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the artistic license is an open-source license used for certain free and open-source software packages, most notably the standard implementation of the perl programming language and most cpan modules, which are dual-licensed under the artistic license and the gnu general public license (gpl). history artistic license 1... |
afrikaans (, ) is a west germanic language that evolved in the dutch cape colony from the dutch vernacular of holland proper (i.e. the hollandic dialect) used by dutch, french, and german settlers and people enslaved by them. afrikaans gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics during the course of the 1... |
in greek mythology, aeolus or aiolos (; , ) is a name shared by three mythical characters. these three personages are often difficult to tell apart, and even the ancient mythographers appear to have been perplexed about which aeolus was which. diodorus siculus made an attempt to define each of these three (although it ... |
abc are the first three letters of the latin script. abc or abc may also refer to: arts, entertainment and media broadcasting american broadcasting company, a commercial u.s. tv broadcaster disney–abc television group, the former name of the parent organization of abc australian broadcasting corporation, one of the nat... |
in united states law, an alford plea, also called a kennedy plea in west virginia, an alford guilty plea, and the alford doctrine, is a guilty plea in criminal court, whereby a defendant in a criminal case does not admit to the criminal act and asserts innocence, even if the evidence presented by the prosecution would ... |
abcd is a list of the first four letters in the english alphabet. it may also refer to: film abcd (film), a 2005 indian tamil-language romance film abcd: american born confused desi (disambiguation), various indian films so titled abcd: any body can dance, a 2013 indian hindi-language dance-drama film by remo d'souza a... |
in analytic philosophy, anti-realism is a position which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. the term was first articulated by british philosopher michael dummett in an argument against a form of realism dummett saw as 'colorless reductionism'. in an... |
arsenal football club is an english professional football club based in holloway, north london. arsenal compete in the premier league, the top flight of english football. the club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 fa cups, two league cups, 17 fa community shields, the football league ... |
american cuisine consists of the cooking style and traditional dishes prepared in the united states of america. it has been significantly influenced by europeans, indigenous native americans, africans, latin americans, asians, pacific islanders, and many other cultures and traditions. principal influences on american c... |
ahmad shah massoud (dari/pashto: , ; september 2, 1953september 9, 2001) was an afghan politician and military commander. he was a powerful guerrilla commander during the resistance against the soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. in the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militias; after the... |
atlantis () is a fictional island mentioned in plato's works timaeus and critias as part of an allegory on the hubris of nations. in the story, atlantis is described as a naval empire that ruled all western parts of the known world, making it the literary counter-image of the achaemenid empire. after an ill-fated attem... |
an autobiography, sometimes informally called an autobio, is a self-written biography of one's own life. definition the word "autobiography" was first used deprecatingly by william taylor in 1797 in the english periodical the monthly review, when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but condemned it as "pedantic". howeve... |
arcadius ( ; 377 – 1 may 408) was roman emperor from 383 to his death in 408. he was the eldest son of the augustus theodosius i () and his first wife aelia flaccilla, and the brother of honorius (). arcadius ruled the eastern half of the empire from 395, when their father died, while honorius ruled the west. a weak ru... |
the arabs (, din 31635: , arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the arab people (), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the arab world in western asia and northern africa, which formally denotes the "arab homeland". moreover, a significant arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. according to the abra... |
armadillos (meaning "little armored ones" in spanish) are new world placental mammals in the order cingulata. the chlamyphoridae and dasypodidae are the only surviving families in the order, which is part of the superorder xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. nine extinct genera and 21 extant species of arma... |
antisemitism (prejudice against and hatred of jews) has increased greatly in the arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the ottoman empire and traditional islamic society; european influence, brought about by western imperialism and arab christians; naz... |
events pre-1600 3114 bc – the mesoamerican long count calendar, used by several pre-columbian mesoamerican civilizations, notably the maya, begins. 2492 bc – traditional date of the defeat of bel by hayk, progenitor and founder of the armenian nation. 106 – the south-western part of dacia (modern romania) becomes a rom... |
arcology, a portmanteau of "architecture" and "ecology", is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated and ecologically low-impact human habitats. the term was coined in 1969 by architect paolo soleri, who believed that a completed arcology would provide space for a variety of reside... |
events pre-1600 823 – lothair i is crowned king of italy by pope paschal i. 919 – the second fatimid invasion of egypt begins, when the fatimid heir-apparent, al-qa'im bi-amr allah, sets out from raqqada at the head of his army. 1242 – during the battle on the ice of lake peipus, russian forces, led by alexander nevsky... |
events pre-1600 1303 – the sapienza university of rome is instituted by a bull of pope boniface viii. 1601–1900 1653 – oliver cromwell dissolves england's rump parliament. 1657 – english admiral robert blake destroys a spanish silver fleet, under heavy fire from the shore, at the battle of santa cruz de tenerife. 1657 ... |
events pre-1600 ad 65 – the freedman milichus betrays piso's plot to kill the emperor nero and all of the conspirators are arrested. 531 – battle of callinicum: a byzantine army under belisarius is defeated by the persians at raqqa (northern syria). 1506 – the lisbon massacre begins, in which accused jews are slaughter... |
the amstrad cpc (short for colour personal computer) is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by amstrad between 1984 and 1990. it was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the commodore 64 and the zx spectrum, where it successfully established itself primarily in the united kingdom... |
abdulaziz al-omari (, , also transliterated as alomari or al-umari; 28 may 1979 – 11 september 2001) was a saudi terrorist hijacker who was one of five hijackers of american airlines flight 11 as part of the 11 september attacks in 2001. prior to the terrorist attack, al-omari was an airport security guard and imam. al... |
aage niels bohr (; 19 june 1922 – 8 september 2009) was a danish nuclear physicist who shared the nobel prize in physics in 1975 with ben roy mottelson and james rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structu... |
in mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. this contrasts with synthetic geometry. analytic geometry is used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. it is the foundati... |
the arabic alphabet (, or , ), or arabic abjad, is the arabic script as specifically codified for writing the arabic language. it is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. the arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, with only consonants require... |
angels have appeared in works of art since early christian art, and they have been a popular subject for byzantine and european paintings and sculpture. normally given wings in art, angels are usually intended, in both christian and islamic art, to be beautiful, though several depictions go for more awe-inspiring or fr... |
the arctic fox (vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of canidae, native to the arctic regions of the northern hemisphere and common throughout the arctic tundra biome. it is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its ... |
anglo-saxons were germanic tribes that settled in britain and founded england. anglo-saxon may also refer to: anglo-saxon (anthropology) or nordic race, outdated racial concept anglo-saxon england, the history of anglo-saxons anglo-saxon model, modern macroeconomic term anglo-saxon world, modern societies based on or i... |
american folklore encompasses the folklores that have evolved in the present-day united states since europeans arrived in the 16th century. while it contains much in the way of native american tradition, it is not wholly identical to the tribal beliefs of any community of native people. folklore consists of legends, mu... |
sid meier's alpha centauri is a 4x video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the civilization series. set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet chiron ("planet") in the alpha centauri star system. as the game progresses, planet'... |
abu sayyaf (; ; , asg), officially known by the islamic state as the islamic state – east asia province, is a jihadist militant and pirate group that follows the wahhabi doctrine of sunni islam. it is based in and around jolo and basilan islands in the southwestern part of the philippines, where for more than four deca... |
armenian ( (reformed), (classical), , ) is an indo-european language and the sole member of an independent branch of that language family. it is the native language of the armenian people and the official language of armenia. historically spoken in the armenian highlands, today armenian is widely spoken throughout the ... |
additive synthesis is a sound synthesis technique that creates timbre by adding sine waves together. the timbre of musical instruments can be considered in the light of fourier theory to consist of multiple harmonic or inharmonic partials or overtones. each partial is a sine wave of different frequency and amplitude th... |
an aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases fo... |
the apicomplexa (also called apicomplexia) are a large phylum of mainly parasitic alveolates. most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. the organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetra... |
argentine cuisine is described as a blending of cultures, from the indigenous peoples of argentina who focused on ingredients such as humita, potatoes, cassava, peppers, tomatoes, beans, and yerba mate, to mediterranean influences brought by the spanish during the colonial period. this led to cultural blending of criol... |
events pre-1600 217 – roman emperor caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his praetorian guard prefect, marcus opellius macrinus. 876 – the battle of dayr al-'aqul saves baghdad from the saffarids. 1139 – roger ii of sicily is excommunicated by innocent ii for supporting anacletus ii as pope for seven years, ev... |
, short for argumentum ad hominem, is a term that refers to several types of arguments, most of which are fallacious. typically this term refers to a rhetorical strategy where the speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather than attacking the substance of the a... |
in computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the process of finding the computational complexity of algorithms—the amount of time, storage, or other resources needed to execute them. usually, this involves determining a function that relates the size of an algorithm's input to the number of steps it takes (its ti... |
ælle (also aelle or ella) is recorded in early sources as the first king of the south saxons, reigning in what is now called sussex, england, from 477 to perhaps as late as 514. according to the anglo-saxon chronicle, ælle and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called cymensora and fought against the ... |
atari () is a brand name that has been owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. it is currently owned by french company atari sa (formerly infogrames) through a subsidiary named atari interactive. the original atari, inc., founded in sunnyvale, california, usa in 1972 by nolan bushnell and ted dabney, was... |
afghans (; persian/) or afghan people are nationals or citizens of afghanistan, or people with ancestry from there. afghanistan is made up of various ethnicities, of which pashtuns, tajiks, hazaras and uzbeks are the largest. the two main languages spoken by afghans are pashto and dari (the afghan dialect of the persia... |
acadia university is a public, predominantly undergraduate university located in wolfville, nova scotia, canada, with some graduate programs at the master's level and one at the doctoral level. the enabling legislation consists of the acadia university act and the amended acadia university act 2000. the wolfville campu... |
the steel-string acoustic guitar is a modern form of guitar that descends from the gut-strung romantic guitar, but is strung with steel strings for a brighter, louder sound. like the modern classical guitar, it is often referred to simply as an acoustic guitar, or sometimes as a folk guitar. the most common type is oft... |
baldassarre cossa ( 1370 – 22 december 1419) was pisan antipope john xxiii (1410–1415) during the western schism. the catholic church regards him as an antipope, as he opposed pope gregory xii whom the catholic church now recognizes as the rightful successor of saint peter. he was also an opponent of antipope benedict ... |
antonio salieri (18 august 17507 may 1825) was an italian composer and teacher of the classical period. he was born in legnago, south of verona, in the republic of venice, and spent his adult life and career as a subject of the habsburg monarchy. salieri was a pivotal figure in the development of late 18th-century oper... |
the cobble hill tunnel (also known as the atlantic avenue tunnel) is an abandoned long island rail road (lirr) tunnel beneath atlantic avenue in brooklyn, new york city, running through the neighborhoods of downtown brooklyn and cobble hill. when open, it ran for about between columbia street and boerum place. it is th... |
the annapolis valley is a valley and region in the province of nova scotia, canada. it is located in the western part of the nova scotia peninsula, formed by a trough between two parallel mountain ranges along the shore of the bay of fundy. statistics canada defines the annapolis valley as an economic region, composed ... |
an analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain (that is, analgesia or pain management). analgesics are conceptually distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily reduce, and in some instances eliminate, sensation, alt... |
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