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in communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. an early example is an invention of language...
the cheirogaleidae are the family of strepsirrhine primates containing the various dwarf and mouse lemurs. like all other lemurs, cheirogaleids live exclusively on the island of madagascar. characteristics cheirogaleids are smaller than the other lemurs and, in fact, they are the smallest primates. they have soft, long...
the callitrichidae (also called arctopitheci or hapalidae) are a family of new world monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. at times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the callitrichinae, of the family cebidae. this taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive linea...
the cebidae are one of the five families of new world monkeys now recognised. extant members are the capuchin and squirrel monkeys. these species are found throughout tropical and subtropical south and central america. characteristics cebid monkeys are arboreal animals that only rarely travel on the ground. they are ge...
chondrichthyes (; ) is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyians, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. they can be contrasted with the osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with ...
carl linnaeus (23 may 1707 – 10 january 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as carl von linné, was a swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". many of his writings were in latin; his name is render...
the coast, also known as the coastline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the coastline. shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced erosion, such as waves. the geological composi...
catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. the onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during episodes. it has historically been related to schizophrenia (catatonic schiz...
in cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. an alternative, less common term is encipherment. to encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. in common parlance, "cipher" is synonym...
country (also called country and western) is a music genre originating in the southern and southwestern united states. first produced in the 1920s, country music primarily focuses on working class americans and blue-collar american life. country music is known for its ballads and dance tunes (also known as "honky-tonk ...
the cold war (1948–1953) is the period within the cold war from the incapacitation of the allied control council in 1948 to the conclusion of the korean war in 1953. the list of world leaders in these years is as follows: 1948–49: clement attlee (uk); harry truman (us); vincent auriol (france); joseph stalin (ussr); ch...
crony capitalism sometimes also called simply cronyism, is a pejorative term used in political discourse to describe a situation in which businesses profit from a close relationship with state power, either through an anti-competitive regulatory environment, direct government largesse, and/or corruption. examples given...
this is a list of lists of universities and colleges. subject of study aerospace engineering agriculture art schools business chiropractic engineering forestry law maritime studies medicine music nanotechnology osteopathy pharmaceuticals social work institution type community colleges for-profit universities and colleg...
a constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. when these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those...
in law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions. the defining characteristic of common law is that it arises as precedent. common law courts look to the past decisio...
civil law may refer to: civil law (common law), the part of law that concerns private citizens and legal persons civil law (legal system), or continental law, a legal system originating in continental europe and based on roman law private law, the branch of law in a civil law legal system that concerns relations among ...
a court of appeals is generally an appellate court. court of appeals may refer to: israeli military court of appeals (italy) court of appeals of the philippines high court of appeals of turkey court of appeals (vatican city) united states courts of appeals court of appeals for the armed forces court of appeals for vete...
common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. according to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (luca) of all life on ear...
celtic music is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the celtic people of northwestern europe (the modern celtic nations). it refers to both orally-transmitted traditional music and recorded music and the styles vary considerably to include everything from traditional music ...
a constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. the origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. people used them to relate stories of their bel...
character or characters may refer to: arts, entertainment, and media literature character (novel), a 1936 dutch novel by ferdinand bordewijk characters (theophrastus), a classical greek set of character sketches attributed to theophrastus music characters (john abercrombie album), 1977 character (dark tranquillity albu...
a car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers. car(s), car(s), or the car(s) may also refer to: computing c.a.r. (z.u.l.), geometry software car and cdr, commands in lisp computer programming clock with adaptive replacement, a page replacement algorithm computer-assisted reporting computer-assisted ...
in computing, a printer is a peripheral machine which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. while most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. different types of printers include 3d printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and ther...
a copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. the creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. copyright is intended to protect the original expression o...
catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the valencian community and carche as valencian (autonym: ), is a western romance language. it is the official language of andorra, and an official language of two autonomous communities in eastern spain: catalonia and the balearic islands. it is also an official language in valencia, ...
sts-51-f (also known as spacelab 2) was the 19th flight of nasa's space shuttle program and the eighth flight of space shuttle challenger. it launched from kennedy space center, florida, on july 29, 1985, and landed eight days later on august 6, 1985. while sts-51-f's primary payload was the spacelab 2 laboratory modul...
the classical period was an era of classical music between roughly 1750 and 1820. the classical period falls between the baroque and the romantic periods. classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than baroque music, but a more varying use of musical form, which is, in simpler terms, the rhythm and organization of...
character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers. the numerical values that make up a character encoding are known as "code points" and collectively compri...
in computing and telecommunication, a control character or non-printing character (npc) is a code point in a character set that does not represent a written character or symbol. they are used as in-band signaling to cause effects other than the addition of a symbol to the text. all other characters are mainly graphic c...
carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol c and atomic number 6. it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. it belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of earth's crust. three isotopes occur naturally, c and c b...
computer data storage is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data. it is a core function and fundamental component of computers. the central processing unit (cpu) of a computer is what manipulates data by performing computations. in practice, almost all com...
conditional (if then) may refer to: causal conditional, if x then y, where x is a cause of y conditional probability, the probability of an event a given that another event b has occurred conditional proof, in logic: a proof that asserts a conditional, and proves that the antecedent leads to the consequent strict condi...
a cone is a basic geometrical shape. cone may also refer to: mathematics cone (category theory) cone (formal languages) cone (graph theory), a graph in which one vertex is adjacent to all others cone (linear algebra), a subset of vector space mapping cone (homological algebra) cone (topology) conic bundle, a concept in...
in a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. this state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same ra...
in mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). for example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pea...
software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. this is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. at the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a ...
computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. it involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. programmers typically use high-...
on the consolation of philosophy (), often titled as the consolation of philosophy or simply the consolation, is a philosophical work by the roman philosopher boethius. written in 523 while he was imprisoned and awaiting execution by the ostrogothic king theodoric, it is often described as the last great western work o...
crouching tiger, hidden dragon is a 2000 mandarin-language wuxia martial arts adventure film directed by ang lee and written for the screen by wang hui-ling, james schamus, and tsai kuo-jung. the film stars chow yun-fat, michelle yeoh, zhang ziyi, and chang chen. it is based on the chinese novel of the same name serial...
charlemagne ( ) or charles the great (, frankish: karl; 2 april 747 – 28 january 814), a member of the carolingian dynasty, was king of the franks from 768, king of the lombards from 774, and was crowned as the emperor of the romans by pope leo iii in 800. charlemagne succeeded in uniting the majority of western and ce...
while hypertext markup language (html) has been in use since 1991, html 4.0 from december 1997 was the first standardized version where international characters were given reasonably complete treatment. when an html document includes special characters outside the range of seven-bit ascii, two goals are worth consideri...
a carbon nanotube (cnt) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometer range (nanoscale). they are one of the allotropes of carbon. single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) have diameters around 0.5–2.0 nanometers, about 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. they can be idealized as cutouts fr...
the czech republic, also known as czechia, is a landlocked country in central europe. historically known as bohemia, it is bordered by austria to the south, germany to the west, poland to the northeast, and slovakia to the southeast. the czech republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of with a mostly temperat...
czechoslovakia (; czech and , česko-slovensko) was a landlocked state in central europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from austria-hungary. in 1938, after the munich agreement, the sudetenland became part of nazi germany, while the country lost further territories to hungary and poland (carpathian...
computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). though more often considered an academi...
catalan may refer to: catalonia from, or related to catalonia: catalan language, a romance language catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, northern or southern catalonia places 13178 catalan, asteroid #13178, named "catalan" catalán (crater), a lunar crater named for miguel ángel catal...
creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation. in its broadest sense, creationism includes a continuum of religious views, which vary in their acceptance or rejection of scientific explanations such as evo...
chad (; ), officially the republic of chad, is a landlocked country in central africa. it borders libya to the north, sudan to the east, the central african republic to the south, cameroon and nigeria to the southwest, and niger to the west. due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country i...
chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in north central africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of france and slightly more than three times the size of california. most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons p...
the people of chad speak more than 100 languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. however, language and ethnicity are not the same. moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type. although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a commo...