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It was later established that parity violation was in fact maximal.The results greatly surprised the physics community. Several researchers then scrambled to reproduce the results of Wu's group, while others reacted with disbelief at the results. Wolfgang Pauli upon being informed by Georges M. Temmer, who also worked ... | Wikipedia - Wu experiment - Results |
In the experiment, 66 children, 33 boys and 33 girls were divided into one of three groups. The first group would witness a model display aggressive behaviors toward a Bobo doll, followed by a researcher praising the model for his behavior and rewarding him with candy. The second group would witness the same scripted s... | Wikipedia - Bobo doll experiment - Method |
The children would watch individually to control for group biases. Afterward, each child would be placed individually in a room structured similarly to the one they saw for 10 minutes. Experimenters would score children based on the number and variation of aggressive behaviors they acted in. The experiment would be rep... | Wikipedia - Bobo doll experiment - Method |
In the experiment, Ives and Stilwell used hydrogen discharge tubes as the source of canal rays which consisted primarily of positive H2+ and H3+ ions. (Free H+ ions were present in too small an amount to be usable, since they quickly combined with H2 molecules to form H3+ ions.) These ions, after being accelerated to h... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
For their paper, Ives and Stilwell focused on the blue-green 4861 Å H β {\displaystyle H_{\beta }} line of the Balmer series. Fig. 4 shows an example of the results that they obtained, with an undisplaced emission line in the center, and lines from Doppler-shifted atomic hydrogen released from H2+ and H3+ ions at three... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
In their optical arrangement, illustrated in Fig. 2, the first order (classical Doppler) displacement of emissions from H2+ ions at 20,000 volts was about 2 mm. The expected second order shift of the center of gravity of direct and reflected views of the emissions was only about 0.005 mm which corresponded to 0.05 Å, r... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
The source of the unsystematic errors in measurement of the center of gravity of the displaced lines was found to be due to the complex molecular absorption spectrum of the fill gas. An emission line, passing adjacent to a molecular absorption line of the fill gas, would be differentially absorbed on one side or the ot... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
Fig. 5A illustrates an undisplaced H β {\displaystyle H_{\beta }} emission line. Fig. 5B illustrates the molecular absorption spectrum of the fill gas, obtained by photographing the spectrum of the arc behind the electrode of the canal ray tube (see Fig. 1). Fig. 5C illustrates an undisplaced H β {\displaystyle H_{\bet... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
At the particular voltage chosen, the lines from H2+ are clear of the molecular absorption lines (see arrows), but the lines from H3+ are not. As a result of this issue, the number of voltages available yielding direct and reflected lines in clear spaces was relatively limited.Ives and Stilwell compared their results a... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda _{1}.} The advantage of this method over the other method presented in their paper (plotting center-of-gravity shifts against the computed velocity, based on voltage) is that it was independent of any errors of voltage measurement and did not require any assumptions of the voltage-velocity... | Wikipedia - Mössbauer rotor experiments - The experiment of 1938 |
In the experiment, a suspended parallel-plate capacitor is held by a fine torsion fiber and is charged. If the aether theory were correct, the change in Maxwell's equations due to the Earth's motion through the aether would lead to a torque causing the plates to align perpendicular to the motion. This is given by: τ = ... | Wikipedia - Trouton–Noble experiment - Trouton–Noble experiment |
Thus, unless the aether were somehow fixed relative to the Earth, the experiment is a test of which of these two descriptions is more accurate. Its null result thus confirms Lorentz invariance of special relativity. However, while the negative experimental outcome can easily be explained in the rest frame of the device... | Wikipedia - Trouton–Noble experiment - Trouton–Noble experiment |
In the experimental sciences, data collected from experiments are often visualized by a graph. For example, if one collects data on the speed of an object at certain points in time, one can visualize the data in a data table such as the following: Such a table representation of data is a great way to display exact valu... | Wikipedia - Line chart - Example |
Such a visualisation appears in the figure to the right. This visualization can let the viewer quickly understand the entire process at a glance. This visualization can however be misunderstood, especially when expressed as showing the mathematical function v ( t ) {\displaystyle v(t)} that expresses the speed v {\disp... | Wikipedia - Line chart - Example |
This can be misunderstood as showing speed to be a variable that is dependent only on time. This would however only be true in the case of an object being acted on only by a constant force acting in a vacuum. Such misunderstanding of the mathematical concept of something called A being a function of something called B ... | Wikipedia - Line chart - Example |
In the experimental setup, X-rays are released from the particle beam by an undulator; a high-resolution monochromator produces a beam with small energy dispersion (typically 1.0 meV). The sample is irradiated with photons chosen around the resonance of the Mössbauer isotope and further information is provided for the ... | Wikipedia - Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy - Experimental set-up |
The number of photons absorbed by the sample at any wavelength are measured by detecting the fluorescence emitted from the excited atom with an avalanche photodiode detector. The resulting raw spectrum contains a high-intensity resonance that corresponds to the nuclear excited state of the probed nucleus. | Wikipedia - Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy - Experimental set-up |
For bulk samples, the technique detects natural abundance 57Fe. For many dilute or biological samples, the sample is often enriched in 57Fe. == References == | Wikipedia - Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy - Experimental set-up |
In the explanation of the definition of torture according to 18 U.S.C. § 2340, it emphasizes the need for the pain to be severe, although it does not attempt to define what "severe pain or suffering" means. It also emphasizes that the individual inflicting such pain must have "specific intention to inflict severe pain ... | Wikipedia - Torture memos - Part I |
In the explanations below, any indication of a bit's position is counted from the right (least significant) side, advancing left. For example, the binary value 0001 (decimal 1) has zeroes at every position but the first (i.e., the rightmost) one. | Wikipedia - Bitwise NOT - Bitwise operators |
In the exploit, bidirectional characters are abused to visually reorder text in source code so that later execution occurs in a different order. Bidirectional characters can be inserted in areas of source code where string literals are allowed. This often applies to documentation, variables, or comments. | Wikipedia - Trojan Source - Methodology |
In the above example, the RLI mark (right-to-left isolate) forces the following text to be interpreted in the reverse order: the triple-quote is first (ending the string), followed by a semicolon (starting a new line), and finally with the premature return (returning None and ignoring any code below it). The new line t... | Wikipedia - Trojan Source - Methodology |
However, when the code is inserted into a compiler, the compiler may ignore the Bidi char and process the characters in a different order than visually displayed. When the compiler is finished, it could potentially execute code that visually appeared to be non-executable. Formatting marks can be combined multiple times... | Wikipedia - Trojan Source - Methodology |
In the exponential integrate-and-fire model, spike generation is exponential, following the equation: d V d t − R τ m I ( t ) = 1 τ m . {\displaystyle {\frac {dV}{dt}}-{\frac {R}{\tau _{m}}}I(t)={\frac {1}{\tau _{m}}}\left.} where V {\displaystyle V} is the membrane potential, V T {\displaystyle V_{T}} is the intrinsi... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - 'Exponential integrate-and-fire' and 'adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire' |
In numerical simulation the integration is stopped if the membrane potential hits an arbitrary threshold (much larger than V T {\displaystyle V_{T}} ) at which the membrane potential is reset to a value Vr . The voltage reset value Vr is one of the important parameters of the model. Importantly, the right-hand side of ... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - 'Exponential integrate-and-fire' and 'adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire' |
In this sense the exponential nonlinearity is strongly supported by experimental evidence. In the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neuron the above exponential nonlinearity of the voltage equation is combined with an adaptation variable w τ m d V d t = R I ( t ) + − R w {\displaystyle \tau _{m}{\frac {dV}{dt}}=... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - 'Exponential integrate-and-fire' and 'adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire' |
But going beyond this model, it can also account for a variety of neuronal firing patterns in response to constant stimulation, including adaptation, bursting and initial bursting. However, since the adaptation is in the form of a current, aberrant hyperpolarization may appear. This problem was solved by expressing it ... | Wikipedia - Biological neuron model - 'Exponential integrate-and-fire' and 'adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire' |
In the exposed uplands of the Eifel mountains, a particular type of hedgelaying has been employed since the 17th century that makes use of the characteristics of red beech to shield domestic housing and also to protect fields from damage by cattle and wind erosion and drying. This area around the town of Monschau is kn... | Wikipedia - Hedge laying - Germany |
In the exposure and response prevention (ERP or EX/RP) variation of exposure therapy, the resolution to refrain from the escape response is to be maintained at all times and not just during specific practice sessions. Thus, not only does the subject experience habituation to the feared stimulus, but they also practice ... | Wikipedia - Exposure therapy - Exposure and response prevention |
In the expression named entity, the word named restricts the task to those entities for which one or many strings, such as words or phrases, stands (fairly) consistently for some referent. This is closely related to rigid designators, as defined by Kripke, although in practice NER deals with many names and referents th... | Wikipedia - Entity detection - Problem definition |
Full named-entity recognition is often broken down, conceptually and possibly also in implementations, as two distinct problems: detection of names, and classification of the names by the type of entity they refer to (e.g. person, organization, or location). The first phase is typically simplified to a segmentation pro... | Wikipedia - Entity detection - Problem definition |
The second phase requires choosing an ontology by which to organize categories of things. Temporal expressions and some numerical expressions (e.g., money, percentages, etc.) may also be considered as named entities in the context of the NER task. While some instances of these types are good examples of rigid designato... | Wikipedia - Entity detection - Problem definition |
In the first case, the year 2001 refers to the 2001st year of the Gregorian calendar. In the second case, the month June may refer to the month of an undefined year (past June, next June, every June, etc.). It is arguable that the definition of named entity is loosened in such cases for practical reasons. | Wikipedia - Entity detection - Problem definition |
The definition of the term named entity is therefore not strict and often has to be explained in the context in which it is used.Certain hierarchies of named entity types have been proposed in the literature. BBN categories, proposed in 2002, is used for question answering and consists of 29 types and 64 subtypes. Seki... | Wikipedia - Entity detection - Problem definition |
In the expressions above, A † {\displaystyle A^{\dagger }} is used as the symbol for the Hermitian conjugate (also called the conjugate transpose) of A {\displaystyle A} , defined as applying both the complex conjugate and the transpose transformations to the operator A {\displaystyle A} , in any order. The dagger ( † ... | Wikipedia - + h.c. - Dagger and asterisk notation |
In the expressions in this article, is the standard normal probability density function, is the corresponding cumulative distribution function (where erf is the error function), and is Owen's T function. Owen has an extensive list of Gaussian-type integrals; only a subset is given below. | Wikipedia - List of integrals of Gaussian functions - Summary |
In the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the state transition and observation models need not be linear functions of the state but may instead be nonlinear functions. These functions are of differentiable type. x k = f ( x k − 1 , u k ) + w k z k = h ( x k ) + v k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {x} _{k}&=f(\mathbf ... | Wikipedia - Kalman gain - Extended Kalman filter |
However, f and h cannot be applied to the covariance directly. Instead a matrix of partial derivatives (the Jacobian) is computed. At each timestep the Jacobian is evaluated with current predicted states. These matrices can be used in the Kalman filter equations. This process essentially linearizes the nonlinear functi... | Wikipedia - Kalman gain - Extended Kalman filter |
In the extended Kalman filter, the state transition and observation models don't need to be linear functions of the state but may instead be differentiable functions. x k = f ( x k − 1 , u k ) + w k {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}_{k}=f({\boldsymbol {x}}_{k-1},{\boldsymbol {u}}_{k})+{\boldsymbol {w}}_{k}} z k = h ( x ... | Wikipedia - Extended Kalman Filter - Formulation |
However, f and h cannot be applied to the covariance directly. Instead a matrix of partial derivatives (the Jacobian) is computed. | Wikipedia - Extended Kalman Filter - Formulation |
At each time step, the Jacobian is evaluated with current predicted states. These matrices can be used in the Kalman filter equations. This process essentially linearizes the non-linear function around the current estimate. See the Kalman Filter article for notational remarks. | Wikipedia - Extended Kalman Filter - Formulation |
In the extended-vision or wide-vision caboose, the sides of the cupola project beyond the side of the car body. Rock Island created some of these by rebuilding some standard cupola cabooses with windowed extensions applied to the sides of the cupola itself, but by far, the greatest number have the entire cupola compart... | Wikipedia - Cabin car - Extended-vision |
The expanded cupola allowed the crew to see past the top of the taller cars that began to appear after World War II, and also increased the roominess of the cupola area. Additionally, Monon Railroad had a unique change to the extended-vision cabooses. They added a miniature bay to the sides of the cupola to enhance the... | Wikipedia - Cabin car - Extended-vision |
This created a unique look for their small fleet. Seven of the eight Monon-built cabooses have been saved. One was scrapped after an accident in Kentucky. The surviving cars are at the Indiana Transportation Museum (operational), the Indiana Railway Museum (operational), the Kentucky Railway Museum (fire damaged), and ... | Wikipedia - Cabin car - Extended-vision |
In the external memory model, the number of memory transfers it needs to perform a sort of N {\displaystyle N} items on a machine with cache of size Z {\displaystyle Z} and cache lines of length L {\displaystyle L} is O ( N L log Z N ) {\displaystyle O\left({\tfrac {N}{L}}\log _{Z}N\right)} , under the tall cache ass... | Wikipedia - Funnelsort - Mathematical properties |
In the extinction procedure, the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of a US. This is done after a CS has been conditioned by one of the methods above. When this is done, the CR frequency eventually returns to pre-training levels. | Wikipedia - Respondent conditioning - Extinction |
However, extinction does not eliminate the effects of the prior conditioning. This is demonstrated by spontaneous recovery – when there is a sudden appearance of the (CR) after extinction occurs – and other related phenomena (see "Recovery from extinction" below). These phenomena can be explained by postulating accumul... | Wikipedia - Respondent conditioning - Extinction |
In the extracellular matrix, progranulin binds to receptors on several cell types resulting in either activation of a signal transduction pathway or engulfment into the cell. Several studies have shown progranulin's involvement in the binding of SORT1 and the subsequent trafficking of bounded progranulin to the lysosom... | Wikipedia - Granulin - Interactive partners |
Other studies have suggested tumor necrosis factor and EPH receptor A2 as potential progranulin facilitators. After binding to the receptor, progranulin may induce and modulate signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, and FAK. Gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals an association between progranulin and notch ... | Wikipedia - Granulin - Interactive partners |
In the extraction of petroleum (and other heavy-duty fluid handling contexts), a choke valve (or "choke") is an adjustable flow limiter that is designed to operate at a large pressure drop, at a large flow rate, for a long time. A choke is often a part of the "Christmas tree" at the wellhead. The most familiar choke de... | Wikipedia - Choke valve - Industrial |
If the holes are regularly placed, then the relationship between the position of the valve and the flow coefficient (Cv) (the flow rate per unit pressure) is roughly linear. Another design places a closely fitted cylindrical "sleeve" around the outside of the cage rather than a plug inside the cage. A choke may also in... | Wikipedia - Choke valve - Industrial |
Fluids flowing into the cage (through all uncovered holes) enter from all sides, producing fluid jets. The jets collide at the center of the cage cylinder, dissipating most of their energy through fluid impinging on fluid, producing less friction and cavitation erosion of the metal valve body. For highly erosive or cor... | Wikipedia - Choke valve - Industrial |
In the extraction of petroleum, a technique of enhanced oil recovery is implemented to increase the amount of oil to be extracted from an oil field. The injected water displaces the oil in the reservoir which is transported to recovery wells. As the reservoir is not uniform in permeability, injected water tends to go t... | Wikipedia - Bioclogging - Oil recovery |
In the extreme case of performance-enhancing supplements, athletes, particularly bodybuilders may choose to use illegal substances such as anabolic steroids. These compounds which are related to the hormone testosterone, can quickly build mass and strength, but have many adverse effects such as high blood pressure and ... | Wikipedia - Sports nutrition - Performance-enhancing supplements |
Blood doping also known as blood transfusions, increases oxygen delivery to exercising tissues and has been demonstrated to improve performance in endurance sports, such as long-distance cycling. The supplement creatine may be helpful for well-trained athletes to increase exercise performance and strength in relation w... | Wikipedia - Sports nutrition - Performance-enhancing supplements |
It is considered that glutamine may have a possible role in stimulated anabolic processes such as muscle glycogen and protein synthesis, for well-trained and well-nourished athletes. Other popular studies done on supplements include androstenedione, chromium, and ephedra. The findings show that there are no substantial... | Wikipedia - Sports nutrition - Performance-enhancing supplements |
In the extreme case where the list of antecedent formulas of a sequent is empty, the consequent is unconditional. This differs from the simple unconditional assertion because the number of consequents is arbitrary, not necessarily a single consequent. Thus for example, ' ⊢ B1, B2 ' means that either B1, or B2, or both ... | Wikipedia - Sequent - Consequences of empty lists of formulas |
An empty antecedent formula list is equivalent to the "always true" proposition, called the "verum", denoted "⊤". (See Tee (symbol).) In the extreme case where the list of consequent formulas of a sequent is empty, the rule is still that at least one term on the right be true, which is clearly impossible. | Wikipedia - Sequent - Consequences of empty lists of formulas |
This is signified by the 'always false' proposition, called the "falsum", denoted "⊥". Since the consequence is false, at least one of the antecedents must be false. Thus for example, ' A1, A2 ⊢ ' means that at least one of the antecedents A1 and A2 must be false. | Wikipedia - Sequent - Consequences of empty lists of formulas |
One sees here again a symmetry because of the disjunctive semantics on the right hand side. If the left side is empty, then one or more right-side propositions must be true. If the right side is empty, then one or more of the left-side propositions must be false. | Wikipedia - Sequent - Consequences of empty lists of formulas |
The doubly extreme case ' ⊢ ', where both the antecedent and consequent lists of formulas are empty is "not satisfiable". In this case, the meaning of the sequent is effectively ' ⊤ ⊢ ⊥ '. This is equivalent to the sequent ' ⊢ ⊥ ', which clearly cannot be valid. | Wikipedia - Sequent - Consequences of empty lists of formulas |
In the extreme environment of high temperatures and the leaching caused by the heavy rain of tropical rain forests, the clay and organic colloids are largely destroyed. The heavy rains wash the alumino-silicate clays from the soil leaving only sesquioxide clays of low CEC. The high temperatures and humidity allow bacte... | Wikipedia - Soil matrix - Carbon and terra preta |
Soil containing substantial quantities of charcoal, of an anthropogenic origin, is called terra preta. In Amazonia it testifies for the agronomic knowledge of past Amerindian civilizations. The pantropical peregrine earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus has been suspected to contribute to the fine division of charcoal and ... | Wikipedia - Soil matrix - Carbon and terra preta |
Research into terra preta is still young but is promising. Fallow periods "on the Amazonian Dark Earths can be as short as 6 months, whereas fallow periods on oxisols are usually 8 to 10 years long" The incorporation of charcoal to agricultural soil for improving water and nutrient retention has been called biochar, be... | Wikipedia - Soil matrix - Carbon and terra preta |
In the extrusion of plastics, the raw compound material is commonly in the form of nurdles (small beads, often called resin) that are gravity fed from a top mounted hopper into the barrel of the extruder. Additives such as colorants and UV inhibitors (in either liquid or pellet form) are often used and can be mixed int... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
The material enters through the feed throat (an opening near the rear of the barrel) and comes into contact with the screw. The rotating screw (normally turning at e.g. 120 rpm) forces the plastic beads forward into the heated barrel. The desired extrusion temperature is rarely equal to the set temperature of the barre... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
In most processes, a heating profile is set for the barrel in which three or more independent PID-controlled heater zones gradually increase the temperature of the barrel from the rear (where the plastic enters) to the front. This allows the plastic beads to melt gradually as they are pushed through the barrel and lowe... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
In fact, if an extrusion line is running certain materials fast enough, the heaters can be shut off and the melt temperature maintained by pressure and friction alone inside the barrel. In most extruders, cooling fans are present to keep the temperature below a set value if too much heat is generated. If forced air coo... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
At the front of the barrel, the molten plastic leaves the screw and travels through a screen pack to remove any contaminants in the melt. The screens are reinforced by a breaker plate (a thick metal puck with many holes drilled through it) since the pressure at this point can exceed 5,000 psi (34 MPa). The screen pack/... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
Back pressure is required for uniform melting and proper mixing of the polymer, and how much pressure is generated can be "tweaked" by varying screen pack composition (the number of screens, their wire weave size, and other parameters). This breaker plate and screen pack combination also eliminates the "rotational memo... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
The die is what gives the final product its profile and must be designed so that the molten plastic evenly flows from a cylindrical profile, to the product's profile shape. Uneven flow at this stage can produce a product with unwanted residual stresses at certain points in the profile which can cause warping upon cooli... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
The product must now be cooled and this is usually achieved by pulling the extrudate through a water bath. Plastics are very good thermal insulators and are therefore difficult to cool quickly. | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
Compared to steel, plastic conducts its heat away 2,000 times more slowly. In a tube or pipe extrusion line, a sealed water bath is acted upon by a carefully controlled vacuum to keep the newly formed and still molten tube or pipe from collapsing. For products such as plastic sheeting, the cooling is achieved by pullin... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
For films and very thin sheeting, air cooling can be effective as an initial cooling stage, as in blown film extrusion. Plastic extruders are also extensively used to reprocess recycled plastic waste or other raw materials after cleaning, sorting and/or blending. This material is commonly extruded into filaments suitab... | Wikipedia - Plastic extrusion - Process |
In the extrusion process, raw materials are first ground to the correct particle size, usually the consistency of coarse flour. The dry mix is passed through a pre-conditioner, in which other ingredients are added depending on the target product; these may be liquid sugar, fats, dyes, meats or water. Steam is injected ... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
The extruder's rotating screw forces the extrudate towards and through the die. The extrudate is in the extruder for the residence time.Many extruded products puff and change texture as they are extruded because of the reduction of forces and release of moisture and heat. The extent to which it does so is known as the ... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
The extrudate is cut to the desired length by blades at the output of the extruder, which rotate about the die openings at a specific speed. The product is then cooled and dried, becoming rigid while maintaining porosity.Cooking takes place within the extruder, where the product produces its own friction and heat due t... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
Many food extrusion processes involve a high temperature for a short time. Important factors of the extrusion process are the composition of the extrudate, screw length and rotating speed, barrel temperature and moisture, die shape, and rotating speed of the blades. These are controlled based on the desired product to ... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
Increasing moisture will decrease viscosity, torque, and product temperature, and increase bulk density. This will also reduce the pressure at the die. | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
Most extrusion processes for food processing are carried out at low to intermediate moisture (moisture level below 40%). High-moisture extrusion is known as wet extrusion, but it was not used much before the introduction of twin screw extruders (TSE), which have a more efficient conveying capability. The most important... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
The expansion ratio and airiness of the product depend on the salt concentration in the extrudate, possibly as a result of a chemical reaction between the salt and the starches in the extrudate. Colour changes as a result of salt concentration may be caused by "the ability of salt to change the water activity of the ex... | Wikipedia - Food extrusion - Process |
In the eye, it is known as orbital cavernous hemangioma and is found in women more frequently than men, most commonly between the ages of 20–40. This neoplasm is usually located within the muscle cone, which is lateral to the optic nerve. It is not usually treated unless the patient is symptomatic. Visual impairment ha... | Wikipedia - Cavernous hemangioma - Eye cavernous hemangioma |
In the eye, side effects and complications of laser photocoagulation are not infrequent and include loss of vision, worsening visual acuity, reduced night vision, and hemorrhaging in the eye. In about 8% of cases can cause scarring which in turn can lead to permanent central vision loss. | Wikipedia - Laser coagulation - Complications |
In the eyes of a variety of modern esoteric and Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection.According to this view, early alchemists such as Zosimos of Panop... | Wikipedia - Alchemist - Esoteric interpretations of historical texts |
This approach is held to have continued in the Middle Ages, as metaphysical aspects, substances, physical states, and material processes are supposed to have been used as metaphors for spiritual entities, spiritual states, and, ultimately, transformation. In this sense, the literal meanings of 'Alchemical Formulas' wer... | Wikipedia - Alchemist - Esoteric interpretations of historical texts |
Applied to the alchemist, the twin goal symbolized their evolution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are held to have been written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery ... | Wikipedia - Alchemist - Esoteric interpretations of historical texts |
In the eyes of albinos, the cells of this layer contain no pigment. Dysfunction of the RPE is found in age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. RPE are also involved in diabetic retinopathy. Gardner syndrome is characterized by FAP (familial adenomatous polyps), osseous and soft tissue tumors, retinal... | Wikipedia - Retinal pigment epithelium - Pathology |
In the eyes of most mammals, birds, reptiles, and most other terrestrial vertebrates (along with spiders and some insect larvae) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air. In general, the lens is not spherical. Spherical lenses produce spherical aberration. In refractive corneas, the lens tissue is ... | Wikipedia - Schizochroal eye - Refractive cornea |
Flattening the lens has a disadvantage; the quality of vision is diminished away from the main line of focus. Thus, animals that have evolved with a wide field-of-view often have eyes that make use of an inhomogeneous lens.As mentioned above, a refractive cornea is only useful out of water. In water, there is little di... | Wikipedia - Schizochroal eye - Refractive cornea |
In the eyes of the average modern professional mourner, they are performers. | Wikipedia - Professional mourning - Modern practice |
In the eyetracking visual world paradigm, experimental subjects listen to a sentence while staring at an array of pictures on a computer monitor. Their eye movements are recorded, allowing the experimenter to understand how language influences eye movements toward pictures related to the content of the sentence. Experi... | Wikipedia - Prediction in language comprehension - Visual world paradigms |
In short, comprehenders use the information in the sentence context to predict the meanings of upcoming words. In these experiments, comprehenders used the verb and its subject to activate information about the verb's direct object before hearing that word. However, another experiment has shown that in a language with ... | Wikipedia - Prediction in language comprehension - Visual world paradigms |
In the face of US air superiority, North Vietnam resorted to attacking the United States Air Force on the ground, with infiltrators striking from both within and outside the perimeter. The United States Air Force Security Police defended against them. First formed during World War II, the United States Air Force Securi... | Wikipedia - Air force ground forces and special forces - Vietnam |
Its base defense doctrine thus was one of security policing. United States involvement in Vietnam, however, brought a real and sustained threat of ground attack. To meet these threats the Phu Cat Air Base Security Forces pioneered the Air Base Ground Defense doctrine that informs USAF practice to this day. | Wikipedia - Air force ground forces and special forces - Vietnam |
In a demarcation of combat roles the United States Army was primarily responsible for security outside of airbases, and the Republic of Vietnam Air Force for patrolling the internal perimeter. However, rather than just rely upon static defense, the United States Air Force pioneered the use of remote detection equipment... | Wikipedia - Air force ground forces and special forces - Vietnam |
In the face of a rising threat, balancing alignments fail to form in a timely fashion as states try to freeride on other states. States might do so to avoid the expense of war for themselves. For example, to use Waltz's example, in World War II, the French Foreign Minister told the British Prime Minister that Britain w... | Wikipedia - Security dilemma - Buck passing |
In the face of criticism from Greek philosophers and facing persecution, apologists wrote to justify and defend Christian doctrine. Justin Martyr's works represent the earliest surviving Christian "apologies" of notable size. | Wikipedia - Ante-Nicene Period - Apologists |
In the face of environmental restrictions and demand for fuel economy in the automotive industry, smaller engine subsystems have made interior vehicle noise less pleasant in combustion engine vehicles. Electric and hybrid vehicles lack a distinct engine sound altogether, instead featuring a quieter high frequency noise... | Wikipedia - Active sound design - Motivations for ASD |
In the face of stronger competition from devices such as the Apple TV, Roku or Fire TV, reviewers started to consider the 2018 Chromecast a secondary streaming device. Trusted Reviews considered it a "very minor" upgrade. Tom's Guide said it has almost "nothing to show" to reflect three years of hardware advancement in... | Wikipedia - Chromecast Audio - Third generation model |
In the face of the Warsaw Pact, a general need for extra firepower was identified. In the late 1960s, West Germany developed the Kanonenjagdpanzer, essentially a modernized World War II Jagdpanzer mounting a 90 mm gun. As Soviet designs became more heavily armoured, the 90 mm gun became ineffective and the Kanonenjagdp... | Wikipedia - Anti-tank missile carrier - Missile-based tank destroyers |
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