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Solar power and wind power are other derivatives of sunlight. Note that although coal, oil and natural gas are derived from sunlight, they are considered primary energy sources which are extracted from the earth (fossil fuels). Natural uranium is also a primary energy source extracted from the earth but does not come f... | Wikipedia - Energy carrier - Definition within the field of energetics |
In the field of engineering mechanics, a zero force member is a member (a single truss segment) in a truss which, given a specific load, is at rest: neither in tension, nor in compression. | Wikipedia - Zero force member - Summary |
In the field of engineering, a chemical engineer is a professional, equipped with the knowledge of chemical engineering, who works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment. In general, a chemical engine... | Wikipedia - Chemical engineer - Summary |
In the field of engineering, the hydrophobicity (or dewetting ability) of a flat surface (e.g., a counter top in kitchen or a cooking pan) can be measured by the contact angle of water droplet. A University of Nebraska-Lincoln team recently devised a computational approach that can relate the molecular hydrophobicity s... | Wikipedia - Hydrophobicity scales - Scale based on contact angle of water nanodroplet |
In the field of engineering, the importance of safety is emphasized. Learning from past engineering failures and infamous disasters such as the Challenger explosion brings the sense of reality to what can happen when appropriate safety precautions are not taken. Safety tests such as tensile testing, finite element anal... | Wikipedia - Engineering disasters - Safety |
In the field of environmental chemistry, the reduction potential is used to determine if oxidizing or reducing conditions are prevalent in water or soil, and to predict the states of different chemical species in the water, such as dissolved metals. pe values in water range from -12 to 25; the levels where the water it... | Wikipedia - Oxidation potential - Environmental chemistry |
In places with limitations in air supply, such as submerged soils, swamps and marine sediments, reducing conditions (negative potentials) are the norm. Intermediate values are rare and usually a temporary condition found in systems moving to higher or lower pe values.In environmental situations, it is common to have co... | Wikipedia - Oxidation potential - Environmental chemistry |
In the field of environmental economics, agricultural economists have contributed in three main areas: designing incentives to control environmental externalities (such as water pollution due to agricultural production), estimating the value of non-market benefits from natural resources and environmental amenities (suc... | Wikipedia - Agricultural economics - Agricultural environment and natural resources |
In the field of environmental science, adsorption is involved in many parts of technologies that can eliminate pollutants and governs the concentration of chemicals in soils and/or atmosphere. When studying pollutant degradation or the geochemical process, the pzc value related to adsorption has been examined. For exam... | Wikipedia - Point of zero charge - Application in environmental geochemistry |
In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylglycine and a hydrogen ion from homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine respectively: Tri... | Wikipedia - Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase - Summary |
In the field of enzymology, a proton ATPase is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction: ATP + H2O + H+in ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + H+outThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and H+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and H+. Proton ATPases are divided into ... | Wikipedia - Proton ATPase - Summary |
In the field of enzymology, murburn is a term coined by Kelath Murali Manoj that explains the catalytic mechanism of certain redox-active proteins. The term describes the equilibrium among molecules, unbound ions and radicals, signifying a process of "mild unrestricted redox catalysis". Murburn is abstracted from "mure... | Wikipedia - Murburn concept - Summary |
Such a reaction could also incur selective and specific electron/moiety transfers. Further, though burning is a reaction that usually involves oxygen (aerobic process), "burning flames" produced by anoxic oxidants are also well-known. Therefore, the enzymes working via murburn scheme (aerobic or anaerobic) could be cal... | Wikipedia - Murburn concept - Summary |
In the field of epidemiology, source attribution refers to a category of methods with the objective of reconstructing the transmission of an infectious disease from a specific source, such as a population, individual, or location. For example, source attribution methods may be used to trace the origin of a new pathogen... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
Source attribution can play an important role in public health surveillance and management of infectious disease outbreaks. In practice, it tends to be a problem of statistical inference, because transmission events are seldom observed directly and may have occurred in the distant past. Thus, there is an unavoidable le... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
As a result, source attribution models often employ Bayesian methods that can accommodate substantial uncertainty in model parameters. Molecular source attribution is a subfield of source attribution that uses the molecular characteristics of the pathogen — most often its nucleic acid genome — to reconstruct transmissi... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
On the other hand, analyzing the genetic (or whole genome) sequence data requires specialized computational methods to fit models of transmission. Consequently, molecular source attribution is a highly interdisciplinary area of molecular epidemiology that incorporates concepts and skills from mathematical statistics an... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
There are generally two ways that molecular data are used for source attribution. First, infections can be categorized into different "subtypes" that each corresponds to a unique molecular variety, or a cluster of similar varieties. Source attribution can then be inferred from the similarity of subtypes. | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
Individual infections that belong to the same subtype are more likely to be related epidemiologically, including direct source-recipient transmission, because they have not substantially evolved away from their common ancestor. Similarly, we assume the true source population will have frequencies of subtypes that are m... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
The resulting phylogeny can approximate the transmission history, and a variety of methods have been developed to adjust for confounding factors. Due to the associated stigma and the criminalization of transmission for specific infectious diseases, molecular source attribution at the level of individuals can be a contr... | Wikipedia - Source attribution - Summary |
In the field of epidemiology, the causal mechanisms responsible for diseases can be understood using the causal pie model.This conceptual model was introduced by Ken Rothman to communicate how constellations of component causes can lead to a sufficient cause to lead to a condition of interest and that reflection on the... | Wikipedia - Causal pie model - Summary |
In this framework, each component cause represents an event or condition required for a given disease or outcome. A component cause that appears in every pie is called a necessary cause as the outcome cannot occur without it. == References == | Wikipedia - Causal pie model - Summary |
In the field of ethics, much-discussed publications have been the essays of Antoine Berman and Lawrence Venuti that differ in some aspects but agree on the idea of emphasizing the differences between source and target language and culture when translating. Both are interested in how the "cultural other can best preser... | Wikipedia - Translation studies - Ethics |
As his publications have been interpreted in different ways, various conclusions on his concept of ethical responsibility have been drawn from this. Some have come to the assumption that the idea of translation itself could be ethically doubtful, while others receive it as a call for considering the relationship betwee... | Wikipedia - Translation studies - Ethics |
More and more translators and interpreters are being seen as active participants in geopolitical conflicts, which raises the question of how to act ethically independent from their own identity or judgement. This leads to the conclusion that translating and interpreting cannot be considered solely as a process of langu... | Wikipedia - Translation studies - Ethics |
In the field of evaluation, and in particular educational evaluation, the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has published three sets of standards for evaluations. The Personnel Evaluation Standards was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) was published in 1994, and The... | Wikipedia - Standardized testing - Evaluation standards |
Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic. The tests are aimed at ensuring that student evaluatio... | Wikipedia - Standardized testing - Evaluation standards |
In the field of evaluation, and in particular educational evaluation, the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has published three sets of standards for evaluations. The Personnel Evaluation Standards was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) was published in 1994, and The... | Wikipedia - Psychometrics - Evaluation standards |
Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic. For example, the student accuracy standards help ensur... | Wikipedia - Psychometrics - Evaluation standards |
In the field of experimental psychology, neuropsychology and psychobiology, the process of tracking and recording cerebrum-cortical electrical activity, and its combination with other values of psychomotor activity, enables the diagnosis of the emotional responses of an individual. Psycho-physiological states are assig... | Wikipedia - Amigdalae - Technical specifications |
The recorded data, electroencephalogram, are permanent memories of a distinct period of cerebral activity. There is other psychophysical data, related to human behaviors, which can be tracked along with variations in brain activity; this data is generally defined as biofeedback. | Wikipedia - Amigdalae - Technical specifications |
Crucial elements in the study of psychological states are cardiac frequency, electro muscular activity EMG, and body temperature. Their interpretation gives a detailed response about the psychic activity of an individual. EEG By using an electroencephalograph and a digital interface we can make use of an electrical val... | Wikipedia - Amigdalae - Technical specifications |
The signals are recorded in real-time and they vary according to psycho-emotional variations in the individual, or according to mutations in the surrounding environment.The average time for tracking and recording the data is seven minutes. The generated graph is based on a detailed interpretation of the four types of b... | Wikipedia - Amigdalae - Technical specifications |
EMG The electrical muscular response is recorded through the use of a dedicated sensor. Also in this case the signal gets digitized and elaborated by software that defines the thresholds of reaction of the individual and that compares the output data. We take in consideration the area related to facial muscles, particu... | Wikipedia - Amigdalae - Technical specifications |
In the field of extractive metallurgy, mineral processing is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals from their ores. Depending on the processes used in each instance, it is often also known as ore dressing or ore milling. | Wikipedia - Mineral dressing - Summary |
In the field of finance, private equity (PE) is an investment fund, usually a limited partnership, which invests in and restructures private companies. A private-equity fund is both a type of ownership of assets (financial equity) and is a class of assets (debt securities and equity securities), which function as modes... | Wikipedia - Private equity investor - Summary |
In the field of fluid dynamics the point at which the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent is called the transition point. Where and how this transition occurs depends on the Reynolds number, the pressure gradient, pressure fluctuations due to sound, surface vibration, the initial turbulence level of the fl... | Wikipedia - Transition point - Summary |
In the field of fluid dynamics, a Rankine half body is a feature of fluid flow discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer William Rankine that is formed when a fluid source is added to a fluid undergoing potential flow. Superposition of uniform flow and source flow yields the Rankine half body flow. A practical exam... | Wikipedia - Rankine half body - Summary |
In the field of fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and beco... | Wikipedia - Convection cells - Summary |
Such movement is called convection, and the moving body of liquid is referred to as a convection cell. This particular type of convection, where a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below, is known as Rayleigh–Bénard convection. Convection usually requires a gravitational field, but in microgravity experiments, t... | Wikipedia - Convection cells - Summary |
Fluid properties can also be observed in gases and even in particulate solids (such as sand, gravel, and larger objects during rock slides). A convection cell is most notable in the formation of clouds with its release and transportation of energy. As air moves along the ground it absorbs heat, loses density and moves ... | Wikipedia - Convection cells - Summary |
When it is forced into the atmosphere, which has a lower air pressure, it cannot contain as much fluid as at a lower altitude, so it releases its moist air, producing rain. In this process the warm air is cooled; it gains density and falls towards the earth and the cell repeats the cycle. Convection cells can form in a... | Wikipedia - Convection cells - Summary |
In the field of forensic ballistics, the characteristics of a contact shot are often an important part of recreating a shooting. A contact shot produces a distinctive wound, with extensive tissue damage from the burning propellant. Unlike a shot from point-blank range, the powder burns will cover a very small area righ... | Wikipedia - Contact shot - Characteristics |
In the field of forensic psychology, researchers have validated the weapon focus effect and shown that a witness will remember less about a crime, or the perpetrator of a crime, when a weapon is present, as opposed to if the weapon is not present at an identical crime. As for the reason of the phenomenon, the two leadi... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
In the weapon condition, participants sat in the same waiting room, but instead they heard a violent argument – including furniture being thrown around – following which a man came out holding a blood-stained knife. During a photo line-up, the control participants were more likely to accurately identify the man they sa... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
The study conducted by Johnson and Scott (1976) represents one of the few early simulation studies available, likely due to the ethical issues surrounding the exposure of research participants to a putatively threatening scenario. For this reason much of the research conducted on the weapon focus effect has made use of... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
In the control condition the man presented a cheque to the cashier whereas in the weapon condition the man presented a gun. Specialized equipment tracked the participant's gaze as they viewed the video to determine with what frequency (and for how long) they fixated upon the item of interest (the cheque or the gun). Re... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
Further, when tested for the details of the event, performance was better for the control condition relative to the weapon condition - with the exception that participants in the weapon condition were more likely to recall what object the man was holding (a gun).Another significant challenge to the studies on the weapo... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
Several reports have been published looking for evidence of a weapon focus effect using records of actual crimes. According to the laboratory findings summarized above, the prediction had been that eyewitness memory would be worse for weapon crimes compared to non-weapon crimes. | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
Many primary studies have failed to support this prediction. Even so, a recent meta-analysis conducted by Fawcett et al. (2013) has demonstrated that when the data for all of the applied studies are combined, there is a small but reliable effect suggesting that weapon presence impairs actual eyewitness memory. This is ... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
This finding adds to the ecological validity of the laboratory studies conducted on this topic. One reason why this effect's ecological validity may be hard to support could be the difficulty in testing this effect on actual eyewitnesses and their memory of a crime. On the other hand, a study published in 2004 found th... | Wikipedia - Weapon focus - Background information |
In the field of formation evaluation, porosity is one of the key measurements to quantify oil and gas reserves. Neutron porosity measurement employs a neutron source to measure the hydrogen index in a reservoir, which is directly related to porosity. The Hydrogen Index (HI) of a material is defined as the ratio of the ... | Wikipedia - Formation Evaluation Neutron Porosity - Summary |
In the field of functional analysis, DF-spaces, also written (DF)-spaces are locally convex topological vector space having a property that is shared by locally convex metrizable topological vector spaces. They play a considerable part in the theory of topological tensor products.DF-spaces were first defined by Alexand... | Wikipedia - DF-space - Summary |
In the field of generics the two languages show a superficial syntactical similarity, but they have deep underlying differences. | Wikipedia - Comparison of C Sharp and Java - Generics |
In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GBS uses restriction enzymes to reduce genome complexity and genotype multiple DNA samples.... | Wikipedia - Genotyping by sequencing - Summary |
In the field of genetics, a suicide gene is a gene that will cause a cell to kill itself through the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation of a suicide gene can cause death through a variety of pathways, but one important cellular "switch" to induce apoptosis is the p53 protein. Stimulation or introd... | Wikipedia - Suicide gene - Summary |
The approach has been to attach parts of genes expressed in cancer cells to other genes for enzymes not found in mammals that can convert a harmless substance into one that is toxic to the tumor. Most suicide genes mediate this sensitivity by coding for viral or bacterial enzymes that convert an inactive drug into toxi... | Wikipedia - Suicide gene - Summary |
In the field of genetics, any factor which is non-genetic is considered an environmental influence. However, environmental influence does not automatically imply that the social environment influences or contributes to the development of sexual orientation. There is a vast non-social environment that is non-genetic yet... | Wikipedia - Sexual orientation - Environmental factors |
In the field of genomics (and more generally in bioinformatics), the modern usage is to define fold change in terms of ratios, and not by the alternative definition.However, log-ratios are often used for analysis and visualization of fold changes. The logarithm to base 2 is most commonly used, as it is easy to interpre... | Wikipedia - Fold change - Fold changes in genomics and bioinformatics |
This leads to more aesthetically pleasing plots, as exponential changes are displayed as linear and so the dynamic range is increased. For example, on a plot axis showing log2 fold changes, an 8-fold increase will be displayed at an axis value of 3 (since 23 = 8). However, there is no mathematical reason to only use lo... | Wikipedia - Fold change - Fold changes in genomics and bioinformatics |
In the field of genomics, GeneCalling is an open-platform mRNA transcriptional profiling technique. The GeneCalling protocol measures levels of cDNA, which are correlated with gene expression levels of specific transcripts. Differences between gene expression in healthy tissues and disease or drug responsive tissues ar... | Wikipedia - GeneCalling - Summary |
In the field of geodesy, Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) is a data interchange format for raw satellite navigation system data. This allows the user to post-process the received data to produce a more accurate result — usually with other data unknown to the original receiver, such as better models of the a... | Wikipedia - RINEX - Summary |
Although receivers calculate positions in real time, in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use. RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver, as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications, whatever t... | Wikipedia - RINEX - Summary |
The first RINEX version was developed by W. Gurtner in 1989 and published by W. Gurtner and G. Mader in the CSTG GPS Bulletin of September/October 1990. Since 1993 the RINEX 2 is available, which has been revised and adopted several times. RINEX enables storage of measurements of pseudorange, carrier-phase, Doppler and... | Wikipedia - RINEX - Summary |
RINEX version 3.02 was submitted in April 2013 and contain new observation codes from GPS or Galileo systems. The most recent version is RINEX 4.01 from July 2023.Although not part of the RINEX format, the Hatanaka compression scheme is commonly used to reduce the size of RINEX files, resulting in an ASCII-based Compac... | Wikipedia - RINEX - Summary |
In the field of geology, scientists based their research work on Aphelion to perform a statistical analysis to determine the relationship between the size and shape of rock debris present in moraines, and the value of the maximal slope that will not cause rockfalls. Morphological parameters computed by Aphelion are eas... | Wikipedia - Aphelion (software) - Earth science |
In the field of geology, the "Marble Cake Mantle" model refers to the theory of an earth wherein "elongated strips of subducted oceanic lithosphere... are stretched and thinned by the normal and shear strains in the convecting mantle, and are destroyed by being reprocessed at ocean ridges or, on the centimetre scale, b... | Wikipedia - Marble cake - Use as an academic metaphor |
In the field of geospatial predictive modeling, settlements are "a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work".The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) framework produces global spatial information about the human presence on the planet over time. This in the form of built up ma... | Wikipedia - Developed environments - Geospatial modeling |
The framework uses heterogeneous data including global archives of fine-scale satellite imagery, census data, and volunteered geographic information. The data is processed fully automatically and generates analytics and knowledge reporting objectively and systematically about the presence of population and built-up inf... | Wikipedia - Developed environments - Geospatial modeling |
In the field of gesture recognition and image processing, finger tracking is a high-resolution technique developed in 1969 that is employed to know the consecutive position of the fingers of the user and hence represent objects in 3D. In addition to that, the finger tracking technique is used as a tool of the computer,... | Wikipedia - Hand tracking - Summary |
In the field of graphic arts, in addition to the illustrators already quoted in the Literature section, it is worth to be mentioned a cuckoo clock plate of the British artist Walter Crane for Mrs. Molesworth's book "The Cuckoo Clock", as well as the pictures created by different illustrators for the various editions of... | Wikipedia - Cuckoo clock in culture - Graphic arts |
In the field of health psychology, qualitative methods have become increasingly employed in research on understanding health and illness and how health and illness are socially constructed in everyday life. Since then, a broad range of qualitative methods have been adopted by health psychologists, including discourse a... | Wikipedia - Qualitative research methods - Health psychology |
In the field of heat transfer, intensity of radiation I {\displaystyle I} is a measure of the distribution of radiant heat flux per unit area and solid angle, in a particular direction, defined according to d q = I d ω cos θ d A {\displaystyle dq=I\,d\omega \,\cos \theta \,dA} where d A {\displaystyle dA} is the infi... | Wikipedia - Intensity (heat transfer) - Summary |
In the field of high-power lasers, LASTEC works in the following fields: Chemical oxygen iodine laser Gas dynamic laser Hf-Df laser | Wikipedia - Laser Science and Technology Centre - Projects and products |
In the field of historic preservation, building restoration is the action or process of accurately revealing, recovering or representing the state of a historic building, as it appeared at a particular period in its history, while protecting its heritage value. Restoration work may be performed to reverse decay, or alt... | Wikipedia - Architectural conservation - Overview |
Tsarskoye Selo, the complex of former royal palaces outside St Petersburg in Russia is an example of this sort of work. Exterior and interior paint colors present similar problems over time. Air pollution, acid rain, and sun take a toll, and often many layers of different paint exist. | Wikipedia - Architectural conservation - Overview |
Historic paint analysis of old paint layers now allow a corresponding chemical recipe and color to be re-produced. But this is often only a beginning as many of the original materials are either unstable or in many cases environmentally unsound. Many eighteenth century greens were made with arsenic and lead, materials ... | Wikipedia - Architectural conservation - Overview |
Another problem occurs when the original pigment came from a material no longer available. For example, in the early to mid-19th century, some browns were produced from bits of ground mummies. In cases like this the standards allow other materials with similar appearance to be used and organizations like Britain's Nati... | Wikipedia - Architectural conservation - Overview |
In the field of human–computer interaction, a Wizard of Oz experiment is a research experiment in which subjects interact with a computer system that subjects believe to be autonomous, but which is actually being operated or partially operated by an unseen human being. | Wikipedia - Wizard of Oz experiment - Summary |
In the field of hydrogeology, storage properties are physical properties that characterize the capacity of an aquifer to release groundwater. These properties are storativity (S), specific storage (Ss) and specific yield (Sy). According to Groundwater, by Freeze and Cherry (1979), specific storage, S s {\displaystyle S... | Wikipedia - Specific storage - Summary |
In the field of hydrological modeling, analysis generally begins with the sampling and measurement of existing hydrologic areas. In this stage of research, the scale and accuracy of measurements are key issues. Data may either be collected in the field or through online research. The United States Geological Survey ((U... | Wikipedia - GIS and hydrology - GIS in surface water |
Historical and real-time streamflow data are also available via the internet from sources such as the National Weather Service (NWS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A benefit of using GIS softwares for hydrological modeling is that digital visualizations of data can be linked to real-time d... | Wikipedia - GIS and hydrology - GIS in surface water |
Understanding these boundaries is integral to understanding where precipitation runoff will flow. For example, in the event of snowmelt, the amount of snowfall can be input into GIS to predict the amount of water that will travel downstream. This information has applications in local government asset management, agricu... | Wikipedia - GIS and hydrology - GIS in surface water |
Another useful application for GIS regards flood risk assessment. Using digital elevation models combined with peak discharge data can predict which areas of a floodplain will be submerged depending on the amount of rainfall. In a study of the Illinois River watershed, Rabie (2014) found that a decently accurate flood ... | Wikipedia - GIS and hydrology - GIS in surface water |
In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the hexagonal tiling honeycomb is one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells composed of an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere, a surface in hyperbolic s... | Wikipedia - Cantellated hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
Since that of the hexagonal tiling is {6,3}, this honeycomb has three such hexagonal tilings meeting at each edge. Since the Schläfli symbol of the tetrahedron is {3,3}, the vertex figure of this honeycomb is a tetrahedron. Thus, four hexagonal tilings meet at each vertex of this honeycomb, six hexagons meet at each ve... | Wikipedia - Cantellated hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb arises as one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells composed of an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere: a flat pla... | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions. Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space. The Schläfli symbol of the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is {6,3,4}. Since that of the hexagonal tiling is {6,3}, this honeycomb has four such hexagonal tilings meeting at each edge. Since the Schläfli ... | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the order-5 hexagonal tiling honeycomb arises as one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells composed of an infinite number of faces. Each cell consists of a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere, a... | Wikipedia - Cantellated order-5 hexagonal honeycomb - Summary |
Since that of the hexagonal tiling is {6,3}, this honeycomb has five such hexagonal tilings meeting at each edge. Since the Schläfli symbol of the icosahedron is {3,5}, the vertex figure of this honeycomb is an icosahedron. Thus, 20 hexagonal tilings meet at each vertex of this honeycomb.A geometric honeycomb is a spac... | Wikipedia - Cantellated order-5 hexagonal honeycomb - Summary |
It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions. Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite unifo... | Wikipedia - Cantellated order-5 hexagonal honeycomb - Summary |
In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb is one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells with an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere: a flat plane in hyperbol... | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
Since that of the hexagonal tiling of the plane is {6,3}, this honeycomb has six such hexagonal tilings meeting at each edge. Since the Schläfli symbol of the triangular tiling is {3,6}, the vertex figure of this honeycomb is a triangular tiling. Thus, infinitely many hexagonal tilings meet at each vertex of this honey... | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions. Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite unifo... | Wikipedia - Omnitruncated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb - Summary |
In the field of image processing, in 2006, the topological derivative has been used to perform edge detection and image restoration. The impact of an insulating crack in the domain is studied. The topological sensitivity gives information on the image edges. The presented algorithm is non-iterative and thanks to the us... | Wikipedia - Topological derivative - Image processing |
Only O ( N l o g ( N ) ) {\displaystyle O(Nlog(N))} operations are needed to detect edges, where N {\displaystyle N} is the number of pixels. During the following years, other problems have been considered: classification, segmentation, inpainting and super-resolution. This approach can be applied to gray-level or colo... | Wikipedia - Topological derivative - Image processing |
Until 2010, isotropic diffusion was used for image reconstructions. The topological gradient is also able to provide edge orientation and this information can be used to perform anisotropic diffusion.In 2012, a general framework is presented to reconstruct an image u ∈ L 2 ( Ω ) {\displaystyle u\in L^{2}(\Omega )} give... | Wikipedia - Topological derivative - Image processing |
The norm on the space E {\displaystyle E} is ‖ . ‖ E {\displaystyle \|.\|_{E}} . The idea to recover the original image is to minimize the following functional for u ∈ H 1 ( Ω ) {\displaystyle u\in H^{1}(\Omega )}: where C {\displaystyle C} is a positive definite tensor. | Wikipedia - Topological derivative - Image processing |
The first term of the equation ensures that the recovered image u {\displaystyle u} is regular, and the second term measures the discrepancy with the data. In this general framework, different types of image reconstruction can be performed such as image denoising with E = L 2 ( Ω ) {\displaystyle E=L^{2}(\Omega )} and ... | Wikipedia - Topological derivative - Image processing |
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