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Studies on the prevalence of type C virus associated with gibbon hematopoietic neoplasms.
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Gibbon malignancy frequently involves the hematopoietic system and can occur in clusters. Virus isolated from gibbon neoplasms possessed typical type C virus morphology, and the virion measured 100 nm in diameter with an electron-dense nucleoid measuring approximately 75 nm. The virus incorporated 3H-uridine into the nucleic acid and rested at a buoyant density of 1.14-1.16 g/cm3. Intra-and interspecific antigenic determinants were present, and the intraspecific antigenic determinant was shared with the woolly monkey sarcoma virus but not with feline or murine type C viruses. The virus and antibody reactive to the virus are more prevalent in gibbon groups that experience leukemia than those free of hematopoietic neoplasms.
| 51,628
|
Detection and characterization of RNA tumor virus-specific DNA in cells.
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RNA tumor virus-specific DNA in cells can be detected by its capacity to 1) alter the reassociation kinetics of labeled double-stranded product of viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase; 2) anneal single-stranded DNA (cDNA) synthesized by viral polymerase; or 3) hybridize labeled viral 70S (genomic) RNA. Duplexes formed with these procedures can be analyzed for fidelity of base pairing, and the integration of viral DNA into the host genome can be established with a simple but stringent technique. We illustrate this methodology as applied to detection of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-specific DNA in XC cells and of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-specific DNA in murine and human tissues.
| 51,630
|
Further studies on the antigenic properties and distribution of the putative bovine leukemia virus.
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The C-type viruses found in long-term cultures. New Bolton Center (NBC) cell lines, of peripheral lymphocytes from leukemic cattle and in short-term cultures of bovine buffy coat(BC) cells share an immunofluorescent(IF)antigen detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells as well as an antigen demonstrable in gel diffusion experiments. Therefore the viruses from these cultures most likely represent different isolates of the putative bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The BLV precipitin antigen is analogous to the group specific (gs) antigens of the leukemia viruses of other species in that it is soluble, ether resistant, and apparently located within the virion. These observations, together with results showing that the specificity of the BLV precipitin antigen differs from that of the gs antigen of other mammalian leukemia viruses, indicate that the former antigen represents the intraspecies (gs-1) determinant of BLV. Antibodies to the precipitin viral antigen were found in 82% of cattle with leukemia and in 40% of clinically normal adult cattle in multiple-case herds. These groups of animals also had fluorescent antibodies to the virus, but with significantly higher frequencies (100% and 76%, respectively). On the other hand, in leukemia-free herds, precipitating antibodies were not found and the incidence of fluorescent antibodies was only 3%.
| 51,637
|
Analysis of inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in human colon carcinoma.
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Serum inhibition of autochthonous lymphocyte cytotoxicity for tumour cells has been studied in 112 cases of colonic carcinoma. Addition of patient's serum to the lymphocyte tumour cell reaction mixture resulted in decreased cytotoxic reactivity of lymphocytes from 8 of 39 cytotoxic positive cases. It was also shown that sera could inhibit if separately preincubated with the lymphocytes (4 cases) or the target cells (2 cases). A tumour antigen preparation inhibited only when incubated with the lymphocytes. Inhibition by serum or antigen appeared to be specific for colon carcinoma. Four cases were specially studied to determine the mode of lymphocyte killing of tumour cells: in 3 it was mediated largely if not entirely by T lymphocytes, and in the fourth by both T and non-T cells. The findings support the view that T lymphocytes lose their anti-tumour reactivity in vivo in the presence of circulating antigen or antigen-antibody complexes such as would occur with progressive tumour growth.
| 51,647
|
Enzymatic modification of the transplant antigens (ABO system) on human tumor cells.
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Blood group glycosyltransferases were used to modify HeLa cells of H specificity (O Group) into cells of A and B specificity. We also obtained the identical type of modification with lymphocytes from healthy subjects and leukemia patients. This method can be applied to tumor cells in general, and constitutes an attempt to stimulate the immunocompetent system.
| 51,681
|
A comparison of aldehyde fuchsin and alcian blue staining of neurosecretory material in Oncopeltus fasciatus.
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The dynamics of the "A" cells of the parsintercerebralis of Oncopeltus fasciatus over the first eight days of adult life was studied by microspectrophotometry of sections stained either with aldehyde fuchsin or alcian blue 8 GX. The data show that the two stains differ in their selectivity as they record different events in the history of the cells. A hypothesis is proposed that the aldehyde fuchsin is more sensitive to the presence of a "carrier" protein in the cell, whereas alcian blue 8 GX is more sensitive to the presence of the "active principle" in the cell.
| 51,687
|
[Scanning transmission electron microscopy of dendritic spines stained by the Golgi method].
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Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the dendritic spines of multipolar neurons in the cat inferior Colliculus was achieved on Golgi semi-thin sections. The three basic types of dendritic spines (ST, MS, TH) were identified. Scanning transmission electron microscopy provides a reliable method for a three dimensional view of these structures at high resolution and consequently a more accurate appreciation of their size. In addition, it could prove very useful in the quantitative analysis of the dendritic spines.
| 51,692
|
[Metabolism and in vitro binding of several organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides to calf thymus DNA and rat liver microsomal proteins].
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The organophosphorus insecticide ethyl-parathion was transformed by rat liver microsomes into metabolites which were bound to calf thymus DNA, in large amount. When the rats were treated by phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, the metabolite binding to DNA was increased two-fold. By contrast, in the same conditions, the organochlorine insecticides, aldrin, dieldrin and gamma hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), did not yield metabolites able to bind to DNA and to proteins.
| 51,693
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Immunochemical studies of organ and tumor lipids XXI. Sensitivity and specificity of the cytolipin F - sheep erythrocyte system.
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The sensitivity and specificity of the sheep erythrocyte - anti-sheep erythrocyte system to inhibition by pure cytolipin F has been studied with 5 antisera, in order to compare it with the rat erythrocyte-anti-rat lymphosarcoma system and its inhibition by pure cytolipin R. The cytolipin F - sheep erythrocyte system is much more sensitive than the cytolipin R - rat erythrocyte system, inhibition of hemolysis of 6 x 10(6) sheep cells being produced by 10 ng of cytolipin F (combined with a four-fold quantity of lecithin) compared with inhibition of hemolysis of 10(6) rat cells by 50 to 100 ng of cytolipin R (also combined with lecithin). Differences in sensitivity are attributed to the larger number of available cytolipin F determinants on sheep erythrocytes compared with cytolipin R determinants on rat erythrocytes. Studies of the auxiliary lipid enhancement of cytolipin F activity by galactocerebroside, lactosyl ceramide (cytolipin H), and lecithin are also reported.
| 51,702
|
Visual cortex responses to abrupt changes in the periodicity of rapidly intermittent light.
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Visually evoked potentials that are stimulated by period-jumps in a high-frequency modulated luminance have been detected and studied experimentally in monkeys. The visual responses are shown quantitatively by a Principal Components analysis to depend remarkably simply, in shape and in amplitude, on the period-jump stimulus. The response shape is nearly invariant, except that the early part of the response shows a distinctive (though slight) dependence on the sign of the period-jump. The response amplitude is approximately proportional to the magnitude of the period-jump of a given polarity. These features of the evoked potentials demonstrate an intimate association with a suprafusion transient phenomenon that has been observed psychophysically in man. The experimental behavior of the visual potentials also agrees well with theoretical predictions.
| 51,713
|
Mouse immunoglobulin genes: studies on the reiteration frequency of light-chain genes by hybridisation procedures.
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The partially purified immunoglobulin light chain messenger RNA fraction from P3K (MOPC 21) mouse myeloma tissue-culture cells has been employed in hybridisation studies. Fragments of the messenger RNA were generated by alkali hydrolysis. 6-S fragments not containing poly(A) showed the characteristic biphasic hybridisation profile seen with the intact RNA fraction. 12-S and 6-S poly(A)-containing fragments, however, showed single transitions lacking the rapidly hybridising component. Complementary DNA copies of the intact messenger RNA fraction were prepared with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and the DNA populations fractionated on acrylamide gels. Hybridisation experiments with complementary DNA fractions up to 800 bases in length showed annealing to single (or a few) genes. A rapidly hybridising component (about 200 copies) appears in the cDNA fraction containing the largest transcripts. We conclude that the kappa constant region gene and the MOPC 21 variable region gene are present as one or a few copies in the haploid genome and that the rapidly hybridising component is not due to variable region genes.
| 51,793
|
Mechanism of action of rifamazine, a member of a new class of (dimeric) rifamycins.
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1. Rifamazine (AF/RP) a dimeric rifamycin, is active against bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and against viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. 2. Rifamazine is active also against DNA-dependent RNA polymerase extracted from rifampicin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. It does not interfere with enzyme-template interaction or with RNA elongation. It blocks initiation. 3. A comparison is made between the mechanism of action of rifamazine and that of rifampicin, and of AF/013 (octyloxime of 3-formylrifamycin SV), a C-class rifamycin. Our results show that the mechanism of action of rifamazine is more similar to that of rifampicin than to that of the octyloxime derivative. 4. Activity of rifamazine against RNA polymerase from rifampicin-resistant mutants is thought to be due to binding of the dimer to both the rifamycin-specific binding site and to a second weak site.
| 51,795
|
Protein polymorphism in the Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus).
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26 specimens of Presbytis entellus were examined for a variety of blood proteins. In contrast to previous studies of other species of leaf monkeys, our P.entellus sample proved to be very heterogeneous. Polymorphisms were found in the third component of complement, group-specific component, glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase, and phosphohexose isomerase. Variable band strengths that might represent polymorphism were found in acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Further analyses of the P. cristatus sample studied by Barnicot and Hewett-Emmett failed to disclose variation. The interpretation of blood protein variability in relation to sample collection and population structure is discussed.
| 51,813
|
Relative DNA content of human euchromatin and heterochromatin after G, C and Giemsa 11 banding.
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Human chromosomes and interphase nuclei labeled with 3H-thymidine and treated with the ASG and trypsin technique for G banding show no DNA loss. However, after G 11 and C banding significantly more DNA is removed from euchromatin than from constitutive heterochromatin.
| 51,823
|
Identification of interspecific translocation chromosomes in human-Chinese hamster hybrid cells.
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Chromosome material of human and Chinese hamster origin can be stained differentially in human-Chinese hamster translocation chromosomes by use of the Giemsa-11 staining technique.
| 51,825
|
The thyrotropin-stimulation test in patients with solitary hot nodules of the thyroid gland.
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Thyrotropin (TSH)-stimulation tests were performed on 21 patients with solitary hot nodules in the thyroid gland. Twelve of the patients were euthyroid and nine were hyperthyroid. The average age of the euthyroid patients was 38 +/- 14 (SD) years, and that of the hyperthyroid patients, 55 +/- 8 years. Prior to TSH stimulation, the scanograms of the euthyroid patients showed 131I uptake only in the nodules, while after the TSH test, almost equal uptake was observed in both lobes. The scanograms of the hyperthyroid patients that showed 131I uptake only in the area of the nodules prior to the TSH test showed no appreciable change after TSH stimulation.
| 51,842
|
The establishment of a venereal disease clinic: II. An appraisal of current diagnostic methods in uncomplicated urogenital and rectal gonorrhea.
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Some of the diagnostic procedures for uncomplicated urogenital and rectal gonorrhea were studied in a university-based venereal disease clinic. On the basic of our results, recommendations are made concerning the types of media to be used, sites to be sampled, methods of obtaining specimens, and other diagnostic considerations. We conclude that ongoing quality control including a review of diagnostic procedures should be carried on in all venereal disease clinics.
| 51,845
|
How to make the diagnosis of rectal gonorrhea in men.
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A simple quick method of diagnosing male rectal gonorrhea, applicable to office practice, is described using conventional staining techniques and microscopy. Photomicrographs of clinical smears serve as a guide line to practitioners. Neigon Jembec plates proved superior to Transgrow media for the culturing of isolates from 100 patients who had shown gram-negative diplococci at the initial microscopic investigation. Heretofore, lack of standardized diagnostic techniques have left male rectal gonorrhea a seldom recognized potential reservoir of infection.
| 51,846
|
The contribution of phosphorylation and loss of COOH-terminal arginine to the microheterogeneity of myelin basic protein.
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Two guinea pig myelin basic protein preparations which differed markedly in their contents of high pH electrophoretic or chromatographic forms were studied in an attempt to elucidate the causes of their microheterogeneity. Both total preparations and components isolated therefrom were examined for their amino acid compositions, NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal residues, total phosphorus contents, amd contents of phosphamino acids. The results showed that the five components differed sequentially by a single charge and that the microgeterogeneity arose as a result of secondary modifications of a single secies (Component 1) Of basic protein. Two modifications were demonstrated; viz. phosphorylation of serine and threonine and loss of COOH-terminal arginine. These two modifications were insufficient to account completely for the observed microheterogeneity; an additional cause, deamidation, was postulated. From the relationship between the number of components present in the total basic protein, the phosphorus and phosphoamino acid contents of the components, and the changes in relative electrophoretic mobility of the components which accompanied their phosphorylation and dephosphorylation we conclude that in the native basic protein no more than two sites in any polypeptide chain are phosphorylated.
| 51,849
|
Histamine release from human leukocytes: modulation by cadmium ion.
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The effect of cadmium on histamine release was studied in relation to the role of calcium. The antigenic histamine release from peripheral leukocytes of ragweed-sensitive patients was inhibitied in the presence of cadmium (greater than 10(-5) M). Spontaneous histamine release was not affected by cadmium except for an enhancement observed in high concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-3)M). Cadmium did not seem to affect the first stage of histamine release but to act mainly on the calcium-dependent second stage. Increasing the level of calcium in the medium could antagonize the inhibitory effect of cadmium. The effect of cadmium could be totally abolished by deuterium oxide and partially by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in certain concentrations. These results would indicate that: (1) cadmium acts as an antagonist of calcium and can be used for the study of the role of calcium in histamine release, (2) the action of calcium in the histamine release reaction seems to be related to the microtubular system, (3) cyclic AMP may potentiate histamine release when the action of calcium is inhibited.
| 51,863
|
A contribution to immunological specificity of DNA in leukosis.
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Active antisera containing antibodies to deproteinized DNA preparations of normal tissue and the spleen of cows suffering from myeloleukosis were obtained. The anti DNA sera to DNA preparations contained complement fixing antibodies related to gamma M globulins. In the study of leukosis and normal anti DNA sera in quantitative CFR with the corresponding test antigens, immunological specificity of DNA preparations isolated from the organs of cows affected with myeloleukosis was established. Immunological specificity of leukosis DNA was confirmed in tests with the absorption of leukosis anti DNA sera by DNA preparations of homologous normal tissues. This specificity is an inherent quality of not only the native but also the heat-denatured DNA molecule.
| 51,870
|
The xenogeneic effect. I. Antigen and mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes produce a non-antigen-specific factor which reconstitutes the antibody response of T cell-deficient mouse spleen cells.
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Modified Marbrook culture vessels with two chambers separated by a 0.2-mu porosity membrane have been utilized to show that antigen-stimulated human lymphocytes produce a soluble factor(s) which restores the ability of thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow-protected mice to mount a primary IgM plaque-forming cell response in vitro. In the initial experiments, the human lymphocytes plus antigen (sheep erythrocytes) were cultured in the lower chambers of the Marbrook vessels and the T cell-deficient mouse spleen cells plus sheep erythrocytes were cultured in the upper chambers. The response of the spleen cells was shown to be enhanced as a function of the number of human lymphocytes in the lower chambers. In subsequent experiments, the human lymphocytes were challenged with allogeneic lymphocytes or activated with a variety of T cell mitogens. Supernatants from these cultures, when placed in the lower chambers of the Marbrook vessels, were also capable of reconstituting the antibody-forming cell response of the mouse B cells. The results of the experiments are discussed in relation to a model of B cell induction which incorporates a non-antigen-specific "helpher" T cell.
| 51,888
|
Studies on the induction and expression of T cell-mediated immunity. IV. Non-overlapping populations of alloimmune cytotoxic lymphocytes with specificity for tumor-associated antigens and transplantation antigens.
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Two non-overlapping populations of alloimmune cytotoxic T cells with specificity for tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and for histocompatibility antigens (H-2) were characterized by two independent methods. The heterogeneity of cytotoxic cells was demonstrated in spleen cells derived from BALB/c (H-2d) mice sensitized to EL-4 (H-2b) tumor and from C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice sensitized to G-35 (H-2d) tumor cells. Adsorption of immune lymphocytes on monolayers prepared with cells bearing the sensitizing H-2 antigens abrogated the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) directed against 51Cr-labeled normal target cells (spleen cells or ConA-activated spleen blasts), whereas significant cytolytic activity to the corresponding 51Cr-tumor cells was still retained. Likewise, in competitive inhibition assays, CMC to 51 Cr-tumor target cells was only partially inhibited by unlabeled normal cells, whereas CMC to 51Cr-normal target cells was completely abrogated. These results suggested that alloimmune cytotoxic lymphocytes are heterogeneous and can be subdivided into two independent populations of restricted specificity. Several experiments suggested that the effector cell population directed against TAA can no longer elicit a graft-vs-host (GVH) reaction in vivo. This was demonstrated by adoptive transfer into lethally-irradiated allogeneic recipients of cytotoxic or primed spleen cells fractionated on host target cell monolayers. Furthermore, these results demonstrated that both effector cells and memory cells possess high affinity binding receptors to corresponding H-2 antigens. The potential use of fractionated immune lymphocytes sensitized to tumor allografts in adoptive immunotherapy is discussed.
| 51,889
|
Variants of N-tropic leukemia virus derived from BALB/c mice.
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Clonal lines derived from cultures of NIH/3T3 cells infected with N-tropic leukemia virus from BALB/c mice differ in the amount and type of N-tropic virus they produce. Three biologically distinguishable N-tropic viruses were found: the large XC plaque-forming virus of hartley et al. (1969) (LP-N), A SMALL XC plaque-forming virus (sp-n), and a non-plaque-forming virus (NP-N). SP-N and NP-N are less infectious than LP-N. Upon prolonged passage in NIH/3T3 cells NP-N gives rise to highly infectious LP-N.
| 51,938
|
An outbreak of hepatitis associated with intravenous injection of factor-VIII concentrate.
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An outbreak of jaundice associated with three out of four batches of a commercial brand of freeze-dried factor-VIII concentrate occurred at the Bournemouth haemophilia centre between April and June, 1974. Seven cases of non-B hepatitis and four of hepatitis B occurred within 6 months of the first use of this product. Two patients contracted both types of hepatitis; thus nine patients became ill out of a total of twenty regularly seen at the centre, eighteen of whom received commercial factor-VIII concentrate.
| 51,975
|
Relevance of "significant bacteriuria" to aetiology and diagnosis of urinary-tract infection.
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28 of 74 female domiciliary patients who presented with urinary-tract symptoms did not fulfil the usually accepted laboratory criterion required for confirmation of urinary-tract infection (i.e., a urinary bacterial viable count in excess of 100 000/ml). The progress of the disease was similar in non-bacteriuric and bacteriuric patients. In addition, a significant proportion of the bacteriuric group did not show the response to therapy expected from the results of in-vitro tests of antibiotic sensitivity and urinary antibacterial activity. To explain these findings, it is postulated that bacteria may not be primary pathogens in uncomplicated urinary-tract infection even where "significant bacteriuria" is demonstrated.
| 52,006
|
Trial of digoxin in mania.
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A suggestion that mania is associated with an increased membrane transport of sodium has been investigated in a double-blind trial of a specific Na-K A.T.P.ase inhibitor (digoxin) in twelve female inpatients with mania. Digoxin had no effect.
| 52,007
|
Simultaneous investigation and treatment of suspected acute adrenal insufficiency.
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The increase in plasma-fluorogenic-corticosteroids in response to a single injection of tetracosactrin depot was measured in eleven patients with suspected acute renal insufficiency who were treated simultaneously with prednisolone and deoxycorticosterone acetate (D.O.C.A.). Acute adrenal insufficiency was excluded in seven patients within 24 hours. There was no response in the remaining four patients, and prolonged corticotrophin stimulation tests confirmed the diagnosis of Addison's disease.
| 52,051
|
Quantitative separation of antigen-specific murine antibodies by anti-allotype chromatography.
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The use of Sepharose-conjugated murine anti-Iga or anti-Igb allo-antisera allowed the quantitative separation of immunoglobulins of the two allotypes. After fractionation of mixtures of anti-(T,G)-A--L antisera obtained from congenic strains differing in immunoglobulin allotype, it was possible to measure the antigen-binding capacity of specific anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies in each allotype fraction. Analysis of artificial mixtures of immune sera obtained from homozygous Iga and Igb animals showed that this method is quantitative and internally consistent. This method of affinity chromatography was used in the analysis of specific anti (T,G)-A--L antisera from tetraparental mice.
| 52,179
|
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: heterogeneity of effector cells in human peripheral blood.
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We have compared antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in three model systems. target cells were 51Cr-labeled mouse mastocytoma cells, chicken erythrocytes (CRBC), and human erythrocytes (HRBC) coated with appropriate heterologous or isologous antisera. Effector cells were characterized on the basis of their adherence, phagocytosis, radiosensitivity, and sedimentation velocity(s) at 1 g. In predominantly mononuclear (Ficoll-Isopaque-purified) PBL preparations (MPBL) HRBC were lysed by an adherent, phagocytic population of cells that was markedly radio-resistant. Sedimentation velocity analysis further established that these effector cells were restricted to rapidly sedimenting fractions (s greater than 4.5 mm/hr). On the other hand, mastocytoma cells were lysed by a population of MPBL that was nonadherent, nonphagocytic, and relatively radiosensitive. These cells mainly restricted to slowly sedimenting fractions (s greater than 4.5 mm/hr) following 1 g velocity sedimentation. CRBC appeared to be susceptible to lysis by both types of mononuclear effector cell. In some experiments, enriched populations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated. These cells were found to lyse both HRBC and CRBC very efficiently, whereas mastocytoma cells were lysed very little if at all by the same effector populations. Taken together, these results suggest that antibody-coated mastocytoma cells are lysed uniquely by effector cells in human peripheral blood with the physical properties of lymphocytes, whereas antibody-coated HRBC are lysed by both monocytes and PMN, but not by lymphocytes. Antibody-coated CRBC would appear to be lysed by all of the three effector cell types tested.
| 52,180
|
[Renaut's bodies and familial neuropathy of the Dejerine-Sottas type. Apropos of 2 anatomo-clinical cases].
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The authors report the pathological and clinical findings in two cases of familial Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy, including the peripheral nerve lesions of an unusual type producing extensive sub-perineural separation. In one case, there was onion bulb hypertrophy of the schwann layer and definite demyelinisation and above all, endoneural nodular structures known as Renaut bodies. The presence of Renaut bodies has not, to our knowledge, yet been reported in Dejerine-Sotta's disease. It is rare but well known during other neural diseases, which are often familial and in various pathological circumstances, such as syringomylia, diabetes and hypothyroidism. The fibroblastic origin of these structures has been proved. Their possible pathogenic role and their significance are still the object of discussion.
| 52,195
|
[The effect of health educational measures on the state of oral hygiene. 1. Relationship between intensity and effectiveness].
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The effectiveness of health educational measures increases with the time spent for them. A health education which motivates the patients towards personal activity is unequivocally superior to passive forms of health education such as information, instruction and demonstration.
| 52,209
|
[Kanner's syndrome and childhood schizophrenia].
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The examination of 32 children with Kanner's syndrome of early infantile autism permits to assume that this syndrome in some of the cases is expressed only by inborn anomalies which correspond to constitutional psychopathy in adults. In most of the cases this syndrome forms the initial expression of child schizophrenia. In separate cases disorders very similar to Kanner's syndrome may be seen after the first olliterated attack during early childhood (up to 3 years). A comparative study of the same indices of development of 268 children with an early onset of schizophrenic process in spite of some differences confirms that Kanner's syndrome is very close to childhood schizophrenia. An analysis of genealogical data shows genetical relations of Kanner's syndrome with child schizophrenia.
| 52,249
|
Surgical treatment of paronychia granulomatosa hallucis.
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Paronychia granulomatosa is a complication incident to unguis incarnatus; surgery for this complaint was performed on 26 patients with 52 granulomas. The operation was first described by Bartlett in 1937. The postoperative hospitalization was 3 days and the patients returned a week later to have the sutures removed. After the operation, ten remaining granulomas were observed of which 6 were cured by operation and 2 conservatively, leaving 2 under continuing conservative treatment (5 months and 1 month, respectively).
| 52,265
|
In vitro and in vivo release of histamine by contrast media in the rat.
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Some contrast media are able to release histamine from isolated mast cells of the rat and produce degranulation of these cells. Such properties are fairly correlated with the ability to increase vascular permeability in vivo and to produce a drop in blood pressure. If histamine is similarly being released in humans many untoward effects of these agents referred to clinically might be thus explained.
| 52,284
|
Tricuspid atresia: clinical course in 101 patients.
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The clinical profile and course of 101 patients with tricuspid atresia seen at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, were reviewed; the electrocardiograms, hemodynamic data, associated anomalies, complications of the malformation and surgical results were outlined and a definition of anatomic types and radiologic groups formed in order to facilitate therapeutic decisions. Overall survival to 15 years of age was approximately 50 percent. Tricuspid atresia type 1 (normally related great arteries), group A (decreased pulmonary vascularity) was the most frequent category (54 percent); without surgery, these patients had only a 10 percent chance of survival beyond the 1st year of life. Surgical intervention improved chance of survival to 15 years of age to 50 percent. Overall surgical mortality was 23 percent. The Waterston shunt is the procedure of choice in symptomatic small infants with diminished pulmonary flow (group A). Type II patients with increased pulmonary blood flow (group B) would benefit from a pulmonary arterial band. In contrast, patients with group B, type I atresia would rarely need a pulmonary arterial band. Patients with spontaneously changing hemodynamics (group C) usually require a shunt later in life than those in group A, with more favorable operative results. Our experience indicates the continued need of early surgical palliation. New surgical approaches, such as the right atrial-pulmonary arterial anastomosis, may result in a more prolonged survival.
| 52,296
|
Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of proteins in human erythrocyte membranes. Analysis of protein bands obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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1. We have defined conditions that permit quantitative immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gels of dodecyl sulfate-solubilized erythrocyte membrane proteins. 2. Using human serum albumin, transferrin, MN-glycoprotein (glycophorin) and crude spectrin as test proteins, we found that accurate analyses are possible if samples and gels are 1% in non-ionic detergent (Berol EMU-043) or Triton X-100) and if no more than 100 nmol free dodecyl sulfate is applied per sample. 3. Dodecyl sulfate treated membranes analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antibodies against membrane material yielded optimal precipitation patterns in gels containing 1% of non-ionic detergent. 4. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of 1% of Berol revealed precipitates when 10 protein bands defined and isolated by preparative dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were run against anti-membrane antibodies. Seven of these bands showed more than one precipitation arc, indicating the presence of more than one antigenic component. 5. Crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis showed that dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands 1, 2 and 2.1 shared common antigenic components. The MN-glycoprotein was present in bands 3, 4A, 4B and 5, where antigenic components of the major intrinsic erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3, were also found. 6. After absorption of the anti-membrane antibody with intact erythrocytes, immunoelectrophoresis showed the disappearance of the MN-glycoprotein precipitates. An increase in the area below the precipitate corresponding to the major intrinsic protein (band 3) was also observed, indicating exposure of some antigens of this protein on the outer surface of intact cells. 7. After absorption of the antibody preparation with washed erythrocyte membranes, immunoprecipitates were not seen in any experiments, indicating that all antigenic determinants observed are exposed at one or both surfaces of the membrane. 8. Our analyses indicate that the peptide moieties of serum lipoproteins do not constitute a significant component of erythrocyte membranes.
| 52,375
|
[Evaluation of cytochemical methods of studying the localization of alkaline phosphatase in B. subtilis].
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A study was made of a possibility of using the "lead" and the "calcium" methods for the determination of localization of alkaline phosphatase in the bacterial cells. Cytochemical medium containing lead nitrate could not be used for determination of the true localization of the alkaline phosphatase in the microorganisms.
| 52,378
|
Demonstration of two molecular variants of carcinoembryonic antigen by concanavalin A sepharose affinity chromatography.
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The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) active glycoproteins from perchloric acid extract of liver-metastasized primary colon tumor have been separated by concanavalin A Sepharose (Con A Sepharose) chromatography. The CEA activities separated by Con A Sepharose chromatography were designated as loosely bound and tightly bound which, respectively, eluted on the Con A Sepharose column between 0.12 and 0.15 M and 0.3 M alpha-methylmannose in a linear gradient of alpha-methylmannose. Further purification of these activities by Sephadex G-200, Bio-Gels A-1.5m and P-300 yielded two variants of glycoproteins (B1 and C2) with CEA activity. Both purified preparations of CEA had similar immunochemical properties. Their A280/A260 ratios were 1.30 and 1.56, respectively. The purified loosely bound CEA (B1) had immunological, chromatographic, and electrophoretic properties similar to those of 125I-CEA, whereas the tightly bound CEA (C2) had a lower molecular weight (120,000 to 140,000). Further, specificity to these two CEA's was established by their reactions in immunoelectrophoresis with preparations of specific goat anti-CEA anti-serum obtained from other investigators. The results indicate the practical use of Con A Sepharose affinity chromatography for the separation and characterization of glycoprotein tumor antigens.
| 52,402
|
Arrhythmia prophylaxis: Long-term suppressive medication.
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The author describes the notions that led to initiation of controlled trials of long-term medication with antiarrhythmic drugs following myocardial infarction, and reviews reports of controlled trials with diphenylhydantoin, alprenolol, and procaine amide. It is concluded that, so far as possible widespread prophylactic use of these drugs to prevent sudden death is concerned, diphenylhydantoin has no place, while procaine amide cannot be evaluated on a large scale because of the frequency with which it causes serious adverse reactions. There is no bar to an extended trial with alprenolol or comparable beta-blocking drugs. The author believes that nonspecific prophylactic long-term use of antiarrhythmic drugs to prevent sudden coronary death outside the hospital is unlikely to prove rewarding.
| 52,418
|
Application of the patient-self (P-S) test to assess the specificity of hyposensitization with Allpyral-G.
|
Following hyposensitization with Allpyral-G5-grass mix the level of blocking antibody is assessed against the 5-grass mix, against Timothy (one of the grasses) and against Meadow Grass (not included in the five grasses) respectively and the results compared. The implications are that only very limited protection is given against a grass pollen other than those used for the hyposensitization and this confirms laboratory findings that there is minimal cross-reactivity between grass pollen allergens.
| 52,419
|
Electroencephalographic correlates of myoclonus.
|
In order to overcome various drawbacks of the conventional polygraphic study of a relationship between myoclonus and EEG, the EEG preceding and following the myoclonic jerk was simultaneously averaged by the CNV program. The subjects were 7 patients presenting with myoclonus of various kinds. The conventional polygraphs showed various paroxysmal EEG activities in 4 patients, but none of those paroxysmal activities was temporally related to myoclonus except for one case. As a result of the present averaging technique, 2 patients with cerebellar ataxia with intention myoclonus showed myoclonus-related EEG spikes or spike-and-slow-waves in the contralateral central or centroparietal region. These myoclonus-related spikes preceded the myoclonus by 10-17 msec, suggesting the presence of a discharging focus in the deep cerebral structures, rather than in the cerebral cortex, in these cases. Two other patients, one with resting myoclonus and the other with postural myoclonus, showed myoclonus-related slow waves on the contralateral hemisphere. This previously undescribed method of averaged polygraphic recording will be very useful in detecting an EEG correlate of spontaneously occurring myoclonus.
| 52,438
|
Suppression of cortical epileptiform activity by generalized and localized ECoG desynchronization.
|
The effects of high frequency electrical stimulation of both diffusely projecting brain regions and regions of more restricted projection were studied on penicillin-induced cortical epileptiform focal activity in the cat. Results obtained were contingent on the level of focal activity present at the time of stimulation. Very active foci (spike rates above 0.5/sec) were uniformly driven by stimulation of all structures under study. Foci exhibiting weak to moderate levels of activity were, on the other hand, inhibited both during and following stimulation. Episodes of spike suppression induced through stimulation of diffusely projecting structures were typically followed by an intensified "rebound" of interictal activity. Episodes of suppression induced through stimulation of regions of limited projection were not followed by such rebounds, an effect most dramatically apparent with caudate stimulation and motor cortex foci. Results are discussed in terms of the interaction between naturally occurring brain rhythms in sleep and arousal with the epileptic process.
| 52,443
|
EEG responses to photic stimulation in persons experienced at meditation.
|
The EEG responses to intermittent photic stimulation were examined in a group of subjects experienced in meditation, and compared with those of a control group. The meditators exhibited a significantly smaller decrement in alpha activity and alpha blocking over the course of the experiment than did the control group, and alpha induction occurred earlier and more frequently in the meditators. These findings support the hypothesis that experienced meditators spontaneously enter the meditative state on closing the eyes, and also the view that physiologically the meditative state is one of prolonged drowsiness. An alternative interpretation, that meditation is a state of sustained attention, is discussed.
| 52,446
|
The click-evoked post-auricular myogenic response in normal subjects.
|
The presence of the posterior auricular myogenic reflex was infectigated in healthy subjects. Click stimuli were delivered alternately to each ear and both ipsilateral and contralateral responses were recorded simultaneously. Smiling and head down position increased the number of responses. With this method, in contrast to previous findings, it was possible to demonstrate bilateral auditory reception in 89% of the 45 subjects studied.
| 52,447
|
Isolation of parietal cells from guinea-pig gastric mucosa and the immunological characterization of their antigenic structure.
|
A method is described for the isolation of parietal cells from the gastric mucosa of the guinea pig by enzymatic digestion with collagenase. A suspension was obtained that contained 70-80% parietal cells. About 80% of the cells were viable immediately after incubation, but viability dropped sharply after one hour. Parietal cells were identified by their morphology on light and electron microscopy, by their uptake of neutral red, by immunofluorescent staining and by carbonic anhydrase activity. Antibodies to four distinct parietal-cell antigens were obtained from rabbits immunized with the isolated parietal cells or fractions thereof. These antibodies were directed against the microsomal fraction of the parietal-cell cytoplasm, the plasma and nuclear membranes, the soluble proteins, and Castle's intrinsic factor. The antibody against the microsomal fraction, though reacting in the same way as the antibody to parietal cell canaliculi found in the serum of patients with pernicious anaemia, showed greater species specificity.
| 52,572
|
[Studies on the osmotic resistance and the viability of amidinated erythrocytes].
|
The present studies are concerned with properties of amidinated erythrocytes. The reactions of dimethyladipimidate with proteins in solution and red blood cells, respectively, result in an intermolecular cross-linking. Following an amidination of human serum albumin or human gamma-globulin cross-linked products of increased molecular weight have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel and immune electrophoresis. Human erythrocytes previously amidinated intensely, exhibit a restricted motility of membrane particles and cross-linked hemoglobin. Intensely amidinated erythrocytes are resistant against distilled water, and they do no longer agglutinate. The findings presumably indicate an increased permeability of the amidinated red cell membrane. The glycolytic activity was found to be normal in moderately amidinated erythrocytes. In comparison with normal red blood cells, previously moderately amidinated erythrocytes of the rat become sequestered more quickly after re-injection into the vascular system.
| 52,577
|
[Morphological characteristics and pattern of hepatitis B antigen expression in liver tissue in acute and chronic forms of hepatitis (author's transl)].
|
Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic methods allow the localization of hepatitis virus B-components at the cytologic and histologic level. The acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis are re-evaluated in the light of these new findings. In HB-Ag-positive hepatitis four types of correlation between the expression pattern of HG-Ag components and different forms of hepatitis are recognized which are of diagnostic and prognostic relevance (elimination type, immunosuppression type, aggression type, and carrier type). The correlation between antigen expression, persistence of infection and type of inflammation seems to reflect the specific immune state towards the hepatitis B virus.
| 52,591
|
Microphotometry of rat liver nucleoproteins during the cell cycle, and comparison of diploid nuclei in the G2 period with tetraploid nuclei.
|
The following facts were established with a microphotometric investigation of isolated nuclei from rat liver in different stages of the cell cycle. During the mitotic wave occurring in the liver of newborn animals after injection of casein it was found that the naphtol yellow S (NYS) protein content of the nuclei increases about 30% during the G1-period. A second increase of around 70% was established during the S-phase whereas no increase could be observed during the G2-phase. An indication for the existence of a "critical protein mass" of the nuclei before the onset of the S-phase could be observed. The protein content of diploid nuclei in the G1-phase of adult animals is about 50% higher than in newborns. This makes it probable that there is no significant difference in the NYS-protein content of diploid nuclei in the G2-period and tetraploid nuclei of adult rats. No differences were observed between diploid nuclei in the G2-period of newborn rats and tetraploid nuclei of adult rats in their Fastgreen histon, RNA and SH plus SS content. The only criterion to distinguish between G2 nuclei and tetraploid nuclei seems to be the number of nucleoli, but this is rather unreliable.
| 52,641
|
Pre - proparathyroid hormone identified by cell - free translation of messenger RNA from hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue.
|
An 8-15S fraction of RNA isolated from hyperplastic human parathyroid tissue (primary chief-cell hyperplasia) and translated in a cell-free extract of wheat germ directs the synthesis of a protein that shares antigenic determinants and tryptic peptides with parathyroid hormone and its previously recognized immediated precursor, proparathyroid hormone. In addition, the protein contains tryptic peptides not found in proparathyroid hormone and migrates more slowly than does proparathyroid hormone on both urea-acid and urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, indicating that it is more acidic and larger than proparathyroid hormone. Sequential Edman degradation of the cell-free protein, radiolabeled with [35S]methionine, for 25 cycles released [35S]methionine at cycles 1, 7, 11, and 14, indicating that the NH2-terminal peptide sequence of the protein differs from that of both proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone. We propose that this protein is an early biosynthetic precursor of human parathyroid hormone, pre-proparathyroid hormone, analogous to that identified recently by in vitro translation of bovine parathyroid mRNA.
| 52,656
|
The effect of alloantisera on antigen-induced T cell proliferation.
|
In the guinea pig, alloantisera raised by cross-immunization of strain 2 and strain 13 animals are capable of specifically inhibiting the in vitro proliferative response of (2 X 13)F1 T lymphocytes to those antigens the response to which is controlled by Ir genes linked to the genes controlling the alloantigens against which the serum is directed. However, in similar studies performed in the two parental strains, the responses to antigens not known to be under unigenic control were also markedly inhibited by the appropriate alloantisera. We have extended our studies of this "nonspecific" inhibitory effect of alloantisera on T cell proliferation and have demonstrated that the proliferative response of strain 2 and strain 13 T cells to a large number of antigens is markedly inhibited by anti-2 and anti-13 sera, respectively. Antisera to the B alloantigen, the product of a linked but distinct histocompatibility locus, which is present in both strain 2 and strain 13 animals, also produced a marked inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation. A number of possible explanations for the generalized inhibitory effect of alloantisera on T cell proliferation are discussed.
| 52,669
|
Histamine release from human leukocytes: relationships between cyclic nucleotide, calcium, and antigen concentrations.
|
The antigen-induced IgE-mediated release of histamine from human basophils has previously been shown to require calcium, to be inhibited by agents which raise cyclic AMP levels and by high antigen levels, and to be unaffected by cyclic GMP. The interrelationship between these phenomena has been studied. The major findings are: 1) in the region of antigen-excess inhibition dibutyryl cyclic AMP potentiates release; 2) antigen-excess inhibition is seen at lower antigen concentrations when the calcium concentration is reduced from 0.6 to 0.1 mM; and 3) cyclic GMP modestly potentiates release when the calcium concentration is 0.1 mM.
| 52,671
|
Hepatitis B antibody in conventional gamma-globulin.
|
Recent lots of conventional gamma-globulin prepared from the plasma of outdated blood collected from voluntary donors in Massachusetts contain substantially more antibody (anti-HBs) to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) than do lots manufactured from plasma collected before 1970. Variations in titer of anti-HBs may have been related in part to local variations in the incidence of hepatitis B. However, data available since 1949 suggest that one must consider whether antibody excess (anti-HBs) or antigen excess (HBs Ag) prevailed among individuals contributing to the plasma pools. The titers of anti-HBs have continued to rise since 1971, when screening of blood donors for HBs Ag became mandatory, a step which presumably resulted in the removal of much of the HBs Ag that would otherwise adsorb anti-HBs. The anti-HBs titer in gamma-globulin routinely produced in Massachusetts now equals or exceeds the titer in other lots of gamma-globulin found to be effective in recent studies of preexposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B.
| 52,682
|
Bifunctional major histocompatibility-linked genetic regulation of cell-mediated lympholysis to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous lymphocytes.
|
Murine thymus-derived lymphocytes can be sensitized in vitro to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified autologous spleen cells (1, 2). Cytotoxic effector cells were generated which were specific for TNP-modified target cells expressing the same H-2K and H-2D serological regions as the modified stimulator cells (3, 7). Spleen cells from two C57BL/10 congenic strains of mice sharing common I-C, S, and D regions, but differing at K, I-A, and I-B regions, generated different levels of lytic responses to the shared modified H-2Dd products upon sensitization with auto logous TNP-modified cells. Lymphocytes from an F1 between responder and nonresponder strain generated a level of cytolysis toward the H-2Dd modified specificity which was of the same order of magnitude as that obtained with the high responder, irrespective of whether F 1 or either parental strain of modified stimulator cell was used. These results suggest that the modification of H-2Dd products resulted in formation of new antigenic determinants in both parental strains. However, the difference observed in responsiveness appeared to be due to a gene or genes mapping in the K, I-A, or I-B region which influenced the ability of the responding lymphocytes to react to these modified H-2Dd products. Responsiveness was expressed as a dominant trait in the F1.
| 52,685
|
[Indications for stereotaxic neurosurgery of patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].
|
The long-term results of 12 stereotaxic operations on 11 multiple sclerosis patients with incapacitating intention tremor were evaluated and compared with the experiences of other authors. The selection of the patients, the criteria applied for the success and the length of the follow-up period influenced the reported results. Considering not only the relief of the intention tremor but the overall performance after the operation only a certain group of patients seemed to profit by neurosurgical treatment. Applying this criterion of overall performance and evaluation only 3 out of 11 patients in our series had real benefit from the operation. The reasons for this small number of good or moderate results are given with brief discussion of some of the cases. History, course and fatal outcome of one patient are presented in detail together with the neuropathological findings. According to the literature and the limited number of our own cases the following indications for stereotaxic operations on MS patients can be established: 1. Tremor and hyperkinetic movements should be the dominant features of the symptomatology. 2. The overall performance should be essentially improved by the operation. 3. Patients in the terminal stage of the disease gain little from the procedure, whereas patients with longstanding more benign course are the best candidates.
| 52,694
|
[Orbicularis oculi reflexes and evoked response of orbicularis oris muscle in Bell's palsy. A prognostic study (author's transl)].
|
In 84 patients with idiopathic, clinically complete Bell's palsy the electrically induced blink reflexes with their two components (OOR I and II) were electromyographically recorded on both sides using skin electrodes. In 67 of these patients the evoked responses of the orbicularis oris muscle were also studied. The latencies and amplitudes were measured and related to the clinical outcome of the facial paralysis. The patients were divided into two groups, one with good recovery of the palsy (46 patients), the other with significant residual paresis and/or strong associated movements of the facial musculature (38 patients). In the group with good recovery the following results were obtained: 1. the OOR I remained elicitable or reappeated during the first 12 days after the onset of palsy; 2. the OOR II began to rise during the first 10 days of palsy; 3. the amplitude of the orbicularis oris response did not decrease to below 10%. In the group with poor recovery: 1. both components of the OOR were absent or diminished to below 4% for more than 12 days after the onset of palsy; 2. the latency difference of the OOR I exceeded 8 msec; 3. the amplitude of the orbicularis oris responses decreased to below 10%. Using these criteria it appears to be possible in about 85% of patients to make a prognosis between the 3rd to 5th and the 10th to 12th day after the onset of Bell's palsy.
| 52,696
|
Preliminary investigations of intrinsic and extrinsic optical activity as purity criterion for human serum albumins.
|
Induced circular dichroism measurements were made to follow the binding of four acidic drugs to two lots of crystalline and two lots of fraction V human serum albumins. The magnitude of the induced circular dichroism varied with all lots of albumin, suggesting a strong sensitivity of the phenomenon to small changes in purity or secondary structure of the albumins. The circular dichroism of the albumins themselves showed much less variation. The more classical analytical techniques of UV absorption, measurement of absorption following methyl orange binding, gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation were also performed on the albumins for comparison.
| 52,705
|
Isolation of an endogenous C-type RNA virus from Mus musculus molossinus.
|
We isolated a type-C RNA virus from the Japanese field mouse, Mus musculus molossinus. M. musculus musculus and M. musculus molossinus are two different subspecies of Mus and thus only distantly related. The virus grew only on cells foreign to the host, was xenotropic, and readily rescued the murine sarcoma (MuSV) genome from a normal rat kidney cell line transformed nonproductively by the Harvey strain of MuSV. The virus banded at a density of 1.16 g/ml and contained an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
| 52,716
|
Host range studies of FLOPC-1 murine myeloma C particles.
|
The host range of the C particle produced by FLOPC-1 myeloma cells, FLOPC-1 murine myeloma-associated virus (FL-MuMAV), was assessed in terms of its ability to productively infect and/or induce new viral antigens in a variety of different cell lines. Production of C particle-like structures by cells exposed to FL-MuMAV) was determined by incorporation of [3H]uridine into particles with a density of 1.16 g/ml and/or measurement of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in concentrated culture medium. to FL-MuMAV was capable of infecting NIH/3T3, normal rat kidney (NRK) cell, BALB/c 3T3, and the A31 clone of BALB/3T3 cells but not rabbit cell line, SIRC. Thus, it is an N, B-tropic murine virus as replication in NRK cells has been shown not to delineate a group of murine viruses with a separate host range (M. M. Lieber, C. J. Sherr, and G. J. Todero, 1974). Further neoantigens, reactive with anti-FL-MuMAV serum, were detected on infected cells. Production of the MuMAV-like particle and MuMAV-associated cell antigens in infected NIH/3T3 and NRK cells persisted for three subcultures. The limited production could not be explained by the lack of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase or high-molecular-weight RNA as the particles possessed both of these properties. The particles produced by infected NIH/3T3 or NRK cells were antigenically and physicochemically similar to FL-MuMAV and not K-MuLV. The MuMAV-like particles produced by infected NIH/3T3 were capable of limited replication in NIH/3T3 and and BALB/3T3 cells, whereas NRK-MuMAV replicated for a limited period in NIH/3T3, NRK, and SIRC cells; i.e., they had a different host range than FL-MuMAV. The particles produced by infected BALB/3T3 and A31 cells had the same host range as FL-MuMAV. In certain situations, isotopically labeled particles with a density of 1.16 g/ml were produced which appeared to lack RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
| 52,724
|
Symptomatic care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
|
Until a definitive treatment is found for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, there will continue to be a need to provide symptomatic care. Experience with caring for a large number of patients has proved that symptomatic therapy can be based on rational principles. Treatment should be limited to procedures that are simple and low-cost, with low risk of serious morbidity. When all remedies fail, the physician can still provide a comforting presence and foster a dignified death.
| 52,730
|
A new type of familial hypercholesterolaemia.
|
Two members of a family (proband and daughter) with hypercholesterolaemia have an abnormal low-density lipoprotein which fails to suppress the activity of a rate-determining enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase) in leucocytes of the patients and controls. However, the proband's leucocytes are inhibited by lipoproteins from other sources demonstrating that the mechanism for cellular regulation of the enzyme is intact. This mutant lipoprotein may have a role in the production of hypercholesterolaemia.
| 52,771
|
Isolation of "speckled" nuclear antigen reactive with autoantibodies in patients with cancer and autoimmune diseases.
|
An antigenic substance reactive with autoantibodies found in patients with cancer and autoimmune diseases was isolated from calf thymus. The purification procedure included extraction of the tissues with acetone powder, batch and column chromatography on DEAE-resins, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and affinity chromatography on antibody-Sepharose 4B. Indirect immunofluorescence examination of cultured human embryo cells, using the serum of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, showed a speckled nuclear pattern. The antigenic factor was a soluble acidic protein with a pI of 5.0 and a molecular weight of 250,000. The antigenic activities of this purified substance from calf thymus, and of the material on the cultured human embryo cells, were destroyed by proteases, ribonuclease, and alkaline phosphatase. The determinants were also sensitive to periodate oxidation. Thermal stability to 60 degree C and pH stability between 2.6 and 8.5 were demonstrated. Cross-reactivity of the antigenic substance with antibodies isolated from individuals with cancer and autoimmune diseases was shown by immunofluorescence, with appropriate blocking and absorption controls.
| 52,888
|
Plastic sectioning for light microscopy of Pyrenomycetes.
|
In preparation for light microscopy, ascocarps of Sordaria fimicola Ces. & DeNot. were embedded in Spurr's medium and sectioned at 1-1.5 mum on an ultramicrotome. Sections were floated on Giemsa staining solution at 60 C for 10-30 min, washed in distilled water, affixed to slides by drying, and mounted in immersion oil. Best preservation of the delicate sterile tissues of the centrum was obtained by fixation in 1% KMnO4 for 2.5-3 hr, followed by the Giemsa stain. This method is suggested for future studies on the morphology of perithecial ascomycetes.
| 52,918
|
Thin layer chromatography of certain preformed metal complex dyes used in biological staining.
|
Thin-layer chromatographic systems are described for the analysis of various performed metal complex dyes (aluminon-chromium (III), carminic acid-aluminum, carminic acid-chromium (III), carminic acid-iron (III), celestine blue-chromium (III), gallamine blue-chromium (III), gallocyanin-chromium (III), hematein-aluminum, hematein-chromium (III), purpurin-aluminum) and their parent dyes. Certain of these dyes have also been analysed by agar-gel electrophoresis or gel-filtration chromatography. The merits of the three analytical methods are discussed.
| 52,919
|
Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in patients with primary melanoma or melanoma metastasis.
|
Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa was studied in 9 patients with primary melanoma. All had 5-S-cysteinyldopa excretion in the normal range. In 8 of the patients excretion values decreased after removal of the tumour. Twenty-four patients with clinical signs of melanoma metastasis were examined for 5-S-cysteinyldopa and dopa+dopamine in the urine. 16 of the 24 had pathologically increased excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 7 of the 24 had pathological excretion of dopa+dopamine. Six of the latter belonged to the group with increased 5-S-cysteinyldopa excretion and one patient had a borderline value of 5-S-cysteinyldopa. Determination of 5-S-cysteinyldopa seems to be of value in the follow-up of patients operated on for primary melanoma.
| 52,967
|
Treatment of psoriasis with oral psoralens and longwave ultraviolet light. Therapeutic results and cytogenetic hazards.
|
The purpose of the present investigation was to study the usefulness of oral treatment of psoriasis with psoralens and longwave ultraviolet light and the possible cytogenetic hazards of this therapy. 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in doses between 15 and 60 mg orally followed 2 hours later by UVA irradiation of one side of the body gave a healing of the irradiated side in 24 of 40 cases and an improvment in another 11 cases while only one case healed on the side of body that was not irradiated. The most common undesired side effect was pruritus on the irradiated side of the body. The cytogenetic study showed that 8-MOP and UVA treatment of lymphocytes in vitro gives rise to chromosomal aberrations. In a combined in vivo-in vitro study where the lymphocytes had been isolated from a patient 2 hours after intake of 60-80 mg 8-MOP and then irradiated with therapeutic UVA doses, a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was found. When chromosome analyses were made on the patients whilst the 8-MOP treatment was temporarily withdrawn and when the lymphocytes were not irradiated in vitro, no increased frequency of chromosomal abberations was found on comparison with a group of psoriatic patients receiving dithranol therapy.
| 52,973
|
Light and electron microscopic studies of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant.
|
22 methods of light and electron microscopy have been tested for the identification of the pulmonary alveolar surfactant. Among the non electron microscopic methods Romhányi's anisotropic staining with toluidine blue was the most serviceable. In addition to simple performance it allows the identification of the smallest alteration -- not to be identified by other methods -- of the alveolar surfactant. Among the electron microscopic technics Ruthenium Red staining and Dermer's tricomplex method yielded the best results. Given that different chemical components of the alveolar surfactant will be identified by these 2 methods they supplement each other favourably. In the study of human cadaver material Baker's phospholipid reaction and Romhányi's anisotropic toluidine blue reaction is being used.
| 52,986
|
Influence of carbonates and other salts in tissues on the Schiff's reagent.
|
Application of the Schiff's reagent on fresh and undecalcified cuticle of crustaceans such as Emerita asiatica and Ocypoda platytarsis showed positive results with their calcified layer which led to suggest that salts of calcium account for the staining. In vitro studies with carbonate and other salts furnished confirmatory evidence. It is suggested that in tests involving the Schiff's reagent proper removal of resident salts must be carried out.
| 52,990
|
The influence of genotype on the development of glomerular lesions in mink with Aleutian disease virus.
|
In an attempt to document progression rate differences in the development of glomerular lesions in mink infected with Aleutian disease virus (ADV), the glomeruli of Aleutian and non-Aleutian mink experimentally infected with ADV were evaluated by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. The animals were also examined for the presence of interstitial infiltrate, neutrophils, and arterial lesions. One hundred percent of the Aleutian mink had glomerular cell proliferation and interstitial infiltrate, while 95% of the Aleutian and 41% of the non-Aleutian mink had neutrophilic infiltrates and arteritis, respectively. Of the non-Aleutian mink, 91, 83, 42, and 12.5% had glomerular cell proliferations, glomerular neutrophils, interstitial infiltrate, and arterial lesions in, that order. All the Aleutian mink had glomerular depositions of gamma-globulin (IgG) and complement (C3), whereas 75% of non-Aleutian mink had deposits of IgG and C3. One hundred percent of both genotypes had glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM). Ultrastructural glomerular changes consisting primarily of depositions of granular electron-dense material on basement membranes were observed in Aleutian mink 6 weeks after infection and 12 weeks after infection in non-Aleutian mink. These findings document progression rate differences in the development of glomerular lesions in Aleutian disease-affected Aleutian and non-Aleutian mink. Further, they emphasize the need for exploration of pathogenetic mechanisms involved in progression rate differences in lesion development.
| 53,016
|
Cytochemical localization of catalase activity in methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha.
|
The localization of peroxidase activity in methanol-grown cells of the yeast Hansenula polymorphia has been studied by a method based on cytochemical staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB). The oxidation product of DAB occurred in microbodies, which characteristically develop growth on or methanol, and in the intracristate space of the mitochondria. The staining of microbodies was H2O2 dependent, appeared to be optimal at pH 10.5, diminished below pH 10 and was inhibited by 20 mM 3-amino 1,2,4 triazole (AT). In contrast to these observations, the reaction in the mitochondria was not H2O2 dependent and not notably affected by differences in pH in the range of 8.5 to 10.5. Microbodies and mitochondria were also stained when H2O2 was replaced by methanol. Appropriate control experiments indicated that in this case methanol oxidase generated the H2O2 for the peroxidative conversion of DAB by catalase. These results suggest that catalase is located in the microbodies of methanol-grown yeasts. A model for a possible physiological function of the microbodies during growth on methanol is put forward.
| 53,039
|
Palliation of tricuspid atresia. Potts-Smith, Glenn, and Blalock-Taussig shunts.
|
Aortopulmonary (Potts-Smith), subclavian-pulmonary (Blalock-Taussig), and cavopulmonary (Glenn) shunts are the commonly performed operations for palliation of tricuspid atresia. A total of 104 patients with tricuspid atresia have undergone these procedures, either alone or in combination over a 28-year-period at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Operative risk is high in the first six months of life (44%), reasonable after six months of age (7.4%), and low for reoperation (3.5%). Long-term palliation of the 75 survivors (mean follow-up, 8,5 years) is compared for the three operative groups and charted on an actuarial table. Potts shunt offers superior long-term palliation. Therefore, as an overall plan of management, a Potts shunt with restriction of its anastomotic growth is the initial procedure of choice. When the patient outgrows the Potts shunt, a Glenn anastomosis is constructed. Ideally, the combination of these two shunts will produce a balanced circulation offering excellent long-term palliation.
| 53,043
|
[Disodiumcromoglycate and histamine liberation by cotton dust extract in the rat (author's transl)].
|
1. Disodiumcromoglycate (DSCG) had no influence on the microscopical appearance of rat peritoneal mast cells either by i.p. injection (2 times 10(-5) g/ml) or by i.v. infection (10 mg/kg) nor by local application (2 times 10(-5)/1 times 10(-4) g/ml). 2. A particular effect of DSCG (2 times 10(-6)/2 times 10(-5) on the tonus of guinea pig ileum or an interaction with contractor activity due to histamine (3 times 10(-8)/1 times 10(-7) g/ml) has not been established. 3. Histamine liberation from rat peritoneal mast cells by i.p. injection of aqueous cotton dust extract was not inhibited by DSCG (2 times 10(-8)/2 times 10(-7) g/ml), histamine liberation was rather increased.
| 53,054
|
A new assay for the measurement of total progressive antithrombin.
|
A new rapid method for assaying total antithrombin activity has been developed based on the inactivation of thrombin incorporated into an agarose gel, during the radial diffusion of plasma in the gel. The area of thrombin inactivation is subsequently observed by the coagulation of fibrinogen in a separate agarose gel layer poured over the thrombin gel. The method is described in detail and its accuracy assessed with respect to other antithrombin assays. Using specific antisera to alpha2-globulin (antithrombin III), alpha2-macroglobin and alpha1-antitrypsin, total antithrombin activity measured by this assay consisted of 47% alpha2-globulin, 29% alpha2-macroglobulin and 26% alpha1-antitrypsin.
| 53,064
|
The oxyphil and C cells of the human thyroid gland. A cytochemical and histopathologic review.
|
The C and oxyphil cells of the human thyroid are analyzed in the light of recent advances in cellular biology, cytochemistry, and histopathology. The C cell is present in the normal human thyroid, where its identification is cardinally by means of argyrophilic cytoplasmic granules. The morphology, topography and argyrophilia of C cells are discussed with reference to tumor, cyst, and teratoma formation in the thyroid gland. Oxyphil cells of the thyroid are cytochemically akin to C cells but arise from follicular cells. They occur in the thyroid and other protein-producing organs, but are themselves inefficient producers of proteins and glycoproteins. Speculation is made on their morphological characteristics, and consideration is given to DNA-RNA involvement in the functional and morphological alterations of this follicular cell type.
| 53,094
|
Nutrition and experimental carcinogenesis: a review.
|
Restriction of the total diet or the number of calories fed to rats and mice inhibits the formation of tumors in several tissues. Unless animals are fed equivalent levels of food, or attain equivalent body weights, it is difficult to assess the significance of the effect of other nutritional modifications on carcinogenesis. The effects of altering the levels of protein or fat are much less than those seen with dietary restriction. Feeding a protein-free diet is tolerated for a limited period and can alter the metabolism of carcinogens. It may thus affect the tumor incidence induced by one-shot carcinogens. Vitamins have specific effects on the activity of certain carcinogens, the fullest information being available for vitamin A, which has been shown to inhibit or enhance carcinogenesis, and vitamin C, which by reducing sodium nitrite, prevents nitrosation of secondary and tertiary amines occurring in acidic conditions of the stomach. Inorganic substances, such as iodine (thyroid) and copper (liver), may affect the tumor incidence in specific tissues. The metabolic activation of carcinogens is modified by enzyme induction and the administration of antioxidants. The relevance of these results to the induction of cancer in humans is briefly discussed.
| 53,097
|
Identification of the vasopressin producing and of the oxytocin producing neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretroy system of the rat.
|
Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations showed that, in the magnocellular hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the rat, vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetized in separate neurons. Both the vasopressin neurons and the oxytocin neurons are present in both the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei in about the same number. Preferential location of the two kinds of rat neurosecretory neurons is not as obvious as in the bovine hypothalamus. Their perikarya do not show distinct morphological differences. The two kinds of neurosecretory perikarya are the origin of separate vasopressin-containing and oxytocin-containing axons respectively. In the neural lobe, the distribution of the two different types of axons is described.
| 53,102
|
[Histopathological picture of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation].
|
The paper deals with histological analysis of 72 cases characterized by the finding of capillary microthromboses characteristic of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It has been stressed that, in addition to the usual fibrillary fibrin deposits, DIC is also characterized by the occurrence of globular fibrin formations, most frequently found within the hepatic and hypophyseal sinusoids. In the present series, microthromboses were obviously more frequent within the capillaries of organs such as the renal glomeruli or plexus chorioideus, wherein significant amounts of water are lost from circulating blood.
| 53,107
|
[Immunologic comparison between some Wolbachiae and research of antigentic community with other members of the order of Rickettsiales].
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The antigenic relationship between some rickettsiae of arthropods, which do not transmit germs pathogenic to vertebrates was investigated by agglutination and immunofluorescence techniques. The comparison of R. melolonthae, R. tipulae, R. cetonidarum, R. grylli and of the rickettsiae of the scorpion Buthus occitanus shows that the Wolbachiae are divided into three serological groups. The insect crystallogen rickettsiae belong to the first group, R. grylli and the scorpion Rickettsia are antigenically distinct (tables I and II). No antigenic relationship was found between these arthropod microorganisms and the following agents of vertebrate rickettsioses and chlamydioses : historical typhus, murine typhus, pustulous fever, Q-fever, epizootic absortion of sheep and psittacosis (tables III and IV). Bacteria of OX2 and OX19 strain of P. vulgaris when mixed with anti-Wolbachiae serums of I, II, III groups, give a negative Weil a Felix reaction. The OXK Proteus are however agglutinated by 4 out of 6 rabbit anti-Rickettsiella serums of the group. This fact calls for a further investigation regarding the comparison of these Rickettsiella with various strains of R. tsutsugamushi.
| 53,109
|
Simple differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids after treatment with photosensitive dyes and exposure to light and the mechanism of staining.
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The essential steps of the 33258 Hoechst-Giemsa method for differential chromatid staining consist of (1) 33258 Hoechst treatment, (2) exposure to light, and (3) Giemsa staining. The staining was shown to be a function of the concentration of 33258 Hoechst and the light exposure. The dye was successfully replaced by various metachromatic dyes such as thionine. Two simple methods are proposed. Failure of the pale stained chromatids to restore Giemsa affinity with urea and trypsin and the diminished Feulgen reaction after light exposure suggest that not masking proteins but photolysis of the BrdU-incorporation chromatid components in the present of photosensitive dyes play a role in the differential staining.
| 53,133
|
Sleep-waking cycle in rabbits after cerebral ischemia.
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In rabbits experimental cerebral ischemia of 4-6 min was followed by degradation of the electroencephalographic sleep-waking cycle, as determined from 3 h afternoon records: I. Hyposomnia i.e., reduction of slow wave and paradoxical sleep lasting for about 2 days, was seen, with gradual normalization in case of survival. II. In the first postischemic days abundant 14-17 c/sec spindles appeared in the motor cortex against a low voltage desynchronized background, making the EEG of waking qualitatively different from control records. The results are discussed with reference to polygraphic studies in comatose patients, EEG phenomenology of drowsiness, and cerebral monoamines.
| 53,146
|
[Investigations on the influence of Rh immunoglobulin prophylaxis on the immune response to postpartum rubella vaccination (author's transl)].
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A preliminary investigation showed that patients with rubella HHT antibody titres of 1:8 or greater did not show a significant rise in the antibody titre following rubella vaccination. The rubella antibody titre was determined in 651 obstetric patients. Of these, 43 (6.6%) had no significant antibodies to rubella (HHT less than 1:8) and were included in the present investigation. Patients in Group A received 0.5 ml. of the rubella vaccine Meruvax on the fifth postpartum day. Patients of Group B(Rh negative and Rh positive) received 250 mug anti-D in a 16% gammaglobulin solution intra-muscularly 48 hours postpartum and the rubella vaccination 3 days later. Three weeks following the rubella vaccination the mean geometric rubella antibody titre had risen +/- 1 Standard deviation to 19.6 +/- 7.7 in Group A (17 patients) and to 18.0 +/- 6.3 in Group B (12 patients). Six weeks following the rubella vaccinations Group A (19 patients) showed titres of 61.7 +/- 2.9 and Group B (14 patients) showed titres of 70.0 +/- 2.6. There was no statistically significant difference (greater than 0.5). The conversion rate in both groups was 100%. Patients can therefore be vaccinated against rubella in the postpartum period even though they will receive a concomitant prophylaxis with Rh immunoglobulin.
| 53,168
|
[Differential diagnosis of congenital lipidoses by lipid analyses of body fluids, biopsy and autopsy tissue].
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1. Presentation of the commomly used procedures for the extraction and separation of total lipids, glycolipids and phosholipids from fresh and formalin-fixed organs tissues (brain, liver, spleen, kidney) as well as from serum, CSF and urine. II. Description of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of individual lipid fractions (glycolipids, gangliosides, phospholipids, neutral lipids) by thin-layer chromatograhy and photodensitometry. III. Results of investigations performed on biopsy material, autopsy material, serum and urine in the following diseases: 1. Infantile, juvenile and adult Gaucher's disease: accumulation of glucocerebroside in liver and spleen. 2. Infantile and adult Niemann-Pick disease: accumulation of sphingomyelin in liver, spleen, kidney and lung. 3. Fabry's disease: increased urinary excretion of trihexosyl-ceramide and dihexosyl-ceramide. 4. Infantile and adult metachromatic leukodystrophy: accumulation of sulfatides in the central and peripheral nervous system and kidney, increased urinary excretion of sulfatides. 5. Austin's variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy: besides an increase of sulfatides in the white matter of brain accumulation of glycolipids in the cerebral cortex. 6. Tay-Sachs disease (GM2-gangliosidosis): cerebral accumulation of GM2-ganglioside and trihexosylceramide (enzyme variant B), additional visceral accumulation (liver, spleen, kidney) of tetrahexosyl-ceramide = globoside (enzyme variant 0). 7. Infantile generalized GM1-gangliosidosis: cerebral (and visceral) accumulation of GM1-ganglioside and tetrahexosyl-ceramide. 8. Late infantile GM1-gangliosidosis: Cerebral accumulation of GM1-ganlioside and tetrahexosylceramide. 9. GM3-gangliosidosis (lactosyl-ceramidosis): neuronal accumulation of lactosyl-ceramide, GM2-ganglioside and GM3-ganglioside. 10. Refsum's disease: demonstration of phytanic acid esters of cholesterol in serum.
| 53,174
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Oxidase (donor: oxygen oxidoreductase) activity by peroxidase and alpha2-macroglobulin interaction.
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The interaction between peroxidase (donor: hydrogenperoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) and human alpha2-macroglobulin has been studied by employing starch gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometric assay analysis.
| 53,181
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Anti-thymocyte serum may enhance or suppress the response to the same antigenic determinant.
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Treatment of BALB/c mice with heterologous anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) increases their response to the C-polysaccharide of a rough strain of Pneumococcus, R36A, but suppresses their response to a vaccine of the whole organism. Phosphorylcholine is the major antigenic determinant for both the C-polysaccharide and vaccine. ATS also suppresses the response to phosphorylcholine when it is coupled to various protein carriers. In so far as was examined, ATS had no effect on adherent cells or the capability of adherent cells and antigen to stimulate an antibody response in non-adherent cells. The contrasting effects of the antiserum can best be accounted for by assuming that it acts on at least two different populations of thymic-derived cells.
| 53,195
|
Cytoplasmic antigens unique to the mycelial or yeast phase of Candida albicans.
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Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with absorption in situ was used to distinguish the cytoplasmic antigens unique to the mycelial or yeast phase of Candida albicans from cytoplasmic antigens shared by both phases. The soluble cytoplasmic extracts of each growth phase had at least six distinct antigenic constituents not shared by the other phase. This technique is recommended for the analysis of closely related antigenic complexes.
| 53,205
|
Defense mechanisms against bovine herpesvirus: relationship of virus-host cell events to susceptibility to antibody-complement cell lysis.
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The interaction of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and susceptible host cells was examined to determine whether an infected cell could be destroyed by humoral immune mechanisms before or after the transmission of virus to susceptible adjacent cells. Viral antigens were detectable on cell membranes at 6 h postinfection, but cells were not susceptible to antibody-complement lysis until 10 h postinfection. Intracellular infectious virus was also detectable at 10 h postinfection, and transmission to adjacent cells by the intracellular route began at this time. Extracellular virus was not detectable until 12 to 13 h postinfection. By the continual addition of antibody and complement, virus dissemination could be reduced more than 50-fold. These results support the hypothesis that the humoral immune mechanism may be involved in the recovery from herpesvirus infections.
| 53,206
|
3alpha-Reduction of dihydrotestosterone in human normal and hypertrophic prostatic tissues.
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The activity of 3alpha-reduction of dihydrotestosterone was located in both the particulate and the soluble fractions of human prostatic tissues. Activity of 3alpha-reduction was higher than that of 3beta-reduction under the incubation conditions employed; therefore, the main reductive metabolic pathway of dihydrotestosterone seemed to be the formation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol in human prostatic tissues. There was no significant difference between normal and hypertrophic prostatic tissues when the activity of 3alpha-reduction of dihydrostertosterone was compared on a wet weight basis.
| 53,218
|
Microtubules and axoplasmic transport. Inhibition of transport by podophyllotoxin: an interaction with microtubule protein.
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Pharmacological evidence is presented for the involvement of microtubules in the process of fast axoplasmic transport. A quantitative measure of the inhibition of axoplasmic transport in an in vitro preparation of rat sciatic nerve is described. The alkaloids colchicine, podophyllotoxin, and vinblastine, which are known both to disrupt microtubules and to bind to the protein subunit of microtubules, are inhibitors of axoplasmic transport. Lumicolchine and picropodophyllin, unlike their respective isomers colchicine and podophyllotoxin, are poor inhibitors of axoplasmic transport. The dissociation constants for the binding of colchicine, lumicolchicine, podophyllotoxin, and picropodophyllin to purified microtubule protein from rat brain have been measured. Inhibition of axoplasmic transport by these drugs correlates favorably with their affinities of microtubule protein.
| 53,233
|
Induction of antiphosphorylcholine antibody formation by anti-idiotypic antibodies.
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Anti-idiotypic antibodies have been used to mimic antigen in the mouse antiphosphorylcholine response in order to investigate the induction of precursors of antibody-forming cells. We have shown that interaction of anti-idiotype antibody with receptor antibody molecules induces the formation of antibodies that are specific for phosphorylcholine and carry the idiotypic determinants. This induction is dependent on the recognition of carrier determinants on the anti-idiotype antibody by helper T cells. We conclude that receptor antibody molecules on the surface of the precursors of antibody-forming cells deliver the antigenic signal for the induction of these cells.
| 53,257
|
Enhancement of human interferon production by neutral red and chloroquine: analysis of inhibition of protein degradation and macromolecular synthesis.
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Two lysosomotrophic drugs, neutral red and chloroquine, enhance polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-induced interferon production by a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4). Treatment of cells with neutral red or chloroquine between 2.5 and 3.5 h after induction increases interferon yields 16- to 64- and 4- to 16-fold, respectively, in the subsequent 20.5 h. The two drugs inhibit the rates of protein degradation and of RNA and protein synthesis. In addition, neutral red is a very potent inhibitor of uridine transport into cells. Normalized dose-effect curves show that interferon superinduction is correlated with the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis, but not with that of protein degradation. Treatment of cells with chloroquine at low concentration (25 mug/ml) for a prolonged period of time (24 h) caused approximately 40% reduction in the rate of protein degradation. The usual rapid shutoff of interferon production and the effectiveness of effectiveness of actinomycin D superinduction are not altered by this treatment. This strongly suggests that inhibition of intralysosomal protein degradation does not significantly contribute to interferon superinduction. Degradation of the rapidly and the slowly turning over proteins was unaffected by actinomycin D under conditions of treatment known to enhance interferon production. Treatment with cycloheximide (5 or 50 mug/ml for 5 h) inhibited the rate of degradation of the rapidly turning over component by 10% and the slow component by 30-40%, which suggests that the two components turn over by distinct cellular mechanisms.
| 53,261
|
Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. II. A genetically restricted suppressor of mixed lymphocyte reactions released by alloantigen-activated spleen cells.
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The mechanism of alloantigen-activated spleen cell suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is explored in this report. Activated murine suppressor spleen cells elaborated a soluble noncytotoxic factor which suppressed MLR responses by 55-95%. Generation of suppressor factor required both in vivo alloantigen sensitization and specific in vitro restimulation. Suppressor factor was not produced by activated spleen cells which had been treated with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Antigenic specificity toward alloantigens of the stimulator cells was not demonstrable. In contrast, suppressor factor effectively inhibited MLR response only of responder cells of those strains that shared the D-end and the I-C subregion of the H-2 complex with the cells producing suppressor factor. Therefore, active suppression appears to require an MHC-directed homology relationship between regulating and responder cells in MLR.
| 53,264
|
Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against I-region-coded determinants: in vitro evidence for a third histocompatibility locus in the mouse.
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Determinants controlled by the I region of the murine H-2 complex provoked the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in both a secondary and primary mixed lymphocyte culture. The stimulating determinants appeared to be controlled by loci within the I-A subregion. The target antigens of the CTL generated were present on both lipopolysaccharide- and concanavalin-induced blast lymphocytes, but were barely detectable on phytohemagglutinin-induced blast cells. The stimulating capacity for CTL induction of a complete H-2 complex incompatibility by far exceeded the sum of H-2D/K-region and I-region incompatibility, respectively.
| 53,265
|
Cell-mediated lympholysis of N-(3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl)-beta-anaylglycylglycyl-modified autologous lymphocytes. Effector cell specificity to modified cell surface components controlled by the H-2K and H-2D serological regions of the murine major histocompatibility complex.
|
Splenic lymphocytes from four C57BL/10 congenic mouse strains were sensitized in vitro to N(-3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetyl)-beta-alanylglycylglycyl-(N) modified autologous lymphocytes. The effector cells generated after 5 days of culture were assayed on a series of either N-modified phytohemagglutinin-stimulated spleen cells or N-modified tumor cells. The results indicated in all cases that both N modification of the targets and H-2 homology between the modified stimulating and target cells are required for lysis to occur. In each case the effector cells were found to lyse N-modified target cells only when there was homology at either or both ends of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between the stimulator and target cells. B10.BR lysed targets sharing alleles at K (or K plus I-A) and/or at D. B10.A effector cell specificity was mapped to K (or K plus I-A) and/or the D half of the MHC (D or D plus I-C and/or S). The two regions of specificity determined for B10.D2 effector cells were D (or D plus S plus I-C) and a region not including D of the MHC. C57BL/10 effector cells lysed N-modified targets only if there was target cell H-2 homology at K, I-A, and I-B or at the D serological region. As in the trinitrophenyl (TNP) system (6) B10.BR and B10.A effector cells lysed targets sharing K end H-2 serological regions greater than target cells sharing D-end serological regions. The C57BL/10 effector cells were shown to react to the K end greater than the D end, which differed from the equal reactivity seen in the TNP system for this strain. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the antigen recognized by the effector cell includes an altered H-2 serological cell surface product. That the reaction is not "hapten specific" and the H-2 homology is required only for effector:target cell interaction was excluded by the use of two F1 combinations in which lysis of only N-modified target cells sharing the H-2 haplotype with the stimulating parental strain was obtained. Finally, it was demonstrated that N and TNP modification create distinct new antigenic determinants, since an effector cell sensitized to one modifying agent will lyse only H-2 matched target modified with that same modifying agent.
| 53,266
|
[Antigens of the human placenta (author's transl)].
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The immunologic relations between mother, foetus and placenta are discussed and those antigens of the human placenta already characterized by their physico-chemical and immunochemical properties described. In diagnostics the detection and determination of placental proteins is used in pregnancy tests, for the evaluation of placental functions and the detection of malignant diseases. Antibodies to placental antigens have an abortive effect; immunization against placental specific proteins may have implications as an immunologic contraceptive method and for the immunotherapy of choriocarcinoma.
| 53,318
|
Early syphilitic hepatitis.
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17 out of 175 cases of early syphilis had clinical, biochemical, and immunological evidence of liver damage. Before penicillin therapy the histological appearance of the liver was abnormal in 14 of the 15 patients from whom biopsy specimens were obtained. In 7 cases, treponemes were seen in the liver. After two months' penicillin therapy the extent and severity of the histological abnormality was reduced. In the repeat liver-biopsy specimens obtained after penicillin treatment no treponemes could be demonstrated. It is suggested that the hepatitis found in these 17 cases of early syphilis was produced by treponemes.
| 53,374
|
Selective screening for breast cancer in Guildford.
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A preliminary survey has been carried out to test the feasibility of screening a high-risk group of women for breast cancer, using clinical examination and low-dose mammography, before the establishment of a two-tier screening system of basic well-woman clinics for the over-25s, and breast screening clinics for those over-35s considered to have a higher than average expectation of developing the disease. 7 breast cancers and 1 case of Hodgkin's disease were detected in 618 women (breast cancers 11-3/1000, malignancies 12-9/1000). Though numbers are small they suggest that the women themselves do not suspect the presence of those breast cancers which carry the best prognosis, though being aware of the larger cancers and of many of those benign localised breast lesions requiring surgical treatment.
| 53,384
|
Decreased serum cholesterol-binding reserve in premature myocardial infarction.
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Incubation of human serum with crystalline cholesterol which had been pulverised by sonication resulted in a measurable uptake of cholesterol by the serum. This uptake was designated "serum cholesterol-binding reserve" (S.C.B.R.). Among more than 200 men and women examined, S.C.B.R. values varied from less than 10 to over 200 mg/dl, while the values from repeated determinations on two individuals over several months varied within 24 mg/dl. S.C.B.R. could be attributed to two serum-lipoprotein subfractions--S.F.V. separated from very-low-density lipoprotein and S.F.H. from high-density lipoprotein, by gel filtration. Without further purification, S.F.V. solubilised 4-5 mg and S.F.H. solubilised 0-36 mg of additional cholesterol/mg of protein, while the remaining bulk of the lipoproteins lacked this property. It is proposed that S.F.V. and S.F.H. have physiological roles in retarding atherogenesis by removing cholesterol from the arterial intima and carrying it back to the circulating serum. Accordingly, individuals who have low S.C.B.R. values, being deficient in S.F.V. and S.F.H., are at higher risk for the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart-disease. This hypothesis was tested by comparing S.C.B.R. values of patients with premature myocardial infarction with values of controls. The results indicated a trend of increasing S.C.B.R. values with increasing levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides among the controls, but this trend was virtually lost among the patients. The S.C.B.R. values also were lower among patients than controls, and the difference was statistically significant between patients and controls with serum-cholesterol above 250 mg/dl or fasting serum-triglycerides above 160 mg/dl. These results are consistent with the proposed hypothesis.
| 53,493
|
Antigenic relationship between the surface antigens of avian and equine influenze viruses.
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Influenza virus Equine 1 (A/equine/Prague/56) has a hemagglutinin which is antigenically related to the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus strain Rostock (FPV) and a neuraminidase which cross-reacts with the enzyme of virus N (A/chick/Germany/49). After a single injection of chickens with Equine 1 virus no hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against FPV can be demonstrated, although the birds are fully protected against a lethal dose of FPV. HI and neutralizing antibodies against FPV appear after a second injection of Equine 1 virus several weeks after the first one. Liberation of newly sunthesized FPV from the host cell is ingibited by antibodies cross-reacting with any antigen of virus surface.
| 53,781
|
DNA-synthesis on giant nuclear RNA by AMV DNA polymerase.
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The reverse transcription of pre-mRNA isolated from rat liver or mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells with the aid of hot phenol fractionation technique is described. Pre-mRNA isolated at 85 degrees C is a more active template than the 65 degree C fraction. The addition of oligo(dT) as a primer strongly stimulated the template activity of the 65 degree C fraction. The size of product corresponds to a sedimentation value of 7 S as measured in alkaline sucrose gradient and is essentially less than the size of template.
| 53,784
|
Biodegradation of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. VI. The cechlorination of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane by microsomes and cytosol of rat liver.
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Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) is dechlorinated by enzymes contained in rat liver cytosol and microsomes. An evidence was obtained that in the cytosol there are two alpha-HCH dechlorinating enzymes at least; one operates only in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalyzes dechlorinations associated with the formation of another hydrophilic product. This product is probably a conjugate of the alpha-HCH-residue with GSH. The other cytoplasmic alpha-HCH-dechlorinase requires no additions. The microsomes, too, contain two alpha-HC dechlorinases at least: one is stimulated by GSH, the other by NADPH.
| 53,794
|
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