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In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells as a probe for the study of B-cell diversification.
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The susceptibility to in vitro tolerance induction has been implicated as a characteristic of B cells early in their development, since DNP-reactive B cells are tolerizable only during the first days after birth, and 25% of adult bone marrow cells are tolerizable. In the present study, a modification of the in vitro splenic focus technique was utilized to determine if PC-specific B cells, by virtue of their late expression (approximately 1 wk post-parturition), also display susceptibility to tolerance induction. The results demonstrate that at 7-10 days after birth, when over 90% of the DNP-specific splenic B cells are resistant to tolerance induction, the majority of PC-specific B cells are tolerizable. These results re-emphasize tolerance susceptibility as a characteristic of developing clones, confirm the late acquisition of PC-specific B cells, and support the contention that the acquisition of the specificity repertoire is a highly ordered, specifically predetermined process which is independent of antigen-driven events.
| 67,178
|
Characterization of three antigenic particles of swine vesicular disease virus.
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Three distinct particles were isolated from cell culture harvests of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) by sucrose and CsCl gradient centrifugation. Virions (148S), RNA-free empty capsids (81S), and a third particle (49S) also free of RNA showed immune reactivity with SVDV antiserum. The 81S and 49S particles had polypeptides typical of naturally occurring empty capsids. Injection of purified antigens into guinea pigs produced antisera which distinguished empty capsids from virions on immunodiffusion; the 49S antigen appeared similar to virions. Antisera produced to freshly prepared virus antigen grown in brains of baby mice distinguished SVDV from the serologically related Coxsackie B-5 virus but did not distinguish the individual S particle antigens. Partly purified virus preparations degraded to empty capsids when incubated in guinea pig serum. The possible origin of empty capsids and 49S particles and their relationship to antigenicity of virus preparations are discussed.
| 67,181
|
Viral proteins expressed on the surface of murine leukemia cells.
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Leukemic cells of AKR mice contain as constituents of their membranes the murine leukemia virus envelope protein gp70 and the precursor polyprotein of the viral internal (core) structural proteins. Both gp70 and the core polyprotein are represented on the cell surface as glycoproteins, as evidenced by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into their structure and the binding of these proteins to lectins. The glycosylated core polyprotein exists in at least two serologically distinguishable forms: the 95,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30, p12, and p10, whereas the 85,000-dalton polyprotein reacts with antisera prepared against the viral proteins p30 and p12, but not p10. Additional heterogeneity in these cell surface polyproteins has been observed wtih leukemias induced by exogenous leukemia viruses. Spontaneous leukemia cells of AKR mice invariably express gp70 and the core polyprotein on their cell surface; normal thymocytes of young AKR mice express gp70, but not the core polyprotein on their surface.
| 67,223
|
The diagnosis of bladder tumors by concentration of epithelial cells in the urine and by the help of the fluorescence property of tetracycline.
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Positive results were obtained in epithelial concentrations when tetracycline was given to 50 patients with bladder tumors. The diagnosis of bladder tumors with epithelial concentration is especially helpful in patients with hematuria and pyuria. With this technique many epithelial cells radiate a bright yellow fluorescence.
| 67,225
|
A relative change index in evaluating alcoholism treatment outcome.
|
A technique for computing a relative change index for evaluating an alcoholic's progress is presented and contrasted with less satisfactory methods of comparing data from patient intake and follow-up interviews. Applicability of the index to other treatment groups is discussed.
| 67,279
|
Platelet activation in acute cerebral ischaemia. Serial measurements of platelet function in cerebrovascular disease.
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Circulating platelet aggregates formed in vivo were serially measured, and platelet-aggregation thresholds were determined in vitro in 82 patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. The percentage of aggregated platelets was increased in 53 patients with completed stroke (30.9% +/- 2.0) and in 29 patients with transient ischaemic attacks (34.1% +/- 2.3), all studied within 10 days of the acute event. These values were higher (P less than 0.001) than levels of aggregated platelets in 30 patients with non-vascular neurological disease (16.8% +/- 2.3). The percentage of aggregated platelets returned to normal 10 days to 6 wk after acute cerebral ischaemia. Aspirin and dipyridamole did not affect either the increase in or subsequent normalisation of circulating-platelet-aggregate levels in these patients. Platelet-aggregation sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate and adrenaline was also increased in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia, but this abnormally resolved during convalescence. Platelet activation is abnormal in acute cerebral ischaemia but usually returns to normal with or without anti-platelet therapy. This activation of platelets may contribute to the clinical manifestations of occlusive vascular disease.
| 67,334
|
The Tromsø heart-study. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart-disease: a prospective case-control study.
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The relationship of future clinical coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.) to the plasma-high-density-lipoprotein (H.D.L.)-cholesterol concentration has been examined in a 2-year case-control follow-up study of 6595 men aged 20-49 years living in the municipality of Tromsø, Norway. Measurements were also made of the cholesterol concentration in lower-density (i.e., density less than 1-603 g/ml) lipoproteins, plasma-triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood-pressures, relative body-weight, and cigarette consumption. Discriminant-function analysis showed that coronary risk was inversely related to H.D.L.-cholesterol concentration and directly related to density less than 1-063 cholesterol. These relationships were independent of each other and of the other measured variables, which showed no significant differences between the cases and controls. H.D.L. cholesterol made a three-fold greater contribution to the prediction of future C.H.D. than did density less than 1-063 cholesterol in this cohort of young men. These findings support the proposal that a low H.D.L. concentration is a common antecedent of clinical C.H.D. and is important in accelerating the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
| 67,464
|
Isolation of amyloid P component (protein AP) from normal serum as a calcium-dependent binding protein.
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The P component of amyloid (protein AP, pentagonal unit) has been isolated from normal serum by using its hitherto undescribed calcium-dependent affinity for agarose. The presence of P component in all forms of amyloid may be due to this calcium-dependent binding to certain polyanions.
| 67,487
|
Identification of lipids for intestinal absorption studies in resin-embedded tissue.
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The use of the dye p-phenylene diamine according to Korneliussen is described for the identification of lipids in tissues embedded in resins.
| 67,548
|
Modification of Cunningham's method for the detection of proteases in tissue sections.
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A modification of Cunningham's method to show the protease activity in fresh tissue sections on gelatin film is proposed. The diazotization of the gelatin film in two successive baths of Fast blue B salt sharply increases the colour intensity of the film, improving the contrast between the intact zones and the enzymatic lysis zones of the substrate. The various washings of the stained film have been simplified. After incubation, the histological staining of the sections by solid nuclear red is an improvement over the much more tricky Feulgen reaction, combined with PAS, used by Cunningham.
| 67,549
|
Methylene blue-azure B-eosin as a substitute for May-Grünwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains.
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The Romanowsky-type stain of Marshall et al. [J. clin. Pathol. 28, 920--923 (1975)] is described. It possesses several advantages over the widely used May-Grünwald-Giemsa and Jenner-Giemsa stains. These include ease and speed of preparation, a shorter staining time and reproducibility of results.
| 67,550
|
Communication in medicine: a study of how family doctors obtain information on recent advances in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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The results of a questionnaire on how 131 family doctors in Glasgow and the West of Scotland obtain information regarding recent advances in rheumatology are described. The results show that medical journals and formal lectures and symposia are still popular. Tape/slide and television presentations were not considered of much value.
| 67,553
|
[Bronchial reactivity in asthma. Immunopharmacological data].
|
Some aspects of bronchomotricity in bronchial asthma, with special emphasis on pharmacological and immunological data, are presented. Personal results on beta-adrenergic blockade and stimulation on simultaneous administration of histamine and beta-blocking and stimulating drugs and on the correlation between immunological factors as immunoglobulin IgE concentration, histamine binding power and alpha-1-antitrypsine deficiency and bronchial asthma are presented and discussed.
| 67,582
|
Identification of a purified complement-fixing antigen as the Epstein-Barr-virus determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) by its binding to metaphase chromosomes.
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A soluble complement-fixing antigen carried by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human cells has been previously extracted from cell nuclei and purified by DNA-cellulose chromatography [Luka, J., Siegert, W. & Klein, G. (1977) J. Virol., in press]. On addition of this antigen to methanol/acetic acid-fixed metaphase chrmosomes, followed by exposure to human sera containing antibodies against the EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), brilliant positive staining was obtained by anti-complement immunofluorescence. There was no staining after exposure to EBV-negative sera. Moreover, a nuclear protein fraction, prepared from an EBV-negative cell line in an analogous fashion, failed to induce the staining reaction. These data identify the soluble purified antigen as the EBV-determined nuclear antigen. The purified antigen has a molecular weight of 174,000 +/- 15,000, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration experiments. In neutral buffers containing 0.5-1.0 M NaCl, the antigen dissociates into a form of approximately one-half the original molecular weight with retained complement-fixing activity. This "monomer" has a molecular weight of 98,000 +/- 8,000.
| 67,603
|
A rapid alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay.
|
A simple, reliable and inexpensive alpha-fetoprotein radioimmunoassay is described, in which polyethylene-glycol (PEG) is used as a precipitating agent of antibody-bound AFP. The concentrations of AFP found in amniotic fluid, newborn and maternal sera are in agreement with those reported by others. This assay fulfills the requirements of a screening test for fetal abnormalities and other clinical applications.
| 67,626
|
Ultrastructure of alcoholic hyalin and fate of the affected hepatocytes.
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In liver biopsy specimens, foci of satellitosis, i.e., foci of alcoholic hyalin containing hepatocytes surrounded by accumulated leukocytes, were studied by means of electron-microscopic investigation. Within satellitosis hepatocytes, the same morphologic variants of alcoholic hyalin were observed as formerly described in nonsatellitosis liver cells: (1) clusters of randomly oriented smooth filaments of homogenous electron density, (2) bundles of filaments aligned in parallel arrays and exhibiting irregular densities and indistinct boundaries, and (3) masses of a strongly osmiophilic amorphous material, presumably lipidic in nature. The individual hyalin body was composed of one, two, or all three components in varying proportions; an uptake by cytosegresomes was never observed. The leukocytes of satellitosis foci, mostly polymorphonuclear ones without obvious alterations, had close contact to the central hepatocytes, and sometimes covered large holes in the hepatocellular plasma membrane. In other cases, hepatocytes and neutrophils were both destroyed and the hyalin bodies were found unaltered within the sinusoids. It is suggested that alcoholic hyalin represents an inert proteinaceous storage material, deposited at the site of synthesis which in the course of time becomes superimposed by a lipid component. In cases of alcohol-induced hepatocellular lesions, those hepatocytes which produce hyalin bodies may have a special metabolic sensitivity to alcohol which on the one hand may result in hyalin synthesis and accumulation and on the other hand may, under special conditions, lead to plasma membrane destruction with secondary satellitosis formation.
| 67,700
|
[Form and content of iodine-containing components of blood in liver pathology].
|
In dynamics of development of toxic heptatitis and cirrhosis the alterations in functionality of thyroid glands were accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes of separate iodine-containing components in blood.
| 67,708
|
Susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in two strains of rats and their hybrids.
|
Lewis and PVG strains of rats and their F1-hybrids were challenged with guinea-pig or bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to produce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The Lewis and F1-rats were also challenged with guinea-pig EP in FCA with a fivefold lower concentration of Mycobacterium butyricum. Data are presented concerning clinical signs and histological changes of EAE showing an intermediate position of susceptibility to EAE for the F1-hybrids compared to the parental strains. The findings are discussed in relation to the mode of inheritance of susceptibility to EAE. Among rats immunized with bovine encephalitogenic protein in FCA a weak activity was registered; this was difficult to evaluate, as it could be an effect of FCA only.
| 67,742
|
Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in mice. I, Physicochemical and biological properties of preferential antigens for inducing delayed hypersensitivity in mice.
|
Variously modified protein antigens were tested by footpad assay to clarify the effect of these medications in producing delayed hypersensitivity in mice. The most potent antigen examined was carboxyl-methylated serum albumins. These antigens were highly basic proteins and hydrophobic compared with native serum proteins. They stimulate humoral antibody response in mice poorly, and remain at the subcutaneous injection site much longer than native serum albumins. In vitro tests of susceptibility of thymus and spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages to the antigens revealed that methylated serum albumins possessed the stimulatory activity to the latter and were toxic to the former. As for macrophage, fluorescein-labelled methylated serum albumin showed an affinity to their membrane and were phagocytosed, but FITC-BSA did not show any affinity to the macrophages. These biological activities to tissue or cells may be contributable to render methylated serum albumins to induce and elicit delayed hypersensitivity preferentially in mice.
| 67,745
|
The influence of some herbicides on selected groups of microorganisms in loess and sandy soils. II. The effect of nitrification.
|
Studies on the effect of herbicides on nitrification in field and laboratory conditions have shown that steady use of these substances in the same field does not exert a significant effect on this process in the soil. The herbicides caused only shortlasting disturbances. Nitrification usually returned to a relative equilibrium in several days after the herbicide application.
| 67,749
|
Clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the early posthospital phase of myocardial infarction.
|
The clinical significance of ventricular ectopic beats in the posthospital phase of myocardial infarction was studied in 272 patients aged 65 years or less who were followed up for 1 year after the infarction. Ventricular ectopic beats, identified in 6 hour electrocardiographic tape recordings, obtained before hospital discharge (study 1) and 5 months after discharge (study 2) increased in frequency and complexity in the 5 month interval. Ventricular ectopic beats at a rate of 20 or more per hour recorded before discharge were associated with complex ventricular ectopic patterns in the same 6 hour recording and with frequent (20 or more per hour), early cycle and bigeminal patterns in recordings mad 5 months later. Analysis with log-linear modeling indicated that the occurrence of complex ventricular ectopic beats at follow-up examination was associated with the concomitant use of antiarrhythmic agents,but not with use of digitalis, propranolol or tranquilizers. A ventricular ectopic beat frequency of 20 or more per hour at discharge was associated with increased (P less than 0.05) cardiac mortality in the initial 0 to 4 months after discharge but not in the subsequent 8 months; ectopic beats recorded in the 5 month follow-up study were not associated with increased cardiac mortality in the subsequent 5 to 12 months. The prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats is discussed in the light of these findings.
| 67,792
|
Pulmonary vascular disease after systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operations.
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More than 1,100 patients underwent a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operation at the Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, from 1946 to 1974. Of these patients, 294 were studied to assess the presence of pulmonary vascular disease and the time of its occurrence after surgery. They were selected either because lung tissue was available for histologic grading of pulmonary vascular disease (114 patients) or because hemodynamic studies were performed after the shunt operation (180 patients). The shunts, all patent at the time of the study, ranged in duration from 1 month to 23 years. After a subclavan-pulmonary arterial shunt (75 patients) there was little evidence of advatients) pulmonary vascular disease in either histologic C2 of 25 patients) or hemodynamic (1 of 50 patients) studies. After an aortic-pulmonary arterial shunt (44 Waterston, 175 Potts) there was small likelikhood of advanced pulmonary vascular disease with a shunt duration of less than 5 years (1 of 35 histologic, 0 of 27 hemodynamic studies). With a shunt duration of more than 5 years the incidence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease increased significantly (15 of 54 histologic, 17 of 103 hemodynamic studies). A mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg or greater strongly suggests the presence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease. When a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt has provided effective palliation with decreased pulmonary pressure there is small likelihood that advanced pulmonary vascular disease will develop, even with a long shunt duration of 20 to 25 years.
| 67,797
|
Absorption from the peritoneal cavity: SEM study of the mesothelium covering the peritoneal surface of the muscular portion of the diaphragm.
|
Colored tracers, injected intraperitoneally in mice, are taken up by diaphragmatic lymphatics, outlining their large, terminal cisterns, the so-called lacunae. The lacunae occur exclusively on the muscular portion of the diaphragm. The mesothelium covering non-lacunar and lacunar areas of the muscular portion was examined with the SEM. Mesothelial cells overlying non-lacunar areas are extremely flat, and their boundaries are indistinct. Mesothelial cells overlying lacunae protrude towards the lumen of the peritoneal cavity and have distinct outlines. There are openings or stomata, 4-12 micron in diameter, between them. Some of the stomata overlie a deep pit; others overlie a shallower pit in which the surface of another cell can be seen beneath the opening. It seems likely that the bulk of the fluid draining from the peritoneal cavity passes through these stomata into underlying lymphatic lacunae.
| 67,801
|
[Demonstration of the argyrophil cells of the major glands in autopsy material].
|
A possibility of identifying endocrine argyrophil cells of the fundic glands of man by the method of impregnation with argentum after Grimelius in sectional material was studied. The cells detected by this method were found to be enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the autopsy material were not retained. Morphotopographic characteristics of ECL-cells in sectional material and bioptic specimens of the gastric mucosa were identical. One of the manifestations of post-mortem changes was adhesion of specific argyrophil granules contained in ECL-cells.
| 67,835
|
Characteristics of tryptophan binding in the serum of the newborn rat.
|
During the very first period of postnatal life, tryptophan is almost entirely free in the serum of rats. This situation is in sharp contrast with the well-known ability of serum albumin to bind the essential amino acid in the adult. Three main factors accounted for the relative lack of binding during the early postnatal life when compared to the adult: (1) the lower concentration of serum albumin, the binding protein; (2) the inhibition of binding by nonesterified fatty acids, which were at a high level in the serum of young rats until weaning, and (3) the decreased number of available binding sites for tryptophan on the defatted serum albimin, whereas the apparent association constant of tryptophan binding to serum albumin was similar in newborn and adult. Since immunological characterization of newborn and adult serum albumins did not reveal a specific fetal serum albumin, we suggest that discrete changes at the association site for tryptophan are sufficient to induce large alteration in the binding capacity of the protein. In contrast to the situation observed in adult rats, serotonin synthesis in the brain of newborn animals is therefore not dependent on the equilibrium between bound and free tryptophan in serum.
| 67,850
|
[Cultivation of embryonic mouse liver epithelium].
|
Mouse embryo liver epithelial cells maintained in vitro were connected with each other by highly permeable cell-to-cell contacts, synthesized alpha-fetoprotein and possessed the property of contact inhibition of phagocytosis. Methods of cultivation of these cells are presented in this paper.
| 67,864
|
Relationship of contact activation cofactor (CAC) procoagulant activity to kininogen.
|
Contact activation cofactor (CAC) facilitates the interaction of factors XI and XII. Patients lacking CAC have a coagulation defect and are deficient in high molecular weight kininogen. The coincidence of these two defects suggests that a single protein may be responsible for both physiologic functions. Immunologic and activity studies have been made on isolated CAC to clarify the relationship between CAC and kininogen. CAC forms a single precipitin line with anti-human kininogen, and antikininogen neutralizes CAC activity. CAC and high molecular weight kininogen show a reaction of identity on immunodiffusion against rabbit anti-CAC. Anti-CAC forms two precipitin lines with normal plasma which can be identified as high and low molecular weight kininogen. Monospecific immunoabsorbed anti-CAC forms a single precipitin line with plasma high molecular weight kininogen and neutralizes CAC activity. Cleavage of kinin fragment from CAC by insoluble trypsin or kalikrein does not proportionally reduce procoagulant activity. CAC neutralized by anti-CAC can release kinins on exposure to trypsin or kallikrein. The results support the conclusions that CAC procoagulant activity is a function of high molecular weight kininogen, that antigenic determinants unique to high molecular weight kininogen are shared by the CAC portion of the molecule, and that the clotting reactions may occur at a site removed from the kinin peptide.
| 67,865
|
Complete nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region of rabbit beta-globin mRNA.
|
The 5' noncoding region sequence of rabbit beta-globin mRNA has been determined. This region is 53 nucleotides long, not including the A-U-G initiator sequence or m7Gppp "cap" structure. 32P-labeled DNA complementary to the 5' noncoding region was synthesized using reverse transcriptase with the synthetic deoxyoctanucleotide d(G-C-A-C-C-A-T-T) as a "primer". The cDNA produced was then sequenced using a modification of the gel-sequencing technique previously developed for DNA sequencing (G.G. Brownlee and E.M. Cartwright, manuscript in preparation). The sequence obtained was checked by depurination and nearest-neighbor analysis. The known sequence at the 3' end of rabbit 18S ribosomal RNA cannot base-pair extensively with the 5' noncoding region of beta-globin mRNA; however, it does form 6 base pairs around the initiation codon.
| 67,896
|
Phase II study of 5-azacytidine in solid tumors.
|
A phase II study utilizing 5-azacytidine in the treatment of patients with solid tumors was carried out by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG-7208). Of 214 patients entered in the study 191 were eligible and 167 were evaluable. While initially they received 225 mg/m2 iv on Days 1--5 every 3 weeks because of toxicity the dose was subsequently reduced to 175mg/m2 and later to 150 mg/m2. Five partial regressions, 2.6% of the eligible patients and 3% of the evaluable patients, lasting from 28 to 77 days were observed. Sixteen patients 8.4% of the eligible patients and 9.6% of the evaluable patients, had no significant change in their disease for 39--255 days. The major toxicities were myelosuppressive and gastrointestinal with 13 deaths attributable to drug toxicity: 11 due to sepsis and two due to cerebral hemorrhage. 5-Azacytidine induced few favorable responses; those that did occur usually were of poor quality and short duration and were associated with significant toxicity.
| 67,893
|
Evolutionary relationships between gag gene-coded proteins of murine and primate endogenous type C RNA viruses.
|
Several low molecular weight proteins of endogenous type C viruses of the RD114/baboon group are compared with the gag gene translational products of endogenous type C viruses of murine origin. The p10 proteins of each virus group are shown to be immunologically and biochemically related, while the p12 proteins of RD114/baboon viruses are demonstrated to share antigenic determinants with murine viral p15. Moreover, highly type-specific phosphoproteins, p15 of RD114/baboon viruses and p12 of murine viruses, are shown to possess very similar biochemical properties. These findings, along with previous studies indicating immunologic cross-reactivity between their major internal antigens, p30, demonstrate that each of the gag gene-coded proteins of murine type C viruses has a analogue in viruses of the RD114/baboon group. The immunologic and biochemical relatedness of their gag gene translational products supports the concept of a common progenitor in the evolution of these endogenous viruses.
| 67,898
|
Amidolytic assay of thrombin bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in plasma.
|
A method for the determination in plasma of alpha2-macroglogulin-bound thrombin is described. Alpha2-Macroglobulin-bound thrombin is precipitated from plasma by 13% polyethyleneglycol, and its amidolytic activity is assayed by using the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S 2160). After thrombin addition to plasma, only about 1.7% of the added thrombin activity was recovered in the alpha2-macro-globulin precipitate. It is suggested that the contribution of alpha2-macroglobulin to anti-thrombin activity of normal plasma is of little relevance.
| 67,984
|
Characterization of EBV-genome negative "null" and "T" cell lines derived from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Sixty-two explants from peripheral blood, bone marrow and cerebral fluid of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and leukemic transformed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were cultivated for at least 8 weeks. Although lymphatic cells persisted up to 16 weeks in tissue culture, no proliferation was observed in 54 cultures. From the remaining cultures, eight permanently growing cell lines were obtained. Five of these were EBNA (Epstein-Barr virus-specific nuclear antigen)-positive. Three, however, were ENBA-negative and lacked Epstein-Barr virus genomes. Two cell lines (KM-3 and SH-2) expressed neither B nor T cell characteristics. One line (JM) expressed T cell characteristics and complement receptors. The growing lymphatic cells represented leukemic cells, since the pattern of cytochemical staining and that of membrane receptors of lymphoblasts from the same donor prior to cultivation were identical. All leukemic cell lines were derived from patients in relapse. In contrast, no proliferation of leukemic cells occurred in explains from patients revealing the first manifestation of the disease. These results suggest enhanced growth potential of lymphoblasts resisting antileukemic therapy.
| 68,013
|
The Haematoxylin-basic Fuchsin-picric acid staining reaction as a test of myocardial viability in resuscitated and preserved hearts.
|
In the field of the transplantation of organs, there is a great need for an in vitro test of viability which would confirm that the organ was capable of performing its normal in vivo functions. Such a test should ideally be simple, rapid and reproducible. Preliminary studies using the Haematoxylin-Basic Fuchsin-picric acid (HBFP) staining reaction to assess myocardial ischaemia in resuscitated and preserved hearts would suggest that this test meets many of the requirements of a viablility assay. The test has been employed in hearts which have been in a state of anoxic arrest for 30 min and then resuscitated and preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation. The 'positive' response after 30 min anoxic arrest reverts to a 'negative' response after 2 h myocardial perfusion. In hearts which have been preserved as an autoperfusing heart-lung preparation with no interim period of anoxic arrest the HBFP stain response remains 'negative' throughout, confirming satisfactory myocardial perfusion.
| 68,026
|
Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in cultured cells. II. Cycloheximide-treated embryo muscle.
|
The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) of cultured chick embryo muscle fibers that remains after the cells have been treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was examined with cytochemical stains and the electron microscope. AChE activity that decreased rapidly after addition of the inhibitor was associated with enzyme within the cells, and AChE activity that was relatively insensitive to the inhibitor was associated with AChE outside of the cells. The results support the view that there are at least two fractions of AChE in developing muscle fibers, one intracellular and labile, the other extracelullar and stable.
| 68,070
|
Neutralization kinetics studies with type SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus strains.
|
A comparison of homologous and heterologous rates of neutralization demonstrated that antigenic relationships of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains could be differentiated quantitatively by the kinetics of neutralization method described previously (Rwysed this way gave R values which were similar to those obtained with other neutralization test methods but which were generally smaller than those obtained with complement fixation test results. It was demonstrated that there were wide differences between the vaccine strains tested as demonstrated by R value relationships. An examination of r values, however, demonstrated that antisera to the Moz 1/70 strain were highly reactive with most of the virus strains from Central and Southern Africa. The selection of FMD virus strains with a wide serological range for vaccine production is discussed.
| 68,071
|
Specific restoration of delayed hypersensitivity by lymphoid tissue extracts.
|
Mice lose demonstrable delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to DNFB, picryl chloride, or sheep red blood cells. Reconstitution of immune responsiveness can be accomplished by administration of cell-free lysates of spleens from mice with active DH to structurally related, but not to unrelated antigens. Peritoneal exudate cell lysates from mice with active DNFB-DH also restore DH to this antigen. Sera from sensitized mice, and sera and lymphoid tissue extracts from unsensitized mice are without activity. The restorative property of splenic lysates from DNFB-sensitized mice is unstable at 56 degrees C, not sedimented at 90,000 X G and inactivated by trypsin or magnesium ions. The presence of unexpressed, restorable DH may provide a biologic basis for the so called "transfer factor" phenomenon.
| 68,074
|
Detection by immunofluorescence of common antigenic determinants in unrelated gram-negative bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides.
|
Various gram-negative bacteria were subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. The acid-treated bacteria exhibited strong cross-reactivity with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antiserum to the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota. Hydrolyzed bacteria showed considerably stronger fluorescence than heat-treated bacteria. It is assumed that acid hydrolysis uncovers shared glycolipid determinants that are responsible for cross-reactivity. Isolated homologous and heterologous lipopolysaccharides were allowed to react with antibody to S. minnesota Re insolublized by covalent binding to aminohexyl Sepharose 4B. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes were visualized by exposure to the fluorescent antiserum. This treatment allows the demonstration of glycolipid structures of intact lipopolysaccharides.
| 68,087
|
Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy from a patient with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
|
A man, aged 46, who had been taking Clioquinol in high doses for a long period, developed a characteristic neurological syndrome of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy rather abruptly. Electron microscopical examination of the muscle biopsy, obtained five months after the onset of the disease, revealed severe degenerative changes of the presynaptic nerve endings and some unique paracrystalline inclusions in the sole plate region. The latter may represent the morphological expression of the toxic agent which is held responsible for the subacute myelo-optic neuropathy.
| 68,110
|
Surface characterization of temporary restorations: guidelines for quality ceramics.
|
A technique was presented that enables a dentist to characterize a temporary restoration and its duplicate with external surface stains. This adjusted duplicate and an accompanying zone-diagrammed laboratory work authorization order will provide the dental laboratory technician with accurate information for making a porcelain restoration with esthetic acceptability.
| 68,116
|
Ultrastrutural studies of vascular and muscular changes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs.
|
Disorganization of muscle structures such as fragmentation of myofilaments with a loss of contrast in the Z bands, swelling of mitochondria and glycogenic infiltration, was seen in ascorbic acid deficient guinea-pigs. Vacuolar degeneration of external and internal endothelial cell membranes with accompanying dystrophic changes of the surrounding muscle and lack of collagen formation were consistent findings. Chondroblasts showed a marked dissolution of the matrix vesicle and a lack of hyaline droplets.
| 68,132
|
Post-partum transient thyrotoxicosis with painless thyroiditis.
|
5 patients presented with transient thyrotoxicosis and painless thyroiditis in the post-partum period. Thyrotoxicosis developed within 1-6 months of delivery. All had small non-tender goitres. Initially, all patients had elevated values for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) uptake, and triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay (T3[R.I.A.]). Radioactive-iodine uptake (R.A.I.U.) was suppressed in all. In all patients, thyrotoxicosis resolved within 4 months; subsequent transient hypothyroidism occurred in 4, 1 developing permanent myxoedema. 2 had persistently elevated thyroid-antibody titres and needle-biopsy findings compatible with chronic thyroiditis. 1 became permanently hypothyroid. The other 3 patients had serial clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of painless subacute thyroiditis. Serial thyrotrophin-releasing-hormone (T.R.H.) stimulation tests are also reported. The importance of the low R.A.I.U. in recognising painless thyroiditis is emphasised. Since the disorder is self-limited, conservative therapy should be given.
| 68,224
|
Relief of Sudeck's atrophy by regional intravenous guanethidine.
|
17 consecutive cases of Sudeck's atrophy were treated with intravenous regional guanethidine. Results were encouraging, especially in the arm.
| 68,227
|
Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension. Changes in blood-pressure and plasma and urinary noradrenaline.
|
Treatment was interrupted abruptly in 6 hypertensive patients receiving clonidine 0-45-5-4 mg daily. Blood-pressure rose to pretreatment levels within 24-48 h of withdrawal and was accompanied by insomnia, headache, flushing, sweating, and apprehension. These symptoms began 18-20 h after the last dose of clonidine. Plasma-noradrenaline levels and urinary catecholamine excretion increased 24-72 h after withdrawal of clonidine. The subjective symptoms were most prominent in patients on higher doses (greater than 1 mg/day) and in those who had previously been receiving treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. One patient on a very low daily dose (0-15 mg) of clonidine had no symptoms and no significant changes in blood-pressure or catecholamine production after drug withdrawal.
| 68,274
|
Outbreaks of salmonella food-poisoning over a period of eight years from a common source.
|
In an outbreak of turkey-borne food-poisoning lasting 8 years there were 185 cases and 1 death. 10 incidents were traced to one breeding establishment. The investigation of the outbreak revealed the advantage of close medicoveterinary collaboration.
| 68,344
|
Electrical bone-growth stimulation in an experimental model of delayed union.
|
An experimental model has been devised for the consistent production of delayed bone healing of the tibia in adult dogs. A double-blind trial, with bias eliminated, was used to evaluate the use of a commercially available direct-current bone-growth stimulator with this model. The stimulator produced a statistically significant acceleration of bone healing at four weeks in the experimental model. Osteogenesis was normal, and no dysplastic, inflammatory, or neoplastic changes were found. This research has shown that electrical stimulation of bone is safe and augments bone formation. The bone-growth stimulator unit remains on trial, but in future it may alter the management of many difficult orthopaedic problems.
| 68,382
|
Evaluation of 125I-DNA for detecting anti-DNA antibodies in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
|
A 125I-DNA preparation for the detection of human anti-DNA antibodies (ADA) was evaluated as a diagnostic test for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A normal range of 0-25 U/ml was established. Serum ADA level greater than 110 U/ml were diagnostic in clinically active SLE and levels greater than 45 U/ml were found in 75% of patients with inactive disease. This value was significantly greater than that found in rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease caused by non-immune mechanisms, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and a miscellaneous group of disorders comprising connective tissue diseases, auto-immune disorders and chronic active hepatitis. Anti-nuclear factor (ANF) titres greater than 1/160 and LE cells were found in 85% of these patients. In inactive disease the ADA levels ranged between 25 and 98 U/ml, ANF titres varied from 1/40 to 1/640, and LE cells were detected in only 20% of the cases. In 3 patients investigated during the course of the disease, the ADA levels correlated best with clinical improvement. Two patients with apparent active lupus nephritis showed intermediate ADA levels, which were probably caused by antigen-antibody formation and immune complex deposition in the kidneys.
| 68,546
|
Quantitative serological analysis of a rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum and preliminary biochemical characterisation of the major antigen recognised.
|
Rabbit antisera to rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were examined by absorption analysis with quantitative radioimmunoassays to determine the tissue distribution of the antigens recognised and the amount of antibody against different specificities. Seven of eight sera were remarkably specific for leucocytes and one serum was analysed in detail. In this serum about 70 per cent of the antibody was leucocyte specific and most was against determinants on thymocytes, bone marrow cells, peripheral lymphocytes, and macrophages. This specificity is referred to as the leucocyte-common antigen. Smaller amounts of antibody were specific for antigens on peripheral lymphocytes but not thymocytes, and this could be subdivided into two antigens, one present on bone marrow cells and the other not. For preliminary biochemical analysis of the leucocyte-common antigen, thymocyte membrane was solubilized in deoxycholate. The homogeneity and apparent size of the antigen was determined by gel filtration and zone sedimentation on sucrose gradients. The activity behaved as a single component with the following hydrodynamic properties: sedimentation coefficient, 5.9S; partial specific volume, 0.71 ml/g; and Stokes radius, 7.5 nm. The molecular weight (including any bound deoxycholate) was calculated to be 172,000 and the frictional ratio 2.05. All activity bound to a lentil lectin affinity column and was eluted by methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, suggesting that the antigen is a glycoprotein.
| 68,560
|
Simplification of B-cell antisera of the Merrit system with platelets and lymphoblastoid cell lines.
|
Human sera with anti-HLA and anti-Merrit B-cell reactivities were absorbed with different volumes of a pool of packed outdated human platelets obtained from 237 donors. After absorption, each serum was tested against a panel of CLL cells and normal unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes that had given positive reactions with the same serum prior to absorption. The optimal platelet volume for complete absorption of anti-HLA and full preservation of anti-Merrit B-cell activities in these sera was found to be 1/10 to 1/5 of the volume of serum. Higher volumes of packed platelets, especially over 1/1, in most instances reduced anti-B-cell activity "nonspecifically." Among the platelet absorbed sera, those showing no HLA and strong anti-Merrit B-cell cytotoxicity were used for cross-absorption studies with cultured human lymphoid cell lines. Multi-specific anti-Merrit sera could be simplified by this method. Cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines represent a valuable resource, since large volumes of cells may be needed for absorption and simplification of human sera containing allogeneic B-lymphocyte antibodies.
| 68,582
|
HLA typing and primary cadaver graft survival.
|
Analysis of 463 consecutive primary cadaver renal transplants showed no influence of HLA match grade on renal allograft survival. Additional categorization according to HLA match grade and degree of presensitization again showed no correlation between match grade and graft survival. Mismatches and matches of specific antigens, cross-reacting groups of antigens, and effect of matching at both locus A and B were also evaluated. There was no significant effect on graft survival except when mismatches against donor A2 and cross-reacting group A2, A28 occurred. A trend toward better graft survival was suggested in recipients matched for A9 and cross-reacting group A9, Aw 23, Aw 24. Although HLA match grade did not influence ultimate graft survival, HLA typing remains important, especially to avoid mismatch against donor A2 antigen. In addition, subsequent detection of new specificities, particularly in other than the A and B loci, may provide significance in the future.
| 68,586
|
[Clinical significance and problems of technique in the immunochemical determination of the third complement component C 3 (beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein) (author's transl)].
|
Immunochemical determination of the third complement (C) component C 3 as beta 1 C/beta 1 A protein has found extensive use in the clinical evaluation of immunopathological conditions. C 3 changes are associated with inborn C defects and acquired diseases. In the latter case, diminished C3 levels are of the greatest practical relevance. Reduced C 3 values are not necessarily due to "classical" antibody-mediated C activation, as in immune-complex diseases, but may be caused also by "alternative" pathway activation and decreased C 3 synthesis. In addition, important technique factors have to be considered in the evaluation of immunochemically-determined C 3 values. Since the antigenic pattern of C 3 changes during in vitro ageing, not only the state of conversion of C 3 in the sample and in the reference serum (standard), but above all, the specificity of the anti-C 3-serum plays an important role in critically influencing the total error of the method. In order to avoid this error C 3 can be determined as beta 1 C protein using a beta 1 C standard which is, however, not easily available. On the other hand, beta 1 A quantitation causes less problems since standard sera usually contain C 3 as beta 1 A portein. However, an incubation period of 7 days at + 37 degrees C is necessary for complete C 3 conversion. This undesirable time delay has not yet been satisfactorily overcome by in vitro acceleration of C 3 conversion using different substances.
| 68,627
|
Ascending aorta-pulmonary artery anastomosis for cyanotic congenital heart disease.
|
The course and prognosis of 208 patients with an ascending aorta to pulmonary artery anastomosis is reviewed. Mortality rate during, or within one month, of surgery was 24 per cent (50/208) and late mortality rate, prior to repair, was 10 per cent (21/208). An additional 5 per cent (10/208) died during subsequent intracardiac repair. Congestive heart failure developed in 25 per cent (53/208), pulmonary artery hypertension in 17 per cent (12/72), and pulmonary vascular obstruction in 6 per cent (4/72). An increase in orifice size of the stoma with time was documented in eight patients. Additional subsequent palliative surgery was required in 22 per cent (45/208). Mortality rate was directly related to age at operation and was highest in neonates less than one week of age. In infants with tetralogy of Fallot, a preliminary comparison of mortality rate between palliative surgery and primary repair clearly suggests that the latter is the preferred method of treatment.
| 68,671
|
Chemical and immunological properties of a protein hydrolysate formula.
|
Clinical observation suggested that a protein hydrolysate formula designed to serve as an oral elemental diet was capable of producing untoward reactions in some children with malabsorption syndromes caused by cow milk protein allergy. An immunological study of the antigenicity of this hydrolysate was undertaken. Although it is claimed that the hydrolysate is produced from casein, it was shown that it produced, after injection into animals, precipitating antibodies against at least three of the whey proteins. Analysis of the molecular weight of this hydrolysate showed it to contain a polypeptide fraction with molecular weight above 3,850.
| 68,675
|
The changing incidence of association of hepatitis B with hepatocellular carcinoma in California.
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Two hundred seventy-nine patients who died of hepatocellular carcinoma were autopsied at Los Angeles County--USC Medical Center and the John Wesley--USC Liver Unit from 1949 through 1974, and tissues from 168 of these cases were available for staining for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Twenty-one per cent of the livers had stainable HBSAg. There were prominent increases both in total numbers of hepatic cancers and in the percentages that were HBSAg-positive beginning about 1970, but the numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas arising in noncirrhotic livers also increased. From 1969 to 1974, 73% of those who had hepatocellular carcinomas arising to nonalcoholic but cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive. Racial differences in the incidences of cirrhosis, the incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas associated with HBSAg were found. The incidences of cirrhosis were: Caucasian 11%; Mexican 12.2%; Negro 5.7:; Oriental 10%. Hepatocellular carcinomas arose in 3.2% of Caucasians who had cirrhosis; 3.6% of Mexicans; 8.3% of Negroes; 47% or Orientals. Ten per cent of Caucasians who had hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic livers were HBSAg-positive; 25% of Negroes; 12% of Mexicans; 47% of Orientals.
| 68,678
|
[Morpholigic and physiologic repercussions of partial removal of brown adipose tissue in rats acclimated to different temperatures].
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Rats were chronically acclimated to 28 degrees C or 5 degrees C or submitted to daily variations of ambiant temperature. Ten or thirty days after removal of about 40% of the total brown adipose tissue (whole interscapular and 25% of abdominal tissues), the weight of the different pads of brown adipose tissue, thyroid and adrenals were determined. In all the groups, there was a large decrease of brown adipose tissue weight for the first ten days due to the shock following the operation. Then, the brown adipose tissue weight was restaured and, only in constant cold accliclimated rats, compensative hypertrophies of axillary and thoracic brown adipose tissue were found. Adrenals weight was significantly increased after the operation; in the two groups of cold acclimated rats, that increase was still significant one month later. However, the corticosterone production rate was not increased. These results are discussed in relation to the physiolocical role of brown adipose tissue in cold acclimated animals.
| 68,760
|
Role of rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the glycerol pathway to L-lactate in homogenates.
|
14C-Distribution in the C3-chain of L-lactate after incubation of various 14-C-labelled prescursors ([1-14C] and [3-14C] glycerol; [3-14C] glyceraldehyde and glycerid acid; D- and L-[3-14C] serine; [1-14C] fructose and [6-14C] glucose) with homogenate showed that (1) most of the glycerol is metabolized to L-lactate via D-glyceraldehyde; the remainder may possibly form L-lactate via dihydroxyacetone; (2) a part of D-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceric acid may produce glycerol before L-lactate is formed; (3) D and L-serine do not form measurable amounts of L-lactate via D-glyceric acid; (4) rat-liver alcohol dehydrogenase (E.N.1.1.1.1) does not contribute to conversion to L-lactate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from fructose nor of D-glyceraldehyde phosphate from glucose.
| 68,762
|
Nature of the stimulation of biogenesis of cholesterol in the liver by noradrenaline.
|
1. Administration of noradrenaline increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into hepatic sterols and the activity of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. 2. The stimulation was observed at short time-intervals with a maximum at 4h and was progressive with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline. 3. Protein synthesis de novo was a necessary factor for the effect. 4. The stimulatory effect was not mediated through the adrenergic receptors, but appears to involve a direct action of the hormone within the hepatocyte.
| 68,775
|
Monocyte-reactive antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
|
Cold-reactive antibodies cytotoxic for peripheral monocytes from more than half of normal donors were found in the sera of 2 of 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 1 of 26 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and they were absent in 25 normal sera. In contrast, lymphocytotoxic activity for T or B lymphocytes was found in over half of the lupus sera. The antibodies to monocytes were primarily IgM and exhibited varying specificities. Some of the antibodies were directed against antigenic determinants common to monocytes, T and B cells, or against determinants shared between monocytes and one lymphocyte type. One serum possessed a high titer of antibodies that were specific for monocytes. The clinical significance of antimonocyte antibodies remains to be established.
| 68,777
|
Pretreatment of hamster cells with phenethyl alcohol alters cell surface glycoproteins and inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus growth.
|
Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in the presence of phenethyl alcohol exhibit obvious changes in cell surface galactose and galactosamine glycoproteins as determined by the galactose-oxidase[3H]borohydride technique and SDS gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated with phenethyl alcohol (drug was removed before infection) were not as effective as hosts for vesicular stomatitis virus as untreated cultures. A minimum pretreatment time with 0.1% phenethyl alcohol of about 8 h was required before a reduction in virus growth was observed. It is proposed that phenethyl alcohol pretreatment as outlined in this report leads to a modification of the host cellular membrane resulting in the inhibition of virus replication.
| 68,807
|
Immunochemical studies of prostatic acid phosphatase.
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Immunologic specificity of the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and the kinetics of the PAP-anti-PAP antibody interactions were studied in detail. Antigenic identity of electrophoretic isozymes of PAP was established in this study. Counterimmunoelectrophoretic assay, radioimmunoassay, and immunofluorescence technique were developed to detect PAP and PAP-synthesizing cells. These techniques were applied to the determination of serum PAP levels and to the identification of metastatic prostate cancer cells in biopsies.
| 68,823
|
Enzyme markers in human prostatic carcinoma.
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In an effort to develop a sensitive and specific method for detecting human prostatic cancer at early stages, we have studied the isoenzyme patterns of acid phosphatase in patients' sera as well as in benign hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissues using isoelectric focusing techniques. At least eight acid phosphatase isoenzymes at pI 4.1-5.5 could be observed. The sera with highly elevated acid phosphatase activity generally contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-5.0. The purified acid phosphatase isolated from benign hypertrophic and malignant prostatic tissues showed no qualitative difference in isoenzyme patterns although quantitative variations were observed. Malignant tissue contained more isoenzymes with pI values of 4.5-4.8. Patients' sera were found to contain isoenzymes of prostate origin. We have also investigated serum ribonuclease (RNase) activity in patients with prostatic cancer. The serum RNase activity of patients was significantly elevated. No significant correlation was observed between serum acid phosphatase and RNase activity. In some instances, where acid phosphatase activity was in the normal range, RNase activity was elevated. These data suggest that simultaneous measurements of RNase and acid phosphatase activities may be of value in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. The purified RNase has been isolated from human prostatic tissue and its immunologic properties are being studied.
| 68,822
|
Microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary of the rat.
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The microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary were studied using different electron microscopical techniques. Tannic acid staining indicated that the microtubules had a 13 protofilament substructure similar to that described for microtubules from other tissues and organisms; the dimensions of the microtubules were also similar to that previously reported. Albumen pretreatment clearly showed the microtubules running across axonal swellings, but not continuing across the nerve endings. The only organelles showing possible association with the microtubules were small vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, no association between hormone granules and microtubules could be seen.
| 68,834
|
Distribution of F-bodies, heterochromatin, and nucleolar organizers in the genome of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi.
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Due to the very limited amount of knowledge available on the cytochemistry and architecture of fish chromosomes, an extensive banding study was carried out on chromosomes of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Through the use of fluorescent staining, C-banding, and silver staining, the chromosomes were characterized, and an idiogram was constructed showing the location of C-band heterochromatin, F-bodies, and the nucleolar-organizer regions. G-banding was attempted but was unsuccessful. Results of fluorescent staining with 33258 Hoechst and quinacrine HC1 raised some interesting questions concerning the cytochemistry of U. limi chromosomes, as well as the specificity of these stains.
| 68,856
|
Infant day care as a treatment intervention: a follow-up comparison study.
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Three-year-old children who had been in an infant day care treatment program were compared with matched normal children who were entering regular day care for the first time at age 3, to evaluate the effects of early day care intervention. All children were assessed on general pathology, play, socialization, and separation variables in arrival, play, and mealtime situations and were naturalistically observed in the day centers. No significant differences between groups were found on any of the variables within situations or across situations, supporting the hypothesis that the treatment intervention supported major positive emotional developments and that the early separations were not detrimental in effect. Significant differences between the two groups on clusters of variables suggest patterns in coping and disturbance style specific to the control group and significantly different from the day care group.
| 68,857
|
Volume conduction and EEG measurements within the brain: a quantitative approach to the influence of electrical spread on the linear relationship of activity measured at different locations.
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When recording referentially brain field potentials with several electrodes at relatively small tip separations, a linear relationship between the simultaneously recorded signals may arise solely as a result of volume conduction (electrical spread). A method is described to quantify the linear relationship due to electrical spread in a situation with independent neuronal sources. In rat under urethane anaesthesia, records were made during theta activity in the hippocampus with two electrodes against a reference with electrode tip separations between 0--3 mm. Frequency analysis of EEG epochs and computation of coherence were carried out. As an estimate of linear relationship between the recorded signals due to electrical spread the mean value of coherence (cohm) of a frequency band outside the range containing most power of theta rhythm was calculated. The results show a fairly constant decay of cohm at increasing electrode separation, reaching a value of 0.1 at a distance varying between 0.8--1.4 mm. This means that neurones at a distance of 0.4--0.7 mm from a recording electrode make a contribution of -25 dB to a recorded signal of 0 dB. The results of a simple model of volume conduction producing linear relationship between two recorded signals are in good agreement with the experimental results. The influence of linear relationship of the activity of neurones on volume conduction properties and on coherence is discussed.
| 68,872
|
Suppressor cell induction in vitro. III. Antigen-specific suppression by supernatants of suppressor cells.
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Antigen-specific suppressor T cells induced in vitro release, after a further period of culture in vitro with antigen factors into the supernatant which have suppressor activity. These suppressor factors (SF) have the same antigen specificity as the suppressor cells (SC). SF only works on the early phase of thymus-dependent responses in cultures. SF inhibits thymusdependent IgM, but not thymus-independent IgM responses in vitro. SF is is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, and inactivated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. The release of SF from SC is dependent on the presence of antigen and metabolically active cells.
| 68,889
|
Oncogenic interaction of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice.
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To evaluate possible interactions between PAH occurring in automobile exhaust condensates with regard to their tumour forming potency, the following experiments were performed. Six different doses of benzo[a]pyrene (3-100 microgram) and of dibenzo]a,h]anthracene (2-75 microgram) and mixtures thereof were tested subcutaneously on female NMRI mice. In addition, mixtures of 10 non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons were applied: benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene. Mixtures of all 12 PAH were also applied. The proportion of PAH in all mixtures used was the same as in automobile exhaust condensates; benzo[a]pyrene was used as reference substance. The most important results were as follows: 1. Small doses of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene have a greater tumour promoting effect than do comparable doses of benzo[a]pyrene. Increased doses increase the effect of benzo[a]pyrene more than that of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. 2. The mixture of benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene is 1.4 time more active than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone. 3. The mixture of all PAH has a lower efficacy than dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone, amounting to only 0.03 that of dibenzanthracene; however, the activity of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene within the mixture of the 12 PAH increases by a factor of 3.1. 4. The activity of a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene depends to about 40% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; and that of 12 PAH to 30% on dibenzo[a,h]anthracene alone or to 80% on a mixture of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene.
| 68,911
|
Differences in the maturation of the immune response of A- and A+ rabbits. Good and poor responders respectively for the A antigen.
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The amount, avidity and specificity of anti-A antibodies produced by rabbits having the A substance in their secretions (A+) and rabbits lacking this antigen (A-), were studied with a series of antigens chemically related to the A substance. Both A- and A+ rabbits produced specific anti-A antibodies but the amount, maturation of avidity and specificity of these antibodies was completely different. These results suggest that the difference between the immune response of A+ and A- animals is not based on a genetically determined inability of A+ rabbits to recognize the self antigen, but rather on differences in the regulatory mechanism(s) controlling the maturation process of the anti-A response.
| 68,927
|
Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor.
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Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG). These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods. Reactivity could be demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously. Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease. A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase.
| 68,930
|
Detergent solubilization, purification, and separation of specificities of HLA antigens from a cultured human lymphoblastoid line, RPMI 4265.
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HLA antigens have been purified to homogeneity after detergent solubilization from RPMI 4265, a human lymphoblastoid line. The inhibition of cytotoxicity assay for HLA antigen was modified, using preincubation with bovine serum albumin of antigen samples containing detergent to prevent lysis of target cells by detergent. Solubilization was tested with many types of detergents. A polyethyleneglycol oleyl ether nonionic detergent mixture, Brij 99:Brij 97 (2:1) was selected for solubilization, since it selectively solubilized HLA antigens, had a low absorbance at 280 nm and was uncharded. HLA antigens were then purified by Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography and Bio-Gel A-5m filtration. The antigen specifity HLA-A2 was separated from specificities HLA-B7,12 by isoelectric focusing. Purified HLA antigens contained a subunit of Mr=44,000 with NH2-terminal glycine, and a subunit of Mr=12,000, beta2-microglobulin, with NH2-terminal isoleucine.
| 68,955
|
Immunological and biochemical studies of collagen type transition during in vitro chrondrogenesis of chick limb mesodermal cells.
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This work describes an approach to monitor chondrogenesis of stage-24 chick limb mesodermal cells in vitro by analyzing the onset of type II collagen synthesis with carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay. This procedure allowed specific and quantitative determination of chondrocytes in the presence of fibroblasts and myoblasts, both of which synthesize type I collagen. Chondrogenesis was studied in high-density cell preparations on tissue culture plastic dishes and on agar base. It was found that stage-24 limb mesenchymal cells initially synthesized only type I collagen. With the onset of chondrogenesis, a gradual transition to type II collagen synthesis was observed. In cell aggregates formed over agar, type II collagen synthesis started after 1 day in culture and reached levels of 80-90 percent of the total collagen synthesis at 6-8 days. At that time, the cells in the center of the aggregates had acquired the typical chondrocyte phenotype and stained only with type II collagen antibodies, whereas the peripheral cells had developed into a "perichondrium" and stained with type I and type II collagen antibodies. On plastic dishes plated with 5 X 10(6) cells per 35mm dish, cartilage nodules developed after 4-6 days, but the type II collagen synthesis only reached levels of 10-20 percent of the total collagen. The majority of the cells differentiated into fibroblasts and myoblasts and synthesized type I collagen. These studies demonstrate that analysis of cell specific types of collagen provides a useful method for detailing the specific events in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in vitro.
| 68,959
|
Immunologic tolerance to heterologous immunoglobulin: its relation to in vitro filtration by macrophages.
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The cellular and molecular basis for the difference in ability of BCG to induce tolerance in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice has been examined by in vitro biofiltration. It was found that incubation with the adherent cells from BALB/c but not DBA/2 spleens could remove the material from BGG which inhibited tolerance induction in BALB/c mice. This material was shown to represent only a trace component in BGG, was present in only certain commercial batches of BGG, and was apparently unrelated to the presence of aggregates or endotoxin.
| 68,973
|
The influence of oestradiol on the metabolism of androgens by human prostatic tissue.
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The uptake and metabolism of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by human benign hyperplastic prostates and prostatic carcinomas have been measured in organ culture. DHT was a major metabolite of both testosterone and androstenedione in the benign tissue and the androstanediols were the principal metabolites of DHT. Over half the carcinomas produced less DHT from testosterone than the benign hyperplastic prostates, and carcinomas from the oldest patients showed an enhancement of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenation. There was no relationship between these differences in metabolism and the degree of differentiation of the carcinomas. Oestradiol decreased the production of DHT from both testosterone and androstenedione and, at low androgen concentrations, increased the production of androstanediols from testosterone, androstenedione and DHT. Uptake of DHT, but not of the other two androgens, was stimulated by oestradiol.
| 68,984
|
B-cell tolerance. III. Effect of papain-mediated cleavage of cell surface IgD on tolerance susceptibility of murine B cells.
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Under defined conditions, papain removes IgD from cells while leaving IgM, H-2, Ia, Lyb-2, and complement receptor intact. The effect of such treatment with papain on the induction of tolerance in murine splenic B cells was determined in an in vitro system. Treatment of the cells with papain has no effect on subsequent antibody responsiveness presumably because surface receptors regenerate before and during incubation with immunogen. Removal of increasing amounts of IgD results in increasing susceptibility of thymus-dependent responsive cells to tolerance induction. The tolerance susceptibility of thymus-independent responsive cells, which we have previously suggested are immature cells that bear only IgM, is unaffected by cleavage of IgD. If cells are incubated for 24 h after treatment with papain, cell surface IgD and tolerance resistance return. These results indicate that a surface molecule affects susceptibility of B cells to induction of tolerance and suggest that this molecule may be IgD.
| 68,987
|
Regulatory functions of hapten-reactive helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. I. Detection and characterization of hapten-reactive suppressor T-cell activity in mice immunized with hapten-isologous protein conjugate.
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Helper and suppressor T-cell activities were detected simultaneously in the spleen cells of mice immunized with para-azobenzoate (PAB)-mouse gammaglobulin (MGG). Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific B cells were raised by immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as the indicator B-cell population. The helper and suppressor T-cell activities were determined after adoptively transferring spleen cells from PAB-MGG- primed donors and DNP-KLH-primed donors into X-irradiated recipients. Stimulation of these recipients with DNP-MGG-PAB detected helper T-cell activity, which was measured in terms of increased anti-DNP antibody responses of DNP-KLH-primed cells over these responses in the presence of unprimed cells. On the other hand, when DNP-KLH-primed cells were stimulated with DNP-KLH-PAB in the presence of PAB-MGG-primed cells, anti-DNP antibody responses were substantially lower than in unprimed normal cells. This suppressor cell population was (a) hapten-reactive, (b) present in B-cell-depleted spleen cells, (c) Thy-1 positive, (d) detectable earlier than the helper T-cell activities after priming (e) more radiosensitive than helper cells, and (f) found in the spleen but not the lymph nodes in contrast to helper T cells. These data indicate that these suppressor T cells are distinct from the helper T cells. PAB-reactive T cells clearly suppressed the antibody response by inhibiting KLH-reactive helper T-cell functions. The hapten-reactive T-lymphocyte system described here should be useful for analyzing and manipulating the immune response and for studying regulatory interactions of helper and suppressor T cells in the induction of antibody responses.
| 68,994
|
In vitro generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Secondary allogeneic mixed tumor lymphocyte culture of normal murine spleen cells.
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In vivo or in vitro immunity to murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia cells which do not effectively produce virus, has been difficult to demonstrate. Because immunizations with allogeneic murine leukemia cells have been used to confer syngeneic tumor immunity to virus- producing cells, we attempted to generate lymphocytes, cytotoxic to syngeneic nonproducer leukemia cells, by stimulating normal murine spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells in mixed tumor lymphocyte culture (MTLC) reactions in vitro. Secondary allogeneic MTLC of normal C57BL/6 or DBA/2 spleen cells effectively produced syngeneic tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Target cells lysed in lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis (LMC) assays, included both Friend and Rauscher virus- induced syngeneic murine leukemia cells and chemically-induced hematopoietic tumor cells. Syngeneic tumor cells were lysed regardless of whether they produced infectious MuLV or expressed viral antigens gp-71, p-30, or p-12 at the cell surface. Syngeneic normal cells (thymus, lymph node, or Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells) used as targets in LMC assays were uneffected by lymphocytes harvested from secondary allogeneic MTLC. Several other in vitro culture treatments including secondary syngeneic MTLC and repetitive mixed lymphocyte culture stimulations were incapable of generating tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Based upon these results, we propose that secondary MTLC stimulation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells selects for the proliferation of two subpopulations of antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. The population capable of effecting syngeneic tumor cell lysis is directed against tumor-associated cell surface antigens which may be distinct from viral structural proteins or glycoproteins. The growth of these tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes may be enhanced by a soluble allogeneic effect factor produced by the proliferation of the second subpopulation of lymphocytes generated in repetitive allogeneic MTLC, namely those lymphocytes with specificities directed against differing histocompatibility antigens.
| 69,003
|
Drug risks in pregnancy revisited.
|
In the important interface of assuring safe care for the pregnant mother and her developing child that falls to the family physician, current knowledge of drug risks in pregnancy is essential. A recent survey showed that an average of 4.5 drugs are taken throughout the pregnancy. Eighty percent are self-prescribed, and a positive correlation was shown between the incidence of congenital anomalies and drug intake. Numerous recent reports of previously unrecognized fetal complications of commonly prescribed and self-used drugs and heightened public awareness makes it imperative that family physicians know the risk principles of major drug groups and be able to recognize drug-induced symptoms and signs in the older infant as well as in the infant.
| 69,010
|
Antimicrobial action of compound 48/80 against protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.
|
Compound 48/80 inhibited the growth of protozoa, bacteria, and fungi but had no effect on the multiplication of viruses. All susceptible organisms were inhibited by 10 microgram/ml of crude compound 48/80, and some were inhibited by as little as 0.1 microgram/ml. Against Tetrahymena pyriformis, this drug was seven times more potent than quinine. Separation of compound 48/80 into different fractions indicated that some antimicrobial activity could be separated from the histamine-liberating activity. It was found that compound 48/80 is not surface active at 500 microgram/ml.
| 69,023
|
Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Reduction of adult respiratory mortality in a New Guinea Highlands community.
|
A double-blind controlled trial of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was carried out in 11 958 adults at Tari in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Pneumococcal infection, confirmed by blood-culture and lung aspirate, was less in the vaccinated group by 84%. Mortality from pneumonia was less by 44%.
| 69,058
|
Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when serum-thyroxine alone is raised.
|
31 patients admitted to hospital with different non-thyroidal intercurrent diseases were found to have raised total serum-thyroxine (T4) and free T4 together with normal serum-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations. At admission none was clinically hyperthyroid. Patients were assigned to 3 groups according to clinical course and the laboratory findings. In the first group (14 patients) classic hyperthyroidism developed after recovery from the intercurrent disease. 11 out of these 14 patients had recently received iodine-containing preparations. In a second group (11 patients) the initially raised serum-T4 rapidly returned to normal with recovery from the non-thyroidal disease. In a third group (6 patients) serum-T4 concentrations remained raised well after recovery from intercurrent disease. In this group, there were 2 cases of transient iodine-induced (Jod-Basedow) hyperthyroidism in which raised serum-T4 returned spontaneously to normal after several months as iodine was eliminated. These results indicate that increase in serum-T4 with normal serum-T3 in patients with intercurrent systemic disease is not always the result of hyperthyroidism and in many cases probably reflects changes in peripheral metabolism of T4. It is suggested that careful clinical follow-up is needed in patients with raised serum-T4 and normal serum-T3 for the early detection and treatment of classic hyperthyroidism.
| 69,145
|
Effect of insulin antibodies on free and total plasma-insulin.
|
Insulin administration often causes the development of insulin antibodies. Plasma insulin-binding capacity was assessed and free and total plasma insulin were measured in 96 insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Patients with the highest insulin binding capacity not only had the highest total insulin but also had the lowest free insulin. It is concluded that bound insulin is not unavailable to cells, that sufficient dissociation can occur for this insulin source to make a sizeable contribution to insulin delivery to the cell receptors, and that this can happen at a very low free insulin concentration.
| 69,146
|
Contacts between young patients with Hodgkin's disease. A case-control study.
|
To investigate the possibility that Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) may be transmitted from person to person, a case-control study was conducted among 87 of the 97 H.D. patients diagnosed under the age of 40 years in the period 1962-71, resident at the time of diagnosis in a defined area around Oxford. For each of the 87 H.D. patients a matched control patient was selected with a diagnosis other than that of a chronic or malignant disease. H.D. patients and controls were interviewed to determine their places of schooling and work and attempts were made to link pairs of patients who had attended the same school or work place at the same time. The findings do not support the hypothesis that H.D. patients may pass on the disease to others. Among the H.D. patients, links between 40 pairs were established, compared with 40-75 links expected, based upon the experience of all 174 persons studied. The only finding which was statistically significant (p approximately 0-04) arose when H.D. patients were considered to be "susceptible" from 10 to 5 years before diagnosis and "infective" from diagnosis to 2 years after diagnosis: 7 pairs of links were found against 2-75 expected. However, since 7 postulated periods of susceptibility and 9 postulated periods of infectivity were examined, this one "statistically significant" finding might easily have arisen by chance.
| 69,147
|
Mutagenic and lethal effects of alpha-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain XV185-14C for reversion studies was used to investigate the genetic activity of alpha-benzene hexachloride dibutyl phthalate and trichloroethylene. The results indicate that none of the three compounds was genetically active when yeast cells were treated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in the absence of metabolic conversion. However, in the presence of the 9000 g supernatant of mice liver homogenate, NADP, glucose-6-phosphate, phosphate buffer (PH 7.4), MgCl2, KCl, the components which were used for the metabolic conversion, trichloroethylene porved to be a powerful mutagen. It increases the frequency of homoserine, histidine and lysine revertants over those of the control levels. Trichloroethylene appears to induce frameshift as well as base substitution mutations.
| 69,268
|
[Immunohistochemical study of alpha-fetoprotein in the postnatal ontogeny of mice with a varying sensitivity to liver carcinogens].
|
The ontogenesis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied in the C57BL, CC57BR, C3H/He, A/He and DD mice during the first 4 weeks of life. The AFP hepatocytes were determined by indirect immunofluorescent staining of liver cells isolated with sodium tetraphenyl borate; the content of AFP in blood was determined by the method of rado immunodiffusion. The methods utilized allowed to obtain the quantitative characteristics of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood. In the newborn mice over 90% hepatocytes contain AFP, the intensity of luminescence being heterogenous. The number of bright-liminescent cells equals to 50% during the first day of life rapidly decreases and none of them are found by 9--11 days. The number of average- and weak-luminescent hepatocytes does not decrease during the first 10 days, but then gradually decreases and none of them are found by 23 days in the CC57BR and by 27 days in the DD and A/He mice. A comparison of the dynamics of AFP-positive cells in the liver and the content of AFP in the blood has shown that the bright-luminescent hepatocytes are the main producent of this protein in the early postnatal ontogenesis.
| 69,282
|
Fine particles of cotton dust influence histamine release.
|
Cotton dust particle distribution in respiratory airways was measured to determine if specific size particles of the heterogeneous dust are concentrated as a function of airway diameter. Previously reported work indicated that the fine particles are responsible for the decrement in pulmonary function which occurs subsequent to cotton dust inhalation. After recovery, particles were sized and counted microscopically. Significant increases in fine particles (5-7 mu) were found in all airways of exposed animals as compared with controls. These particles become more concentrated as the airway diameter decreased. Histamine determinations were made in mice lungs after the animals were exposed to cotton dust for various periods of time to see if such treatment could be correlated with elevations in the concentrations of this biogenic amine. Lung histamine increased as exposure time to cotton dust increased. It is concluded that the lung histamine release occurring after cotton dust inhalation is related to some property of the fine particles of the heterogeneous dust.
| 69,279
|
[Antithyroid activity of various newly synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivatives].
|
Experiments were performed on rats. It was revealed that three newly-synthesized 1,3-thiazine derivative (1,3-thiazandithion-2,4, 1,3-thiazanthion-2-on-4-thiosemicarbazone-4, and 1,3-thiazandion-2,4) possessed and antithyroidal action in doses equal to 15% of LD50; in the two former preparations it was accompanied by an goiterogenic effect. 1,3-thiazandion-2,4 had the most antithyroidal action and relatively weak goiterogenic effect.
| 69,301
|
The present status of cytochemistry in the diagnosis of haematological malignancy.
|
Newer concepts in the application of cytochemistry to the diagnosis of haematological malignancies are discussed. The underlying physiological principles and location of the various enzymes are indicated. Older stains, once thought to be diagnostic, have been shown to be nonspecific. Newer, more accurate stains are now available.
| 69,324
|
A silver impregnation method for nervous tissue suitable for routine use with mounted sections.
|
A simple, reliable silver impregnation method for nervous tissue is described for tissues fixed in various fixatives including formalin, Bouin, and Susa. Sections are impregnated in a solution containing 1 g Protargol, 2 ml of a 1% Cu(NO3)2 solution, 2 ml of a 1% AgNO3 solution, and 2-4 drops 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Sections are impregnated 2-5 days at 37 C and thereafter reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction, dehydration and mounting. This method has been found to be very reliable and selective.
| 69,340
|
Radioimmunoassays of ethinyl-norgestrienone (R-2323) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and their clinical applicability.
|
Radioimmunoassays for 2 synthetic progestins (Ethinyl-norgestrienone, R 2323 and medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA) are demonstrated. 10 patients aged 31 to 72 years were treated with ethinyl-norgestrienone with different schedules and 3 men suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with medroxygesterone acetate. Plasma levels of testosterone, LH, FSH were monitored before, during and after treatment.
| 69,351
|
[Control of therapy for hyperthyroidism. Comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo methods].
|
55 patients with treated hyperthyroidism (thyreostatics) underwent a T3 suppression test and a TRH stimulation test. 60% of the patients had a positive and 40% a negative T3 suppression test. While patients with a positive T3 suppression test always showed a positive TRH test, the behaviour of the TRH test in negative suppression test was different (68.2% positive, 31.8% negative). These discrepant findings are to be explained from the establishment of different phases of regulation. In negative TRH test the concentrations of hormones were significantly higher. Increased basal TSH values are an expression of an overtreatment with thyreostatics. In positive suppression test and TRH test after a therapy lasting at least one year the medication can be stopped. In negative suppression test, however, the therapy should be changed. The TRH test allows only evidence about the quality of the regulation of therapy. Finally it can be established that the two tests on account of their different working points in the regulatory system are necessary and not changeable between each other.
| 69,363
|
[Arthropathies in intestinal diseases].
|
Together with gastroenterologists rheumatologists describe diagnostically significant disturbances of the supporting apparatus and the locomotor system which frequently occur in ulcerous colitis, enterocolitis regionalis Crohn, Whipple's disease and non-tropical sprue. Important conclusion for the diagnostic approach supplement the description.
| 69,364
|
[Evaluation of the efficacy of anti-arrhythmic drugs using a computer].
|
To palliate the deficiencies of the oscilloscopic monitoring of arrhythmias, an automatic system has been developed. It has been used during more than one year time in the Coronary Unit for supervision of patients and for study of the pharmacological effects of antiarrhythmic drugs.
| 69,379
|
[Choice of surgical procedure in the treatment of stomach cancer].
|
There are two demands that have to be satisfied in the treatment of gastric carcinoma: 1) eliminate the tumor radically and 2) to maintain the physiological function of the digestive tract. Out of radical methods this is enabled by subtotal and total gastric resections of Billoroth I type. Especially satisfying among the subtotal resections are Billroth I as modified by Shoemaker, Billroth I -- Kirschner (superior and inferior tubular resection) and Völcker, while among the total resections we find Bigham, Longmire and Tomoda I very promising. When dealing with incurable gastric carcinoma palliative methods as gastroenteroanastomosis, recestions and fistulae are used.
| 69,380
|
Peripheral immunofluorescence of hepatocytes. Relation to smooth muscle antibodies and bile canaliculi.
|
By means of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, a peripheral fluorescence reaction with hepatocytes was found, surrounding the entire cell, with sera from patients with cancer and acute hepatitis and from normal blood donors. It was proved that this reaction was not related to bile canaliculi, contrary to bile canaliculi antibody demonstrated previously from patients with chronic active liver disease. By using fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgG, the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was produced to a more or less pronounced degree with almost all sera studied. The reaction seems not to be directed against contractile proteins on the liver cell membrane as only a minor part of these sera had also IgG smooth-muscle antibody, and anti actomyosin antibody obtained by affinity chromatografy did not react with the hepatocyte. When applying fluorescein-conjugated anti-human IgM the reaction with the periphery of the hepatocytes was observed in one fourth of the patients with acute hepatitis and only sera which contained also IgM smooth-muscle antibody.
| 69,387
|
[Age-dependence of the cellular immune reaction in childhood. 2. Studies on children with acute lymphatic leukemias].
|
Results of studies made using the lymphocyte transformation test for leukemic children showed that an evaluation of cellular immunoreactions subsequent to the administration of szecific and nonspecific antigens as well as in the mixed culture is inadequate to recognize the characteristics of age-specific changes. A comparison of the rates of transformation in healthy children with those of leukemic children showed that age-specific characteristics are superseded by disease-specific changes.
| 69,391
|
[The influence of 6-mercaptopurine on the humoral immune response in guinea pig. 1. The importance of antigen and adjuvans (author's transl)].
|
Following an intradermal immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP23-BGG), human serum albumin (HSA) and trinitrophenylated sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) emulsified in complete or in incomplete Freund's adjuvans the effectivity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the formation of specific antibodies was investigated. By application of 10 mg 6-MP/kf/day--in guinea pigs a significant depression of antibody formation against BGG could be demonstrated if treatment is started on the day of antigen injection and continued for seven days. The production of anti-SRBC agglutinating antibodies was only suppressed if the antigen was injected together with complete Freund's adjuvans. The anti-DNP and anti-HSA antibody formation was not influenced by this kind of immunosuppressive treatment.
| 69,395
|
Detection of circulating tumor antigens.
|
A wide variety of malignancies have associated tumor antigens. Two which have proven useful in the clinical detection and management of cancer are alphafetoprotein (AFP) and the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These materials have been determined both by radioimmunoassay and by a newer technique employing enzymes to replace radioisotopea as markers. The interpretation of these immune assay results and the factors governing the shape of the standard curve are discussed. The advantages of 57Co over 22Na as a volume marker in radioimmunoassay are presented.
| 69,486
|
Suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin and by immunoregulatory alpha-globulin-like peptides from cancer patients.
|
The suppression of tumor-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by human immunoregulatory alpha-globulin (IRA), by a peptide fraction derived from IRA, and by IRA-like peptides from the serum of cancer patients was studied in a syngeneic murine tumor-host system. Splenic lymphocytes from tumor-immunized mice were cytotoxic specific tumor cells in vitro as measured by the [125]-iododeoxyuridine release microcytotoxicity assay. However, this effect was significantly depressed if 1.25 to 5 mg of IRA per ml were added to the cultures. Pooled lyophilized normal human serum protein was inactive. IRA peptide and IRA-like peptide fractions from cancer patients were also highly suppressive of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at much lower concentrations (0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml). Control human serum peptide, which failed to inhibit the induction of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in sheep erythrocyte-injected mice, had no effect on cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IRA and IRA-like peptide fractions were not cytotoxic to the effector lymphocytes or to the target cells at the concentrations used.
| 69,489
|
Serum beta2-microglobulin in controls and cancer patients.
|
Serum beta2-microglobulin levels have been measured in 210 cancer and control patients to assess the significance of this investigation in cancer patients. Subjects studied included patients with breast and gastrointestinal cancer, corresponding control patients in both categories, and healthy volunteers. The composition of these groups allowed an assessment of the relative importance of changes related to cancer, benign disease, age and sex. A significant rise in serum beta2-microglobulin levels with advancing age was demonstrated in the control subjects. Mean levels were also consistently higher in females than in males in each patient group. After statistical correction for these age and sex effects, mean values remained significantly higher in each of the various cancer groups than in their controls. Patients with more advanced breast cancer had higher levels than those with 'early' disease, as did patients with stomach cancer compared to those with colo-rectal cancer. One possible interpretation is that levels increase with increasing tumour bulk, and therefore the estimation of serum beta2-microglobulin may be useful as one of a battery of tests in the management of cancer patients.
| 69,507
|
Duration of paradoxical sleep episodes. A quantitative and pattern analysis of reticular multi-unit activity in the cat.
|
This study was aimed at the possible relationships between the level of brain activation in PS and the duration of episodes. Multi-unit activities from 16 recording sites in the mesencephalic and pontine structures were quantitatively evaluated in five cats and the influence of electrode localization and episode duration on the average patterns of integrated discharges was statistically investigated. The analyses emphasized the slow time course of the early increments in reticular activity and its culmination at a plateau level in the later part of PS phases. Differences in mean amplitude of this plateau were related to the anatomical localization of electrodes but no distinction could be made between reticular areas with respect to the temporal features of activation patterns. Synchronization of phasic bursts was consistently observed between simultaneously recorded structures and this, along with the time course of early increments in SW was consistent with the notion that mesencephalic reticular activity is controlled by leading influences from the pons. No basic differences in the temporal development of reticular activation in PS were found in relation to the duration of episodes.
| 69,536
|
[Relationship between the endocochlear potential and metabolism in the vascular stria of the inner ear].
|
Effects of dihydrostreptomycin, etacrine acid and ATPh on the endocochlear potential in guinea-pigs depended on the dosage and means of administration. Dihydrostreptomycin suppressed the potential only when perfusing the perilymphatic space or being microinjected into the endolymphatic duct. I. v. administration of etacrine acid suppressed the potential with its following partial restoration. I.v. administration of ATPh in large doses suppressed the potential for a short period but did not prevent the ototoxic effect of etacrine acid. ATPh in small doses did not suppress the potential but exerted the protective effect.
| 69,557
|
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