how would the pathogen be killed ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
now even though your body has these mechanisms to keep your immune system from reacting to yourself it still happens sometimes . the process still goes wrong sometimes and the result is autoimmune disease . it 's called autoimmune because you 're immune to yourself . your immune system basically starts attacking your o...
when was the first documented case of auto-immune disease ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
all these proteins will be around . what your body does at this stage and development is it says whatever b cell binds to something , wherever b cell binds to something with its b cell receptor in the bone marrow will be killed . this b cell right here that recognizes this insulin protein the fact that it recognizes it...
is n't it necessary that a dendritic cell binds with a th ( helper ) cell first , so the `` kiss '' between b and t cells can occur ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how would the body weed out the t cells in the thymus when they would need a b cell to present a part of a pathogen ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
is n't there not a large enough quantity , if any , of b cells for all of the self t cells to be rooted out before they are released ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
you do n't want this guy to die because you need him . because you want to fight this bacteria . the reason why he does n't die is because well , we 're in a different environment .
is there only white blood cells in the lymph nodes once they are matured , or are they floating around so that they can fight bacteria everywhere ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how many b-cells do you have ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
how does the body prevent b cells or t cells from attacking good bacteria such , as in the gut ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
you do n't want this guy to die because you need him . because you want to fight this bacteria . the reason why he does n't die is because well , we 're in a different environment .
what if there is bacteria in the bone marrow , but there is no receptor for that bacteria ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
the processes we 're gon na talk about are equally true , maybe even in some cases more so true for t cells and b cells . let 's go to the bone marrow to figure out how this process works , and we 're going to the bone marrow because that 's where b cells come from . it 's where they get their unique antibody , your b ...
i 'm not sure i understand how we get rid of the pathogens in our bone marrow ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
i understand that we may have already made other b-cells that would kill this pathogen ; but , they are now located outside the bone marrow in our lymph nodes , correct ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
the processes we 're gon na talk about are equally true , maybe even in some cases more so true for t cells and b cells . let 's go to the bone marrow to figure out how this process works , and we 're going to the bone marrow because that 's where b cells come from . it 's where they get their unique antibody , your b ...
do the pathogens in our bone marrow just randomly migrate out of our bone marrow to other places in our body ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
now this b cell receptor is what 's gon na bind to foreign , pieces of foreign bacteria or viruses and these antibodies are gon na bind to those things and help your body get rid of them . the important thing to remember about b cells is that these antibodies or these b cell receptors are coded in the dna of the b cell...
or once the b cell escapes , is it only a matter of misfortune before it 's activated ?
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
it 's called autoimmune because you 're immune to yourself . your immune system basically starts attacking your own body and some pretty terrible disease can result . to kind of bring it to life where i 'd like to tell you about one example of this .
is it my naivety & /or lack of complete/complex understanding or it 's too simple for someone with several years of training to consider ... let 's take celiacs disease , life threatening allergy to gluten ( really any allergen ) ... could n't you over time eliminate the allergic reaction by stimulating the body to res...
: the purpose of the immune system is to fight things . to fight bacteria and viruses and other things that you do n't want in your body . that 's what it does . the question we can ask is how does the immune system know not to attack your own body , and that might seem like a strange question or an obvious question b...
by the way we 're talking about b cells here . b cells . everything we 're saying is equally applicable to t cells .
what t-cells are responsible for attacking the cells that have been `` tagged '' by the plasma cells ?