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The mean, the median, and the mode.
2022-01-14
Support StatQuest by buying my book, The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning: PDF - https://statquest.gumroad.com/l/wvtmc Paperback - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09ZCKR4H6 Kindle eBook - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09ZG79HXC
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The Exponential Distribution
2022-01-14
Support StatQuest by buying my book, The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning: PDF - https://statquest.gumroad.com/l/wvtmc Paperback - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09ZCKR4H6 Kindle eBook - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09ZG79HXC
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Population and Estimated Parameters, Clearly Explained!!!
2019-07-01
One of the most basic and most important thing we can do in statistics is estimate population parameters. This video explains what population parameters are and how they are used to gain insight into the world around us. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes are already familiar with... ...Histograms: https://youtu.be/qBigTkB...
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AUieDaZnuqE2QIjMK1_hOZEDWze0IEoLP8dtvnQ7c6cK
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Calculating the Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation, Clearly Explained!!!
2019-07-15
One of the most basic things we do all the time in Data Analysis (i.e. Statistics, Machine Learning or any other sort of number crunching type thing) is calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation. This StatQuest walks you through these tasks and help you avoid a very common pitfall that is all too easy to fall...
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What is a (mathematical) model?
2017-07-17
"Model" is a vague term that means different things in different contexts. Here I clear it all up in the context of statistics! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide...
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Sampling from a Distribution, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-05-08
What does it mean to sample from a distribution and why would anyone ever do it? Find out by watching. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! P...
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Hypothesis Testing and The Null Hypothesis, Clearly Explained!!!
2020-07-06
One of the most basic concepts in statistics is hypothesis testing and something called The Null Hypothesis. This video breaks these concepts down into easy to understand pieces so that you can understand their motivation and their uses. By the time you're done with this video, Hypothesis Testing and the Null Hypothesi...
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Alternative Hypotheses: Main Ideas!!!
2020-07-06
In Statistics, when we do Hypothesis Testing, we are supposed to have two hypotheses: A primary, or Null Hypothesis and an Alternative Hypothesis. This StatQuest explains why we need the Alternative Hypothesis, even though Hypothesis Testing tends to focus on the Null. NOTE: This StatQuest follows up on Hypothesis Tes...
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p-values: What they are and how to interpret them
2020-03-23
This StatQuest is all about interpreting p-values. You've seen them online or in publications, or heard about them, whispered in dark, rave filled dance clubs, but you've never understood what they were all about. This 'Quest is here to explain everything you wanted to know about how to interpret p-values. Bam!!! To l...
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How to calculate p-values
2020-03-23
In this StatQuest we learn how to calculate p-values using both discrete data (like coin tosses) and continuous data (like height measurements). At the end, we explain the differences between 1 and 2-sided p-values and why you should avoid 1-sided p-values if possible. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already...
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p-hacking: What it is and how to avoid it!
2020-05-04
p-hacking is the misuse and abuse of p-values and results in being fooled by false positives. Some forms of p-hacking are obvious, but other are much more subtle. In this video, we talk about two forms of p-hacking and how to avoid them. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with p-values, if not ...
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False Discovery Rates, FDR, clearly explained
2017-01-10
One of the best ways to prevent p-hacking is to adjust p-values for multiple testing. This StatQuest explains how the Benjamini-Hochberg method corrects for multiple-testing and FDR. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, ple...
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Statistical Power, Clearly Explained!!!
2020-05-04
Statistical Power is one of those things that sounds so fancy and, well, "Powerful", but it's actually a really simple concept and this video explains it so it's clear as day. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with p-values and the normal distribution. If not, check out the 'Quests... p-values...
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Power Analysis, Clearly Explained!!!
2020-05-04
If you're doing an experiment, a Power Analysis is a must. It ensures reproducibility by helping you avoid p-hacking and being fooled by false positives. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with the concept of Statistical Power, Population Parameters vs Estimated Parameters and p-hacking. If not...
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Covariance, Clearly Explained!!!
2019-07-29
Covariance is one of those statistical terms that you might have heard before but didn't quite understand. It sounds fancy, but it's really quite simple and it is a computational stepping stone to many other interesting concepts like correlation. This video describes covariance, what it does and doesn't do, how it's co...
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Pearson's Correlation, Clearly Explained!!!
2019-08-05
Correlation is one of the most basic statistical measures of how two different things might be related, which means it is very important to have a clear understanding of what it means and how it works. This StatQuest walks you through everything you need to know about Correlation. It tells you what it means, how to int...
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Conditional Probabilities, Clearly Explained!!!
2021-07-21
One the most fundamental concepts in Probability, Statistics and Bayesian Statistics is Conditional Probability. In this StatQuest, we walk you through what Conditional Probabilities are and how to calculate them using raw data as well as unconditional probabilities. BAM!!! For a complete index of all the StatQuest vi...
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Bayes' Theorem, Clearly Explained!!!!
2021-08-16
Bayes' Theorem is the foundation of Bayesian Statistics. This video was you through, step-by-step, how it is easily derived and why it is useful. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying my book, The ...
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Expected Values, Main Ideas!!!
2021-03-29
Expected values are part of the foundation of statistics and the reason why casinos don't go out of business all the time. Here, we walk through two examples that explain the concepts behind Expected Values and its fancy looking notation. BAM! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statqu...
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Expected Values for Continuous Variables!!!
2021-06-22
If you ever muck around in statistics, it's not long before you see E(x) = something. These are expected values. Expected Values for Continuous Variables are a little trickier than their discrete counterparts because we have to do some calculus. However, I'll walk you through it, one step at a time, so don't sweat it! ...
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The Binomial Distribution and Test, Clearly Explained!!!
2018-08-06
The binomial distribution and the related statistical test look really complicated, but a actually quite simple. Here I walk you through both, one step at a time, so that they are easily understood and applied. If you would like to learn more about P-values, check out this StatQuest: https://youtu.be/5Z9OIYA8He8 And ...
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The Central Limit Theorem, Clearly Explained!!!
2018-09-03
The Central Limit Theorem is a big deal, but it's easy to understand. Here I show you what it is, then I describe why this is useful and fundamental to Statistics! This StatQuest follows up on the one that describes the normal distribution... https://youtu.be/rzFX5NWojp0 ...and the StatQuest on Sampling from a Distri...
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The Difference Between Technical and Biological Replicates
2017-10-09
You can't do statistics without replication and in the biological sciences, there are two main types of replication: technical and biological. This StatQuest explains the differences between these two types of replication and dive into some subtleties and grey areas, too. For a complete index of all the StatQuest vide...
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Sample Size and Effective Sample Size, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-10-23
The sample size for an experiment depends on what you want to say and what kind of replicates you have. This StatQuest shows examples of how biological and technical replicates are counted differently. It also shows what to do when your samples are correlated. Oh, and just in case you're interested, the twins are monoz...
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Standard Deviation vs Standard Error, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-03-20
People often confuse the standard deviation and the standard error. This StatQuest clears it all up! For more information on the standard error, see the StatQuest on The Standard Error: https://youtu.be/XNgt7F6FqDU And the StatQuest on p-value pitfalls and power calculations: https://youtu.be/UFhJefdVCjE For a comple...
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The standard error, Clearly Explained!!!
2015-05-12
This StatQuest explains what the standard error is and then it shows how it can be calculated with bootstrapping. There is a minor error at 10:22: The bar that represents the mean is in the wrong location. It should be at -0.3. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-...
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Bootstrapping Main Ideas!!!
2021-07-06
Bootstrapping is one of the simplest, yet most powerful methods in all of statistics. It provides us an easy way to get a sense of what might happen if we could repeat an experiment a bunch of times. It turns point estimates into distributions that can be used to calculate all kinds of stuff, including standard errors,...
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Using Bootstrapping to Calculate p-values!!!
2021-07-13
Bootstrapping give us an easy way to calculate p-values for just about anything - no fancy math required! In this StatQuest, we walk through the process of calculating the p-value for a mean, and then a median, step-by-step. DOUBLE BAM! NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with the main ideas beh...
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Bar Charts Are Better than Pie Charts
2017-02-27
Pie and bar charts can show the same data, but bar charts do it way better. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! PDF - https://statquest.gumr...
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Boxplots are Awesome!!!
2017-07-11
Boxplots are Awesome!!! Don't believe me? Check out the 'Quest. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! PDF - https://statquest.gumroad.com/l/wv...
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Logs (logarithms), Clearly Explained!!!
2017-02-23
Here's a little video to help you bone up on logs. Logs are used all over statistics, so it's good to have a solid understanding of them. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustr...
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Confidence Intervals, Clearly Explained!!!
2015-07-09
Confidence Intervals can be confusing, but with bootstrapping, they are a piece of cake. BAM! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! PDF - http...
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R-squared, Clearly Explained!!!
2015-02-03
R-squared is one of the most useful metrics in statistics. It can give you a sense of how good your model is. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learni...
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AUieDabARNpssMP2G49HGpolFcdZHAkMU-WNiaApxnB4fjHqD-Q
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The Main Ideas of Fitting a Line to Data (The Main Ideas of Least Squares and Linear Regression.)
2017-05-22
Fitting a line to data is actually pretty straightforward. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! PDF - https://statquest.gumroad.com/l/wvtmc P...
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Lowess and Loess, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-06-05
If you can fit a line, you can fit a curve! I've even got example R code on the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest/lowess_loess_demo/blob/master/lowess_loess_demo.R For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please co...
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Linear Regression, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-07-24
The concepts behind linear regression, fitting a line to data with least squares and R-squared, are pretty darn simple, so let's get down to it! NOTE: This StatQuest comes with a companion video for how to do linear regression in R: https://youtu.be/u1cc1r_Y7M0 You can also find example code at the StatQuest github: ht...
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Linear Regression in R, Step-by-Step
2017-07-25
This video, which walks you through a simple regression in R, is a companion to the StatQuest on Linear Regression https://youtu.be/nk2CQITm_eo If you want to just copy and paste the R code, you can get it from the StatQuest GitHub site: https://github.com/StatQuest/linear_regression_demo/blob/master/linear_regression...
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Multiple Regression, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-10-30
This video directly follows part 1 in the StatQuest series on General Linear Models (GLMs) on Linear Regression https://youtu.be/nk2CQITm_eo . This StatQuest shows how the exact same principles from "simple" linear regression also apply multiple regression. At the end, I show how to test if a multiple regression is bet...
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Multiple Regression in R, Step-by-Step!!!
2017-10-30
This StatQuest is a companion to the StatQuest on Multiple Regression https://youtu.be/zITIFTsivN8 It starts with a simple regression in R and then shows how multiple regression can be used to determine which parameters are the most valuable. If you want the code, you can get it from the StatQuest GitHub, here: https:/...
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Using Linear Models for t-tests and ANOVA, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-08-07
This StatQuest shows how the methods used to determine if a linear regression is statistically significant (covered in part 1) can be applied to t-tests and ANOVA. It also introduces the concept of a "design matrix". Part 1 of this series on GLMs (general linear models) is here: https://youtu.be/nk2CQITm_eo For a com...
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StatQuest: Linear Models Pt.3 - Design Matrices (old version)
2017-10-02
NOTE: There is a new and updated version of this video here: https://youtu.be/CqLGvwi-5Pc In order to use general linear models (GLMs) you need to create design matrices. At first, these can seem intimidating, but I've put together a bunch of examples and illustrated them all so that they are clearly explained. The exa...
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Bam!!! Clearly Explained!!!
2020-04-01
This StatQuests demystifies one of the most complicated terms in all of statistics and machine learning, BAM!!! We'll walk through what BAM!!! means one step at a time, and when we're done, you'll know everything you wanted to know about BAM!!! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statq...
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AUieDaajwcn5Im22P_LH5qJYe3niUpqnP9H9wN2C2nF1U3RpakI
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StatQuickie: Thresholds for Significance
2017-02-22
People often ask me what a good threshold is for statistical significance. The answer is always, "It depends!" For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learn...
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StatQuickie: Which t test to use
2017-03-06
tl;dw - unless you've got paired data (explained in the video) use a two-tailed t-test that does not assume equal variance. This is the most conservative, and if you can show significance, you know your data is rock solid. In MS Excel, this means setting "Tails = 2" and "Type = 3". For a complete index of all the Stat...
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StatQuest: One or Two Tailed P-Values
2017-04-24
People ask me all the time if they should use a one or two-tailed p-values. Unless you are an expert and really know what you are doing, you should always use two-tailed p-values. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please...
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Quantiles and Percentiles, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-11-06
Although there is a ton of conflicting information about quantiles and percentiles on the internet, this StatQuest filters out the noise and focuses and the most important things you need to know about these two summary statistics. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/vide...
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Quantile-Quantile Plots (QQ plots), Clearly Explained!!!
2017-11-13
Quantile-Quantile (QQ) plots are used to determine if data can be approximated by a statistical distribution. For example, you might collect some data and wonder if it is normally distributed. A QQ plot will help you answer that question. You can also use QQ plots to compare to different datasets that you collected to ...
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Quantile Normalization, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-11-20
Quantile Normalization lets us compare data that has all kinds of noise in it. It sounds fancy but is really super simple. Essentially you just sort each sample data from high to low. If your samples are rows, you then replace the values with the average of each row. BAM! For a complete index of all the StatQuest vide...
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Probability is not Likelihood. Find out why!!!
2018-03-09
NOTE: This video was originally made as a follow up to an overview of Maximum Likelihood https://youtu.be/XepXtl9YKwc . That video provides context that gives this video more meaning. Here's one of those tricky little things, Probability vs. Likelihood. In common conversation we use these words interchangeably. Howeve...
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Maximum Likelihood, clearly explained!!!
2017-07-31
If you hang out around statisticians long enough, sooner or later someone is going to mumble "maximum likelihood" and everyone will knowingly nod. After this video, so can you! Also, some viewers asked for a worked out example that includes the math. Here it is! (you may need to click on the "Show More" button below to...
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Maximum Likelihood for the Exponential Distribution, Clearly Explained!!!
2018-07-30
This StatQuest shows you how to calculate the maximum likelihood parameter for the Exponential Distribution. This is a follow up to the StatQuests on Probability vs Likelihood https://youtu.be/pYxNSUDSFH4 and Maximum Likelihood: https://youtu.be/XepXtl9YKwc Viewers asked for a worked out example, so this is pretty mat...
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Maximum Likelihood for the Binomial Distribution, Clearly Explained!!!
2018-08-13
Calculating the maximum likelihood estimate for the binomial distribution is pretty easy! This StatQuest takes you through the formulas one step at a time. This StatQuest follows up and builds on the following StatQuests: Maximum Likelihood, Clearly Explained: https://youtu.be/XepXtl9YKwc Probability vs Likelihood: h...
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Maximum Likelihood For the Normal Distribution, step-by-step!!!
2018-09-10
Calculating the maximum likelihood estimates for the normal distribution shows you why we use the mean and standard deviation define the shape of the curve. NOTE: This is another follow up to the StatQuests on Probability vs Likelihood https://youtu.be/pYxNSUDSFH4 and Maximum Likelihood: https://youtu.be/XepXtl9YKwc V...
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Odds and Log(Odds), Clearly Explained!!!
2018-05-07
The odds aren't as odd as you might think, and the log of the odds is even simpler! This StatQuest covers those subjects so that you can understand the statistics for true/false type problems (like Logistic Regression). For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If...
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Odds Ratios and Log(Odds Ratios), Clearly Explained!!!
2018-06-21
Odds Ratios and Log(Odds Ratios) are like R-Squared - they describe a relationship between two things. And just like R-Squared, you need to determine if this relationship is statistically significant. This StatQuest goes over all these details so that you are ready for any odds ratio and log(odds ratio) situation that ...
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Frank Starmer Clearly Explained (How my pop influenced StatQuest!!!)
2021-09-04
Today my pop turns 80!!! Happy Birthday pop! My pop had a huge impact on me and StatQuest and I want everyone to know how StatQuest would not be the same without him. From the first statistics class I took that was terrible, but then he taught me about linear models to how he trained me not to guess and to always look ...
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Why Dividing By N Underestimates the Variance
2019-07-15
This is the follow up video to: Statistics Fundamentals: The Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation https://youtu.be/SzZ6GpcfoQY In it, we show exactly why, when we estimate the variance, dividing by 'n' underestimates the value we are interested in. It also describes why we square each term instead of taking the absol...
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A Gentle Introduction to Machine Learning
2018-11-26
Machine Learning is one of those things that is chock full of hype and confusion terminology. In this StatQuest, we cut through all of that to get at the most basic ideas that make a foundation for the whole thing. These ideas are simple and easy to understand. After watching this StatQuest, you'll be ready to learn al...
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Machine Learning Fundamentals: Cross Validation
2018-04-24
One of the fundamental concepts in machine learning is Cross Validation. It's how we decide which machine learning method would be best for our dataset. Check out the video to find out how! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQue...
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Machine Learning Fundamentals: The Confusion Matrix
2018-10-29
One of the fundamental concepts in machine learning is the Confusion Matrix. Combined with Cross Validation, it's how we decide which machine learning method would be best for our dataset. Check out the video to find out how! NOTE: This video illustrates the confusion matrix concept as described in the Introduction to...
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Machine Learning Fundamentals: Sensitivity and Specificity
2019-12-02
In this StatQuest we talk about Sensitivity and Specificity - to key concepts for evaluating Machine Learning methods. These make it easier to choose which method is best for your data. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you're not already familiar with ...
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The Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Recall Sing-a-Long!!!
2022-02-10
I always had trouble remembering exactly what sensitivity, specificity, precision and recall all meant, so I wrote this song to help me out. And it worked!!! BAM!!! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... B...
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Machine Learning Fundamentals: Bias and Variance
2018-09-17
Bias and Variance are two fundamental concepts for Machine Learning, and their intuition is just a little different from what you might have learned in your statistics class. Here I go through two examples that make these concepts super easy to understand. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: h...
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ROC and AUC, Clearly Explained!
2019-07-11
ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) graphs and AUC (the area under the curve), are useful for consolidating the information from a ton of confusion matrices into a single, easy to interpret graph. This video walks you through how to create and interpret ROC graphs step-by-step. We then show how the AUC can be used t...
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ROC and AUC in R
2018-12-18
This tutorial walks you through, step-by-step, how to draw ROC curves and calculate AUC in R. We start with basic ROC graph, learn how to extract thresholds for decision making, calculate AUC and partial AUC and how to layer multiple ROC curves on the same graph. You can get a copy of the code from the StatQuest GitHu...
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Entropy (for data science) Clearly Explained!!!
2021-08-25
Entropy is a fundamental concept in Data Science because it shows up all over the place - from Decision Trees, to similarity metrics, to state of the art dimension reduction algorithms. It's also surprisingly simple, but often poorly explained. Traditionally the equation is presented with the expectation that you memor...
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Mutual Information, Clearly Explained!!!
2023-02-06
Mutual Information is metric that quantifies how similar or different two variables are. This is a lot like R-squared, but R-squared only works for continuous variables. What's cool about Mutual Information is that it works for both continuous and discrete variables. So, in this video, we walk you through how to calcul...
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The Main Ideas of Fitting a Line to Data (The Main Ideas of Least Squares and Linear Regression.)
2017-05-22
Fitting a line to data is actually pretty straightforward. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Learning!!! PDF - https://statquest.gumroad.com/l/wvtmc P...
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Linear Regression, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-07-24
The concepts behind linear regression, fitting a line to data with least squares and R-squared, are pretty darn simple, so let's get down to it! NOTE: This StatQuest comes with a companion video for how to do linear regression in R: https://youtu.be/u1cc1r_Y7M0 You can also find example code at the StatQuest github: ht...
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Multiple Regression, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-10-30
This video directly follows part 1 in the StatQuest series on General Linear Models (GLMs) on Linear Regression https://youtu.be/nk2CQITm_eo . This StatQuest shows how the exact same principles from "simple" linear regression also apply multiple regression. At the end, I show how to test if a multiple regression is bet...
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Using Linear Models for t-tests and ANOVA, Clearly Explained!!!
2017-08-07
This StatQuest shows how the methods used to determine if a linear regression is statistically significant (covered in part 1) can be applied to t-tests and ANOVA. It also introduces the concept of a "design matrix". Part 1 of this series on GLMs (general linear models) is here: https://youtu.be/nk2CQITm_eo For a com...
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Design Matrices For Linear Models, Clearly Explained!!!
2019-01-08
In order to use general linear models (GLMs) you need to create design matrices. At first, these can seem intimidating, but this StatQuest puts together a bunch of examples and illustrates them all so that they are clearly explained. The examples in this video are worked out in R in this video: https://youtu.be/Hrr2any...
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Odds and Log(Odds), Clearly Explained!!!
2018-05-07
The odds aren't as odd as you might think, and the log of the odds is even simpler! This StatQuest covers those subjects so that you can understand the statistics for true/false type problems (like Logistic Regression). For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If...
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Odds Ratios and Log(Odds Ratios), Clearly Explained!!!
2018-06-21
Odds Ratios and Log(Odds Ratios) are like R-Squared - they describe a relationship between two things. And just like R-Squared, you need to determine if this relationship is statistically significant. This StatQuest goes over all these details so that you are ready for any odds ratio and log(odds ratio) situation that ...
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StatQuest: Logistic Regression
2018-03-05
Logistic regression is a traditional statistics technique that is also very popular as a machine learning tool. In this StatQuest, I go over the main ideas so that you can understand what it is and how it is used. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'...
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Logistic Regression Details Pt1: Coefficients
2018-06-04
When you do logistic regression you have to make sense of the coefficients. These are based on the log(odds) and log(odds ratio), but, to be honest, the easiest way to make sense of these are through examples. In this StatQuest, I walk you though two Logistic Regression Examples, step-by-step, and show you exactly how ...
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Logistic Regression Details Pt 2: Maximum Likelihood
2018-06-11
This video follows from where we left off in Part 1 in this series on the details of Logistic Regression. This time we're going to talk about how the squiggly line is optimized to best fit the data. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with Part 1 in this series, Logistic Regression Details Pt1: ...
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Logistic Regression Details Pt 3: R-squared and p-value
2018-06-18
This video follows from where we left off in Part 2 in this series on the details of Logistic Regression. Last time we saw how to fit a squiggly line to the data. This time we'll learn how to evaluate if that squiggly line is worth anything. In short, we'll calculate the R-squared value and it's associated p-value. N...
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Saturated Models and Deviance
2018-07-09
This video follows from where we left off in Part 3 of the Logistic Regression series, but the ideas are more general, so I decided not to make it just Part 4, since it's more than just that. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with Logistic Regression. If you're not already down with that, you ...
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Logistic Regression in R, Clearly Explained!!!!
2018-07-26
This video describes how to do Logistic Regression in R, step-by-step. We start by importing a dataset and cleaning it up, then we perform logistic regression on a very simple model, followed by a fancy model. Lastly we draw a graph of the predicted probabilities that came from the Logistic Regression. The code that I...
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Deviance Residuals
2018-07-16
This video follows up on the StatQuest on Saturated Models and Deviance Statistics. https://youtu.be/9T0wlKdew6I For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying The StatQuest Illustrated Guide to Machine Lea...
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Regularization Part 1: Ridge (L2) Regression
2018-09-24
Ridge Regression is a neat little way to ensure you don't overfit your training data - essentially, you are desensitizing your model to the training data. It can also help you solve unsolvable equations, and if that isn't bad to the bone, I don't know what is. This StatQuest follows up on the StatQuests on: Bias and V...
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Regularization Part 2: Lasso (L1) Regression
2018-10-01
Lasso Regression is super similar to Ridge Regression, but there is one big, huge difference between the two. In this video, I start by talking about all of the similarities, and then show you the cool thing that Lasso Regression can do that Ridge Regression can't. NOTE: This StatQuest follows up on the the StatQuest ...
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Ridge vs Lasso Regression, Visualized!!!
2020-05-19
People often ask why Lasso Regression can make parameter values equal 0, but Ridge Regression can not. This StatQuest shows you why. NOTE: This StatQuest assumes that you are already familiar with Ridge and Lasso Regression. If not, check out the 'Quests. Ridge: https://youtu.be/Q81RR3yKn30 Lasso: https://youtu.be/NGf...
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Regularization Part 3: Elastic Net Regression
2018-10-08
Elastic-Net Regression is combines Lasso Regression with Ridge Regression to give you the best of both worlds. It works well when there are lots of useless variables that need to be removed from the equation and it works well when there are lots of useful variables that need to be retained. And it does better than eith...
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Ridge, Lasso and Elastic-Net Regression in R
2018-10-23
The code in this video can be found on the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest/ridge_lasso_elastic_net_demo/blob/master/ridge_lass_elastic_net_demo.R This video is assumes you already know about Ridge, Lasso and Elastic-Net Regression, if not, here are the links to the Quests... https://youtu.be/1dKRdX9bfIo...
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StatQuest: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Step-by-Step
2018-04-02
Principal Component Analysis, is one of the most useful data analysis and machine learning methods out there. It can be used to identify patterns in highly complex datasets and it can tell you what variables in your data are the most important. Lastly, it can tell you how accurate your new understanding of the data act...
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StatQuest: PCA main ideas in only 5 minutes!!!
2017-12-04
The main ideas behind PCA are actually super simple and that means it's easy to interpret a PCA plot: Samples that are correlated will cluster together apart from samples that are not correlated with them. In this video, I walk through the ideas so that you will have an intuitive sense of how PCA plots are draw. If you...
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StatQuest: PCA - Practical Tips
2018-04-09
This is a follow-up video for StatQuest: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Step-by-Step https://youtu.be/FgakZw6K1QQ In it, I give practical advice about the need to scale your data, the need to center your data, and how many principal components you should expect to get. If you are interested in doing PCA in R see...
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StatQuest: PCA in R
2017-11-27
We've talked about the theory behind PCA in https://youtu.be/FgakZw6K1QQ Now we talk about how to do it in practice using R. If you want to copy and paste the code I use in this video, it's right here in the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest/pca_demo/blob/master/pca_demo.R For a complete index of all the...
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StatQuest: PCA in Python
2018-01-08
You asked for it, you got it! Now I walk you through how to do PCA in Python, step-by-step. It's not too bad, and I'll show you how to generate test data, do the analysis, draw fancy graphs and interpret the results. If you want to download the code, here's the link to the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest...
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StatQuest: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) clearly explained.
2016-07-10
LDA is surprisingly simple and anyone can understand it. Here I avoid the complex linear algebra and use illustrations to show you what it does so you will know when to use it and how to interpret the results. Sample code for R is at the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest/linear_discriminant_analysis_demo/b...
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Bam!!! Clearly Explained!!!
2020-04-01
This StatQuests demystifies one of the most complicated terms in all of statistics and machine learning, BAM!!! We'll walk through what BAM!!! means one step at a time, and when we're done, you'll know everything you wanted to know about BAM!!! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statq...
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StatQuest: MDS and PCoA
2017-12-11
MDS (multi-dimensional scaling) and PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) are very, very similar to PCA (principal component analysis). There really only one small difference, but that difference means you need to know what you're doing if you're going to use MDS effectively. This video make sure you learn what you need...
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StatQuest: MDS and PCoA in R
2017-12-18
Doing MDS (multi-dimensional scaling) and PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) is pretty easy with the cmdscale() option. However, there are some tricks to it and I show you how to create a distance matrix using a non-standard distance metric. If you want the code that I used in this video, you can get it from the Sta...
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StatQuest: t-SNE, Clearly Explained
2017-09-18
t-SNE is a popular method for making an easy to read graph from a complex dataset, but not many people know how it works. Here's the inside scoop. Here’s how to create a t-SNE graph in R (this is copied from the help file for Rtsne)… library("Rtsne") iris_unique <- unique(iris) # Remove duplicates iris_matrix &lt...
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StatQuest: Hierarchical Clustering
2017-06-20
Hierarchical clustering is often used with heatmaps and with machine learning type stuff. It's no big deal, though, and based on just a few simple concepts. If you want to draw a heatmap using R, I've put some sample code on my webiste: https://statquest.org/statquest-hierarchical-clustering/ For a complete index of a...
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StatQuest: K-means clustering
2018-05-23
K-means clustering is used in all kinds of situations and it's crazy simple. The R code is on the StatQuest GitHub: https://github.com/StatQuest/k_means_clustering_demo/blob/master/k_means_clustering_demo.R For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like t...
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Clustering with DBSCAN, Clearly Explained!!!
2022-01-10
DBSCAN is a super useful clustering algorithm that can handle nested clusters with ease. This StatQuest shows you exactly how it works. BAM! For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to support StatQuest, please consider... Buying my book, The StatQ...
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StatQuest: K-nearest neighbors, Clearly Explained
2017-06-26
Machine learning and Data Mining sure sound like complicated things, but that isn't always the case. Here we talk about the surprisingly simple and surprisingly effective K-nearest neighbors algorithm. For a complete index of all the StatQuest videos, check out: https://statquest.org/video-index/ If you'd like to sup...
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