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In the field of 3D computer graphics, Multiple Render Targets, or MRT, is a feature of modern graphics processing units (GPUs) that allows the programmable rendering pipeline to render images to multiple render target textures at once. These textures can then be used as inputs to other shaders or as texture maps applie... | Wikipedia - Multiple Render Targets - Summary |
With MRT, a programmer creates a pixel shader that returns an output value for each render target. This pixel shader then renders to all render targets with a single draw command. A common use of MRT is deferred shading, a shading process which, unlike forward shading, performs lighting calculations on an entire 3D sce... | Wikipedia - Multiple Render Targets - Summary |
To do this in real-time, MRT is used to store the required information for the lighting calculations in multiple render targets, which are then used after the entire scene has been drawn to calculate the lit final image. Typically one render target holds color and surface information of objects, while another contains ... | Wikipedia - Multiple Render Targets - Summary |
In the field of 3D computer graphics, a subdivision surface (commonly shortened to SubD surface or Subsurf) is a curved surface represented by the specification of a coarser polygon mesh and produced by a recursive algorithmic method. The curved surface, the underlying inner mesh, can be calculated from the coarse mesh... | Wikipedia - Subdivision surface - Summary |
In the field of 3D computer graphics, deferred shading is a screen-space shading technique that is performed on a second rendering pass, after the vertex and pixel shaders are rendered. It was first suggested by Michael Deering in 1988.On the first pass of a deferred shader, only data that is required for shading compu... | Wikipedia - Deferred shading - Summary |
In the field of 3D computer graphics, the unified shader model (known in Direct3D 10 as "Shader Model 4.0") refers to a form of shader hardware in a graphical processing unit (GPU) where all of the shader stages in the rendering pipeline (geometry, vertex, pixel, etc.) have the same capabilities. They can all read text... | Wikipedia - Unified Shader Model - Summary |
In the field of Bible translation and interpretation, contextualization is the process of assigning meaning as a means of interpreting the environment within which a text or action is executed. Contextualization is used in the study of Bible translations in relation to their relevant cultural settings. Derived from the... | Wikipedia - Contextual theology - Biblical studies |
The word continues to be used theologically, mainly in the sense of contextualizing the biblical message as perceived in the missionary mandate originated by Jesus in the gospel accounts. However, since the early 1970s, the word's meaning has widened. It is now used by secular, religious and political groups to render ... | Wikipedia - Contextual theology - Biblical studies |
In the field of CA there are many benefits that both the producer and conservationist can obtain. On the side of the conservationist, CA can be seen as beneficial because there is an effort to conserve what people use every day. Since agriculture is one of the most destructive forces against biodiversity, CA can change... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
These benefits include less erosion possibilities, better water conservation, improvement in air quality due to lower emissions being produced, and a chance for larger biodiversity in a given area.On the side of the producer and/or farmer, CA can eventually do all that is done in conventional agriculture, and it can co... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
Since CA takes time to build up enough organic matter and have soils become their own fertilizer, the process does not start to work overnight. But if producers make it through the first few years of production, results will start to become more satisfactory. CA is shown to have even higher yields and higher outputs th... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
Also, a producer has the benefit of knowing that the soil in which his crops are grown is a renewable resource. According to New Standard Encyclopedia, soils are a renewable resource, which means that whatever is taken out of the soil can be put back over time (New Standard 1992). As long as good soil upkeep is maintai... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
This could be very beneficial to a producer who is practicing CA and is looking to keep soils at a productive level for an extended time. The farmer and/or producer can use this same land in another way when crops have been harvested. The introduction of grazing livestock to a field that once held crops can be benefici... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
Livestock manure can be used as a natural fertilizer for a producer's field which will then be beneficial for the producer the next year when crops are planted once again. The practice of grazing livestock using CA helps the farmer who raises crops on that field and the farmer who raises the livestock that graze off th... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
1963). The practices of CA and grazing livestock on a field for many years can allow for better yields in the following years as long as these practices continue to be followed. | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
The FAO believes that there are three major benefits from CA: Within fields that are controlled by CA the producer will see an increase in organic matter. Increase in water conservation due to the layer of organic matter and ground cover to help eliminate transportation and access runoff. Improvement of soil structure ... | Wikipedia - Land sparing - Benefits |
In the field of EMC, active EMI reduction (or active EMI filtering) refers to techniques aimed to reduce or to filter electromagnetic noise (EMI) making use of active electronic components. Active EMI reduction contrasts with passive filtering techniques, such as RC filters, LC filters RLC filters, which includes only ... | Wikipedia - Active EMI reduction - Summary |
Standards concerning conducted and radiated emissions published by IEC and FCC set the maximum noise level allowed for different classes of electrical devices. The frequency range of interest spans from 150 kHz to 30 MHz for conducted emissions and from 30 MHz to 40 GHz for radiated emissions. Meeting these requirement... | Wikipedia - Active EMI reduction - Summary |
In an electrical system, power converters, i.e. DC/DC converters, inverters and rectifiers, are the major sources of conducted EMI, due to their high-frequency switching ratio which gives rise to unwanted fast current and voltage transients. Since power electronics is nowadays spread in many fields, from power industri... | Wikipedia - Active EMI reduction - Summary |
In the field of HIV research, proviral latency in specific long-lived cell types is the basis for the concept of one or more viral reservoirs, referring to locations (cell types or tissues) characterized by persistence of latent virus. Specifically, the presence of replication-competent HIV in resting CD4-positive T ce... | Wikipedia - Virus latency - HIV |
In the field of IPv6 deployment, IPv6 brokenness was bad behavior seen in early tunneled or dual stack IPv6 deployments where unreliable or bogus IPv6 connectivity is chosen in preference to working IPv4 connectivity. This often resulted in long delays in web page loading, where the user had to wait for each attempted ... | Wikipedia - IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting - Summary |
In the field of Industrial Control Systems, the interfacing of various control components must provide means to coordinate the signals and commands sent between control modules. While tight coordination is desirable for discrete inputs and outputs, it is especially important in motion controls, where directing the move... | Wikipedia - SERCOS interface - Summary |
The Sercos (serial real-time communication system) interface is a globally standardized open digital interface for the communication between industrial controls, motion devices (drives) and input output devices (I/O). Sercos I and II are standardized in IEC 61491 and EN 61491. Sercos III is specified in standards IEC 6... | Wikipedia - SERCOS interface - Summary |
In the field of Information theory Shannon entropy is defined to quantify the complexity of a distribution p as p log p {\displaystyle p\log p\,} . Therefore, higher entropy means p is more complex hence more unpredictable. To measure the complexity of an image region { x , R } {\displaystyle \{x,R\}} around point x ... | Wikipedia - Kadir–Brady saliency detector - Information-theoretic saliency |
{\displaystyle H_{D}(x,R)=-\sum _{i\in (1\dots r)}P_{D}(d_{i},x,R)\log P_{D}(d_{i},x,R).} Using this entropy equation we can further calculate H D ( x , R ) {\displaystyle H_{D}(x,R)} for every point x {\displaystyle x} and region shape R {\displaystyle R} . A more complex region, like the eye region, has a more comple... | Wikipedia - Kadir–Brady saliency detector - Information-theoretic saliency |
H D ( x , R ) {\displaystyle H_{D}(x,R)} is a good measure for local complexity. Entropy only measures the statistic of the local attribute. It does not measure the spatial arrangement of the local attribute. | Wikipedia - Kadir–Brady saliency detector - Information-theoretic saliency |
However, these four regions are not equally discriminative under scale change. This observation is used to define measure on discriminative in subsections. The following subsections will discuss different methods to select regions with high local complexity and greater discrimination between different regions. | Wikipedia - Kadir–Brady saliency detector - Information-theoretic saliency |
In the field of POS displays, a "lightbox" is a display fixture (or a modular component of a larger POS display structure) that contains a translucent graphic film with lamps that transmit light through the graphic, thus "backlighting" the graphic message for increased visibility, brightness and contrast relative to it... | Wikipedia - Point of sale display - Lightboxes |
Motion LED lightboxes are a variation on traditional lightboxes, and use programmed LEDs behind a display to create the impression of movement. Note: the definition of "lightbox" as it relates to POS displays is similar to but distinct from that of a lightbox in the Photography and Graphic Arts industries. The similari... | Wikipedia - Point of sale display - Lightboxes |
In the field of Wi-Fi (wireless local area networks using the IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g specification), the term beacon signifies a specific data transmission from the wireless access point (AP), which carries the SSID, the channel number and security protocols such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected A... | Wikipedia - Radio beacon - Wi-Fi beacons |
In the field of academic publishing, the subscription business model means that articles of a specific journal or conference proceedings are only available to subscribers. Subscriptions are typically sold to universities and other higher education institutions and research institutes, though some academic publishers al... | Wikipedia - Paid subscription - Academic journals |
In the field of acoustics, a diaphragm is a transducer intended to inter-convert mechanical vibrations to sounds, or vice versa. It is commonly constructed of a thin membrane or sheet of various materials, suspended at its edges. The varying air pressure of sound waves imparts mechanical vibrations to the diaphragm whi... | Wikipedia - Diaphragm (acoustics) - Summary |
In the field of amateur astronomy there are many methods used to observe the Sun. Amateurs use everything from simple systems to project the Sun on a piece of white paper, light blocking filters, Herschel wedges which redirect 95% of the light and heat away from the eyepiece, up to hydrogen-alpha filter systems and eve... | Wikipedia - Solar telescope - Amateur solar telescopes |
Since the full available spectrum is observed, this is known as "white-light" viewing, and the opening filter is called a "white-light filter". The problem is that even reduced, the full spectrum of white light tends to obscure many of the specific features associated with solar activity, such as prominences and detail... | Wikipedia - Solar telescope - Amateur solar telescopes |
In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other source.Particularly in the fields of fiber optics, lasers, and integrated optics, the term radiation pattern may... | Wikipedia - Beam pattern - Summary |
Other software, like HFSS can also compute the near field. The far field radiation pattern may be represented graphically as a plot of one of a number of related variables, including; the field strength at a constant (large) radius (an amplitude pattern or field pattern), the power per unit solid angle (power pattern) ... | Wikipedia - Beam pattern - Summary |
Very often, only the relative amplitude is plotted, normalized either to the amplitude on the antenna boresight, or to the total radiated power. The plotted quantity may be shown on a linear scale, or in dB. The plot is typically represented as a three-dimensional graph (as at right), or as separate graphs in the verti... | Wikipedia - Beam pattern - Summary |
In the field of archaeology, real world artifacts are modeled/reproduced in a digital environment, where they can be modified, reconstructed, and archived. Also, whole historical sites and buildings (e.g. Theban Mapping Project) are reconstructed in a virtual environment. Virtual artifacts are a crucial part of digital... | Wikipedia - Digital object - Purposes and uses |
Virtual artifacts (e.g. parts of simulated experiments, models) are used in many areas of scientific research (e.g. medical science, chemistry, astronomy). Designers (such as fashion designers, industrial designers, architects) use virtual artifacts (e.g. prototypes, testing environments) in their work process. Virtual... | Wikipedia - Digital object - Purposes and uses |
In the field of artificial intelligence (AI) design, AI capability control proposals, also referred to as AI confinement, aim to increase our ability to monitor and control the behavior of AI systems, including proposed artificial general intelligences (AGIs), in order to reduce the danger they might pose if misaligned... | Wikipedia - AI capability control - Summary |
In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), AI alignment research aims to steer AI systems towards humans' intended goals, preferences, or ethical principles. An AI system is considered aligned if it advances the intended objectives. A misaligned AI system pursues some objectives, but not the intended ones.It can be ... | Wikipedia - Alignment problem - Summary |
However, this approach can create loopholes, overlook necessary constraints, or reward the AI system for just appearing aligned.Misaligned AI systems can malfunction or cause harm. AI systems may find loopholes that allow them to accomplish their proxy goals efficiently but in unintended, sometimes harmful ways (reward... | Wikipedia - Alignment problem - Summary |
Furthermore, they may develop undesirable emergent goals that may be hard to detect before the system is in deployment, where it faces new situations and data distributions.Today, these problems affect existing commercial systems such as language models, robots, autonomous vehicles, and social media recommendation engi... | Wikipedia - Alignment problem - Summary |
In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), a hallucination or artificial hallucination (also called confabulation or delusion) is a confident response by an AI that does not seem to be justified by its training data. For example, a hallucinating chatbot might, when asked to generate a financial report for a company,... | Wikipedia - Hallucination (artificial intelligence) - Summary |
Some researchers believe the specific term "AI hallucination" unreasonably anthropomorphizes computers.An early public example was when AlphaGo made a bizarre move 78 in the fourth challenge match against Lee Sedol in 2016, as shown in the documentary AlphaGo AI hallucination gained prominence around 2022 alongside the... | Wikipedia - Hallucination (artificial intelligence) - Summary |
In the field of artificial intelligence, an inference engine is a component of the system that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce new information. The first inference engines were components of expert systems. The typical expert system consisted of a knowledge base and an inference engine. The knowle... | Wikipedia - Inference engine - Summary |
The inference engine applies logical rules to the knowledge base and deduced new knowledge. This process would iterate as each new fact in the knowledge base could trigger additional rules in the inference engine. Inference engines work primarily in one of two modes either special rule or facts: forward chaining and ba... | Wikipedia - Inference engine - Summary |
Forward chaining starts with the known facts and asserts new facts. Backward chaining starts with goals, and works backward to determine what facts must be asserted so that the goals can be achieved.Additionally, the concept of 'inference' has expanded to include the process through which trained neural networks genera... | Wikipedia - Inference engine - Summary |
In this context, an 'inference engine' could refer to the specific part of the system, or even the hardware, that executes these operations. This type of inference plays a crucial role in various applications, including (but not limited to) image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous vehicles. The in... | Wikipedia - Inference engine - Summary |
In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems, assuming intelligence is computational, is equivalent to that of solving the central artificial intelligence problem—making computers as inte... | Wikipedia - AI-complete - Summary |
In the field of astrobiology and in the search for extraterrestrial life oxygen is a strong biosignature. That said it might not be a definite biosignature, being possibly produced abiotically on celestial bodies with processes and conditions (such as a peculiar hydrosphere) which allow free oxygen, like with Europa's ... | Wikipedia - Medical oxygen - Extraterrestrial free oxygen |
In the field of astrology, generational planets are planets that affect an entire generation of people. The generational planets are the outer planets Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, and potentially Sedna and Quaoar. | Wikipedia - Generational planet - Summary |
In the field of astrology, solar and lunar eclipses (along with the appearance of comets and to some extent the full moon) have often been considered omens of notable births, deaths, or other significant events throughout history in many societies. One Biblical example is the Magi in the Gospel of Matthew; in the Nativ... | Wikipedia - Portent (divination) - Astrology |
In the field of astronomy the term chord typically refers to a line crossing an object which is formed during an occultation event. By taking accurate measurements of the start and end times of the event, in conjunction with the known location of the observer and the object's orbit, the length of the chord can be deter... | Wikipedia - Chord (astronomy) - Summary |
A notable example of this occurred in 2002 when the asteroid 345 Tercidina underwent a stellar occultation of a very bright star as seen from Europe. During this event a team of at least 105 observers recorded 75 chords across the asteroid's surface allowing for a very accurate size and shape determination.In addition ... | Wikipedia - Chord (astronomy) - Summary |
Knowing this chord and the foreground object's size, a more precise orbit for the object can be determined. This usage of the term "chord" is similar to the geometric concept (see: Chord (geometry)). The difference being that in the geometric sense a chord refers to a line segment whose ends lie on a circle, whereas in... | Wikipedia - Chord (astronomy) - Summary |
In the field of astronomy, Hippocrates tried to explain the phenomena of comets and the Milky Way. His ideas have not been handed down very clearly, but he probably thought both were optical illusions, the result of refraction of solar light by moisture that was exhaled by, respectively, a putative planet near the Sun,... | Wikipedia - Hippocrates of Chios - Astronomy |
In the field of audio recording, an aluminum disc (aluminium in the UK and elsewhere) is a phonograph (gramophone in the UK) record made of bare aluminum, a medium introduced in the late 1920s for making one-off recordings. Although sometimes used for making amateur studio or home recordings or in coin-operated "record... | Wikipedia - Aluminum disk - Summary |
This cost-cutting approach produced recordings with a very limited dynamic range and generally inferior sound. In either case, because of the grain structure of the metal and its resistance to the side-to-side motions of the recording stylus, significant surface noise was inherent and the high-frequency signal content ... | Wikipedia - Aluminum disk - Summary |
Even when playing a bare aluminium disc with a modern lightweight magnetic cartridge, a hard stylus that does not correctly fit the contour of the groove will score its surface and tend to skip and repeat, damaging the disc as well as degrading the quality of the recovered audio. Because the blunt recording stylus typi... | Wikipedia - Aluminum disk - Summary |
Engraving the groove into an easily cut and grainless lacquer, rather than indenting it into bare metal, made it possible to produce a broadcast-quality recording that preserved high-frequency detail and was nearly noiseless when new. As a result, professional recording services soon abandoned the use of bare aluminum ... | Wikipedia - Aluminum disk - Summary |
A bare aluminum disc can remain unchanged indefinitely if carefully stored, while the coating on a lacquer disc is subject to chemical deterioration, tending to shrink and become brittle due to the loss of unstable plasticizers, which can cause the lacquer to develop cracks, split off from the aluminum base disc, and i... | Wikipedia - Aluminum disk - Summary |
In the field of automation, stepping from step to step depends on input data coming from the machine itself. This is represented in the program by reading characters from a text. In reality, those data inform about position, speed, temperature, etc. of critical elements of a machine. Like in GUI programming, changes in... | Wikipedia - Automata-based programming - Events |
The combination of possible states can generate a wide variety of events, thus defining a more complex production cycle. As a consequence, cycles are usually far to be simple linear sequences. There are commonly parallel branches running together and alternatives selected according to different events, schematically re... | Wikipedia - Automata-based programming - Events |
In the field of aviation, rivet nuts are often used to attach various items, such as static dischargers and inspection access covers, to the surface of an aircraft. Rivet nuts are an ideal replacement for weld nuts because they will not distort base materials, eliminate weld splatter, toxic fumes, and other by-products... | Wikipedia - Rivet nut - Usage |
In the field of biochemistry, PDPK1 refers to the protein 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, an enzyme which is encoded by the PDPK1 gene in humans. It is implicated in the development and progression of melanomas. | Wikipedia - Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 - Summary |
In the field of biochemistry, the specificity constant (also called kinetic efficiency or k c a t / K M {\displaystyle k_{cat}/K_{M}} ), is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates into products. A comparison of specificity constants can also be used as a measure of the preference of an enzyme for dif... | Wikipedia - Catalytic efficiency - Summary |
The Michaelis constant in turn is defined as follows: K M = k r + k c a t k f {\displaystyle K_{M}={\frac {k_{r}+k_{cat}}{k_{f}}}} The Michaelis constant is equal to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme converts substrates into products at half its maximal rate and hence is related to the affinity of the sub... | Wikipedia - Catalytic efficiency - Summary |
In the field of bioengineering, biofunctionalisation (or biofunctionalization) is the modification of a material to have biological function and/or stimulus, whether permanent or temporary, while at the same time being biologically compatible.Various types of medical implants are designed to biofunctionalize so that th... | Wikipedia - Biofunctionalisation - Summary |
In the field of bioinformatics and computational biology, many statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyze codon usage bias. Methods such as the 'frequency of optimal codons' (Fop), the relative codon adaptation (RCA) or the codon adaptation index (CAI) are used to predict gene expression levels, while m... | Wikipedia - Codon optimization - Methods of analysis |
In the field of bioinformatics, a sequence database is a type of biological database that is composed of a large collection of computerized ("digital") nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences, or other polymer sequences stored on a computer. The UniProt database is an example of a protein sequence database. As of 201... | Wikipedia - Sequence database - Summary |
In the field of bioinformatics, clustering is used for a number of applications. One use is as a pattern recognition technique to analyze gene expression data from RNA-sequencing data or other technologies. In this case, genes with similar expression patterns are grouped into the same cluster, and different clusters di... | Wikipedia - Fuzzy clustering - Bioinformatics |
Because fuzzy clustering allows genes to belong to more than one cluster, it allows for the identification of genes that are conditionally co-regulated or co-expressed. For example, one gene may be acted on by more than one transcription factor, and one gene may encode a protein that has more than one function. Thus, f... | Wikipedia - Fuzzy clustering - Bioinformatics |
In the field of biology, bright-field transmission electron microscopy (BF-TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) are the primary imaging methods for tomography tilt series acquisition. However, there are two issues associated with BF-TEM and HRTEM. First, acquiring an interpretable 3-D tomogram requires that the project... | Wikipedia - Electron tomography - BF-TEM and ADF-STEM tomography |
Second, the contrast transfer function of BF-TEM is essentially a high-pass filter – information at low spatial frequencies is significantly suppressed – resulting in an exaggeration of sharp features. However, the technique of annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM), which is typically ... | Wikipedia - Electron tomography - BF-TEM and ADF-STEM tomography |
Thus, provided that the features can be resolved, ADF-STEM tomography can yield a reliable reconstruction of the underlying specimen which is extremely important for its application in materials science. For 3D imaging, the resolution is traditionally described by the Crowther criterion. In 2010, a 3D resolution of 0.5... | Wikipedia - Electron tomography - BF-TEM and ADF-STEM tomography |
In the field of biology, the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells. These reagents included antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal), oligomers, all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines,... | Wikipedia - Chemical reagents - Biology |
In the field of biomechanics, the lines of non-extension are notional lines running across the human body along which body movement causes neither stretching or contraction. Discovered by Arthur Iberall in work beginning in the 1940s, as part of research into space suit design, they have been further developed by Dava ... | Wikipedia - Lines of non-extension - Summary |
By mapping these points over the entire body, a series of lines are produced. These lines may then be used to direct the placement of tension elements in a spacesuit to enable constant suit pressure regardless of the motion of the body. == References == | Wikipedia - Lines of non-extension - Summary |
In the field of brand management, brand architecture is the structure of brands within an organizational entity. It is the way brands within a company's portfolio are related to, and differentiated from, one another. According to J.-N. | Wikipedia - Brand architecture - Summary |
Kapferer, the brand architecture should define the different leagues of branding within the organization; how the corporate brand and sub-brands relate to and support each other; and how the sub-brands reflect or reinforce the core purpose of the corporate brand they belong to. Often, decisions about brand architecture... | Wikipedia - Brand architecture - Summary |
In the field of business development and sales, a vendor may allow a prospect customer to try a product. This use of proof of concept helps establish viability, isolate technical issues, and suggest an overall direction, as well as provide feedback for budgeting and other forms of internal decision-making processes.In ... | Wikipedia - Proof of principle - Business development |
In the field of business, entrepreneurship involves people taking a risk in order to create new business ventures, to gain advantage over a competitor, and to maximize profits. However, a political entrepreneur gets the government to pass legislation in order to guarantee a monopoly for themselves. | Wikipedia - Political entrepreneur - Politician |
In the field of calculus of variations in mathematics, the method of Lagrange multipliers on Banach spaces can be used to solve certain infinite-dimensional constrained optimization problems. The method is a generalization of the classical method of Lagrange multipliers as used to find extrema of a function of finitely... | Wikipedia - Lagrange multipliers on Banach spaces - Summary |
In the field of cancer, ultrasound is commonly used for helping health care professionals detect and develop a diagnosis in affected patients. In the context of drug delivery, ultrasound has been used for a wide variety of therapeutic applications which include but are not limited to melanoma, ovarian cancer, and breas... | Wikipedia - Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery using stimuli-responsive hydrogels - Cancer Treatment |
These hydrogel-based systems are also paired with chemotherapy treatments. Cancer drugs used in this drug delivery platforms include doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, silibinin, and cisplatin. In a cancer therapy study, Baghbani et al. proposed a method of pairing ultrasound with doxorubicin-loaded alginate-stabil... | Wikipedia - Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery using stimuli-responsive hydrogels - Cancer Treatment |
In the field of cell biology, the method of partial cloning (PCL) converts a fully differentiated old somatic cell into a partially reprogrammed young cell that retains all the specialised functions of the differentiated old cell but is simply younger. The method of PCL reverses characteristics associated with old cell... | Wikipedia - Partial cloning - Summary |
In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and cell–cell interactions at the single cell level. The concept of single-cell analysis originated in the 1970s. Before the discovery of heterogeneity, single-cell analysis mainly referred to the ... | Wikipedia - Single-Cell Analysis - Summary |
Technologies such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) allow the precise isolation of selected single cells from complex samples, while high throughput single cell partitioning technologies, enable the simultaneous molecular analysis of hundreds or thousands of single unsorted cells; this is particularly usefu... | Wikipedia - Single-Cell Analysis - Summary |
Mass spectrometry techniques have become important analytical tools for proteomic and metabolomic analysis of single cells. Recent advances have enabled quantifying thousands of protein across hundreds of single cells, and thus make possible new types of analysis. In situ sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridizati... | Wikipedia - Single-Cell Analysis - Summary |
In the field of chemical biology, a chemical probe is a small molecule that is used to study and manipulate a biological system such as a cell or an organism by reversibly binding to and altering the function of a biological target (most commonly a protein) within that system. Probes ideally have a high affinity and bi... | Wikipedia - Probe reagent - Summary |
In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with sola... | Wikipedia - Mid infrared - Climatology |
In the field of clinical imaging, with sufficient exposure, solarization of certain screen-film systems can occur which obscures details within the X-ray image and degrades the accuracy of the diagnosis. Even though degradation can occur this was found to be a rare phenomenon. | Wikipedia - Solarization (physics) - Examples |
In the field of clinical nutrition, malnutrition has causes, epidemiology and management distinct from those associated with malnutrition that is mainly related to poverty. The main causes of clinical malnutrition are: Cachexia caused by diseases, injuries and/or aging Difficulties with ingestion, such as stroke, pares... | Wikipedia - Clinical nutrition - Clinical malnutrition |
In the field of cliodynamics, Korotayev has developed a number of mathematical models of interaction between the very long-term, "millennial" hyperbolic trend dynamics of social systems and the shorter-term, "secular" (that is, observed at the scale of centuries), cyclical dynamics. He has also produced a number of mat... | Wikipedia - Andrey Korotayev - Cliodynamics and the study of the Arab Spring |
This hypothesis has been recently criticised on the empirical grounds. Both studies focusing on specific historical societies and analyses of cross-cultural data have failed to find positive correlation between population density and incidence of warfare. Korotayev, in collaboration with Peter Turchin, has shown that s... | Wikipedia - Andrey Korotayev - Cliodynamics and the study of the Arab Spring |
Population and warfare are dynamical variables, and if their interaction causes sustained oscillations, then we do not in general expect to find strong correlation between the two variables measured at the same time (that is, unlagged). Korotayev and Turchin have explored mathematically what the dynamical patterns of i... | Wikipedia - Andrey Korotayev - Cliodynamics and the study of the Arab Spring |
Their empirical results have supported the population-warfare theory: Korotayev and Turchin have found that there is a tendency for population numbers and internal warfare intensity to oscillate with the same period but shifted in phase (with warfare peaks following population peaks). Furthermore, they have demonstrate... | Wikipedia - Andrey Korotayev - Cliodynamics and the study of the Arab Spring |
In the field of compiler optimizations, available expressions is an analysis algorithm that determines for each point in the program the set of expressions that need not be recomputed. Those expressions are said to be available at such a point. To be available on a program point, the operands of the expression should n... | Wikipedia - Available expression - Summary |
The analysis is an example of a forward data flow analysis problem. A set of available expressions is maintained. Each statement is analysed to see whether it changes the operands of one or more available expressions. | Wikipedia - Available expression - Summary |
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