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Reactions of fluorescent probes with normal and chemically modified myelin basic protein and proteolipid. Comparisons with myelin.
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Basic (encephalitogenic) protein and water-soluble proteolipid apoprotein isolated from bovine brain myelin bind 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate with resulting enhancement of dye fluorescence and a blue-shift of the emission spectrum. The dyes had a higher affinity and quantum yield, when bound to the proteolipid (Kans=2.3x10--6,=0.67) than to the basic protein (Kans=3.3x10--5,=0.40). From the efficiency of radiationless energy transfer from trytophan to bound ANS the intramolecular distances were calculated to be 17 and 27 A for the proteolipid and basic protein, respectively. Unlike myelin, incubation with proteolytic enzymes (e.g., Pronase and trypsin) abolished fluorescence enhancement of ANS or TNS by the extracted proteins. In contrast to myelin, the fluorescence of solutions of fluorescent probes plus proteolipid was reduced by Ca-2+,not affected by La-3+, local anesthetics, or polymyxin B, and only slightly increased by low pH or blockade of free carboxyl groups. The reactions of the basic protein were similar under these conditions except for a two- to threefold increase in dye binding in the presence of La-3+, or after blockade of carboxyl groups. N-Bromosuccinimide oxidation of tryptophan groups nearly abolished native protein fluorescence, but did not affect dye binding. However, alkylation of tryptophan groups of both proteins by 2-hydroxy (or methoxy)-5-nitrobenzyl bromide reduced the of bound ANS (excited at 380 nm) to 0.15 normal. The same effect was observed with human serum albumin. The fluorescence emission of ANS bound to myelin was not affected by alkylation of membrane tryptophan groups with the Koshland reagents, except for abolition of energy transfer from tryptophan to bound dye molecules. This suggests that dye binding to protein is negligible in the intact membrane. Proteolipid incorporated into lipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine did not bind ANS or TNS unless Ca-2+, La-3+, polymyxin B, or local anesthetics were added to reduce the net negative surface potential of the lipid membranes. However, binding to protein in the lipid-protein vesicles remained less than for soluble protein. Basic protein or bovine serum albumin dye binding sites remained accessible after equilibration of these proteins with the same lipid vesicles. It is proposed that in the intact myelin membrane the proteolipid is probably strongly associated with specific anionic membrane lipids (i.e., phosphatidylserine), and most likely deeply embedded within the lipid hydrocarbon matrix of the myelin membrane. Also, in the intact myelin membrane the fluorescent probes are associated primarily, if not solely with the membrane lipids as indicated by the binding data. This is particularly the case for TNS where the total number of myelin binding sites is three to four times the potential protein binding sites.
| 50,085
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Plasma proteins and immunoglobulins in penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae).
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Total and fractionated proteins were evaluated in the serum of normal penguins. Four proteins with antibody activity, determined by passive haemagglutination, were isolated by Sephadex G-200 filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, from the serum of penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) inoculated with dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion showed that all these proteins exhibited both their own and shared antigenic determinants. On account of their electrophoretic mobility, elution conditions and characteristics of the precipitation arcs, they have been tentatively denominated IgG2 (gamma2), IgG1 (gamma1), IgM (gammam) and IgX (probably IgA).
| 50,086
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The monoclonal nature of lymphatic leukemia.
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Monoclonal membrane-bound Ig were found by immunofluorescence on the lymphocytes in the vast majority of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The distribution of H and L chains among these patients reflected the distribution of surface Ig on normal lymphocytes and IgM was the predominant class. The importance of the study of surface Ig synthesized in vitro is outlined. The simple staining of freshly drawn cells may lead to erroneous conclusions, since an apparently polyclonal staining can result from the anti-IgG antibody activity of a monoclonal surface IgM, from the attachment of immune complexes at the lymphocyte surface or from the binding of serum antibodies to cell membrane determinants. A biclonal proliferation, characterized by distinct surface-Ig markers, was demonstrated in several cases of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Monoclonal surface Ig were also detected on the lymphoblasts in 2 cases of acute transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in several patients with acute lymphosarcoma cell leukemia and in 1 case of acute lymphatic leukemia. In most cases of acute lymphatic leukemia, the leukemic cells were devoid of detectable B- or T-cell membrane markers. In 2 cases of acute lymphatic leukemia, 1 case of chronic lymphatic leukemia and in all patients with the Sezary syndrome, the leukemic cells appeared to be thymus-derived.
| 50,095
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Imbalances of IgG subclasses and gene defects in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.
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The chance mating of persons with structural or regulator gene abnormalities might be expected to result in individuals who lack the capacity to synthesize specific types of heavy chains and manifest as hypogammaglobulinemia. Disproportionate levels of IgG subclasses would then be expected since the heavy chains are synthesized at separate although closely linked loci. Several instances of such alterations in subclass concentrations have been found. One family has been encountered with probable structural gene abnormalities in the autosomal Gm loci. In addition to their genetic implications, IgG-subclass imbalances are of importance because of the variable distribution of biologic properties of immunoglobulins among the IgG subclasses, and because of the observation that certain antibody populations may be markedly restricted or limited to a single IgG subclass.
| 50,100
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Tumour imaging radiopharmaceuticals.
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32P, 131I-labeleed human serum albumin, 75Se-seleno-methionine, 107Hg-chlormerodrin, 67Ga-citrate and labelled bleomycin compounds, among others are discussed with particular respect to their observed clinical characteristics and suggested mechanisms of uptake. It is shown that there are striking similarities in the kinds of tumours demonstrable by these agents and that all of them may be taken up into inflammatory exudates. It is suggested that, while differences in the metabolism of each agent clearly exist, their mechanism of tumour uptake may be predominantly non-specific. It is concluded that radionuclide tumour imaging is of potential value mainly from the point of view of ease of whole body scanning for follow-up purposes and whereas other diagnostic methods may be more accurate in specific areas, ease of whole body screening is rarely a feature of these techniques. Methods for studying human cancer are necessarily restricted and the tumour imaging technique provides a unique, dynamic means of tumour observation. From the clinical point of view, the questions of why some tumours image well and others do not, what is the effect of treatment on uptake and how specific is the technique, are of most importance. In order to improve tumour imanging, more emphasis must be given to improving the lesion: background radioactivity ratio of the agents rather than attempting to improve detection equipment.
| 50,109
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Modification of radiation injury to normal tissues by chemotherapeutic agents.
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The effects of several cancer chemotherapeutic agents on radiation damage to normal intestine, esophagus, and lung tissue were evaluated in LAF 1 mice using quantitative endpoints. In all tissues tested, actinomycin D increased injury and BCNU did not. In the intestine, adriamycin enhanced radiation damage more than any other agent. Bleomycin increased damage in the esophagus but not in the lung or intestine. Cyclophosphamide increased injury only in the lung, where vincristine caused minimal injury, and hydroxyurea, none. Only prednisolone caused significant radioprotection when given at the time of irradiation or at the time of expected death from pulmonary injury.
| 50,122
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Reversible ultrastructural changes of arcuate neurons after vinblastine injection into the median eminence of the rat.
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The ultrastructural effects of vinblastine on the arcuate neurons and median eminence were studied in the rat. The animals were stereotaxically injected with solutions of 1 mM and 5 mM vinblastine into the median eminence and killed 3, 8 and 21 days after injection. Eight days after injection of 1 mM vinblastine the neurons of the arcuate nucleus showed marked changes. The Golgi complex was more distinct and considerable increases in the populations of dense bodies, granulated vesicles and coated vesicles were observed. Changes in the axo-somatic synapses and degenerating fibers in the surrounding neuropil were also characteristic of the experimental animals. The outer zone of the median eminence showed numerous degenerated nerve fibers and fibers engulfed by glial cell processes. Eight days after injection of 5 mM vinblastine arcuate neurons and median eminence showed similar changes, but quantitative differences were noted. A striking ultrastructural recovery of the arcuate neurons and axons in the outer zone of the median eminence was observed 21 days after injection of either 1 mM or 5 mM vinblastine. The results are discussed in relation to axoplasmic transport and axonal degeneration.
| 50,135
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Concealed ventricular extrasystoles due to interference and due to exit block.
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Two cases of sinus rhythm with ventricular extrasystoles are reported in which extrasystoles arising from the same focus obey the rule of "comcealed bigeminy" and the "rule of bigeminy". In a comparatively rapid sinus rhythm, shortening of the sinus cycle favors the appearance of extrasystoles, and the extrasystoles obey the fule of "concealed bigeminy"; namely, sinus impulses intervene between extrasystoles in even numbers. The sinus impulses here include those both conducted and not conducted to the ventricles. Conversely, in a comparatively slow sinus rhythm, interectopic sinus impulses appear in odd numbers only, and the extrasystoles obey the "rule of bigeminy"; namely, lengthening of the sinus cycle favors the appearance of extrasystoles. From these observations, a new mechanism governing both of the rules is suggested as follows. Ectopic impulses arise following all the interctopic sinus beats, but they become concealed extrasystoles of two types. One of them is the "concealed extrasystole due to interference at the external end of the ventricular-ectopic (V-E) junction."The other is the "concealed extrasystole due to exit block within the V-E junction" because of refractoriness following stimulation. They alternate with each other. In the of "concealed begeminy", the last concealed extrasystole intervening between manifest extrasystoles is due to exit block, whereas in the "rule of bigeminy", it is due to interference.
| 50,154
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Sleep physiology at high altitude.
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All night sleep EEG, EKG, and respiration were recorded from six young men during 2 nights at sea level and 4 nonconsecutive nights at high altitude (14.110 ft., 4301 m). Sleep at high altitude was chraacterized initially by a significant decrease in Stages 3 and 4, a significant increase in the number of arousals, and a trend towards more time spent awake. In terms of actual time spent sleep, however, a relatively good night's sleep was obtained, which suggests that the objective sleep disturbance was not commensurate with the marked subjective complaints of sleeplessness. Periodic respiration during sleep was frequent at high altitude, was quickly terminated by oxygen administration, was not clearly related to the increased number of arousals, and usually was not seen during REM periods. Heart rate was increased during sleep at high altitude. All measures tended to return towards sea level means during 12 days at altitude. We suggest that the marked increase in the number of arousals may account for the disparity between the subjective reports and objective measures of sleep disturbance at high altitude. Although the objective sleep disruption is probably related in some fashion to hypoxemia, it is unclear whether hypoxemia itself or the alkalosis commonly present shortly after arrival at altitude is the major factor.
| 50,171
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Auditory evoked potentials during sleep in normal children from ten days to three years of age.
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Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to clicks of moderate intensity were studied in 130 normal sleeping children from 10 days to 3 years of age. Latencies of the principal response components were found to decrease with log age, i.e., change was most rapid during the first year of life. From 15 days of age to 3 years, mean latencies decreased as follows: P2 from 230 to 150, N2 from 535 to 320 and P3 from 785 to 625 msec. Variance was quite high, especially at younger ages. The fact that decreases in the latencies of the various components proceeded at different rates suggest that the components reflect quasi-independent neural substrates. The components of shortest latency displayed the weakest relationship to age. Findings with respect to latency for the subset of data obtained during stage 2 sleep were similar to those for the total population which contained responses recorded during several sleep stages. The amplitude of AEP components increased with age with the exception of N1P2 which decreased. Observations with regard to amplitude held both for the overall data recorded during several sleep stages and stage 2 data for components N0P1, N1P2 and N2P3. The amplitude trends for P1N1 and P2N2 were, however, not significant for the stage 2 subset. The maturation of the morphology of the AEP was characterized by a relative increase in the prominence of long latency components. The most striking change was the development of P3. High amplitude, V shaped P3 waves were also associated with stage 3-4 sleep. The changes which were delineated by this study for infancy and early childhood appear to be continuations of developmental trends reported for premature infants and neonates. AEPs are a reliable elicited measure which correlate well with maturation. They, therefore, can be a useful tool both in the study of central nervous system development and in the diagnosis of sensory and neurologic abnormalities.
| 50,197
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Single unit activity in basal ganglia of monkeys during performance of a delayed response task.
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Single unit activity was recorded from the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen and globus pallidus) of monkeys during the performance of a delayed-response task. The task was divided into five epochs: stimulus onset, delay, pre-response, post-response and reqard. A high percentage of units recorded from the basal ganglia were found to show significant changes in activity during one or more epochs. Examination of the proportion of units excited or inhibited during a particular epoch indicated that brief increases or decreases in unit firing rates occurred "in phase" in both pallidum and caudate. Longer lasting firing rate changes, however, tended to occur in opposite directions in these two structures. This latter finding is interpreted as representing the consequence of persistent increases or decreases in activity of inhibitory interneurons in the caudate nucleus.
| 50,201
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A simplified circuit for stimulus artifact suppression.
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This note describes a simple electronic method of eliminating time-locked stimulus artifacts from recordings of cerebral evoked potentials. The hardware required for a 16-channel battery-powered suppressor system costs less than $80. The complete circuit can be fabricated from readily available components on a single 6.5x4.5 in., 44-pin circuit board.
| 50,203
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Oculomotor outflow and its relation to electrical activity of suprasylvian gyrus and pulvinar during paradoxical sleep in the cat.
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During paradoxical sleep, single unit activity was recorded from the posterior part of the middle suprasylvian cortex together with the electrical activity of the medial rectus eye muscles and that of the pulvinar nucleus. Experiments were performed on unrestrained cats, which slept in a dark cage. The intervals between the onsets of the successive phasic ocular EMG bursts were determined. There was a pronounced occurrence of intervals lasting 120-240 msec. The mean discharge rate of the suprasylvian cells during the 200 msec period after the onset of EMG bursts of brief duration was significantly higher than during the 200 msec period before the onset of such EMG bursts. The greatest increase in the mean discharge rate took place during the first 40 msec after the onset of the EMG bursts. A distinct theta activity was seen in the pulvinar during most of the recording time. Its frequency and amplitude varied in general relation to the occurrence and rate of the phasic ocular EMG bursts.
| 50,205
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The clinical significance of occipital spikes as a sole response to intermittent photic stimulation.
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Forty-five patients who showed occipital spikes as a sole response to IPS have been studied over a 9 year period. Occipital spikes induced by IPS are non-specific, not constantly present and in themselves are not indicative of epilepsy. Occipital spikes alone are seen in a very small percentage of clinical photosensitive patients.
| 50,206
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Electroencephalographic signs of ethanol tolerance and physical dependence in the cat.
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Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded from three cortical and five subcortical sites, via permanently implanted electrodes, in five conscious, freely-moving adult cats. Initial observations were made during and after an intravenous infusion of ethanol, 1 g/kg. The animals then received ethanol by gastric intubation, in doses of 1.5 g/kg every 8, 12 or 24 h, for a period of 5 weeks. Electrical and behavioral observations were repeated on the day following the last gavage, before and during another intravenous infusion of ethanol 1 g/kg. All animals showed EEG changes which are interpreted as signs of tolerance to and dependence on alcohol. EEG changes appeared up to a day earlier than gross behavioral signs of alcohol withdrawal.
| 50,212
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[Rhythmic slow waves and multi-unit activity during sleep-waking cycle in the rat ventral tegmentum].
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1. Multi-unit activity (MUA) was recorded together with gross activity in different structures during various states of sleep in 43 rats. The records were made by means of telemetry from lateral hypothalamus, nucleus ruber, formatio reticularis, dorsal hippocampus and the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT) surrounding the nucleus interpeduncularis. 2. The records during paradoxical sleep showed slow rhythmic theta waves located in the VMT and the dorsal hippocampus. In these two structures the MUA was mainly organized in periodic patterns of discharges. In the other structures a continuous increment of the basic level of discharge was superimposed on the periodic patterns. 3. The similarity of the hippocampal and VMT records strengthens the hypothesis that the VMT region has anatomical and functional connections with the limbic system.
| 50,215
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Modification of the direct cortical response by taurine.
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The effects of taurine on the direct cortical response have been studied in immobilized cats (with local analgesia). The primary negative component of the response was inverted in polarity by the topical application of 25 mM taurine while the later slow negative component was considerably augmented. These effects are identical to those observed with 25 mM GABA. Pentobarbital anesthesia produced little qualitative change in the effects of taurine. With stronger stimuli in the presence of taurine, rhythmic waves followed each stimulus both at the cortical surface and at a depth of 1000 mum. An increase in the EEG amplitude following topical taurine was generally localized to the cortical surface but in certain experiments, could be recorded at cortical depths up to 1000 mum.
| 50,228
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Interactions of antiepileptic drugs.
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Several interactions involving antiepileptic drugs are based on changes in the rate of their metabolism and elimination, with concomitant rise or fall of plasma levels. Thus, phenobarbital generally induces the production of the DPH metabolizing enzyme, but its presence inhibits the action of that enzyme. The net result depends upon the balance between these factors in individual patients. Either a decline, a rise, or no change of the DPH plasma level may occur after the onset of administration of phenobarbital. Drugs that may cause elevation of the DPH plasma level include disulfiram, sulthiame, bishydroxycoumarin, chloramphenicol, phenyramidol, benzodiazepines, sulfamethizole, and isoniazid. Isoniazid has been shown experimentally to be a strong inhibitor of DPH metabolism. The extent of DPH plasma level elevation by INH is related to the genetic make-up of individual patients. The highest and frequently toxic DPH plasma levels were seen in very slow INH inactivators. The incidence of clinically significant interactions is not high with most drug combinations; marked changes of antiepileptic drug levels occur only in apparently susceptible individuals. The effects of interactions are not necessarily detrimental; elevation of a low ineffective level may improve seizure control. A rise to a toxic level range requires reduction of the dose of primary drug or elimination of interfering drugs. Monitoring the blood levels of anti-epileptic drugs provides the best means to anticipate interactions and to regulate the doses when multiple medications have to be used.
| 50,232
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Standardization of allergens by an improved skin-testing technique.
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From the seemingly most appropriate methods for standardization procedures of allergen extracts, the most serious candidates are in sequence of age: the old atopic skin test, the histamine-release test, using human basophil cells and the radio-allergosorbent test. At the moment it is not yet certain which method gives the most exact results, although, especially in the last ones - as part of the whole test - highly sophisticated methods are used. The skin test is not dependent on modern laboratory methods, is used on a world-wide scale, but as method studied very poorly. This is a matter of regret, because at any rate the skin test gives the clinician a lot of valuable information. The major drawbacks of the skin test are that the inclination of the log-dose response line is rather small and that the results of tests done with the same dose may vary sometimes not inconsiderably. Furthermore, the results are dependent on the sites of the skin where the tests are done and on the amount of fluid injected intracutaneously. There is a diurnal variability, a certain influence of the menstrual cycle and of course influence of medicaments (histamines). Nevertheless, taking all these factors into consideration and using a highly perfected method of skin testing, it appeared possible in 16 experiments, with not more than six volunteers per experiment, to reduce the variability of the bioassay between the limits of +50 and minus 50 per cent.
| 50,244
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Biochemical and cytogenetic studies on the nucleolus organizing regions (NOR) of man. II. A family with the 15/21 translocation.
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The amount of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was determined quantitatively by RNA-DNA hybridization in the genomes of a mother and her daughter, both with the karyotype 45,XX,t(15q21q). The saturation values found were 0.030% (mother), 0.023% (daughter), and 0.022% for the husband and father of the daughter. A detailed cytogenetic analysis of the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes of these probands allowed the biochemical results to be interpreted in terms of the size of the individual set of nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) present in each proband. The correlation existing between the biochemical and the cytogenetic findings shows that the amount of rDNA in the human genome is not primarily a function of the number of acrocentric chromosomes, but depends on the individual combination of variant NORs occurring in the human genome.
| 50,266
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The differential distribution of X-ray induced chromosome lesions in trypsin-banded preparations from human subjects.
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The distribution of X-ray induced aberrations between trypsin-banded regions within human chromosomes has been studied in over a thousand cells from normal and abnormal individuals. An analysis of this data has been performed for each type of aberration separately, taking into account the relative amount of material at risk in reach region. A number of significant deviations from expectation were detected but many of these could be explained in terms of the failure of detection of some aberrations.
| 50,279
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Influence of interferon on the synthesis of virus particles in oncornavirus carrier cell lines. III. Survey of effects on A-, B- and C-type oncornaviruses.
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The effect of interferon on the synthesis and release of A-, B- and C-type viruses by oncornavirus carrier lines was studied. Murine cell lines were selected which carry either of these viruses and are sensitive to the antiviral effect of interferon, as measured by inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus. Release of C-type virus was found to be highly sensitive. Release of B-type virus, on the contrary, was only marginally inhibited. Synthesis of intracisternal A-type particles was finally not inhibited by interferon pretreatment. These differences between infectious C-type and non-infectious A- and B-type viruses may reflect fundamental differences in the synthesis of these viruses.
| 50,292
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Comparison of intracytoplasmic A particles and intracisternal A particles.
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Intracytoplasmic A particles and intracisternal A particles are associated with mouse tumors of various types, and both can coexist in the cytoplasm of the same cell. The designation of both as A particles is based on the recognition that they share morphological similarities. A comparison of purified isolates of these two particles reveals that the structural protein profiles are different, but that there is some antigenic cross-reaction as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and complement fixation. This result does not appear to involve the major structural protein of intracisternal A particles, but may reflect the presence of common antigenic determinants located on minor proteins.
| 50,295
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Storage granules of thyroid C cells in the dog: a cytochemical and ultrastructural study, in relation to the masked metachromasia reaction.
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Masked metachromasia can be demonstrated in thyroid C cells, and other cells of the APUD series, by staining with a metachromatic basic dye after hydrolysis of suitably fixed tissue. The reaction is thought to be due to the presence of polypeptides with a high concentration of side-chain acidic groups. Since most APUD cells possess storage granules, presumed to contain a polypeptide hormone, it has been assumed that the masked metachromasia reaction gives information concerning the contents of these granules. However, there has been an increasing suspicion that the reaction might actually be due to the membrane bounding these granules, rather than to the contents. We have examined, cytochemically and ultrastructurally, dog thyroid tissue which has been subjected to fixation and hydrolysis as in the usual method for masked metachromasia. We found that the membrane surrounding the C cell granules is removed by hydrolysis, confirming the hypothesis that the reaction is due to the contents (hormone and/or matrix)rather than to the membrane. Tissues were fixed in an aqueous mixture containing glutaraldehyde (6 25% v/v), picric acid (three-quarters saturation) and sodium acetate (I% W/V)adjusted to PH 7 with sodium hydroxide. This was found to be a very satisfactory fixative for electron microscopy Some morphological details of C cells were noted, such as the richness of desmosomes between C cells in this species, and frequent direct contact with the colloid.
| 50,304
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Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases I and II in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases I and II in three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in comparison with those in two strains of R factor-carrying Escherichia coli. The strain TI-13 of P. aeruginosa produced the former and strain H-9 the latter. Strain B-13 produced the both enzymes. The 3'-phosphotransferases of type I in P. aeruginosa TI-13, B-13 and E. coli K12 J5 R11-2 were different from each other in chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, pH optimum, and Ii. The 3'-phosphotransferase of type II in P. aeruginosa H-9 and E. coli JR66/W677 showed the same behavior.
| 50,310
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Further studies on telestability in DNA. The synthesis and characterization of the duplex block polymers d(C20A10) - d(T10G20) and d(C20A15) - d(T15G20).
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The synthesis and characterization of the duplex block polymers d(C20A10) - d(T10G20) and d(C20A15) - d(T15G20) are described. Thermal denaturation studies on these DNAs in the absence and presence of actinomycin, which binds only to the GC portions of these molecules, have confirmed and extended our previous observation that the properties of one region of a DNA can be influenced (telestabilized) by a remote region. In addition, the large scale synthesis of d(C15A15) - d(T15G15) is described.
| 50,322
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Mutual modification of glucose-stimulated serum insulin responses in female rhesus monkeys by ethinyl estradiol and nortestosterone derivatives.
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Changes in iv glucose tolerance (IVGTT) and serum insulin responses to glucose infusion have been measured in intact female rhesus monkeys treated per os with norethindrone or medroxyprogesterone acetate (500 mug/day) both alone and in combination with mestranol or ethinyl estradiol (10 mug/day) orally for 3 weeks. When administered as the sole contraceptive steroid, neither norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, mestranol, or ethinyl estradiol produced consistent changes in fasting serum insulin or glucose concentration, mean intravenous serum glucose disappearance rates (K) or mean integrated serum insulin response to glucose (sigmal40). By contrast, concurrent administration of norethindrone with mestranol or ethinyl estradiol resulted in a significant increase in the fasting serum insulin concentration and the mean sigmal40. An increase in the mean K was also observed after norethindrone + mestranol. These results show that synthetic estrogens have the ability to potentiate the metabolic effects of norethindrone. However, the improvement in glucose tolerance produced in rhesus monkeys by concurrent mestranol + norethindrone treatment was marginal because of wide variation in glucose assimilation rates uncer control conditions. Thus, the IVGTT in the rhesus monkey appears to have limited use as a model for studying glucose homeostasis in man.
| 50,326
|
Demonstration of a tumor-associated surface antigen in Marek's disease.
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Surface antigenic markers were detected on three classes of Marek's disease (MD) tumor cells, i.e., MD lymphoma cells, cultured cells of the MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cell line, and JMV lymphoblastic leukemia cells, by indirect membrane immunofluorescent staining with serum from chickens immunized with JMV cells or from rabbits immunized with MSB-1 cells. This surface antigen was not detected on normal chicken lymphocytes, RPL-16 tumor cells (tranedormed by an avian RNA virus, or MD virus-infected fibroblasts that were positive for viral membrane antigen (MA). Furthermore, the surface antigen appeared unrelated to embryonic or histocompatibility antigens. This antigen is provisionally designated as a Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA). The MATSA's on JMV, MSB-1 and MD lymphoma cells were related but not identical as demonstrated by antiserum titration, absorption and blocking tests with homologous and heterologous systems.
| 50,345
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Antigenicity of carcinogen and viral induced sarcomas in inbred and random bred guinea pigs.
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A tumor specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) has been detected in a methylcholanthrene (MCA) induced guinea pig tumor. It was possible to induce resistance to rechallenge with the tumor by immunization with irradiated cells in CFA. In contrast, the same technique failed to detect TSTA in two viral (Kirsten strain mouse sarcoma virus, Ki-MSV) induced guinea pig tumors; these results are similar to observations made with mouse Ki-MSV-induced tumors. Transplantation studies with these tumors in both inbred and random-bred guinea pigs showed a complexity of growth and rejection patterns. The B alloantigen, a major serologically defined antigen of the guinea pig histocompatibility complex, seemed to play a central role in acting as a guniea pig transplantation antigen. In all cases studied, the absence of B antigens in the recipient led to tumor rejection and anti-B antibody protection.
| 50,348
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Early steps in specific tumor cell lysis by sensitized mouse T lymphocytes. I. Resolution and characterization.
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Addition of high molecular weight dextran to culture medium prevents the initiation of T lymphocyte-mediated killing by holding the cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and target cells in suspension and preventing intercellular contact. Suspension in 10% dextran was used to interrupt the ongoing formation of adhesions between CTL and target cells already in contact in a centrifuged pellet. The results demonstrate that 1) firm adhesions form between CTL and target cells within 1 min at 37 degrees C; 2) once formed, these adhesions are stable at low temperature and are resistant to mechanical shearing forces; 3) these adhesions can be disrupted by EDTA; 4) immediately after the adhesions form, separation of the CTL from the target cells prevents lysis of the latter; 5) after incubation of targets adhering to CTL for an additional 6 min at 37 degrees C, removal of the CTL no longer prevents target cell lysis. Thus, target cells become "programmed" for subsequent lysis within a few minutes after contact with CTL, after which lysis occurs during the next several hours without further participation of the effector cell. At 15 degrees C, adhesions form 1/17 as fast as at 37 degrees C. Programming of target cells for lysis occurs 1/76 as fast at 15 degrees C as at 37 degrees C. Thus, the programming for lysis step is about 4-fold more temperature dependent than the adhesion step. In addition to being detected by subsequent target cell lysis in 10% dextran, the adhering cell clusters can be counted with low power microscopy. This permitted verification that EDTA separates the clusters after programming for lysis is complete. Moreover, the great majority of the clusters seen at 37 degrees C are antigen-specific. Knowledge of the cluster size distribution and the subsequent level of lysis permits the deduction that not less than 6% of the sensitized peritoneal cell populations used were CTL.
| 50,350
|
Immunologic activity of myelin basic protein in strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs.
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The resistance of Strain 2 guinea pigs to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with whole CNS tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) has been confirmed. The resistance is even more pronounced when myelin basic protein (BP) is used in attempts to induce EAE. Strain 2 guinea pigs are also resistant to an immunization schedule (multiple injections with BP in IFA followed by a single injection of BP in CFA) known to induce significant levels of antibody in susceptible strains. The poor response of Strain 2 guinea pigs to BP is not the result of lack of specific B cells--antibody equivalent to that produced by Strain 13 animals is obtained when the inoculum contains 0.5 mg BP and 2.5 mycobacteria.
| 50,359
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Class, amounts and affinities of anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies in chickens. I. Production of 7S and 17S antibodies of equal affinity by intravenous injection of antigen.
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Repeated intravenous injections of maximally coupled dinitrophenylated bovine gamma-globulin elicited both 7S and 17S anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies in chickens. Only antibodies of low affinity were produced regardless of the priming dose, the interval between injections, and the number of injections. The 7S and 17S antibodies isolated from invididual animals had identical affinities and heterogeneity indices. The concentrations of antibodies formed were uniformly low despite many injections over a prolonged period. These studies indicate that stimulation by antigen alone may not be sufficient for the induction of predominant 7S antibody formation and for the synthesis of high affinity antibody.
| 50,371
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Immunologic effects of morphine administration in rabbits.
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Long-term effects of morphine administration or immunologic test responses were studied in female rabbits. Implantation of morphine-containing pellets was found to be more effective than injection of morphine sulfate solutions in promoting increased serum binding of 140-morphine. A large part of the increased morphine binding by sera associated with administration of morphine was found in serum fractions containing gamma-globulin and was absent in gamma-globulin-free fractions. These sera showed some degree of specificity for the morphine configuration in tests with other narcotics. They also gave positive immunologic test reactions in passive hemagglutination and radial immunodiffusion tests involving serum albumins conjugated with morphine derivatives. Other evidence for immunologic responsiveness against morphine by morphine-pretreated rabbits was shown by cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions against morphine-carrier conjugates and by a diminution of the serum morphine-binding response in rabbits given an immunosuppressive dose of cyclophosphamide. Failure of naloxone, a morphine antagonist, to alter the serum morphine-binding response suggested that serum levels of the morphine-binding globulin studied here were not direclty related to morphine withdrawal.
| 50,375
|
Isolation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by affinity chromatography on antibody-coated immunoadsorbents.
|
Hepatitis tb surface antigen (HBsAg) was isolated from human serum by two steps of affinity chromatography on antibody-coated gels. HBsAg-positive serum was passed through a column packed with guinea pig anti-HBsAg antibodies covalently bound to CNBr-activated beaded agarose gel. The majority of non-specifically bound proteins was removed by washing the gel with increased concentrations (0.5 M) of NaCl in Tris buffer. Elution of the specifically bound HBsAg was carried out with 3 M NaSCN. Residual normal human serum proteins present in the eluate were removed by passing the partially purified HBsAg through an immunoadsorbent coated with rabbit antibodies directed against human serum proteins. After this treatment normal human serum proteins could no longer be demonstrated by passive hemagglutination in the isolated HBsAg. Cross-reactions between HBsAg and normal human serum proteins could not be demonstrated. Both antibody-coated immunoadsorbents could be used over ten times without significant loss of their binding capacity.
| 50,379
|
Determination of antibody avidity at the cellular level by the plaque inhibition technique: effect of valence of the inhibitor.
|
Inhibition of plaque formation by multivalent and univalent ligands was compared as an assay of avidity of antibody produced by PFC. Multivalent ligands are much more effective as inhibitors and their use tends to impart an appearance of lack of heterogeneity and high avidity to the PFC populations being studied. It is thus probably generally advisable to employ univalent ligands in such studies.
| 50,381
|
Microfilaments in the external surface layer of the early amphibian embryo.
|
A comparison was made by transmission electron microscopy of the microfilaments in the surface layers of the early embryos of Triturus alpestris and Xenopus laevis at stages of development up to neurulation. Actin-like filaments which bound heavy meromyosin (HMM) were found in cell extracts of all stages, but were comparatively rare in the newly fertilized egg. Ten nm microfilaments were present throughout development in Xenopus, and from the mid-neurula stage in Triturus. Both kinds of microfilament were located in the circumferences of superficial ectoderm cells at the level of the apical junctions, the 10 nm microfilaments in association with desmosomes which began to develop before gastrulation in Xenopus. The accumulations of microfilaments in the apical constrictions, which form in ectoderm cells of Triturus early gastrulae when dissociated in a calcium-free medium, suggest that they are contractile elements. In the absence of such accumulations in the cell apices, the reverse curling exhibited by Xenopus ectodermal explants is attributed rather to a separation of the cells' lateral borders. Cytochalasin B (5 mug/ml) caused ectodermal explants from the early gastrulae of both species to disaggregate. With the rupture of the apical junctions there was a disorganization of the associated microfilamentous layer.
| 50,397
|
Suppression of in vitro antibody response by a serum factor (SAA) in experimentally induced amyloidosis.
|
Serum from CBA/J mice made amyloidotic by chronic casein injections has been shown to suppress in vitro antibody response to SRBC. Similar suppression was also found with normal mouse serum but to a much lesser degree. This suppressive activity of both amyloidotic serum and normal serum was removed by absorption of the sera with antiserum to protein AA, the major constituent of casein-induced (secondary) amyloid fibrils. This antiserum to the amyloid fibril protein AA (mol wt 8,400 daltons) detects an immunologically cross-reacting serum alpha globulin (SAA) (mol wt approx. 100,000). It is postulated that the serum factor (SAA) is a regulator of antibody response and may be present in elevated amounts as the result of chronic antigenic stimulation.
| 50,401
|
[Long-term treatment with L-DOPA in a case of torsion dystonia (authors transl)].
|
A 36-year old woman had been able to move from place to place only by crawling until 1971 after she had been treated with L-DOPA, the dose of which was increased to a maximum of 2.5 g daily. Within 4 weeks there was a diminution of her increased muscle tone and she experienced a dramatic improvement in her daily living activities, being able to walk without assistance for the first time in 20 years. This improvement has continued with a daily maintenance dose of 1.25 g. For patients with torsion dystonia, where the so-called myostatic component preponderates, cautious application of L-DOPA seems to be justified and further clinical studies are suggested.
| 50,417
|
On the effect of brain phospholipase A1 on specifically labelled glycerophospholipids in the course of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
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The effect of phospholipase A1 of human brain on 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, -ethanolamine and -serine, specifically labelled with different fatty acids at either the 1 or 2 position, was determined in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. An increase of approximately 40% in the specific activity of phospholipase A1 could be observed for all substrates investigated during the demyelinating disorder. On investigating the specific activity of the enzyme with various molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and -ethanolamine, labelled at the 1 position with different radioactive fatty acids, we found that the phospholipase A1 preferentially removed those fatty acids from the 1 position of phosphatidylcholines that have the fewest double bonds, while oleic and linoleic acid were released at almost similar rates from phosphatidylethanolamine.
| 50,420
|
[A case of Guillain-Barré syndrome following cholera vaccination (author's transl)].
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A 45-year-old woman developed bilateral ascending flaccid paralysis after cholera vaccination, 15 days after the first and 1 day after the second injection. The clinical course resulted in nearly complete paralysis of the lower limbs, paresis of the upper limbs and partial involvement of the cranial nerves. There was only slight sensory loss. The CSF revealed no pleocytosis and a protein level of 206 mg/100 ml. Recovery began 2 weeks later and was almost complete after 2 months. Immunological investigations revealed no remarkable changes.
| 50,424
|
Inhibition of granulation tissue growth by histamine.
|
Granulomas were induced in rats by subcutaneous implantation of formalin-soaked filter-paper disks. Daily subcutaneous injection of histamine at doses of two times 0.05 mg/kg and above inhibited the growth of granulation tissue as measured by a marked decrease in the dry-defatted granuloma weight and of the hydroxyproline and hexosamine content. Histological observations of granulation tissue indicated that histamine inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts and the formation of capillaries. Inhibitory effects were also observed with the histamine releaser, sinomenine, and the histaminase inhibitor, aminoguanidine. These histamine effects seem not to be mediated by glucocorticoid release, since an effective dose level of histamine produced no change in growth or thymus weight. Prednisolone was less potent than histamine in inhibiting Prednisolone was ineffective at the dose tested. Subcutaneous injection of the H2-receptor antagonist, burimamide, blocked these histamine effects and also of sinomeinine and aminoguanidine. The H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine, did not block these histamine effects. Burimamide alone enhanced the growth of granuloma. These results indicate that granulation-tissue growth in inflammation is affected by the inhibitory effect of endogenous histamine acting through H2-receptors.
| 50,437
|
The skin-reactive antigens of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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Guinea pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or immunized with the orgnaism in combination with Freund's complete adjuvant developed a delayed hypersensitive skin reaction following on intradermal injection of the M. pneumoniae antigen. The amount of protein necessary to produce the delayed skin reaction was as low as 0.01 mug. When the sonicated whole cells were extracted with aqueous acetone, the delayed skin reactivity was found mostly in the acetone insoluble (lipid-depleted) fraction. On the other hand, the lipid fraction which was isolated by a chloroform-methanol extraction of the acetone-soluble fraction and had a high titer of complement-fixing activity, exhibited little delayed skin reactivity. The lipid-depleted antigens as the whole cell antigens produced delayed skin reactivities in human patients.
| 50,469
|
[The so-called inoperable rectal carcinoma. Simultaneously, a contribution to the prognosis of rectal carcinoma].
|
Rectal cancer is quite easy to identify. Simple methods of investigations and early symptoms should allow a good prognosis. This is patholphysiologically supported by slow increasement and relatively late filialisation along long metastatic roads. Therefore it is to be regretted, that of 632 patients, suffering from rectal cancer in the years 1955-1970, 179 (28,3%) could not be treated on cure. Even palliative procedures had a postoperative mortality of 24,6%. This delay in early diagnose reduced the time of survival from 72% 2-jears-survival, when operated on cure (see article) to 59,1% (see article), respectively from 52,1% 5-years-survival (see article) to 38,5% (see article). These results can be only improved by regular prophylactic examinations.
| 50,554
|
The peripheral odontogenic fibroma.
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An extensive review of the English-language literature has produced only five undoubted cases of peripheral odontogenic fibroma. This article reports ten new cases. The age and sex of the patients and the distribution by site and histology of the lesions are compared with those of other cases of bifrous tumors and neoplasms of odontogenic origin. It is postulated that this lesion may be more closely related to the fibrous euplis than was previously realized. Both lesions show hyperplasia of the basal layer of the covering ipithelium into double strands resembling odontogenic epithelium. It is suggested that this hyperplasia may be related to induction of the covering epithelium by primitive ectomesenchymal remnants within the gingivae. Proliveration of odontogenic rests within the peripheral odontogenic frbroma may be related to the same stimulus.
| 50,585
|
Posttranslational protein modifications, with special attention to collagen and elastin.
|
It is apparent that significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biosynthesis, modifications, and maturation of collagen and elastin. We now recognize and partially understand special reactions involved in hydroxylations within the cell and complex cross-linking processes occurring outside the cell. Recent experiments (191) have shown that in human diploid fibroblast cultures of limited doubling potential (191) the hydroxylation of collagen prolyl residues appears to be "age" or passage-level dependent. With increasing passage level of these cultures, both the ascorbate requirements and the extent of collagen hydroxylation decrease. "Young" cell cultures have a strong requirement for complete hydroxylation and without ascorbate there is only about 50% of the normal level. "Middle-aged" cultures show higher hydroxylation without and full hydroxylation with ascorbate, whereas "old" (or cultures close to "senescence") are incapable of full hydroxylation with or without ascorbic acid. Although the overall system may show some deterioration with increasing passage levels, it appears that with increasing passage levels other components in the cell replace the ascorbate dependence of the hydroxylase system to a greater exten. In some ways, aging WI-38 cultures begin to resemble some transformed cells in their biochemical reactions, although they continue to remain diploid and eventually lose the ability to replicate. It is not yet known whether old animals can produce collagen, which may now be underhydroxylated, perhaps contributing to certain senescent changes. Careful examination of the hydroxylation index of collagen produced in organoid cultures of tissue biopsies as a function of donor age might be informative, particularly if one looks at the quality of collagen by employing collagenase and other proteolytic digests with collagen (191). One could comare the levels of frequent and characteristic peptide triplet sequences such as Gly-Pro-Hyp to Gly-Pro-Pro, Gly-Ala-Hyp to Gly-Ala-Pro, or Gly-Pro-Hyl to Gly-Pro-Lys and others for evaluation of hydroxylation throughout the entire molecule or at selected sequences.
| 50,603
|
Secretory and structural changes in the parotid salivary gland of sheep and lambs after parasympathetic denervation.
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The effect of the parasympathetic nerve supply on the development of the parotid gland in the immature lamb and its maintenance in the adult sheep has been investigated by unilateral postganglionic denervation. Seventy-seven to ninety-three days after denervation secretory activity of the gland was examined and material taken for histological examination. The adult denervated glands secreted at lower rates than the innervated and their atropine-resistant secretory flow was reduced to as low as one fifth of that of the innervated glands. In two lambs an atropine-resistant flow did not develop in the denervated glands: in another two, flows of saliva from the denervated glands were present but were much less than in the contralateral innervated glands. After denervation glands were, with one exception, smaller than the contralateral innervated glands. The acinar cells of the denervated adult and lamb glands were smaller than the cells of the innervated glands but similar in size to those of 7-14 day old unoperated control lambs. Acinar cells in denervated glands had periodic acid Schiff staining material but the staining reaction to pyronin-methyl green was similar in the innervated and denervated. The results indicate that the integrity of the parasympathetic innervation is essential for the development of the parotid gland of the sheep and for its maintenance in the adult animal.
| 50,604
|
[Determination of urinary total proteins and some protein fractions].
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In unconcentrated specimens measurements have been made of total proteins, by DOETSCH gel-filtration method, and of albumin, transferrin and of alpha-2-macroglobulin, by LAURELL electroimmunodiffusion technique. The results confirm that the gel-filtration method provides specific, reliable measurement of proteins in amount as little as 50 mg/1. The proteinuria of 21 samples of urine has been determined by the DOETSCH method and by the biuret method after protein precipitation by perchloric, trichloracetic and phosphotungstic acid. Only the use of phosphotungstic acid as precipitant provides a good correlation of results between the biuret method and the direct gel-filtration-biuret method. LAURELL electroimmunodiffusion technique was improved to allow the determination of 5 mg/1 of albumin, and transferrin, and of 1 mg/1 of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The AA. emphasize the advantages of using sensitive methods which do not require the preliminary concentration of the sample, for the analysis of urinary proteins.
| 50,609
|
Third HL-A segregant series: genetic analysis and molecular independence on lymphocyte surface.
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Five sera which detect two alleles of the third HL-A locus (T2 and T4) are described. Statistical analysis of a panel of 220 donors gave gene frequencies in a French Parisian population which are comparable to the results of Scandinavian authors. Segregation observed in 50 families emphasized the linkage disequilibrium with SD2 alleles. T1 was found to be associated with one part of W22 (Da30) and T3 with the other part non-Da30). No recombination was observed between SD2 and SD3, and the distance between these two loci can be estimated at less than 0.0042 U. Differential capping experiments showed that redistribution of SD3 antigens did not affect the SD2 or SD1 products, indicating that they are borne on the cell surface by independent structures. Moreover, capping of SD1, SD2 and SD3 antigens did not provoke complete redistribution of beta2microglobulin which suggests that not all beta2M molecules are linked to HL-A antigens.
| 50,634
|
Direct cell mediated lympholysis. A test of allograft-rejection in human kidney recipients.
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In kidney transplanted patients a clear coincidence was observed between clinical signs of allograft rejection and the presence in the peripheral blood of killer cells able to lyse either PHA lymphoblasts from the actual donor or selected unrelated individuals. In recipients with non-immunological complications such as leakage on the graft ureter or primary anuria caused by renal ischaemia, no cellular cytotoxicity against specific or selected target cells was observed. The specificity of this Cell Mediated Lympholysis in two of the cases reported could not be explained by the serologically detectable HL-A antigens, indicating the existence of other determinants of importance for the killing capability of in vivo produced effector cells.
| 50,635
|
An analysis of the 4c complex of HL-A based on Indian populations.
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Sera detecting part or all of the 4c group of HL-A antigenic specificities were compared in two American Indian populations, the Ixils and the Pimas, and in one Spanish-Indian hybrid population, the Mestizos of Peru. Several new variants appeared. These were not identical to HL-A5, W5 or W18. Two of the variants appeared to represent specificities Z57 and Z51 as described during the 1972 Histocompatibility Testing Workshop. In addition, three new specificities could be detected. These were Z42, Ao88 and Ao93. Z42, Ao88 appeared to belong to the 4c complex and Ao93, a new specificity of the second locus, may belong to this same cross-reactive group.
| 50,643
|
An inclusion analysis for studying HL-A specificities.
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INCLAN (Inclusion analysis) is a computer program which provides a systematic search for the subtypic variants of a given serological specificity. This routine was found especially useful for the HL-A serology whose complexity often needs automatic displays. A detailed description of its structure is presented in this note.
| 50,645
|
Donor HL-A incompatibility and lymphocytotoxic antibody response in human renal allotransplantation.
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When 81 recipients of primary renal allografts were examined for the influence of donor HL-A incompatibilities (DIC) on the survival of allografts, an association was found between greater DIC and not only an increased loss of allografts in the 1st year, but also a decreased survival of transplants in the subsequent years. However, three allografts with no DIC were rejected, whereas nine others with three to four imcompatibilities have functioned well for 1-5 years. A surprisingly high proportion (52%) of 81 renal allograft recipients produced lymphocytotoxic antibodies which lack HL-A specificity but apparently detect a polymorphic antigenic system on normal human lymphocytes. Only three patients who rejected the allografts made detectable circulating antibodies specific to DIC. However, when patients received grafts with fewer DIC, there was a greater number of no antibody or low frequency antibody producers, whereas with a greater number of DIC there was an increased occurrence of high frequency antibody producers. These results suggest that HL-A as well as non-HL-A systems may play a significant role in the success of allotransplantation. Although the presence of non-HL-A antibodies was not always associated with allograft loss, further characterization of these antibodies may reveal a new genetic system(s).
| 50,657
|
[Morphology of the clinical stage O of the prostatic carcinoma (incidental carcinoma) (author's transl)].
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141 prostatic carcinomas of the clinical stage O (incidental carcinoma) have been analyzed morphologically. The tumors were highly differentiated carcinomas in 41.8% of the cases as compared to only 11.8% in the whole material of 989 carcinomas of all clinical stages in our prostatic carcinoma registry. In 42 cases (29.8%) the tumor involved less than 10% of the surgical material examined and here we find especially the highly differentiated carcinomas. In 22 cases (15.6%) the whole material was completely invaded by carcinomas and here the less differentiated carcinoma types are dominating. In 27 cases (19.2%) the carcinoma has spread to the periprostatic tissue and from here to perivascular and perineural lymphatics. Short-term follow-up was available in 117 cases. In only 17 cases no carcinoma therapy was initiated after the histological diagnosis. The morphological analysis shows that the clinical stage O of prostatic carcinoma includes completely different degrees of differentiation and extension. In planning the course of therapy the morphological findings have to be taken into consideration. The morphological analysis shows that the clinical stage O of prostatic carcinoma includes completely different degrees of differentiation and extension. In planning the course of therapy the morphological findings have to be taken into consideration.
| 50,661
|
[Effect of gamma globulin on reactivity of the organism. V. Types of biological activity of gamma globulin preparations].
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Biological activity of 110 series of commercial gamma-globulin preparations was studied; they were found to contain placental antigens, group-specific blood substances, gonadotropic hormones and antibodies to them. Placental antigens were found in 12% of placental and abortive gamma-globulin batches in titres of 1 : 2--1 : 16; no placental protein was revealed in donor gamma-globulin. There were group-specific blood substances in all the batches of placental and abortive gamma-globulin studied (in titres of 1 : 138--A, 1 : 112 B in the placental gamma-globulin and in titres of 1 : 48.9--A, 1 : 32--B in the abortive gamma-globulin). In the preparations from the venous blood group-specific substances were either absent or present in lowe titres only (1 : 2). The value of gonadotropic hormones in the placental gamma-globulin batches constituted 873+/-157, and in the abortive--991.4+/-147 IU/l; no gonadotropins were revealed in donor gamma-globulin. The mean titres of antibodies to gonadotropin hormone in the gamma-globulin preparations made of placental blood constituted 1 : 236+/-32, of abortive--1 : 131+/-16.6, and of the venous blood--1 : 46+/-24.7. The presence of biologically-active substances in the gamma-globulin preparations pointed to the necessity of increased requirement of their quality; additional requirements to its standardization proved to be also necessary.
| 50,682
|
Gastrointestinal investigations in dermatitis herpetiformis.
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Thirty-seven patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been investigated for gastric and small intestinal abnormalities. Evidence of an enteropathy was found in 86% of the patients who had IgA deposits in uninvolved skin. Villous atrophy of the small intestine was found in 29 patients. About one-half of the patients had reduced absorption of xylose and vitamin A. The Schilling test value was lowered in one-third. Serum B12 was too low in 5/28 patients whereas folic acid in serum and whole blood was too low in 14/29 and 5/19, respectively. Atrophic gastritis occurred in 14/28 patients and only about one-third of the whole patient material had normal gastric mucosal structure and secretion.
| 50,693
|
Warty dyskeratoma.
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A case is reported of a 53-year-old woman, who had had for one year a wart-like papillomatus lesion on the alveolar process in the region corresponding to m The remaining mucosa exhibited a normal clinical picture. The patient's general health was satisfactory and no skin manifestations of interest were apparent. The lesion was extirpated and examined histologically and microradiographically and was found to have histopathological characteristic of the same kind as in warty dyskeratoma. The discussion is concerned with aetiological factors and with problems of differential diagnosis.
| 50,698
|
Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (Ito).
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A case of incontinentia pigmenti achromians syndrome with associated abnormalities occurring in a 21-year-old woman is reported. Since birth she has had whorling macular, hypopigmented areas on the skin of the lateral, anterior, and posterior aspects of the trunk. Histopathological picture: the melanocytes in the depigmented areas are slightly reduced in number. Some of the associated abnormalities that she exhibits, such as coarse curly hair on her scalp, and pigmented spots in her left iris, have never before been described. Other of her symptoms--thick lips and myopia--have been reported earlier. The patient's mother, 15-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother showed, from birth, brown hyperpigmented maculae on the left halves of their bodies.
| 50,700
|
[The biomechanics of hyaline cartilage under distension stress].
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The mechanical properties of costal cartilage specimens from cattle were tested under periodical compressive loads. The specimens were put between the compression plates of an electronic materials testing machine and were exposed to defined deformations and deformation rates. On the basis of these induced periodical deformation-time curves as input functions we obtained force-time curves as output functions. (1) The cyclic force-time curves generated by deformation-time input functions with constant amplitudes initially showed a general decrease of force peaks until a force-time curve with constant amplitudes gradually arose. (2) If periodically loaded after a constant deformation had taken place the force peaks increased, at first pronouncedly but later diminishing. We named this the 'peak increase phenomenon'. (3) The mechanorheological curves of hyaline cartilage can be explained approximately by the viscoelastic behaviour of microfibrils in a parallel arrangement with the elastoviscous properties of cartilaginous ground substance.
| 50,705
|
Experimental rheumatoid arthritis-like features induced by prolonged sensitization with focal antigens.
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Prolonged sensitization with emulsion of an autologous or isologous subcutaneous abscess of Arthus type induced by injection of hen egg-white was performed in 34 rabbits which were divided into (high responder and intermediate responder groups (H- and M-groups) according to individual difference of immune responses. The development of a rheumatoid factor-like substance (RFLS) was demonstrated after 30 experimental days and subsequently observed in 21 out of 33 rabbits. There was no significant difference in the incidence of RFLS between both groups. As to the relation between the development of RFLS and types of focal antigens, the group of the autologous W-substance showed a higher incidence of RFLS than the N-substance. Acute and/or chronic synovitis was demonstrated in 13 of 33 rabbits and inflammatory changes were more intensive and extensive in the later period of experiment. Presence of RFLS in the affected synovial tissues, chiefly in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and mononuclear cells, occasionally in a free state was revealed by immunofluorescent study, and depositions positive for IgG and beta 1C were observed in the wall of blood vessels and fibrinous thrombi in the affected synovial tissues.
| 50,712
|
Alcoholic hyalin-like bodies found in the pancreatic acinar cells and nerve cells of the brain.
|
The presence of hyalinoid body as an eosinophilic, dendriform to irregularly shaped mass was noted in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells of 13 among a series of approximately 150 autopsy cases of alcoholism examined. Similar subcellular structures were also demonstrable in nerve cells of the brain in 2 of these cases. The hyalinoid body stained scarlet in phloxine methylene blue preparations and orange-brown in preparations with the Masson staining method (modified procedure of Gomori), and was revealed to be a fibrillar filamentous mass by electron microscopy. These characteristics suggest its marked resemblance to alcoholic hyalin in liver cells.
| 50,713
|
Effect of long-term administration of different hard liquors and red wine on the rat liver. A histological and biochemical study.
|
Male rats were given 50 per cent of calories as ethanol, whisky, brandy, gin and red wine for 8-9 months together with moderate or low protein and vitamin supply. Histological studies at sacrifice failed to detect signs of hepatotoxicity, but biochemical studies indicated that at least red wine and whisky produced more undesirable effects on the liver than ethanol.
| 50,714
|
The ultrastructure of cultivable treponemes.
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Cells of Treponema genitalis were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques. All cells were covered by a regularly structured surface layer. This layer appeared to consist of pairs of thin fibrils attached to an amorphous layer. This amorphous layer in turn is probably identical with the exterior part of the outer membrane of the organism. The pairs of thin fibrils located on this surface were interconnected by polygons. The treponemes were regularly coiled and had somewhat tapered ends with 2-4 flagella inserted at each end. The two bundles of flagella were entwined around the cytoplasmic body of the cell and interdigitated in the middle region of the organism. Treatment of cells of T. genitalis with Myxobacter AL-1 protease 1, or with deoxycholate did not reveal intracytoplasmic tubules. This is in contrast to the results obtained with similar treatments of all other strains of species of Treponema hitherto examined.
| 50,715
|
Effects of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) on rat mast cells: influence on anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release.
|
Anaphylactic histamine release from mast cells isolated from actively sensitized rats was inhibited by pre-incubation with micromolar concentrations of ATP. The inhibition was reversible under various experimental conditions and was counteracted by the presence of calcium in the incubation medium. Histamine release induced by compound 48/80 was similarly affected. Mast cells exposed to antigen under conditions when histamine release was inhibited by ATP became desensitized. The results indicate that ATP inhibits the release mechanism at a step which occurs after the binding of antigen to IgE.
| 50,722
|
Light dependence of osmium reactivity in mouse photoreceptor cells.
|
Mouse photoreceptor cells exhibit local accumulations of osmium deposits after prolonged osmic staining at slightly elevated temperatures. Deposits were evident along the membranes of outer segment lamellae, Golgi cisternae and vesicles, nuclear envelopes, and synaptic vesicles. Other membranes within the photoreceptor cells were unreactive. No osmium reactivity was seen in other cells of the retina except for osmiophilic outer segment material which had been phagocytized by the pigment epithelium. In the outer segments, inner segments, and synaptic regions of the photoreceptor cells, the amount of osmium reactivity was increased by light stimulation and decreased following extended dark adaptation. The possible significance of the localized osmium reactivity is discussed.
| 50,727
|
The detection of hepatitis B antigen in hepatic parenchyma by the fluorescent antibody technic.
|
Tissue sections from 42 specimens of liver were examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). In all cases the serologic status of HB Ag was known. Fourteen of the specimens were also examined by electron microscopy. In four biopsies from three patients positive cytoplasmic fluorescence was detected using antisera prepared in animals and 20-nm. nuclear particles were found by electron microscopy. These patients were all seropositive for HB Ag, all had chronic aggressive hepatitis or active cirrhosis, and all were receiving immunosuppressive therapy at the time of examination. Nuclear fluorescent staining was demonstrated when one of these biopsies was re-examined using a human antiserum.
| 50,731
|
Isolation of arboviruses (Kemerovo group, Sakhalin group) from Ixodes uriae collected at Macquarie Island, Southern ocean.
|
Eighty-nine pools of ticks (Ixodes [Ceratixodes] uriae White) collected at Macquarie Island (54 degrees 30' S, 159 degrees E) in the Southern Ocean yielded 16 strains of 2 viruses, 1 a "new" member of the Kemerovo group and 1 a "new" member of the Sakhalin group. The names "Nugget" and "Taggert" are proposed for them. Antigenically-related viruses have therefore now been isolated from I. uriae in both subarctic and subantarctic regions.
| 50,749
|
[Bacterial cytostimulation by specific antibodies (author's transl)].
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Antibodies bound to the surface of Escherichia coli cells stimulate the rate of growth of these bacteria in proportion to their quantity. This "cytostimulation" of the bacteria is confirmed by (1) the increase in optical density, (2) colony counts and (3) increase in the beta-galactosidase activity of a constitutive strain. This action can be amplified by overlaying the antibodies bound to the bacteria, with anti-antibodies. The cytostimulation is accompanied by an increase of the ratio in phosphatidylglycerol to diphosphatidyl-glycerol in the bacteria.
| 50,758
|
[Isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight placental protein (PPg)(author's transl)].
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The isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight protein (PP6) from human placentae is described. The protein which apparently has some steroid-binding properties shows the mobility of an alpha1-globulin and has a molecular weight of around 1 X 10(6) daltons. The molecule is composed of several different subunits with molecular weights ranging from 200,000-35,000 daltons which are held together by non-covalent bonds. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that the placental protein PP6 is localized in the nuclei of the syncytiotrophoblast. But PP6 is not specific for the placenta; this protein is also found in extracts from other human tissues as well as in the erythrocytes. PP6 usually is not present in normal sera but in some cases it could be detected in concentrations ranging from 1-3 mg per 100 ml in sera from pregnant women and in sera from patients with malignant tumors.
| 50,830
|
Bony metastases from carcinoma of cervix. Occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Fifty-five patients treated for cervical carcinoma developed bony metastases between January 1, 1961 and December 31, 1973. Roentgenograms were diagnostic in all but 2 of the patients. In 15 patients, a combination of radioactive scans and roentgenograms was used to establish the diagnosis. The most common mechanism of bony involvement from carcinoma of the cervix was extension of the neoplasm from para-aortic nodes, with involvement of the adjacent vertebral bodies. The earliest metastases were discovered at the time of the primary diagnosis. Thirteen years was the longest interval from the primary diagnosis until the discovery of bony metastases. Sixty-nine percent of the patients were diagnosed within 30 months. Ninety-six percent of the patients died within 18 months. Seventy-six percent of the patients received some form of therapy for their metastases. Thirty-six of these patients were treated with radiation therapy. Four of these patients received complete relief of symptoms, 24 some relief, and 8 patients received no relief.
| 50,873
|
In vitro biochemical and cytotoxicity studies with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine in combination.
|
The effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C), alone and in combination, on DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity in hamster fibrosarcoma cells has been studied. After a 2-hr exposure of S-phase cells to ara-C at concentrations of 2 to 200 muM, the cells required about 4 to 6 hr to recover from inhibition of DNA synthesis. When 2 exposures to ara-C were used, maximal cytotoxicity occurred when the 2nd dose of ara-C was administered at the time when the cells recovered from the inhibition of DNA synthesis. When the S-phase cells were exposed to ara-C, the maximal killing effect of 5-aza-C occurred when this agent was administered 6 hr later, at the time when the cells had recovered from the inhibition of DNA synthesis. When S-phase cells were exposed to 5-aza-C, the maximal cell kill produced by ara-C also occurred 5 to 6 hr later. When the S-phase cells were exposed simultaneously to both ara-C and 5-aza-C, significant antagonism with respect to cytotoxicity was observed between these 2 agents. When cells in G1 were exposed to 5-aza-C, the cytotoxicity produced by ara-C on these cells when they entered S phase was additive with respect to the cytotoxicity produced by 5-aza-C exposure alone.
| 50,882
|
[Presence of the H blood group antigen on a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Enzymatic transformation of H to A and B specificities].
|
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA-M) was purified from a hepatic metastasis obtained from a blood group O patient with a cancer of the rectum. Using 125I-labelled-CEA and blood group antisera, H specificity was found on the CEA-M; the addition of anti-H to anti-CEA does not modify the binding of labelled-CEA-M to its antibodies (86%), this result leads us to conclude that H and CEA determinants are carried by the same molecule. However the low percentage of binding (30% with 1/10 anti-H) suggests that only a few CEA-M molecules do carry the H antigenic determinant. Finally, glycosyltransferases were used to modify the H specificity into blood group A and B specificities.
| 50,886
|
The etiology of osteosarcoma. A review of current considerations.
|
Various agents have caused osteosarcoma in several experimental animal systems. These agents or initiators may be classified as chemicals, radiation, viruses, and miscellaneous. Zinc beryllium silicate with beryllium oxide in rabbits and FBJ virus in mice are two such initiating agents. The relevance of these animal experiments to the human situation is not known, but recent reports regarding a transmissible agent obtained from human osteosarcoma tissue suggest that a virus may be implicated. There is a theoretic indication that the various etiologic agents, including viruses, may affect the DNA of normal cells in such a way that further evolution and differentiation through several cell divisions may result in the clinical appearance of cancer.
| 50,894
|
Synthesis, structure and function of avian sarcoma virus-specific DNA in permissive and nonpermissive cells.
|
We have reviewed our recent evidence for the following scheme for synthesis and integration of viral DAN after infection of permissive cells by ASV: Within the first 3 hours of infection, duplex, virus-specific DNA the length of a subunit of the viral genome (3 times 10(6) daltons) is synthesized in the cytoplasm of infected cells by a virion-associated DNA polymerase; viral DNA probably forms a covalently closed circular duplex prior to integration into host nuclear DNA. Integration and the usual consequences of viral infection can be inhibited by ethidium bromide. We have described a number of features of viral DNA prior to its integration and have indicated how these features can be exploited in the purification of viral DNA. Viral DNA has also been measured in nonpermissive (mammalian) cells in which the variable expression of viral genes is controlled by unknown mechanisms.
| 50,903
|
FSH stimulation of testicular androgen binding protein (ABP): comparison of ABP response and ovarian augmentation.
|
Production of testicular androgen binding protein (ABP), ceases following hypophysectomy and can be stimulated by FSH. Within 24 h after the administration of FSH, ABP can be measured in caput epididymis supernatant and by 4 days after FSH treatment, the concentration of ABP reaches a plateau. In a 3-day assay, ABP production in immature hypophysectomized rats was stimulated by 31 mug NIH-FSH-P1 per day (0.08 U NIH-FSH-P1 per 3 days) which is comparable to the sensitivity of the ovarian weight augmentation test in hypophysectomized rats. The relative ovarian weight augmenting and ABP stimulating activities of various FSH preparations were in agreement, suggesting that the biological stimulus of the ABP response is, in fact, FSH. The ABP response to FSH could become a useful testicular bioassay for FSH. Such an assay would be more practicle if ABP could be measured by a radioimmunoassay.
| 50,922
|
Noble metals: a toxicological appraisal of potential new environmental contaminants.
|
The public health benefits expected by reducing known hazardous emissions from mobile sources should not be compromised by increasing levels of other potentially hazardous unregulated emissions. Catalytic converters are going to be used to meet the statutory requirements on carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions from light duty motor vehicles. Platinum and palladium metals are the catalytic materials to be used in these emission control devices. Preliminary experimental evidence and analysis of the impact of these control devices on the future use and demand for platinum indicates that this metal may appear at detectable levels in the environment by the end of this decade. At the present time, platinum and palladium are not present in the public environment and represent potentially new environmental contaminants as a consequence of use of this new abatement control technology. There is relatively little information available to adequately assess the potential health hazards that may be associated with exposure to these metals and their compounds. Analysis of the environmental problems and concerns associated with possible new environmental contaminants are discussed. Limited estimates are made on community exposure by use of a meteorological dispersion model. Biodegradation potential and attention is also given to the limited toxicological information available.
| 50,939
|
An objective measurement of nonspeaking children's performance with a computer-controlled program for the stimulation of language behavior.
|
A method is described for recording a child's performance with a computer-controlled audio-visual device designed to stimulate language behavior in nonspeaking children. From the recorded data a child's position can be estimated on a curve derived from normal children. This position could be of value in planning treatment for a nonspeaking child and assessing his progress.
| 51,018
|
Proteinase C (carboxypeptidase Y) mutant of yeast.
|
A mutant of yeast lacking proteinase C (carboxypeptidase Y) activity has been found by using a histochemical stain to screen mutagenized colonies. This defect segregates 2:2 in meiotic tetrads. Cell extracts lacked the esterolytic, amidase, and proteolytic activities associated with proteinase C. The absence of proteinase C does not affect mitotic growth and has no obvious effect on the formation of viable ascospores or meiotic segregation. The mutant grows on peptides known to be cleaved by proteinase C in vitro. This finding is consistent with the idea that other enzymes exist in vivo with overlapping substrate specificities.
| 51,020
|
Experimental exophthalmos. Binding of thyrotropin and an exophthalmogenic factor derived from thyrotropin to retro-orbital tissue plasma membranes.
|
Biologically active preparations of 125I-thyrotropin, [3H]thyrotropin, and the [3H]exophthalmogenic factor derived from thyrotropin by partial pepsin digestion have been used to study the binding properties of the thyrotropin receptor on guinea pig retro-orbital tissue plasma membranes. In regard to the optimal conditions of binding, pH, buffer, salt concentrations, and temperature, these properties are the same as those described in any accompanying report concerning thyrotropin binding to bovine thyroid plasma membranes (Tate, R.L., Schwartz, H.I., Holmes, J.M., Kohn, L.D., and Winand, R.J. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6509-6515). In addition, thyrotropin receptors on the retro-orbital tissue plasma membranes are similar to thyrotropin receptors on bovine thyroid plasma membranes in their apparent negative cooperativity and in their relative affinities for luteinizing hormone, the beta subunit of thyrotropin, and the alpha subunit of thyrotropin. In contrast, gamma-globulin from patients with malignant exophthalmos enhances binding when added to incubation mixtures containing the retro-orbital tissue plasma membranes but not when added to those containing thyroid plasma membranes. Normal gamma-globulin and gamma-globulin from Graves' disease patients without exophthalmos do not have this property. The gamma-globulin itself does not bind to the membrane except in the presence of thyrotropin or its exophthalmogenic factor derivative. Tryptic digestion of the retro-orbital tissue membranes releases specific thyrotropin and exophthalmogenic factor binding activity into the supernatant phase. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 indicates that this trypsin-released receptor activity has a molecular weight of 75,000 or greater, rather than 15,000 to 30,000 for the trypsin-released receptor activity from bovine thyroid membranes (Tate, R.L., Schwartz, H.I., Holmes, J.M., Kohn, L.D., and Winand, R.J. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6509-6515).
| 51,021
|
Hyperthyroidism in Tasmania following iodide supplementation: measurements of thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies and thyrotropin.
|
Serum thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies (LATS and LATS protector) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in the serum of 30 patients with hyperthyroidism living in Tasmania who developed their disease following correction of iodine deficiency by addition of iodate to the bread. Patients were grouped according to thyroid scan results. None of 8 patients with autonomous thyroid nodules had thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies. These were present in both of the patients with uniform thyroid scans and 14 of 20 patients (70%) with irregular scans without demonstrated localized autonomy. Serum TSH, measured by immunoassay of concentrated serum extracts, was 0.15 muU/ml or less in all patients, below the range of 0.35 to 2.60 muU/ml found in normal subjects. Only 6 (20%) of the 30 patients failed to show either localized autonomy or thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies. In most regards these patients resembled those with antonomous nodules. The findings support the conclusion that the increased incidence of phyerthyroidism in Tasmania was due to an increased supply of iodine to patients with latent hyperthyroidism whose thyroid glands, due to the presence of toxid nodule(s) or thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies, were unresponsive to control by TSH deprivation. There was no evidence for additional pathogenic mechanisms
| 51,028
|
Cellular immune response to peripheral nerve basic protein in idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).
|
Lymphocytes from patients with Bell's palsy were shown to undergo significant stimulation when cultured in vitro in the presence of a purely neuritogenic basic protein (P1L) isolated from human peripheral nerve myelin. No sensitization was observed to other neural antigens, namely, another periperal nerve myelin basic protein (P2) and the central nerve myelin basic encephalitogenic protein (BE). A similar pattern of response was also demonstrated in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Lymphocytes from patients suffering from other neuropathies or other diseases involving the face showed no response to any of these antigens. The specific in vitro response to P1L protein in Bell's palsy may suggest that an in vivo sensitization of lymphocytes to such self protein occurs in this condition, and that cell-mediated, probably post-infectious, autoimmune mechanisms may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the paralysis. Thus, Bell's palsy is immunologically similar to GBS, or may even represent a mononeuritic variant of GBS. In view of these findings the administration of steroids to patients with Bell's palsy seems logical on the basis of their immunosuppressive action.
| 51,046
|
Racial predilection in multiple sclerosis.
|
Comparisons between the geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis and the habitats of various racial groups showed that racial factors alone could not explain the increase in prevalence of the disease with latitude. Racially similar groups living in different areas had different frequencies of multiple sclerosis. Conversely, racially different groups, living in the same area, had similar prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis. Moreover, migrants moving from one environment to another at a young age (before adolescence) appeared "to acquire" the risk of multiple sclerosis of the new environment. These observations suggest than an environmental factor independent of race influenced the risk of acquiring multiple sclerosis. Nonetheless, some genetic factors associated with race may also be implicated, for example, HL-A tissue antigens (perhaps by virtue of a common association with the immune response (Ir) gene), the Gm and Inv immunoglobulin characteristics and skin pigmentary characteristics (perhaps through interactions between pigmentation and calcium metabolism). The specific environmental factors determining risk of multiple sclerosis and the mechanism whereby the racial (genetic) factors may influence risk remain to be elucidated.
| 51,065
|
[X-ray studies of the brain as a basis for stereotaxy (author's transl)].
|
All attempts to reconstruct the topography of the brain in the living from studies of animal material are handicapped by technical difficulties. The best method is to compare exact X-ray pictures, which have been taken under stereotactic conditions. From a large collection of such X-rays the authors have composed contours of the internal table of the skull and of the ventricles, which best match the brains, selected for the Schaltenbrand-Bailey sterotactic atlas. For practical purposes these contours were combined with the transparent overlays for the nomenclature and the border lines of the different parts of the basal ganglia, which have been used in the myelin sections part of the atlas. A comparison of our sagittal series with the new X-ray findings shows, that the sagittal schemata of the atlas represent an extreme variation in the position of the Meynert axis and of the contours of the 4th ventricle. We have chosen a new axis system for the hindbrain, which corresponds to the average of our brains in constructing a new set of typical overlays for the atlas. The contour of the posterior fossa had to be completed. An independent axis system dor the structures of the 4th ventricle was developed, consisting of the base of the 4th ventricle, and a tangent, to the upper contour of the pons. In sterotactic procedures the axis systems for the forebrain and the hindbrain should be used independently. The results obtained are the basis for a new series of lantern slides which can be projected against the X-ray pictures with the Würzburg stereotactic equipment. In the course of this investigation we discovered a source of error. When air enters the puncture hole of the dura, the brain may sink back, so with the patient lying on his back, all structures may shift a few millimeters towards the occipital region. When the patient is lying on his side, as during an approach to the amygdala through the planum temporale, the ventricular system may collapse, so that almost no air is visible in the ventricles and the 3rd ventricle may appear to be in the lower hemisphere, the dislocation being more than 5-8 mm. But filling the ventricle with air through the ventricular catheter is sufficient to blow up the brain and to restore the normal topography.
| 51,075
|
An alcian blue-phloxine method for the gross demonstration of squamous metaplasia in the larynx.
|
A macroscopic method using the dyes Alcian blue and phloxine is described for the investigation of squamous metaplasia in the larynx. The method also demonstrates an intermediate type epithelium about which little is known. The gross staining of the tissues is based upon the differential penetration of the dyes through squamous, intermediate and respiratory epithelia, and on the strong chemical complex formed between Alcian blue and mucin. The method is particularly useful for research purposes owing to the permanency of the staining result.
| 51,082
|
Ultrastructure of the invasion of Eimeria magna sporozoites into cultured cells.
|
Monolayers of bovine kidney cells were overlaid with Eimeria magna sporozoites and observed with phase-contrast optics until penetration of the cells by the parasites had begun. Cells and penetrating parasites were fixed with glutaraldehyde and OsO4-containing ruthenium red, dehydrated, and embedded in situ. Cells being penetrated were selected for study in the electron microscope. The lack of intracellular staining with ruthenium red and intact plasmalemmas of cells being penetrated, was accepted as evidence that the sporozoites did not disrupt the plasma membranes. The sporozoite caused invagination of the host cell plasmalemma until the parasite was entirely within the cell, after which the invagination was sealed off by short pseudopodia enclosing the sporozoite within a membrane=lined vacuole inside the cell. Often myelin-forms, apparently of host cell origin, were seen in the space between the sporozoite and the cell.
| 51,083
|
Detection of a TL(+) murine leukemia cell line that resists the cytotoxic effects of guinea pig complement and specific antiserum.
|
RADA-1 cells [H-2a thy-1b; thymus-leukemia (TL) 1, 2, 3], a radiation-induced murine leukemia cell line maintained by serial transfer in histocompatible recipients, resisted lysis by guinea pig complement (GPC) and TL 1, 3; TL 2; or TL 1, 2, 3 antiserum. The cells expressed TL antigenic specificities as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody methods, the direct isolation of TL antigens from the cells, and the capacity of the cells to reduce known titers of TL antisera. GPC was consumed to the same extent during the reaction of resistant cells and TL antisera as occurred in the reaction of sensitive cells (killed under similar conditions) and TL antisera. RADA-1 cells were not nonspecifically resistant to complement (C)-mediated lysis; they were killed in the presence of H-2a antiserum and GPC. The TL antisera contained antibodies for TL determinants. They stimulated the C-mediated lysis of ASL-1 cells (TL 1, 2, 3) and thymocytes from strain A mice (TL 1, 2, 3). The TL antigens of resistant RADA-1 cells underwent antigenic modulation, the reversible disappearance of TL antigens from the cells stimulated by specific antiserum. After the cells were treated with neuraminidase, they became susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of aliquots of the same TL antisera and GPC used previously.
| 51,085
|
Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in mice: cross reaction between lysozyme and S-carboxymethylated lysozyme studied by a modified footpad test.
|
The mouse sensitized by subcutaneous (sc) injection of lysozyme in emulsion of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was shown by a modified footpad test to develop three kinds of hypersensitivities. Injecting lysozyme in 2.5-mul emulsion of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) into the footpad elicited strong footpad swelling in 30 min (anaphylactic reaction), in 3 hr (Arthus-type reaction) and in 24 hr (delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH). The mice showing anaphylactic reaction in the footpad test manifested severe active systemic anaphylaxis, and the sera of these animals showed high IgG1 antibody titers with only sparingly detectable or no IgE antibody titers. In the sensitizing system with the use of FCA, the antigenicity of S-carboxymethylated lysozyme (CM-lysozyme) devoid of the three-dimensional conformation of lysozyme was compared with that of the native molecule. CM-lysozyme and lysozyme completely cross-reacted to each other in DTH, but not at all in the anaphylactic or Arthus-type reaction or in IgG1 antibody production. CM-lysozyme was shown also to have the ability to bestow immunological memory for the induction of humoral immunity against lysozyme; intravenous (iv) injection of lysozyme in saline or sc injection of CM-lysozyme-FCA alone failed to induce immediate hypersensitivities and IgG1 antibody production against lysozyme, but pre-sensitization by sc injection of CM-lysozyme-FCA enabled the animal to induce these responses to significant levels when iv injection of lysozyme in saline was given as a booster.
| 51,109
|
Surgery of the thyroid.
|
The sophistication of current surgical treatment of thyroid disorders reflects a better understanding of the pathophysiology. The development of more methods of therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, thyroid hormones, and radioactive isotopes as well as external irradiation has had an important effect on the role that surgery plays in the management of diseases of the thyroid. Iodine, which was use for many disorders, is now probably contraindicated except for preparation of the hyperthyroid patient for surgical treatment. Surgery has now taken its place as one form of therapy for an endocrine organ that is subject to a variety of diseases. It is necessary for the surgeon who undertakes operations on the thyroid to have an understanding of thyroid physiology as well as its pathophysiology.
| 51,140
|
Maternal effects of regular salicylate ingestion in pregnancy.
|
6.6% of all Australian patients attending an antenatal clinic were found to be taking salicylate preparations regularly, most commonly in powder form and almost always as self-medication. In this group of salicylate takers there was an increased incidence of anaemia, anti-partum and post-partum haemorrhage, prolonged gestation, complicated deliveries, and perinatal mortality compared with non-takers. These findings suggest that regular salicylate consumption has detrimental effects in pregnancy. Routine antenatal urinary screening for salicylate in pregnancy is recommended.
| 51,142
|
Fetal effects of regular salicylate ingestion in pregnancy.
|
The babies of 144 mothers who took salicylates regularly in pregnancy are described. These babies had a significantly reduced birth-weight compared with controls; many of them had a raised cord-blood salicylate level but had no clinical evidence of bleeding or hypoglycaemia. Their perinatal mortality was increased, but the incidence of congenital anomalies was not significantly raised.
| 51,143
|
Micrococcal urinary-tract infections in young women.
|
In a prospective study in young women, novobiocin-resistant subgroup-3 micrococci were the second commonest cause, after Escherichia coli; of acute urinary infections. Proteus mirabilis was the only other causative organism. Symptoms, pyuria, or possible aetiological factors were the same in micrococcal and coliform infections. The infecting micrococcus "biotype" was only rarely found among the normal flora of the genitourinary tract of young women, though other micrococci and staphylococci were commonly present. Evidently, the infecting micrococci are selectively pathogenic in the urinary tract. Micrococcal infections, like coliform infections; commonly followed sexual intercourse, but there was no evidence that the micrococci were sexually transmitted. The infecting biotype was rarely found in the male urethra or prepuce.
| 51,404
|
Biodegradation of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. IV. The extent of degradation of single doses in vivo.
|
1. Urine and stools were collected daily of 4 adult rats kept in single cages and injected once i.p. with alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH; dose per animal 126-150 mumoles), labelled uniformly with 14-C (10.8-14.0 X 10(6) dpm per animal). 2. In 4 weeks, 65% of the label was excreted through the kidneys and 16% by way of the intestine, with an estimated 8% being retained in depot fat. 3. GLC-analysis of the pooled urine showed it to contain very little unchanged drug, on average 0.05% of the dose. The time-course of the renal excretion of 14-C-labelled substance corresponded rather closely to the excretion of organically bound 36-Cl seen in earlier experiments with 36-Cl-labelled drug, indicating that the majority of urinary metabolites, presumably, still bear chlorine. 4. All or nearly all of the faecal 14-C was found by GLC to be accounted for by the stool's content of unchanged alpha-HCH. 5. Taken together, the results indicate a mean extent of alpha-HCH-degradation in the rat in the order of 80-85% of a dose. 6. Two rats were given 400 mg/kg of "cold" alpha-HCH by mouth 4 days before i.p. application of 14-C-labelled drug and were found to excrete more label through the kidneys in the first week than did the non-pretreated rats. This indicates that the drug stimulates its own degradation.
| 51,480
|
Alpha globulin intracytoplasmic hepatocyte globules in round heart disease in turkeys, visualized by immunofluorescent technique.
|
The intracytoplasmic hepatocyte globules described in round heart disease of turkeys were found by immunofluorescent technique to contain alpha globulins. The diagnostic value of this method is discussed.
| 51,495
|
Inhibition of 4,alpha-dimethyl-m-tyramine (H 77/77)-induced hypermotility in rats by single and repeated administration of chloropromazine, haloperidol, clozapine and thioridazine.
|
The effect of H 77/77 (5 mg/kg s.c.) on motility of rats kept in a familiar cage was investigated. H 77/77 produced hypermotility, which was reduced by oral pretreatment with chlorpromazine, haloperidol, clozapine and thioridazine. The 4 neuroleptics were administered acutely and for a 14 day period. H 77/77 was given 30 min after the single or last dose of neuroleptc (chronic treatment) condition. After both single and repeated administration the neuroleptics showed H 77/77-antagonism in doses ranging from 0.1-2.0 mg/kg. The effect on H 77/77 activity did not change significantly after repeated treatment. Clozapine and thioridazine, which clinically produce only minor extrapyramidal side effects, exert a weak effect or none at all in tests commonly used for neuroleptic activity. These 2 neuroleptics were potent H 77/77-antagonists. Inhibition of H 77/77-hypermotility may possibly be used as a test for neuroleptics.
| 51,502
|
The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A comprehensive analysis using fine-detail radiography, photon absorptiometry, and bone and joint scintigraphy.
|
Nine patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy were examined. Clinical manifestations suggesting arthropathy were supported by radiographic demonstration of juxta-articular and subchondral bone erosions and by radionuclide demonstration of increased activity localized in the joint regions. Aggressive demineralization was demonstrated by fine-detail radiography and consisted of endosteal and intracortical excavation and subperiosteal and trabecular bone resorption. A one-third reduction in bone mineral was confirmed by quantitative analyses. Newer modalities of study have aided in the documentation of arthropathy in reflex sympathetic dystrophy and have helped in defining the patterns of aggressive bone resorption.
| 51,504
|
[Myelin sheath staining (author's transl)].
|
In Loyez-Woelcke's myelin sheath staining the author studied the effect of the tanning time, that of the ripening grade of hematoxylin as well as the effect of the staining time. In case of a determined staining time a certain proportion must be present between the ripening grade (or the quantity of the oxidizing agent added to the solution to enhance ripening) and the quantity of the alkalizing agent. On the other hand the absolute quantity of the two substances has only little influence on staining. A neutral red staining was found efficacious to demonstrate cell nuclei and Nissl substance.
| 51,548
|
[Sensitization against the antigens of the brain after experimental vaccinia infection. I. Evidence for cell-mediated immune response to brain-antigens (author's transl)].
|
Vaccinia virus infection was performed by scarification of the shaved skin (5 times 5 cm2) on the back of Pirbright guinea pigs. The macrophage migration inhibition test was performed with peritonealexudate cells 7, 11, 14 and 21 days after infection. Macrophage migration inhibition occurred after exposure of the cells to whole brain tissue antigen on the 7th, 11th, 14th day after infection (s. table 1). Lymphocyte transformation responses were examined by 14C-2-Thymidin uptake using blood cultures and basic encephalitogenic protein and whole brain tissue extract as antigens. A positive transformation response could be demonstrated from one to 8 weeks after infection (s. table 2). The specificity of the transformation response to brain antigen was established using control cultures stimulated with PHA or PPD. In no case stimulation occured with PPD. Stimulation with PHA was not altered. On the other hand the spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was enhanced at one week after infection and lymphocyte cultures exposed to heat inactivated vaccinia virus showed transformation from the 3th week after infection until the end of the observation period (i.e. 8 weeks) (s. table 2). The reason why cell mediated hypersensitivity to brain antigen is induced following vaccinia infection remains unknown. The most probable among several possible mechanisms seem a) the induction of virus-specific antigens on the surface of infected cells or b) the release of brain specific antigen through virus infection.
| 51,549
|
Menaquinone (vitamin K2) therapy for bronchial asthma. II. Clinical effect of menaquinone on bronchial asthma.
|
A series of 191 patients with bronchial asthma were treated with menaquinone for not less than one year to investigate the clinical effects of the drug. The clinical effect may be summarized as follows: 1) The therapy with menaquinone only gave an effective rate oo 90.9% (a markedly effective rate of 42.4%) in mild patients, an effective rate of 86.7% (a markedly effective rate of 30.0%) in moderate patients, and effective rate of 72.7% (a markedly effective rate of 27.3%) in severe patients; namely, considerably a high effective rate was attained by the therapy in the respective patients. 2) The therapy with menaquinone, in conjunction with hyposensitization therapy, gave an effective rate of 100% (a markedly effective rate of 33.3%). 3) The double blind study of the clinical effects of menaquinone revealed that placebo used in the study was effective on only 16.7% of the patients treated with it, and that the incidence of recurrence due to withdrawal of meaquinone therapy tended to be low in the patients treated with the drug for a long period of time.
| 51,576
|
Salivary secretion in three species of tsetse flies (Glossinidae).
|
The study of the mechanism and process of salivation in tsetse flies is of paramount importance towards a fuller understanding of the transmission of trypanosomiasis and nagana diseases. Gordon, Crewe and Willett (1956) made direct observations, through a microscope, of the haustellum of G. morsitans as it penetrated into the ear of an anesthetised mouse and found that probing was accompanied by a copious but intermittent ejection of saliva from the hypopharynx. The outpouring of the saliva commenced during penetration of the stratum corneum and was maintained throughout probing of the tissues. During engorgement, blood is taken in through the labium while saliva was discharged from the hypopharynx at the same time. Besides this work, very little else seems to have been done on the salivary secretion by tsetse flies especially in relation to the hunger cycle of the fly and to the species of tsetse. These aspects were studied on three important species of tsetse and are reported upon in this paper.
| 51,581
|
Perivascular and intervascular reticular fibers of the retina.
|
We demonstrated the existence in the retina of an argyrophilic perivascular membrane comparable in all respects to that which exists throughout the vascular system. We compared our findings by light microscopy with those previously reported. We identified, by electron microscopy, the normal general location of the network between the basal laminae of the glial and vessel cells and demonstrated its selective staining with silver methenamine. These perivascular fibers, intercapillary strands, and bridges develop in relation to the process of retinal vascularization and the potential for forming these fibers is reactivated in senility and disease, as in diabetes. We summarized the evidence by concluding that these fibers are most likely composed of reticulin; it appears provable that in the past there may have been some confusion with neural fibers.
| 51,589
|
Preparation of monospecific antiserums against porcine immunoglobulins, using agarose-linked immunosorbents.
|
Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM were isolated from porcine serum and milk, and antiserums against the 3 immunoglobulin classes were prepared. Monospecificity of the antiserums for the gamma-, alpha-, and mu-chains was obtained by absorbing them in agarose-linked immunosorbent columns. These immunosorbents were prepared by linking IgG or IgA-IgM to CNBr-activated agarose. Contaminating anti-alpha2-macroglobulin antibodies in the anti-IgA and anti-IgM serums were removed with agarose-linked fetal globulins.
| 51,601
|
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