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: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this boron is gon na have three sp2 hybrid orbitals and one p orbital . one unhybridized p orbital . let 's go ahead and draw that . | re : energy level : could someone please explain the rationale behind the promotion of 1s and demotion of 2p rendering one p orbital unhybridized ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | when you 're thinking about the sp2 hybrid orbitals that you create . sp2 hybrid orbital , sp2 , sp2 and then one unhybridized p orbital right here . boron only has three valance electrons . | could someone please explain the electron configuration of boron why are there 3 sp2 and an unhybridized p orbital ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | we only need three of our orbitals . we 're going to promote the s orbital . we 're gon na promote the s orbital up and this time , we only need two of the p orbitals . | how come an atom `` naturally '' promote its electron from 2s orbital to 2p orbital ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | the carbon on the right is also sp2 hybridized . we can go ahead and draw in an sp2 hybrid orbital and there 's one electron in that orbital and then there 's another one with one electron and then here 's another one with one electron . this carbon being sp2 hybridized also has an unhybridized p orbital with one elect... | why is there only one electron in the 2s orbital of carbon ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | once again , when we draw the pictures , we 're going to ignore the smaller back lobe . this gives us our sp2 hybrid orbitals . in terms of what percentage character , we have three orbitals that we 're taking here and one of them is an s orbital . | i am still not clear about how can we obtain 2 un-hybridized orbitals for each carbon atom when there are 3 hybrid orbitals present with it ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | each one of those sp2 hybrid orbitals has one electron in it . each one of these orbitals has one electron . i go back down here and i put in the one electron in each one of my orbitals like that . | why is 2s with only one electron at the beginning ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | we know s orbitals are shaped like spheres . we 're taking two p orbitals . we know that a p orbital is shaped like a dumbbell . | at 1.27 why did we take only two p orbitals ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | 33 % s character and 67 % p character . there 's more s character in an sp2 hybrid orbital than an sp3 hybrid orbital and since the electron density in an s orbital is closer to the nucleus . we think about the electron density here being closer to the nucleus that means that we could think about this lobe right here b... | why does the hybridised lobe shorten due to increase in electron density ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | let me go ahead and write that over here . there are five sigma bonds . if i would try to find those on my dot structure this would be a sigma bond . | are all sigma bonds also covalent bonds ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this boron is gon na have three sp2 hybrid orbitals and one p orbital . one unhybridized p orbital . let 's go ahead and draw that . | will the not-hybridized p orbital be called the lone pair ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | find the hybridization of this boron . steric number is equal to number of sigma bonds . that 's one , two , three . | if you want to calculate the steric number before you think about hybridization ... in the case of methane , how can we know that only 3 of 4 bonds are sigma ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | remember for ethane , the distance was approximately 1.54 angstroms . a double bond is shorter than a single bond . one way to think about that is the increased s character . | effect the strength of the bond similarly to the way that a polar covalent bond is stronger than a non-polar covalent bond ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if you 're thinking about the distance between the two carbons , let me go ahead and use a different color for that . the distance between this carbon and this carbon . it turns out to be approximately 1.34 angstroms , which is shorter than the distance between the two carbons in the ethane molecule . | the electron configuration for carbon is 2s^2 sp^2 ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this is an sp2 hybrid orbital and same with this one , an sp2 hybrid orbital . we call this sp2 hybridization . let me go and write this up here . | will the orbitals in boron changes from sp2 hybridization to sp3 hybridization after accepting a pair of electron ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | when you 're thinking about the sp2 hybrid orbitals that you create . sp2 hybrid orbital , sp2 , sp2 and then one unhybridized p orbital right here . boron only has three valance electrons . | for bf3 , i do n't get why you only drew the unhybridized p orbital , what about other sp2 orbitals ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | here 's the head on overlap of orbitals . that 's a sigma bond . here 's another head on overlap of orbitals . | are there any type of bond other than sigma and pi bond ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | over here when we look at the picture , this has an empty orbital and so boron can accept a pair of electrons . we 're thinking about its chemical behavior , one of the things that bf3 can do , the boron can accept an electron pair and function as a lewis acid . that 's one way in thinking about how hybridizational all... | are all lewis acid follow the same principal ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | find the hybridization of this boron . steric number is equal to number of sigma bonds . that 's one , two , three . | what is the steric number used for ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | let 's do boron trifluoride . bf3 . if you wan na draw the dot structure of bf3 , you would have boron and then you would surround it with your flourines here and you would have an octet of electrons around each flourine . | why the angles between orbital in bf3 are 120 degree ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | let 's do boron trifluoride . bf3 . if you wan na draw the dot structure of bf3 , you would have boron and then you would surround it with your flourines here and you would have an octet of electrons around each flourine . | so why are the bonds in bf3 in the same plane ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this boron is gon na have three sp2 hybrid orbitals and one p orbital . one unhybridized p orbital . let 's go ahead and draw that . | p orbital is in higher energy level so distance between bond it form between atoms should be more than ones bonded by sp^2 hybridized orbital .to make sense if two thing are connected with ropes one longer and other shorter and both properly straight than we see a curve of ropes .in the same way the molecule should be ... |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if you 're thinking about the distance between the two carbons , let me go ahead and use a different color for that . the distance between this carbon and this carbon . it turns out to be approximately 1.34 angstroms , which is shorter than the distance between the two carbons in the ethane molecule . | 0 are n't there 4 bonds on every carbon ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this is sp2 hybridization because we 're using one s orbital and two p orbitals to form our new hybrid orbitals . this carbon right here is sp2 hybridized and same with this carbon . notice that we left a p orbital untouched . | why do the carbon atoms in graphite get sp2 hybridized , even though there are no double bonds between the atoms ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | let 's do boron trifluoride . bf3 . if you wan na draw the dot structure of bf3 , you would have boron and then you would surround it with your flourines here and you would have an octet of electrons around each flourine . | does n't bf3 have 9 lone pairs of elcetrons ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | one , two , three and four . in the video on sp3 hybridization , we took all four of these orbitals and combined them to make four sp3 hybrid orbitals . in this case , we only have a carbon bonded to three atoms . | what is the order of energies of sp3 , sp2 and sp orbitals ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this boron is gon na have three sp2 hybrid orbitals and one p orbital . one unhybridized p orbital . let 's go ahead and draw that . | why draw in 2 dumbbell-shaped unhybridized p orbital on each of the cwrbon atoms , i thought it should be one as we have only one unhybridized p orbital ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | we have a total of one pi bond in the ethylene molecule . if you 're thinking about the distance between the two carbons , let me go ahead and use a different color for that . the distance between this carbon and this carbon . | how did you determine the distance between the carbons ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if we get a steric number of three , you 're gon na think about sp2 hybridization . one s orbital and two p orbitals hybridizing . that carbon is sp2 hybridized and of course , this one is too . | why would the s-orbital be promoted rather than just letting the 3 p-orbitals remain and bond with the hydrogen ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if we get a steric number of three , you 're gon na think about sp2 hybridization . one s orbital and two p orbitals hybridizing . that carbon is sp2 hybridized and of course , this one is too . | why would the s-orbital be promoted rather than just letting the 3 p-orbitals remain and bond with the hydrogen ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | each one of those sp2 hybrid orbitals has one electron in it . each one of these orbitals has one electron . i go back down here and i put in the one electron in each one of my orbitals like that . | do we do the configuration for only one carbon atom ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | notice that we left a p orbital untouched . we have a p orbital unhybridized like that . in terms of the shape of our new hybrid orbital , let 's go ahead and get some more space down here . | can pi bonds be formed between hybridized orbitals as well as unhybridized ones , like in the video ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | when you 're looking at the dot structure , one of these bonds is the pi bonds , i 'm just gon na say it 's this one right here . if you have a double bond , one of those bonds , the sigma bond and one of those bonds is a pi bond . we have a total of one pi bond in the ethylene molecule . | just for my own clarification , does the pi bond also contribute to the shortened bond length ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | when you 're looking at the dot structure , one of these bonds is the pi bonds , i 'm just gon na say it 's this one right here . if you have a double bond , one of those bonds , the sigma bond and one of those bonds is a pi bond . we have a total of one pi bond in the ethylene molecule . | or do pi bonds not have a significant effect on bond length at all ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | we 're gon na draw in . there 's one sp2 hybrid orbital . here 's another sp2 hybrid orbital and here 's another one . | if boron has electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p1 , why is it forming sp2 hybrid shells instead of ps2 hybrid shells since two atoms are coming from the 2s orbital and only one is coming from the 2p orbitals ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | let 's do boron trifluoride . bf3 . if you wan na draw the dot structure of bf3 , you would have boron and then you would surround it with your flourines here and you would have an octet of electrons around each flourine . | why does bf3 have an empty p orbital or even have it at all ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this boron here is sp2 hybridized and so we can also talk about the geometry of the molecule . it 's planar . around this boron , it 's planar and so therefore , your bond angles are 120 degrees . | is there a way to work out the geometric structure mathematically like how some are planar etc ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | that 's one , two , three . three sigma bonds plus lone pairs of electrons . that 's zero . | why are there 0 lone pairs around boron ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this is an sp2 hybrid orbital and same with this one , an sp2 hybrid orbital . we call this sp2 hybridization . let me go and write this up here . | does sp3 , sp2 and sp1 hybridization only work with certain atoms ( so far we 've only seen atoms used from the second row of the periodic table ) ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if you divide a 360 by 3 , you get 120 degrees for all of these bond angles . in the next video , we 'll look at sp hybridization . | at the beginning of the video , why is the configuration for carbon different to the one in the sp3 hybridization video ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | we can use this concept . steric number is equal to the number of sigma bonds plus number of lone pairs of electrons . if my goal was to find the steric number for this carbon . | do the number of valence electrons change after hybridization ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | this is an sp2 hybrid orbital and same with this one , an sp2 hybrid orbital . we call this sp2 hybridization . let me go and write this up here . | how co2 has sp2 hybridization ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | find the hybridization of this boron . steric number is equal to number of sigma bonds . that 's one , two , three . | how are you calculating the angstrom number ? |
: in an earlier video , we saw that when carbon is bonded to four atoms , we have an sp3 hybridization with a tetrahedral geometry and an ideal bonding over 109.5 degrees . if you look at one of the carbons in ethenes , let 's say this carbon right here , we do n't see the same geometry . the geometry of the atoms aro... | if you have boron right here and you 're thinking about a circle . a circle is 360 degrees . if you divide a 360 by 3 , you get 120 degrees for all of these bond angles . | why 360 angle is not formed in carbocation ? |
( piano playing ) dr. steven zucker : by the time titian painted christ crowned with thorns , he was towards the end of his very long career . he was the greatest artist of the venetian renaissance and he was applying paint in a way that artists had never done before . dr. beth harris : and you could imagine after deca... | he was the greatest artist of the venetian renaissance and he was applying paint in a way that artists had never done before . dr. beth harris : and you could imagine after decades of painting that you have a familiarity and an intimacy with your materials . it was said that titian used his hands to paint at the end of... | maybe you guys could bring examples of not-so-great paintings from the various eras so that we can appreciate what makes the great great and the common common ? |
( piano playing ) dr. steven zucker : by the time titian painted christ crowned with thorns , he was towards the end of his very long career . he was the greatest artist of the venetian renaissance and he was applying paint in a way that artists had never done before . dr. beth harris : and you could imagine after deca... | steven : i 'm interested in the way in which it is both violent and elegant simultaneously . look at those diagonal sticks . a figure in the back right really is plunging that stick and there is a real sense of violence and yet the stick is not actually catching the thorns , it 's not actually catching christs head . | what important part do these sticks play in crowning christ with thorns ? |
this exhibition assembles more than a hundred works of art made by abstract expressionist artists in the 1940s , 50s , and 60s . what 's amazing to me is they all come from the collection of this museum . for me , it was very important to do this exhibition -- for two reasons . one is the sheer pleasure and the sheer ,... | this exhibition assembles more than a hundred works of art made by abstract expressionist artists in the 1940s , 50s , and 60s . what 's amazing to me is they all come from the collection of this museum . | i was wondering if anyone knew of any good books that i could read on abstract impressionism , or biographies of the artists , pollock , rothko , kline , newman etc ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so our vessels , our arterioles , just like anything else in our body ; they 're made up of cells . and the cells that line our vessels over here , i 'll just draw a whole bunch of these guys , kinda hanging out , so these guys are called , `` endothelial cells '' ; each of these is an endothelial cell . so an endothel... | 1 tunica intima 2tunica media 3 tunica externa here only tunica intima ( endothelial cells+basement membrane ) is mentioned , what becomes of the other two layers ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | so the diffusion of ions and such into the bowman 's capsule from the glomerulus is an example of passive transport ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | and so , they 're sort of like these legs ; this is sort of a leg-like projection , and so , if you remember a doctor you might see , if you 've got problems with your feet is a `` podiatrist , '' and so this type of cell , we call these `` podocytes '' right , `` podo '' meaning `` foot . '' podocytes , and so there a... | are there actually pores through the cells , or is it that there is more space between cells ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | now the thing about the glomerulus that 's really interesting : it 's the main site for filtration , where we take blood that came in from the renal artery , and we push out a whole bunch of fluid , that we 're then going to take out some ions , and some water , and some waste , and we 'll get rid of the waste or the e... | i am not sure when he exactly answered this question on this video , but just to be clear ; what makes glomerulus arteries more efficient at draining filtrate than just the general arteries and why arteries do n't drain as much water as glomerulus ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so our vessels , our arterioles , just like anything else in our body ; they 're made up of cells . and the cells that line our vessels over here , i 'll just draw a whole bunch of these guys , kinda hanging out , so these guys are called , `` endothelial cells '' ; each of these is an endothelial cell . so an endothel... | are those fenestrated endothelial cells and epithelial cells are structural characteristics only unique to glomerulus arteries ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | these are things that can leak out , so how is it they get from the arteriole , into bowman 's space ? so our vessels , our arterioles , just like anything else in our body ; they 're made up of cells . and the cells that line our vessels over here , i 'll just draw a whole bunch of these guys , kinda hanging out , so ... | so does every vessel in our body have endothelial cells , tubule cells , and basement membrane ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | and another term for that , is just an `` epithelial cell '' ; this is an epithelial cell , okay ? and so , we go from the endothelial cell , to the epithelial cell , and i think i should also mention that these podocytes are a certain class of epithelial cell , as well , and so , these guys hug around the arteriole ; ... | why is there no mention of glomerular capillaries ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | the first part of the nephron is called the `` glomerulus '' ; it receives branches that come off the renal artery , you see a branch going that a way ; there 's a branch going this a way , and just like any artery , it branches off into arterioles , and it 's an arteriole that comes up first to meet the glomerulus . s... | should n't it be described as afferent arteriole leading to glomerular capillary leading to efferent arteriole ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | podocytes , and so there are some podocytes , in addition to these tubular cells , there are some that are just tubule cells . and another term for that , is just an `` epithelial cell '' ; this is an epithelial cell , okay ? and so , we go from the endothelial cell , to the epithelial cell , and i think i should also ... | explain the term glomerular filtration rate , what is it and how can you measure it ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | now the thing about the glomerulus that 's really interesting : it 's the main site for filtration , where we take blood that came in from the renal artery , and we push out a whole bunch of fluid , that we 're then going to take out some ions , and some water , and some waste , and we 'll get rid of the waste or the e... | if we drain all the fluid out , would n't our blood become super dehydrated and dry ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | the glomerulus though , just leaks out fluid , and it needs to be caught somewhere . that fluid that leaks out is caught in a capsule , that 's kind of hugging the glomerulus right here . so i 'm gon na draw it , like that , and it kinda keeps going this way , and this is gon na continue on , into the rest of our nephr... | glomerular filtration refers to the volume of blood that is filtered into the bowman 's capsule , right ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | what if someone 's blood cell enters the bowman 's capsule , will it be a chain reaction ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it 's kind of going this a way , okay , so that 's our vessel that 's right here . this vessel 's got a lot of good stuff , like our red blood cells , our white blood cells , platelets , some really really big proteins , so i 'm... | more and more red blood cells will be excreted ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | and so , this is the afferent arteriole , or the arteriole that 's going towards the glomerulus . the glomerulus then , is this really loopy structure ; there 's a lot of spinning that goes on here , then we branch off again , and this gives us the same arteriole , this is the same vessel we just started off with , so ... | do the kidneys have many nephrons or just one ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so our vessels , our arterioles , just like anything else in our body ; they 're made up of cells . and the cells that line our vessels over here , i 'll just draw a whole bunch of these guys , kinda hanging out , so these guys are called , `` endothelial cells '' ; each of these is an endothelial cell . so an endothel... | are there gap junctions between the endothelial cells of the arteriole ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | : all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | is glomerular filtration passive transport ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it 's kind of going this a way , okay , so that 's our vessel that 's right here . this vessel 's got a lot of good stuff , like our red blood cells , our white blood cells , platelets , some really really big proteins , so i 'm... | i 'm just unsure about if the filtrate is the stuff that does n't go in ( red blood cells ) or if it is like urea ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | is there any special purpose of why wbc 's and rbc 's leak ( i mean why do they even have to pass through those membranes and enter the bowman 's capsule ) ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | is there any special purpose of why wbc 's and rbc 's leak ( i mean why do they even have to pass through those membranes and enter the bowman 's capsule ) ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | is there any special purpose of why wbc 's and rbc 's leak ( i mean why do they even have to pass through those membranes and enter the bowman 's capsule ) ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | is there any special purpose of why wbc 's and rbc 's leak ( i mean why do they even have to pass through those membranes and enter the bowman 's capsule ) ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | : all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | is glomerular filtration related to urine formation ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | : all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | is glomerular filtration related to urine formation ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | podocytes , and so there are some podocytes , in addition to these tubular cells , there are some that are just tubule cells . and another term for that , is just an `` epithelial cell '' ; this is an epithelial cell , okay ? and so , we go from the endothelial cell , to the epithelial cell , and i think i should also ... | how is a kidney glomerulus podocyte an example of a eukaryotic cell ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so let me answer your question , and why do n't we just blow up that part , right here , and open this window so we can take a better look . so the point where the arteriole meets bowman 's capsule , there 's a lot going on . recall , that when we have a vessel , i 'll draw half of it , like that , right there , and it... | are podocytes part of the bowman 's capsule ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | : all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | the renal calyces = minor calyces and major calyces ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | now the thing about the glomerulus that 's really interesting : it 's the main site for filtration , where we take blood that came in from the renal artery , and we push out a whole bunch of fluid , that we 're then going to take out some ions , and some water , and some waste , and we 'll get rid of the waste or the e... | is there any relationship between glomerular filtration rate , renal blood/plasma flow and filtration index ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | now the thing about the glomerulus that 's really interesting : it 's the main site for filtration , where we take blood that came in from the renal artery , and we push out a whole bunch of fluid , that we 're then going to take out some ions , and some water , and some waste , and we 'll get rid of the waste or the e... | or simply putting it : what will be the effect on glomerular filtration rate and filtration index if renal blood/plasma flow is increased ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | this is bowman 's capsule , and this is where we 're going to collect the filtrate , or the fluid that comes out of the glomerululs . the inside right here is just open space , so they call it , `` bowman 's space '' as well , so it 's just space that 's gon na collect our filtrate . so at this point , you should be as... | .those itchy burning senation after you eat be the kidneys not functioning well ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | and actually some of these holes can allow bigger proteins to come through , but these proteins still do n't , because there 's another added layer , that sits in between these endothelial cells in the in the tuble , so this is sort of another membrane that 's right here . i 'll just kinda draw it shaded in , like this... | can our blood leak through the endothelial cell and the basement membrane ... if yes.. where does it go ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so our vessels , our arterioles , just like anything else in our body ; they 're made up of cells . and the cells that line our vessels over here , i 'll just draw a whole bunch of these guys , kinda hanging out , so these guys are called , `` endothelial cells '' ; each of these is an endothelial cell . so an endothel... | are all endothelial cells fenestrated , or is this is characteristic special to the glomerulus ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so this efferent arteriole is gon na turn into a capillary , and then it 's gon na go into venules , and then collect back , and come out as the renal vein ; we 'll talk about that in a later video , when i talk about other parts of the nephron . the glomerulus though , just leaks out fluid , and it needs to be caught ... | what is the purpose of the glomerulus ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so there are holes where these guys can kinda slip through . and actually some of these holes can allow bigger proteins to come through , but these proteins still do n't , because there 's another added layer , that sits in between these endothelial cells in the in the tuble , so this is sort of another membrane that '... | does high blood pressure cause some proteins to be forced through the basement membrane ? |
: all right , so i think we have a pretty decent appreciation of renal anatomy ; we know how the kidney is structured , now we just need to take a look at some of the finer details . we started talking about the nephron , which i kinda drew right here , and we said , `` this is the functional unit of filtration `` and... | so , this stuff kinda moves along that way , then again , we 've got other things like ions , so i 'm gon na write , `` sodium '' right there . we 've also got smaller protein sub-units , like amino acids ; i 'll just write , `` aa , '' and we 've also got glucose in here . these are things that can leak out , so how i... | is that how excess protein gets into urine ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | that gives you some idea of the boiling point of acyl halides . in terms of solubility in water you ca n't really say that something like acetyl chloride is soluble in water because it reacts so violently with it . acetyl chloride is extremely reactive and it reacts very quickly and often violently with water , so we c... | if acetyl chloride reacts so violently with water , then how is it formed ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | just for the sake of nomenclature we can just drop the acid and add anhydride . this would be benzoic anhydride . this would be benzoic anhydride , like that . | why would the product even form if it readily reacts with the water that it would produce ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | because our anhydride was formed from acetic acid we call this acetic anhydride . these are pretty simple names . you keep the acetic part and drop the acid , and just add anhydride . | so to name acids we have to know the anions names but how do we identify the anion names like ide , ate , or ite ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | this would be benzoic anhydride . this would be benzoic anhydride , like that . let 's look at another example . | what about when we are not talking about polyatomic ions like just bromine how would we identify if its name is bromide , or bromate , or bromite ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halides . they 're derived from carboxylic acids . | why do acid anhydrides has higher priority than acyl halides when in fact acyl halides are more reactive than anhydrides ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | a comes before b , so to write the name of our anhydride we would write acetic benzoic anhydride . acetic benzoic anhydride . once again when you see an anhydride and you 're trying to name it just think about the carboxylic acids and that will help you figure out the name . | can we use benzene carboxylic anhydride instead of using benzoic anhydride ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | when we think about the solubility of an acid anhydride in water , once again it 's kind of difficult . something like acetic anhydride is going to react with the water . acetic anhydride is also fairly reactive . | why would rcocl react violently with water ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | a comes before b , so to write the name of our anhydride we would write acetic benzoic anhydride . acetic benzoic anhydride . once again when you see an anhydride and you 're trying to name it just think about the carboxylic acids and that will help you figure out the name . | if you choose the iupac naming , does the acetic benzoic anhydride change to benzoic ethanoic anhydride ? |
lecturer : the next few videos we 're going to look at the nomenclature and properties of carboxylic acid derivatives . let 's start with an acyl halide . here 's our general structure of an acyl halide . on the left side we have an acyl group , on the right side we have a halogen . you could also call this acid halide... | if we take off the water and take this portion , take this acyl group and this over here and stick them together , then we form our anhydride over here on the right . because our anhydride was formed from acetic acid we call this acetic anhydride . these are pretty simple names . | on the reaction of acetyl chloride with acetic acid in the presence of pyridine , how acetic anhyride is formed ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | let me write that down . find the sum of first 650 terms of the sequence , of this arithmetic sequence that we have just defined . and like always , pause the video and see if you can work that out . | what is the difference between a series and a sequence ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | all right , 2,322,775 . i 'm glad i had a calculator in hand for that one , but you could do it by hand . i always encourage you to do it . | if sums of recursive formulas could be found with algebra , why do people make computer programs to calculate this ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | so four plus 649 times 11 is going to be equal to , i 'll get my calculator out for this , so this is going to be equal to 649 times 11 is equal to , now plus four is equal to 7,143 , 7,143 . so that 's the 650th term . 7 , 143 . | can we find the 650th term by using an= a + ( n-1 ) d , where a is the first term and d is the common difference ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | fourth term , you added 11 three times . 650th term , you added 11 649 times . and so if you add 11 649 times , what do you get ? so four plus 649 times 11 is going to be equal to , i 'll get my calculator out for this , so this is going to be equal to 649 times 11 is equal to , now plus four is equal to 7,143 , 7,143 ... | 4+649 ( 11 ) my quation what is 11 and how and why he add it there ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | so to get to the 650th term , we are going to add 11 , we are going to add 11 650 minus one times , or 649 times . notice , to get to each term , to get to the first term , you added one minus one , you had an 11 one minus one times , you added 11 zero times . you started with the four , did n't add 11 at all . then th... | i 'm confused , when do we add one to the `` n '' and when subtract and when take it as it is ? |
so i 'm going to recursively define an arithmetic sequence . so we 're going to say that they ith term of the sequence is equal to the i minus oneth term of the sequence plus 11 . so each term is going to be 11 more than the term before it . now we have to establish a base case here , and so we 're going to say that t... | all right , 2,322,775 . i 'm glad i had a calculator in hand for that one , but you could do it by hand . i always encourage you to do it . | if sums of recursive formulas could be found with algebra , why do people make computer programs to calculate this ? |
so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . we talked about the heart rate in beats per minute , and we talked about the heartbeat itself -- the length of t... | and then it continues on what would look like a normal sinus rhythm . and so , sometimes you 'll hear the term escape beats or escape rhythm . and so that 's what these are , these are escape beats , meaning they have escaped the normal flow of electrical conduction , which starts with the sa node . so , hope that was ... | are escaped beats the same as ectopic beats ? |
so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . we talked about the heart rate in beats per minute , and we talked about the heartbeat itself -- the length of t... | so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . | what is a `` murmur '' ' , or `` slight murmur '' ? |
so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . we talked about the heart rate in beats per minute , and we talked about the heartbeat itself -- the length of t... | so we call this conduction velocity . and the relationship between conduction velocity and the action potential is the slope of phase 0 . remember , the more steep phase 0 is , the faster something is going to go from cell to cell to cell . | did you mean the slope of phase 4 , as that is where they differ in na+ permeability ? |
so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . we talked about the heart rate in beats per minute , and we talked about the heartbeat itself -- the length of t... | and actually , that brings up a good point , because in the av node , there 's a huge delay built in , because the conduction is so darn slow . and so you have to actually remember that there 's this 0.1 second delay . and generally speaking , i think of 0.1 seconds as almost nothing , but when you compare it to 0.005 ... | how is the 0.1 second delay in the av node accomplished ? |
so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . we talked about the heart rate in beats per minute , and we talked about the heartbeat itself -- the length of t... | so i know we talked about different pacemakers in the body , but i thought it 'd be fun to revisit that and show you an interesting example . so let 's start out by laying out the table we 'd set up before . | are there proportionately fewer gap junctions and so fewer avenues for ions to permeate into those nodal cells ? |
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