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in n - dimensional euclidean space over the real numbers, r n { \ displaystyle \ mathbb { r } ^ { n } }, the standard basis is denoted e1, e2, e3,... en. each basis vector ei points along the positive xi axis, with the basis being orthonormal. component j of ei is given by the kronecker delta : a vector in r n { \ disp...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
mathematical theorems are known about combinations of relation properties, such as " a transitive relation is irreflexive if, and only if, it is asymmetric ". of particular importance are relations that satisfy certain combinations of properties. a partial order is a relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and trans...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the early 1960s peter swinnerton - dyer used the edsac - 2 computer at the university of cambridge computer laboratory to calculate the number of points modulo p ( denoted by np ) for a large number of primes p on elliptic curves whose rank was known. from these numerical results birch & swinnerton - dyer ( 1965 ) c...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
it is easy to find an initial solution that visits all the cities but will likely be very poor compared to the optimal solution. the algorithm starts with such a solution and makes small improvements to it, such as switching the order in which two cities are visited. eventually, a much shorter route is likely to be obt...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mid - 1822 hamilton began a systematic study of laplace's mecanique celeste. in november and december 1822 he completed his first three original mathematical papers. on his first visit to dunsink observatory, he showed two of them to brinkley, who asked for a more developed form.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in relation to the 2016 united states presidential election, individuals associated with online message boards, such as 4chan, noted a similarity between kek and the character pepe the frog. this was later paired with images of pepe, resulting in a resurgence of interest in the ancient deity. believers in kek say that ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the darmon – granville theorem uses faltings's theorem to show that for every specific choice of exponents ( x, y, z ), there are at most finitely many coprime solutions for ( a, b, c ). : p.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
together with k. - m. chung, d. schuch, w. ulmer and b. zeiger a unified understanding of molecular interactions was developed based on a nonlinear schrodinger equation. hartmann thereby pioneered the discovery of one self - interacting field as the foundation of chemistry. h. hartman emerited in 1982 and died two year...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in most theories up to the eighteenth century, light was pictured as being made up of particles. since particle models cannot easily account for the refraction, diffraction and birefringence of light, wave theories of light were proposed by rene descartes ( 1637 ), robert hooke ( 1665 ), and christiaan huygens ( 1678 )...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in a linear normalization, the weight t i { \ displaystyle t _ { i } } of a descriptor is mapped to a size scale of 1 through f, where t min { \ displaystyle t _ { \ min } } and t max { \ displaystyle t _ { \ max } } are specifying the range of available weights. s i = f max β‹… ( t i βˆ’ t min ) t max βˆ’ t min { \ displays...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in number theory, a factorion in a given number base b { \ displaystyle b } is a natural number that equals the sum of the factorials of its digits. the name factorion was coined by the author clifford a. pickover.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
consider a class that contains the following procedure to print a string on standard output after a new line : the following snippet, assumed to be in the same class, uses print _ on _ new _ line to demonstrate the mixing of open arguments and open targets in agents used as arguments to the same routine. this example u...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
it was introduced by gottlob frege, developed by moses schonfinkel, and further developed by haskell curry. uncurrying is the dual transformation to currying, and can be seen as a form of defunctionalization. it takes a function f { \ displaystyle f } whose return value is another function g { \ displaystyle g }, and y...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in queueing theory, an adversarial queueing network is a model where the traffic to the network is supplied by an opponent rather than as the result of a stochastic process. the model has seen use in describing the impact of packet injections on the performance of communication networks. the model was first introduced ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
each base station is adapted to communicate over a radio link with at least one user's mobile station located within the radio range of said base station. the advantage is that the equipment for wifi, 5g and other protocols can be centralized in one place, with remote antennas attached via fiber optic serving all proto...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the plan 9 operating system from bell labs ( mid - 1980s onward ), union mounting is a central concept, replacing several older unix conventions with union directories ; for example, several directories containing executables, unioned together at a single / bin directory, replace the path variable for command lookup...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a monogenic semigroup is a semigroup generated by a single element. monogenic semigroups are also called cyclic semigroups.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in recent years, sentence embedding has seen a growing level of interest due to its applications in natural language queryable knowledge bases through the usage of vector indexing for semantic search. langchain for instance utilizes sentence transformers for purposes of indexing documents. in particular, an indexing is...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a fact is a statement ( called a theorem ) that can be proven by logical argument from certain axioms and definitions.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
unlike stochastic independence and uncorrelatedness, mean independence is not symmetric : it is possible for y { \ displaystyle y } to be mean - independent of x { \ displaystyle x } even though x { \ displaystyle x } is mean - dependent on y { \ displaystyle y }. the concept of mean independence is often used in econo...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, many sequences of numbers or of polynomials are indexed by nonnegative integers, for example, the bernoulli numbers and the bell numbers. in both mechanics and statistics, the zeroth moment is defined, representing total mass in the case of physical density, or total probability, i. e. one, for a probab...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in statistical mechanics, the softargmax function is known as the boltzmann distribution ( or gibbs distribution ) : : 7 the index set 1, …, k { \ displaystyle { 1, \, \ dots, \, k } } are the microstates of the system ; the inputs z i { \ displaystyle z _ { i } } are the energies of that state ; the denominator is kno...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, particularly in abstract algebra, a semigroup with involution or a * - semigroup is a semigroup equipped with an involutive anti - automorphism, which β€” roughly speaking β€” brings it closer to a group because this involution, considered as unary operator, exhibits certain fundamental properties of the op...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, newton's identities, also known as the girard – newton formulae, give relations between two types of symmetric polynomials, namely between power sums and elementary symmetric polynomials. evaluated at the roots of a monic polynomial p in one variable, they allow expressing the sums of the k - th powers ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. the earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones. some of the first examples, from fifth - century - bc greece, were theater masks with horn - shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voi...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
on x86 - 64 processors in native long mode, the address translation scheme uses pae but adds a fourth table, the 512 - entry page - map level 4 table, and extends the page directory pointer table to 512 entries instead of the original 4 entries it has in protected mode. this means that 48 bits of virtual page number ar...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, there is an ample supply of categorical dualities between certain categories of topological spaces and categories of partially ordered sets. today, these dualities are usually collected under the label stone duality, since they form a natural generalization of stone's representation theorem for boolean ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
except for certain logical issues, in this case cbd specializes to traditional treatments of contextuality in quantum physics. in particular, for consistently connected cyclic systems the noncontextuality criterion above reduces to d ( c n ) ≀ n βˆ’ 2, { \ displaystyle d \ left ( { \ mathcal { c } } _ { n } \ right ) \ l...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in number theory, all powers of three are perfect totient numbers. the sums of distinct powers of three form a stanley sequence, the lexicographically smallest sequence that does not contain an arithmetic progression of three elements. a conjecture of paul erdos states that this sequence contains no powers of two other...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the multicast dissemination protocol ( mdp ) was an initial attempt to ensure reliability and to address the problem of ack implosions through the use of nacks. mdp used selective negative acknowledgement ( nack ) to support reliability. additionally, mdp implemented probabilistic techniques to suppress redundant nacks...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the scp responds with a geographic number, e. g. 0121 xxx xxxx, and the call is actually routed to a phone. by this architecture : 08xxx ( non - geographic numbers ) can be set up in a few scp nodes rather than having to be set up in every telephone exchange in the country. geographic numbers can be hidden revenue can ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
one of the first system calls made by the c standard i / o library is in an isatty ( ) call used to determine if the program is being run interactively by a human ( in which case isatty ( ) will succeed and the library will write its output a line at a time so the user sees a regular flow of text ) or as part of a pipe...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, finite field arithmetic is arithmetic in a finite field ( a field containing a finite number of elements ) contrary to arithmetic in a field with an infinite number of elements, like the field of rational numbers. there are infinitely many different finite fields. their number of elements is necessarily...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematical optimization, the method of lagrange multipliers is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equation constraints ( i. e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables ). it is named after the ma...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to allow the system to work even with the high inter - unit latencies, each processor used an 8 - deep instruction pipeline. branches used a variable delay slot, the end of which was signaled by a bit in the next instruction. the bit indicated that the results of the branch had to be re - merged at this point,...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
from the beginning, descriptively near sets have proved to be useful in applications of topology, and visual pattern recognition, spanning a broad spectrum of applications that include camouflage detection, micropaleontology, handwriting forgery detection, biomedical image analysis, content - based image retrieval, pop...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
for example, the hamming distance measures the minimal number of substitutions needed, while the levenshtein distance measures the minimal number of deletions, insertions, and substitutions ; both of these can be thought of as distances in an appropriate graph. graph edit distance is a measure of dissimilarity between ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in ontologies designed to serve natural language processing ( nlp ) and natural language understanding ( nlu ) systems, ontology concepts are usually connected and symbolized by terms. this kind of connection represents a linguistic realization. terms are words or a combination of words ( multi - word units ), in diffe...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in model theory, a forking extension of a type is an extension of that type that is not free whereas a non - forking extension is an extension that is as free as possible. this can be used to extend the notions of linear or algebraic independence to stable theories. these concepts were introduced by s. shelah.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
like ordinary categories, they contain objects ( the 0 - simplices of the simplicial set ) and morphisms between these objects ( 1 - simplices ). but unlike categories, the composition of two morphisms need not be uniquely defined. all the morphisms that can serve as composition of two given morphisms are related to ea...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in structural proof theory, the nested sequent calculus is a reformulation of the sequent calculus to allow deep inference. = = references = =
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in some cases it may be desirable to add logic redundancy. one of those cases is to avoid race conditions whereby an output can fluctuate because different terms are " racing " to turn off and on. to explain this in more concrete terms the karnaugh map to the right shows the minterms for the following function : f ( a,...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. the number of cases sometimes can become very large. for example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1, 936 cases. this proof was controversial becaus...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in statistics, kernel - independent component analysis ( kernel ica ) is an efficient algorithm for independent component analysis which estimates source components by optimizing a generalized variance contrast function, which is based on representations in a reproducing kernel hilbert space. those contrast functions u...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in terms of actual computer processing, the principal steps are to 1 ) digitize the performed, analog music, 2 ) do successive short - term, fast fourier transform ( ffts ) to obtain the time - varying spectra, 3 ) identify the peaks in each spectrum, 4 ) analyze the spectral peaks to get pitch candidates, 5 ) connect ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, fenchel's duality theorem is a result in the theory of convex functions named after werner fenchel. let Ζ’ be a proper convex function on rn and let g be a proper concave function on rn. then, if regularity conditions are satisfied, inf x ( f ( x ) βˆ’ g ( x ) ) = sup p ( g βˆ— ( p ) βˆ’ f βˆ— ( p ) ). { \ displ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the context of digital privacy, individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right to exist freely on the internet, in that they can choose what type of information they are exposed to, and more importantly, that unwanted information should not interrupt them. an example of a digital breach of individual...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to define a model structure on the category of simplicial sets, one has to define fibrations, cofibrations and weak equivalences. one can define fibrations to be kan fibrations. a map of simplicial sets is defined to be a weak equivalence if its geometric realization is a weak homotopy equivalence of spaces. a...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a subring of r is a subset of a ring that is itself a ring when binary operations of addition and multiplication on r are restricted to the subset, and which shares the same multiplicative identity as r. for those who define rings without requiring the existence of a multiplicative identity, a subring o...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the early 1990s, engineers at japan's hitachi found ways to compress the reduced instruction sets so they fit in even smaller memory systems than ciscs. such compression schemes were used for the instruction set of their superh series of microprocessors, introduced in 1992. the superh instruction set was later adapt...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
these three people are the most commonly cited fastest typists in online typing communities. all of their records were set on the qwerty keyboard layout.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
bf6 f3 40. gxf3 exf3 41. bxg5 bxh3 42. bf4 + 1 – 0
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
he identifies commitment as the distinguishing factor between desire and intention, noting that it leads to ( 1 ) temporal persistence in plans and ( 2 ) further plans being made on the basis of those to which it is already committed. the bdi software model partially addresses these issues. temporal persistence, in the...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
this is to be contrasted with principal component analysis which seeks to minimize the mean square error of all residuals. before the advent of high - speed computers, considerable effort was devoted to finding approximate solutions to the problem, particularly in estimating the communalities by other means, which then...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a real number is said to be simply normal in an integer base b if its infinite sequence of digits is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit values has the same natural density 1 / b. a number is said to be normal in base b if, for every positive integer n, all possible strings n dig...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a semigroup with no elements ( the empty semigroup ) is a semigroup in which the underlying set is the empty set. many authors do not admit the existence of such a semigroup. for them a semigroup is by definition a non - empty set together with an associative binary operation. however not all authors in...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the 1980s, rump made an example. he made a complicated function and tried to obtain its value. single precision, double precision, extended precision results seemed to be correct, but its plus - minus sign was different from the true value.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the model is formulated in such a way that given x i { \ displaystyle x _ { i } }, y i { \ displaystyle y _ { i } } are independent ( conditional independence of the observable variables given the markov random field ). in the vast majority of the related literature, the number of possible latent states is considered a...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
other examples are readily found in different areas of mathematics, such as vector addition, matrix multiplication, and conjugation in groups. an operation of arity two that involves several sets is sometimes also called a binary operation. for example, scalar multiplication of vector spaces takes a scalar and a vector...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the mercury system, two series of rotors were used. the first series, dubbed the control maze, had four rotors, and stepped cyclometrically as in typex. five outputs from the control maze were used to determine the stepping of five rotors in the second series of rotors, the message maze, the latter used to encrypt a...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to improve the speed of floating - point division calculations on the pentium chip over the 486dx, intel opted to replace the shift - and - subtract division algorithm with the sweeney, robertson, and tocher ( srt ) algorithm. the srt algorithm can generate two bits of the division result per clock cycle, wher...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
many browser games became free to play in order to attract more visits. at the early age of smartphones, mobile games were paid to download because there was usually no interface for a smartphone to install a physical copy. standardization and the ubiquity of mobile platforms that allowed for easy purchases by customer...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to grow their collections, music librarians purchase books and music reference materials, subscribe to serials, order music scores and sound recordings, and buy or license electronic resources. this involves not only contact with publishers and other agencies that provide music materials, but also budgetary ma...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
to retain compatibility with the 7 - bit representation, the behaviour of bytes 0xa0 and 0xff was originally left undefined. the first c1 control code set to be registered for use with iso 2022 was din 31626, a specialised set for bibliographic use which was registered in 1979. the general - use iso / iec 6429 set was ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
selective retention – refers to the process of categorizing and interpreting information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another. furthermore, they just simply forget the unsympathetic material. groups and group norms work as mediators.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
however, the database system does not guarantee any ordering of the rows unless an order by clause is specified in the select statement that queries the table. an equally valid representation of a relation is as an n - dimensional chart, where n is the number of attributes ( a table's columns ). for example, a relation...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a fluid queue ( fluid model, fluid flow model or stochastic fluid model ) is a mathematical model used to describe the fluid level in a reservoir subject to randomly determined periods of filling and emptying. the term dam theory was used i...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the hardware tracing modules ( etm and etb ) are compatible, but updated, versions of those used in the arm9. in particular, trace semantics were updated to address parallel instruction execution and data transfers. arm makes an effort to promote recommended verilog coding styles and techniques.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in most systems a stack frame has a field to contain the previous value of the frame pointer register, the value it had while the caller was executing. for example, the stack frame of drawline would have a memory location holding the frame pointer value that drawsquare uses ( not shown in the diagram above ). the value...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to avoid o ( n log n ) complexity, the lisp 2 algorithm uses three different passes over the heap. in addition, heap objects must have a separate forwarding pointer slot that is not used outside of garbage collection. after standard marking, the algorithm proceeds in the following three passes : compute the fo...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
an object is classified by a plurality vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned to the class most common among its k nearest neighbors ( k is a positive integer, typically small ). if k = 1, then the object is simply assigned to the class of that single nearest neighbor. in k - nn regression, the output is...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
what is the format of the information? who will be responsible for transmitting and providing the information? moreover, this only serves as guidelines and must take into account other factors like cost and access to information. as defined by the project management institute ( 1996 ), project communications management...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematical logic and computer science, homotopy type theory ( hott ) refers to various lines of development of intuitionistic type theory, based on the interpretation of types as objects to which the intuition of ( abstract ) homotopy theory applies. this includes, among other lines of work, the construction of ho...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. the concept of a group is central to abstract algebra : other well - known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. groups r...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, particularly in abstract algebra, a ring r is said to be stably finite ( or weakly finite ) if, for all square matrices a and b of the same size with entries in r, ab = 1 implies ba = 1. this is a stronger property for a ring than having the invariant basis number ( ibn ) property. namely, any nontrivia...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
it applies to predicates of the form e x p r ∈ { e x p r 1, …, e x p r n } { \ displaystyle expr \ in \ { expr _ { 1 }, \ dots, expr _ { n } \ } }. in this case, it generates n test classes such that a predicate of the form e x p r = e x p r i { \ displaystyle expr = expr _ { i } } is added to each of them. mandatory t...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a formal group law is ( roughly speaking ) a formal power series behaving as if it were the product of a lie group. they were introduced by s. bochner ( 1946 ). the term formal group sometimes means the same as formal group law, and sometimes means one of several generalizations. formal groups are inter...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
this allows for rapid prototyping. lazy evaluation is often combined with memoization, as described in jon bentley's writing efficient programs. after a function's value is computed for that parameter or set of parameters, the result is stored in a lookup table that is indexed by the values of those parameters ; the ne...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
their correct definition is rather technical. they are specifically defined as sheaves of sets or as sheaves of rings, for example, depending on the type of data assigned to the open sets. there are also maps ( or morphisms ) from one sheaf to another ; sheaves ( of a specific type, such as sheaves of abelian groups ) ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in telephony, a zip tone ( also known as a whisper tone or call waiting tone ) is a call - progress tone which indicates a new incoming call is either connecting or waiting depending on the application. unlike a ringtone, which alerts those near a telephone to answer it, a zip tone alerts someone already on the line β€” ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
, s n { \ displaystyle s _ { 1 },..., s _ { n } } are the n { \ displaystyle n } sentences in the corpus, but n { \ displaystyle n } is the number of words in the corpus. this normalizes the perplexity by the length of the text, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between different texts or models. suppose the ave...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
a closely related vector is the angular wave vector ( or angular wavevector ), with a typical unit being radian per metre. the wave vector and angular wave vector are related by a fixed constant of proportionality, 2Ο€ radians per cycle. it is common in several fields of physics to refer to the angular wave vector simpl...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in statistics, the k - nearest neighbors algorithm ( k - nn ) is a non - parametric supervised learning method first developed by evelyn fix and joseph hodges in 1951, and later expanded by thomas cover. it is used for classification and regression. in both cases, the input consists of the k closest training examples i...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
additive smoothing is a type of shrinkage estimator, as the resulting estimate will be between the empirical probability ( relative frequency ) x i / n { \ textstyle \ textstyle { x _ { i } / n } }, and the uniform probability 1 / d { \ textstyle \ textstyle { 1 / d } }. invoking laplace's rule of succession, some auth...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the us and some other countries, the industry standard today for physical properties and raw materials constituents is astm c 1364, the standard specification for architectural cast stone. membership in astm international ( founded in 1898 as the american chapter of the international association for testing and mate...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
however, the clustering coefficient is much higher for the movie actor network. the network characteristics and scaling exponents given by barabasi and albert ( 1999 ), indicates the scale - free behavior : size : 212 250 average degree : 28. 78 cutoff for power - law scaling : 900 clustering coefficient : 0. 79therefo...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
the regularization term, or penalty, imposes a cost on the optimization function to make the optimal solution unique. implicit regularization is all other forms of regularization. this includes, for example, early stopping, using a robust loss function, and discarding outliers.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
., + n, βˆ’ n } { \ displaystyle l : v ( t ) \ to \ { + 1, - 1, + 2, - 2,..., + n, - n \ } } be a labeling of the vertices of t which is an odd function on s n βˆ’ 1 { \ displaystyle s _ { n - 1 } }, i. e, l ( βˆ’ v ) = βˆ’ l ( v ) { \ displaystyle l ( - v ) = - l ( v ) } for every vertex v ∈ s n βˆ’ 1 { \ displaystyle v \ in s ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
all else being equal, an unbiased estimator is preferable to a biased estimator, although in practice, biased estimators ( with generally small bias ) are frequently used. when a biased estimator is used, bounds of the bias are calculated. a biased estimator may be used for various reasons : because an unbiased estimat...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
because it is impossible for banks to know every cheque that a customer writes and which may or may not be fraudulent, the onus is on the clients to make the bank aware of what cheques they write. these systems allow customers to upload their cheque files to the bank including the cheque number, the amount of money, an...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, the hurwitz problem ( named after adolf hurwitz ) is the problem of finding multiplicative relations between quadratic forms which generalise those known to exist between sums of squares in certain numbers of variables.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the united states, " gangnam style " debuted at number 64 the billboard hot 100 in the week of september 22, 2012, with 61, 000 downloads sold, more than the total number of previous weeks ( 57, 000 ), becoming the second k - pop song to enter the chart behind the wonder girls'" nobody, " which spent a week at numbe...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in a network created by people analyzing their understanding of the word ( such as wordnet ) the links and decomposition structures of the network are few in number and kind, and include part of, kind of, and similar links. in automated ontologies the links are computed vectors without explicit meaning. various automat...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics and theoretical computer science, entropy compression is an information theoretic method for proving that a random process terminates, originally used by robin moser to prove an algorithmic version of the lovasz local lemma.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
indeed, he would look favourably on an application for tenure by a young scientist who " got busy and found himself 43 coauthors. " in john quiggin's opinion, the social network analysis was not based on meaningful criteria, did not prove a conflict of interest and did not apply at the time of the 1998 and 1999 publica...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in mathematics, a classifying topos for some sort of structure is a topos t such that there is a natural equivalence between geometric morphisms from a cocomplete topos e to t and the category of models for the structure in e.
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in the field of data compression, shannon coding, named after its creator, claude shannon, is a lossless data compression technique for constructing a prefix code based on a set of symbols and their probabilities ( estimated or measured ). it is suboptimal in the sense that it does not achieve the lowest possible expec...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in modern mathematics, a common proof involves bezout's identity, which was unknown at euclid's time. bezout's identity states that if x and y are coprime integers ( i. e. they share no common divisors other than 1 and βˆ’1 ) there exist integers r and s such that r x + s y = 1. { \ displaystyle rx + sy = 1. } let a and ...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
in order to guarantee interoperability, dcf specifies the file system for image and sound files to be used on formatted dcf media ( like removable or non - removable memory ) as fat12, fat16, fat32, or exfat. media with a capacity of more than 2 gb must be formatted using fat32 or exfat. the filesystem in a digital cam...
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus