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an ambush is a surprise attack by people lying in wait in a concealed position. ambushes have been used consistently throughout history, from ancient to modern warfare. in the 20th century, an ambush might involve thousands of soldiers on a large scale, such as over a choke point such as a mountain pass, or a small irr... |
an abzyme (from antibody and enzyme), also called catmab (from catalytic monoclonal antibody), and most often called catalytic antibody or sometimes catab, is a monoclonal antibody with catalytic activity. abzymes are usually raised in lab animals immunized against synthetic haptens, but some natural abzymes can be fou... |
in evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches. starting with a single ancesto... |
agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as dna or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. the proteins may be separated by charge and/or... |
an allele is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long dna molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution. the word is a short form of "allelomorph". "the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element is called a locus (plural: loci) and ... |
ampicillin is an antibiotic belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. the drug is used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. it may also be used to prevent group b strepto... |
annealing may refer to: annealing (biology), in genetics annealing (glass), heating a piece of glass to remove stress annealing (materials science), a heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material quantum annealing, a method for solving combinatorial optimisation problems and ground states of glassy syste... |
antimicrobial resistance (amr) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections). all classes of microbes can evolve resistance where the drugs are no longer effective. fungi evolve antifungal resistance. viruses evolve antiviral resistance. pro... |
in immunology, an antigen (ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or t-cell receptor. the presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. antigens can be proteins, peptides (amino acid chains), polysaccharides (chains ... |
an autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. the members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology, unlike those in allosomal (sex chromosome) pairs, which may have different structures. the dna in autosomes is collectively known as atdna or audna. for example, humans have a diploid ... |
antwerp is a city in belgium and capital of the antwerp province. antwerp may also refer to: in belgium antwerp (district) antwerp (province) in the united states antwerp, ohio antwerp township, michigan antwerp, new york antwerp (village), new york in australia antwerp, victoria other port of antwerp royal antwerp fc,... |
aquila may refer to: arts, entertainment, and media aquila, a series of books by s.p. somtow aquila, a 1997 book by andrew norriss aquila (children's magazine), a uk-based children's magazine aquila (journal), an ornithological journal aquila (tv series), a bbc tv production for children based on the norriss book aquil... |
al-qaeda is a pan-islamist militant organization led by sunni jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global islamist revolution to unite the muslim world under a supra-national islamic state known as the caliphate. its members are mostly composed of arabs, but also include other peoples. al-qaeda has ... |
alessandro giuseppe antonio anastasio volta (, ; 18 february 1745 – 5 march 1827) was an italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. he invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his e... |
argo navis (the ship argo), or simply argo, is one of ptolemy's 48 constellations, now a grouping of three iau constellations. it is formerly a single large constellation in the southern sky. the genitive is "argus navis", abbreviated "arg". flamsteed and other early modern astronomers called it navis (the ship), genit... |
in greek mythology, andromeda (; or ) is the daughter of cepheus, the king of aethiopia, and his wife, cassiopeia. when cassiopeia boasts that she (or her daughter) is more beautiful than the nereids, poseidon sends the sea monster cetus to ravage the coast of aethiopia as divine punishment. andromeda is chained to a r... |
antlia (; from ancient greek ἀντλία) is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. its name means "pump" in latin and greek; it represents an air pump. originally antlia pneumatica, the constellation was established by nicolas-louis de lacaille in the 18th century. its non-specific (single-word) name, alread... |
ara (latin for "the altar") is a southern constellation between scorpius, telescopium, triangulum australe, and norma. it was (as ) one of the greek bulk (namely 48) described by the 2nd-century astronomer ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations designated by the international astronomical union. th... |
auriga or auriga can refer to: auriga (constellation), a constellation of stars auriga (slave), a roman charioteer hms auriga (p419), a british submarine launched in 1945 auriga of delphi, name of the statue charioteer of delphi usm auriga, a spaceship in the film alien resurrection auriga, a fictional planet in the en... |
arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the southern united states. it is bordered by missouri to the north, tennessee and mississippi to the east, louisiana to the south, texas to the southwest, and oklahoma to the west. its name is from the osage language, a dhegiha siouan language, and refe... |
an atmosphere is a gas layer around a celestial body. atmosphere may also refer to: science atmosphere (unit), a unit of pressure atmosphere of earth extraterrestrial atmospheres stellar atmosphere arts, entertainment, and media music groups atmosphere (music group), an american hip-hop duo from minnesota atmosphere (p... |
apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. it represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. first depicted on a celestial globe by petrus plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by johann bayer in his 1603 ... |
abadan ( ābādān, ) is a city in the central district of abadan county, khuzestan province, iran, and serves as both capital of the county and of the district. the city is in the southwest of the county. it lies on abadan island ( long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide). the island is bounded in the west by the arvand waterwa... |
attorney may refer to: lawyer attorney at law, in some jurisdictions attorney, one who has power of attorney the attorney, a 2013 south korean film see also attorney general, the principal legal officer of (or advisor to) a government attorney's fee, compensation for legal services attorney–client privilege clusia rose... |
sir alexander fleming (6 august 1881 – 11 march 1955) was a scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. his discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin g) from the mould penicillium r... |
andrew carnegie (, ; november 25, 1835august 11, 1919) was an american industrialist and philanthropist. carnegie led the expansion of the american steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest americans in history. he became a leading philanthropist in the united states, great britain, and the ... |
approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. this class is ... |
astronomer royal is a senior post in the royal households of the united kingdom. there are two officers, the senior being the astronomer royal dating from 22 june 1675; the junior is the astronomer royal for scotland dating from 1834. the post was created by king charles ii in 1675, at the same time as he founded the r... |
the word aeon , also spelled eon (in american and australian english), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". it is a latin transliteration from the ancient greek w... |
an airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and/or freight. airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. generally, airline companies are... |
the australian democrats is a centrist political party in australia. founded in 1977 from a merger of the australia party and the new liberal movement, both of which were descended from liberal party dissenting splinter groups, it was australia's largest minor party from its formation in 1977 through to 2004 and freque... |
the australian capital territory (act), known as the federal capital territory (fct) until 1938, is a federal territory of australia. canberra, the capital city of australia, is located in this territory. it is located in southeastern australian mainland as an enclave completely within the state of new south wales. fou... |
aotus (the name is derived from the ancient greek words for "earless" in both cases: the monkey is missing external ears, and the pea is missing earlike bracteoles) may refer to: aotus (plant), one of the plant genera commonly known as golden peas in the family fabaceae (bean family) aotus (monkey), the genus of night ... |
ally mcbeal is an american legal comedy drama television series, originally aired on fox from september 8, 1997, to may 20, 2002. created by david e. kelley, the series stars calista flockhart in the title role as a lawyer working in the boston law firm cage and fish, with other lawyers whose lives and loves are eccent... |
andreas capellanus (capellanus meaning "chaplain"), also known as andrew the chaplain, and occasionally by a french translation of his name, andré le chapelain, was the 12th-century author of a treatise commonly known as de amore ("about love"), and often known in english, somewhat misleadingly, as the art of courtly l... |
the american civil liberties union (aclu) is an american nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920. the organization strives "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the constitution and laws of the united states". the aclu works through litigat... |
adobe inc. ( ), formerly adobe systems incorporated, is an american multinational computer software company incorporated in delaware and headquartered in san jose, california. it has historically specialized in software for the creation and publication of a wide range of content, including graphics, photography, illust... |
the alexander technique, named after its developer frederick matthias alexander (1869–1955), is a type of alternative therapy based on the idea that poor posture gives rise to a range of health problems. the american national center for complementary and integrative health classifies it as a "psychological and physical... |
andrea alciato (8 may 149212 january 1550), commonly known as alciati (andreas alciatus), was an italian jurist and writer. he is regarded as the founder of the french school of legal humanists. biography alciati was born in alzate brianza, near milan, and settled in france in the early 16th century. he displayed great... |
apparent magnitude () is a measure of the brightness of a star or other astronomical object. an object's apparent magnitude depends on its intrinsic luminosity, its distance, and any extinction of the object's light caused by interstellar dust along the line of sight to the observer. the word magnitude in astronomy, un... |
in astronomy, absolute magnitude () is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale. an object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were viewed from a distance of exactly , without extinction (o... |
apollo 1, initially designated as-204, was planned to be the first crewed mission of the apollo program, the american undertaking to land the first man on the moon. it was planned to launch on february 21, 1967, as the first low earth orbital test of the apollo command and service module. the mission never flew; a cabi... |
apollo 10 (may 18–26, 1969) was the fourth human spaceflight in the united states' apollo program and the second to orbit the moon. nasa, the mission's operator, described it as a "dress rehearsal" for the first moon landing (apollo 11, two months later). it was designated an "f"mission, intended to test all spacecraft... |
apollo 12 (november 14–24, 1969) was the sixth crewed flight in the united states apollo program and the second to land on the moon. it was launched on november 14, 1969, by nasa from the kennedy space center, florida. commander charles "pete" conrad and lunar module pilot alan l. bean performed just over one day and s... |
apollo 14 (january 31february 9, 1971) was the eighth crewed mission in the united states apollo program, the third to land on the moon, and the first to land in the lunar highlands. it was the last of the "h missions", landings at specific sites of scientific interest on the moon for two-day stays with two lunar extra... |
apollo 15 (july 26august 7, 1971) was the ninth crewed mission in the united states' apollo program and the fourth to land on the moon. it was the first j mission, with a longer stay on the moon and a greater focus on science than earlier landings. apollo 15 saw the first use of the lunar roving vehicle. the mission be... |
apollo 16 (april 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the united states apollo space program, administered by nasa, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the moon. it was the second of apollo's "j missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the lunar roving vehicl... |
apollo 17 (december 7–19, 1972) was the eleventh and final mission of nasa's apollo program, the sixth and most recent time humans have set foot on the moon or traveled beyond low earth orbit. commander gene cernan and lunar module pilot harrison schmitt walked on the moon, while command module pilot ronald evans orbit... |
the american revolution was an ideological and political revolution based on the principles of the american enlightenment that generally occurred in british america between 1765 and 1789. it created the environment for the american revolutionary war, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, whereby the thirteen colonies secured... |
events pre-1600 1080 – harald iii of denmark dies and is succeeded by canute iv, who would later be the first dane to be canonized. 1349 – the rule of the bavand dynasty in mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of hasan ii. 1362 – kaunas castle falls to the teutonic order after a month-long siege. 1492 – spain ... |
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