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abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. the non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way. whereas... |
the accusative case (abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb. in the english language, the only words that occur in the accusative case are pronouns: "me", "him", "her", "us", "whom", and "them". for example, the pronoun she, as the subject of a clause, is ... |
apostolic succession is the method whereby the ministry of the christian church is considered by some christian denominations to be derived from the apostles by a continuous succession, which has usually been associated with a claim that the succession is through a series of bishops. those of the anglican, church of th... |
ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. it is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. it dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. it is a mild reducing agent. ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted ""... |
amsterdamsche football club ajax (), also known as afc ajax, ajax amsterdam, or simply ajax, is a dutch professional football club based in amsterdam, that plays in the , the top tier in dutch football. historically, ajax (named after the legendary greek hero) is the most successful club in the netherlands, with 36 and... |
sir arthur stanley eddington (28 december 1882 – 22 november 1944) was an english astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. he was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. the eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object,... |
the apple ii (stylized as ) is an 8-bit home computer and one of the world's first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. it was designed primarily by steve wozniak; jerry manock developed the design of apple ii's foam-molded plastic case, rod holt developed the switching power supply, while steve jobs... |
events pre-1600 686 – maya king yuknoom yich'aak k'ahk' assumes the crown of calakmul. 1043 – edward the confessor is crowned king of england. 1077 – the patriarchate of friûl, the first friulian state, is created. 1559 – the second of two treaties making up the peace of cateau-cambrésis is signed, ending the italian w... |
alexis andrew nicholas koerner (19 april 1928 – 1 january 1984), known professionally as alexis korner, was a british blues musician and radio broadcaster, who has sometimes been referred to as "a founding father of british blues". a major influence on the sound of the british music scene in the 1960s, he was instrumen... |
an assault gun (from , , meaning "assault gun") is a type of self-propelled artillery which uses an infantry support gun mounted on a motorized chassis, normally an armored fighting vehicle, which are designed to provide direct fire support for infantry attacks, especially against other infantry or fortified positions.... |
a tank destroyer, tank hunter or tank killer is a type of armoured fighting vehicle, predominantly intended for anti-tank duties. they are typically armed with a direct fire artillery gun, also known as a self-propelled anti-tank gun, or missile launcher, also called an anti-tank missile carrier. the vehicles are desig... |
a military armored (also spelled armoured) car is a lightweight wheeled armored fighting vehicle, historically employed for reconnaissance, internal security, armed escort, and other subordinate battlefield tasks. with the gradual decline of mounted cavalry, armored cars were developed for carrying out duties formerly ... |
an anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (spaag) or self-propelled air defense system (spad), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability. specific weapon systems used include machine guns, autocannons, larger guns, or missiles, and some mount both guns and longer-ran... |
alkmaar zaanstreek (), better known internationally as az alkmaar, or simply and most commonly as az () in the netherlands, is a dutch professional football club from alkmaar and the zaan district. the club plays in the eredivisie, the highest professional football league in the netherlands. az won the eredivisie in 19... |
the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. they are found above the kidneys. each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla. the adrenal cortex itself is... |
a360 media, llc (branded a360media), formerly american media, inc. (ami), is an american publisher of magazines, supermarket tabloids, and books based in new york city. originally affiliated with only the national enquirer, the media company's holdings expanded considerably in the 1990s and 2000s. in november 2010, ame... |
aramaic (; ; ; ; western neo-aramaic ) is a northwest semitic language that originated in the ancient region of syria, and quickly spread to mesopotamia, the southern levant and eastern anatolia where it has been continually written and spoken, in different varieties, for over three thousand years, today largely by ass... |
titus ( ; ; títos) was an early christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of paul the apostle, mentioned in several of the pauline epistles including the epistle to titus. he is believed to be a gentile converted to christianity by paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as bishop of... |
the actinide () or actinoid () series encompasses the 14 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 102, actinium through nobelium. the actinide series derives its name from the first element in the series, actinium. the informal chemical symbol an is used in general discussions of actinide chemistry to ... |
arthur asher miller (october 17, 1915 – february 10, 2005) was an american playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century american theater. among his most popular plays are all my sons (1947), death of a salesman (1949), the crucible (1953), and a view from the bridge (1955). he wrote several screenplays, in... |
anton (or antonio) diabelli (5 september 17818 april 1858) was an austrian music publisher, editor and composer. best known in his time as a publisher, he is most familiar today as the composer of the waltz on which ludwig van beethoven wrote his set of thirty-three diabelli variations. early life diabelli was born in ... |
anita faye hill (born july 30, 1956) is an american lawyer, educator and author. she is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at brandeis university and a faculty member of the university's heller school for social policy and management. she became a national figure in 1991 when she accused u.s. suprem... |
events pre-1600 654 – pope eugene i elected to succeed martinus i. 955 – battle of lechfeld: otto i, holy roman emperor defeats the magyars, ending 50 years of magyar invasion of the west. 991 – battle of maldon: the english, led by byrhtnoth, ealdorman of essex, are defeated by a band of inland-raiding vikings near ma... |
an audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. the bit layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audio coding format and can be uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy compression. the data can be a raw bitstream in an audio co... |
two antipopes used the regnal name victor iv: antipope victor iv (1138) antipope victor iv (1159–1164) (1095–1164) |
area 51 is the common name of a highly classified united states air force (usaf) facility within the nevada test and training range. a remote detachment administered by edwards air force base, the facility is officially called homey airport or groom lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). details of its operat... |
audio signal processing is a subfield of signal processing that is concerned with the electronic manipulation of audio signals. audio signals are electronic representations of sound waves—longitudinal waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions and rarefactions. the energy contained in audio signals or s... |
in computer architecture, amdahl's law (or amdahl's argument) is a formula which gives the theoretical speedup in latency of the execution of a task at fixed workload that can be expected of a system whose resources are improved. it states that "the overall performance improvement gained by optimizing a single part of ... |
events pre-1600 247 – philip the arab marks the millennium of rome with a celebration of the ludi saeculares. 395 – emperor arcadius marries aelia eudoxia, daughter of the frankish general flavius bauto. she becomes one of the more powerful roman empresses of late antiquity. 711 – islamic conquest of hispania: moorish ... |
ayahuasca is a south american psychoactive brew, traditionally used by indigenous cultures and folk healers in amazon and orinoco basins for spiritual ceremonies, divination, and healing a variety of psychosomatic complaints. originally restricted to areas of peru, brazil, colombia and ecuador, in the middle of 20th ce... |
alfonso leng haygus (11 february 1884 – 11 november 1974) was a post-romantic composer of classical music. he was born in santiago, chile. he wrote the first important symphonic work in chilean tradition, "la muerte de alcino", a symphonic poem inspired by the novel of pedro prado. he composed many art songs in differe... |
in optics and lens design, the abbe number, also known as the v-number or constringence of a transparent material, is an approximate measure of the material's dispersion (change of refractive index versus wavelength), with high values of v indicating low dispersion. it is named after ernst abbe (1840–1905), the german ... |
acn may refer to: accenture, professional services company, listed on the nyse as acn achang language, a tibeto-burman language of china achnasheen railway station, uk, national rail code acineta, a genus of orchid acn inc., multi-level marketing company providing telecommunications and other services action congress o... |
ad (anno domini) is a designation used to label years following 1 bc in the julian and gregorian calendars while ad (advertisement) is a form of marketing communication. ad, a.d. or ad may also refer to: art, entertainment, and media film and television a.d. (film), a 2010 animated zombie horror film a.d. (miniseries),... |
in grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; sometimes abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses. the word "ablative" derives from the latin , the (irregular) perfect, passive ... |
the adamic language, according to jewish tradition (as recorded in the midrashim) and some christians, is the language spoken by adam (and possibly eve) in the garden of eden. it is variously interpreted as either the language used by god to address adam (the divine language), or the language invented by adam with whic... |
rise and fall of the city of mahagonny () is a political-satirical opera composed by kurt weill to a german libretto by bertolt brecht. it was first performed on 9 march 1930 at the in leipzig. some interpreters have viewed the play as a critique of american society. others have perceived it as a critique of the chaoti... |
james avery hopwood (may 28, 1882 – july 1, 1928) was an american playwright of the jazz age. he had four plays running simultaneously on broadway in 1920. early life hopwood was born to james and jule pendergast hopwood on may 28, 1882, in cleveland, ohio. he graduated from cleveland's west high school in 1900. in 190... |
antipope felix, an archdeacon of rome, was installed as pope in 355 ad after the emperor constantius ii banished the reigning pope, liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against saint athanasius. biography in may 357 ad the roman laity, which had remained faithful to liberius, demanded that ... |
alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. this group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. in addition to carbon, hydrogen and n... |
adventism is a branch of protestant christianity that believes in the imminent second coming (or the "second advent") of jesus christ. it originated in the 1830s in the united states during the second great awakening when baptist preacher william miller first publicly shared his belief that the second coming would occu... |
the archbishop of canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the church of england, the ceremonial head of the worldwide anglican communion and the bishop of the diocese of canterbury. the current archbishop is justin welby, who was enthroned at canterbury cathedral on 21 march 2013. welby is the 105th p... |
albion is a city in calhoun county in the south central region of the lower peninsula of the u.s. state of michigan. the population was 7,700 at the 2020 census and is part of the battle creek metropolitan statistical area. the earliest english-speaking settlers also referred to this area as the forks, because it is si... |
anointing of the sick, known also by other names such as unction, is a form of religious anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning) for the benefit of a sick person. it is practiced by many christian churches and denominations. anointing of the sick was a customary practice in many civilizations, incl... |
in computer science, an abstract data type (adt) is a mathematical model for data types, defined by its behavior (semantics) from the point of view of a user of the data, specifically in terms of possible values, possible operations on data of this type, and the behavior of these operations. this mathematical model con... |
the american football league (afl) was a major professional american football league that operated for ten seasons from 1960 until 1970, when it merged with the older national football league (nfl), and became the american football conference. the upstart afl operated in direct competition with the more established nfl... |
associazione sportiva roma (rome sport association), commonly referred to as roma (), is a professional football club based in rome, italy. founded by a merger in 1927, roma has participated in the top tier of italian football for all of its existence, except for the 1951–52 season. roma has won serie a three times, in... |
the abu nidal organization (ano; ), officially fatah – the revolutionary council ( ), was a palestinian militant group founded by abu nidal in 1974. it broke away from fatah, a faction within the palestine liberation organization, following the emergence of a rift between abu nidal and yasser arafat. the ano was design... |
an antibody (ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (ig), is a large, y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. the antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen. each tip of the "y" of an antibody contains a p... |
pietro alessandro gaspare scarlatti (2 may 1660 – 22 october 1725) was an italian baroque composer, known especially for his operas and chamber cantatas. he is considered the most important representative of the neapolitan school of opera. nicknamed by his contemporaries "the italian orpheus", he divided his career bet... |
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