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In mathematical finite group theory, the Dempwolff group is a finite group of order 319979520 = 215·32·5·7·31, that is the unique nonsplit extension 2 5 . G L 5 ( F 2 ) {\displaystyle 2^{5\,. }\mathrm {GL} _{5}(\mathbb {F} _{2})} of G L 5 ( F 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{5}(\mathbb {F} _{2})} by its natural module of order 2 5 {\displaystyle 2^{5}} . The uniqueness of such a nonsplit extension was shown by Dempwolff (1972), and the existence by Thompson (1976), who showed using some computer calculations of Smith (1976) that the Dempwolff group is contained in the compact Lie group E 8 {\displaystyle E_{8}} as the subgroup fixing a certain lattice in the Lie algebra of E 8 {\displaystyle E_{8}} , and is also contained in the Thompson sporadic group (the full automorphism group of this lattice) as a maximal subgroup.
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In political campaigns, an attack ad is an advertisement designed to wage a personal attack against an opposing candidate or political party in order to gain support for the attacking candidate and attract voters. Attack ads often form part of negative campaigning or smear campaigns, and in large or well-financed campaigns, may be disseminated via mass media. An attack ad will generally unfairly criticize an opponent's political platform, usually by pointing out its faults.
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Using Michell's schema, Ben Richards (Kyngdon & Richards, 2007) discovered that some instances of the triple cancellation axiom are "incoherent" as they contradict the single cancellation axiom. Moreover, he identified many instances of the triple cancellation which are trivially true if double cancellation is supported. The axioms of the theory of conjoint measurement are not stochastic; and given the ordinal constraints placed on data by the cancellation axioms, order restricted inference methodology must be used (Iverson & Falmagne 1985).
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In the 1990s, digital speech recognition technology became a feature of the personal computer with IBM, Philips and Lernout & Hauspie fighting for customers. Much later the market launch of the first smartphone IBM Simon in 1994 laid the foundation for smart virtual assistants as we know them today.In 1997, Dragon's Naturally Speaking software could recognize and transcribe natural human speech without pauses between each word into a document at a rate of 100 words per minute. A version of Naturally Speaking is still available for download and it is still used today, for instance, by many doctors in the US and the UK to document their medical records.In 2001 Colloquis publicly launched SmarterChild, on platforms like AIM and MSN Messenger. While entirely text-based SmarterChild was able to play games, check the weather, look up facts, and converse with users to an extent.The first modern digital virtual assistant installed on a smartphone was Siri, which was introduced as a feature of the iPhone 4S on 4 October 2011.
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A high return loss is desirable and results in a lower insertion loss. From a certain perspective 'Return Loss' is a misnomer. The usual function of a transmission line is to convey power from a source to a load with minimal loss.
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In mathematics, a stacky curve is an object in algebraic geometry that is roughly an algebraic curve with potentially "fractional points" called stacky points. A stacky curve is a type of stack used in studying Gromov–Witten theory, enumerative geometry, and rings of modular forms. Stacky curves are deeply related to 1-dimensional orbifolds and therefore sometimes called orbifold curves or orbicurves.
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In pseudocode, the algorithm will be: function KahanSum(input) var sum = 0.0 // Prepare the accumulator. var c = 0.0 // A running compensation for lost low-order bits. for i = 1 to input.length do // The array input has elements indexed input to input. var y = input - c // c is zero the first time around.
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For a vector to represent a geometric object, it must be possible to describe how it looks in any other coordinate system. That is to say, the components of the vectors will transform in a certain way in passing from one coordinate system to another. A vector, which is an example of a contravariant tensor, has components that transform inversely to the transformation of the reference axes, (with example transformations including rotation and dilation).
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In some contexts, the value of the loss function itself is a random quantity because it depends on the outcome of a random variable X.
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Historically - long before anyone defined nested intervals in a textbook - people implicitly constructed such nestings for concrete calculation purposes. For example, the ancient Babylonians discovered a method for computing square roots of numbers. In contrast, the famed Archimedes constructed sequences of polygons, that inscribed and surcumscribed a unit circle, in order to get a lower and upper bound for the circles circumference - which is the circle number Pi ( π {\displaystyle \pi } ). The central question to be posed is the nature of the intersection over all the natural numbers, or, put differently, the set of numbers, that are found in every Interval I n {\displaystyle I_{n}} (thus, for all n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } ). In modern mathematics, nested intervals are used as a construction method for the real numbers (in order to complete the field of rational numbers).
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In statistics, the size of a test is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. That is, it is the probability of making a type I error. It is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha).
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The set of all k-combinations of a set S is often denoted by ( S k ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {\binom {S}{k}}} . A combination is a combination of n things taken k at a time without repetition. To refer to combinations in which repetition is allowed, the terms k-combination with repetition, k-multiset, or k-selection, are often used.
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In order to reap the real benefits of a sharing economy and somehow address some issues that revolve around it, there is a great need for the government and policy-makers to create the “right enabling framework based on a set of guiding principles” proposed by the World Economic Forum. These principles are derived from the analysis of global policymaking and consultation with experts. The following are the seven principles for regulation in the sharing economy. The first principle is creating space for innovation.
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At most two Foster processors could be accommodated in a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system built with a mainstream chipset, so a second version (Foster MP) was introduced with a 1 MB L3 cache and the Jackson Hyper-Threading capacity. This improved performance slightly, but not enough to lift it out of third place. It was also priced much higher than the dual-processor (DP) versions. The Foster shared the 80528 product code with Willamette.
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. . , x k {\displaystyle x_{1},...,x_{k}} , and two propositional formulas are logically equivalent if and only if they express the same Boolean function.
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In non-overlapping methods, the subdomains intersect only on their interface. In primal methods, such as Balancing domain decomposition and BDDC, the continuity of the solution across subdomain interface is enforced by representing the value of the solution on all neighboring subdomains by the same unknown. In dual methods, such as FETI, the continuity of the solution across the subdomain interface is enforced by Lagrange multipliers.
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In natural language processing, entity linking, also referred to as named-entity linking (NEL), named-entity disambiguation (NED), named-entity recognition and disambiguation (NERD) or named-entity normalization (NEN) is the task of assigning a unique identity to entities (such as famous individuals, locations, or companies) mentioned in text. For example, given the sentence "Paris is the capital of France", the idea is to determine that "Paris" refers to the city of Paris and not to Paris Hilton or any other entity that could be referred to as "Paris". Entity linking is different from named-entity recognition (NER) in that NER identifies the occurrence of a named entity in text but it does not identify which specific entity it is (see Differences from other techniques).
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Numerical software execution results or through-put on a network test, for example, provides analytical evidence that the requirement has been met. Inspection of vendor documentation or spec sheets also verifies requirements. Testing or demonstrating the software in a lab environment also verifies the requirements: a test type of verification will occur when test equipment not normally part of the lab (or system under test) is used.
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In mathematics, the lower envelope or pointwise minimum of a finite set of functions is the pointwise minimum of the functions, the function whose value at every point is the minimum of the values of the functions in the given set. The concept of a lower envelope can also be extended to partial functions by taking the minimum only among functions that have values at the point. The upper envelope or pointwise maximum is defined symmetrically. For an infinite set of functions, the same notions may be defined using the infimum in place of the minimum, and the supremum in place of the maximum.For continuous functions from a given class, the lower or upper envelope is a piecewise function whose pieces are from the same class.
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In mathematics, the Backus–Gilbert method, also known as the optimally localized average (OLA) method is named for its discoverers, geophysicists George E. Backus and James Freeman Gilbert. It is a regularization method for obtaining meaningful solutions to ill-posed inverse problems. Where other regularization methods, such as the frequently used Tikhonov regularization method, seek to impose smoothness constraints on the solution, Backus–Gilbert instead seeks to impose stability constraints, so that the solution would vary as little as possible if the input data were resampled multiple times. In practice, and to the extent that is justified by the data, smoothness results from this.
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In mathematical statistics, the Kullback–Leibler divergence (also called relative entropy and I-divergence), denoted D KL ( P ∥ Q ) {\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel Q)} , is a type of statistical distance: a measure of how one probability distribution P is different from a second, reference probability distribution Q. A simple interpretation of the KL divergence of P from Q is the expected excess surprise from using Q as a model when the actual distribution is P. While it is a distance, it is not a metric, the most familiar type of distance: it is not symmetric in the two distributions (in contrast to variation of information), and does not satisfy the triangle inequality. Instead, in terms of information geometry, it is a type of divergence, a generalization of squared distance, and for certain classes of distributions (notably an exponential family), it satisfies a generalized Pythagorean theorem (which applies to squared distances).In the simple case, a relative entropy of 0 indicates that the two distributions in question have identical quantities of information. Relative entropy is a nonnegative function of two distributions or measures. It has diverse applications, both theoretical, such as characterizing the relative (Shannon) entropy in information systems, randomness in continuous time-series, and information gain when comparing statistical models of inference; and practical, such as applied statistics, fluid mechanics, neuroscience and bioinformatics.
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are a sheik” e.n.fór, “he flees”Another example can be found from Ket: fèmba.di, “I am a Tungus” dɨ.fen, “I am standing”In Turkic, and a few Uralic and Australian Aboriginal languages, predicative adjectives and copular complements take affixes that are identical to those used on predicative verbs, but their negation is different. For example, in Turkish: koş.u.yor.sun “you are running” çavuş.sun “you are a sergeant”Under negation, that becomes (negative affixes in bold): koş.mu.yor.sun “you are not running” çavuş değil.sin “you are not a sergeant”Therefore, the person agreement affixes used with predicative adjectives and nominals in Turkic languages are considered to be nonverbal in character. In some analyses, they are viewed as a form of verbal takeover by a copular strategy.
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In the context of building simulation models, error refers to the discrepancy between simulation results and the actual measured performance of the building. There are normally occurring uncertainties in building design and building assessment, which generally stem from approximations in model inputs, such as occupancy behavior. Calibration refers to the process of "tuning" or adjusting assumed simulation model inputs to match observed data from the utilities or Building Management System (BMS).The number of publications dealing with accuracy in building modeling and simulation increased significantly over the past decade. Many papers report large gaps between simulation results and measurements, while other studies show that they can match very well.
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During the course of developing a particular formalization of type theory, the type theorist may look back over the rules for types, say C, which have been introduced hitherto and perform the step of recognizing that they are valid according to Martin-Löf’s informal semantics of meaning explanation. This act of ‘introspection’ is an attempt to become aware of the conceptions which have governed our constructions in the past. It gives rise to a “reflection principle which roughly speaking says whatever we are used to doing with types can be done inside a universe” (Martin-Löf 1975, 83). On the formal level, this leads to an extension of the existing formalization of type theory in that the type forming capacities of C become enshrined in a type universe UC mirroring C.
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In mathematics, a refinement monoid is a commutative monoid M such that for any elements a0, a1, b0, b1 of M such that a0+a1=b0+b1, there are elements c00, c01, c10, c11 of M such that a0=c00+c01, a1=c10+c11, b0=c00+c10, and b1=c01+c11. A commutative monoid M is said to be conical if x+y=0 implies that x=y=0, for any elements x,y of M.
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In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups. In 1993, Steven M. Greer founded the Disclosure Project to promote the concept. In May 2001, Greer held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. that demanded Congress hold hearings on "secret U.S.
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More abstractly, the logistic function is the natural parameter for the Bernoulli distribution, and in this sense is the "simplest" way to convert a real number to a probability. In particular, it maximizes entropy (minimizes added information), and in this sense makes the fewest assumptions of the data being modeled; see § Maximum entropy.
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Continuity is one of the core concepts of calculus and mathematical analysis, where arguments and values of functions are real and complex numbers. The concept has been generalized to functions between metric spaces and between topological spaces. The latter are the most general continuous functions, and their definition is the basis of topology.
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In mathematics, near sets are either spatially close or descriptively close. Spatially close sets have nonempty intersection. In other words, spatially close sets are not disjoint sets, since they always have at least one element in common. Descriptively close sets contain elements that have matching descriptions.
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In statistics, canonical-correlation analysis (CCA), also called canonical variates analysis, is a way of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices. If we have two vectors X = (X1, ..., Xn) and Y = (Y1, ..., Ym) of random variables, and there are correlations among the variables, then canonical-correlation analysis will find linear combinations of X and Y which have maximum correlation with each other. T. R. Knapp notes that "virtually all of the commonly encountered parametric tests of significance can be treated as special cases of canonical-correlation analysis, which is the general procedure for investigating the relationships between two sets of variables." The method was first introduced by Harold Hotelling in 1936, although in the context of angles between flats the mathematical concept was published by Jordan in 1875.
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In quantum mechanics, the expectation value is the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment. It can be thought of as an average of all the possible outcomes of a measurement as weighted by their likelihood, and as such it is not the most probable value of a measurement; indeed the expectation value may have zero probability of occurring (e.g. measurements which can only yield integer values may have a non-integer mean). It is a fundamental concept in all areas of quantum physics.
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In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an irreducible polynomial f ( x ) = x 2 + a x + b {\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}+ax+b} splits into linear terms when reduced mod p {\displaystyle p} . That is, it determines for which prime numbers the relation f ( x ) ≡ f p ( x ) = ( x − n p ) ( x − m p ) ( mod p ) {\displaystyle f(x)\equiv f_{p}(x)=(x-n_{p})(x-m_{p}){\text{ }}({\text{mod }}p)} holds. For a general reciprocity lawpg 3, it is defined as the rule determining which primes p {\displaystyle p} the polynomial f p {\displaystyle f_{p}} splits into linear factors, denoted Spl { f ( x ) } {\displaystyle {\text{Spl}}\{f(x)\}} .
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The singular values are the absolute values of the eigenvalues of a normal matrix A, because the spectral theorem can be applied to obtain unitary diagonalization of A {\displaystyle A} as A = U Λ U ∗ {\displaystyle A=U\Lambda U^{*}} . Therefore, A ∗ A = U Λ ∗ Λ U ∗ = U | Λ | U ∗ {\textstyle {\sqrt {A^{*}A}}={\sqrt {U\Lambda ^{*}\Lambda U^{*}}}=U\left|\Lambda \right|U^{*}} . Most norms on Hilbert space operators studied are defined using s-numbers.
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It is minimal, because each of its edges belongs to a cycle with the Hamiltonian path edges that is disjoint from all other such cycles. In a tournament, it may be the case that the minimum feedback arc set and maximum acyclic subgraph are both close to half the edges. More precisely, every tournament graph has a feedback arc set of size ( n 2 ) / 2 − Ω ( n 3 / 2 ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{2}}/2-\Omega (n^{3/2})} , and some tournaments require size ( n 2 ) / 2 − O ( n 3 / 2 ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{2}}/2-O(n^{3/2})} .
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In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by a positive integer power that requires a minimal number of multiplications. Using the form of the shortest addition chain, with multiplication instead of addition, computes the desired exponent (instead of multiple) of the base. (This corresponds to OEIS sequence A003313 (Length of shortest addition chain for n).) Each exponentiation in the chain can be evaluated by multiplying two of the earlier exponentiation results.
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Such a procedure adds a link from every sink, dangling state a {\displaystyle a} to every other node. Now by the construction the sum of all elements in any column of matrix S is equal to unity. In this way the matrix S is mathematically well defined and it belongs to the class of Markov chains and the class of Perron-Frobenius operators. That makes S suitable for the PageRank algorithm.
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During this operation, each column is transformed using a fixed matrix (matrix left-multiplied by column gives new value of column in the state): = 0 ≤ j ≤ 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}b_{0,j}\\b_{1,j}\\b_{2,j}\\b_{3,j}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}2&3&1&1\\1&2&3&1\\1&1&2&3\\3&1&1&2\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a_{0,j}\\a_{1,j}\\a_{2,j}\\a_{3,j}\end{bmatrix}}\qquad 0\leq j\leq 3} Matrix multiplication is composed of multiplication and addition of the entries. Entries are bytes treated as coefficients of polynomial of order x 7 {\displaystyle x^{7}} . Addition is simply XOR.
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Often a distinction is made between the suffixes /-ak/ ('you', masc.) and /-ik/ ('you', fem.
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In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants".
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If the original curve is a line then the inverse curve will pass through the center of inversion. If the original curve passes through the center of inversion then the inverted curve will be a line. The inverted curve will be the same as the original exactly when the curve intersects the circle of inversion at right angles.
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In the beginning linkers gave users very limited control over the arrangement of generated output object files. As the target systems became complex with different memory requirements such as embedded systems, it became necessary to give users control to generate output object files with their specific requirements such as defining base addresses' of segments. Linkers control scripts were used for this.
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In organic chemistry, GM2 is a type of ganglioside. G refers to ganglioside, the M is for monosialic (as in it has one sialic acid), and 2 refers to the fact that it was the second monosialic ganglioside discovered. It is associated with GM2 gangliosidoses such as Tay–Sachs disease.
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"Grade of Service" sometimes means a measure of inbound call center traffic to verify adherence to conditions to measure the success of customers served. On the other hand, the quality of service which a single circuit is designed or conditioned to provide, e.g. voice grade or program grade is called the quality of service. Quality criteria for such circuits may include equalization for amplitude over a specified band of frequencies, or in the case of digital data transported via analogue circuits, may include equalization for phase. Criteria for mobile quality of service in cellular telephone circuits include the probability of abnormal termination of the call.
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In mathematics (linear algebra), the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm is a recursive method to calculate the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial p A ( λ ) = det ( λ I n − A ) {\displaystyle p_{A}(\lambda )=\det(\lambda I_{n}-A)} of a square matrix, A, named after Dmitry Konstantinovich Faddeev and Urbain Le Verrier. Calculation of this polynomial yields the eigenvalues of A as its roots; as a matrix polynomial in the matrix A itself, it vanishes by the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. Computing the characteristic polynomial directly from the definition of the determinant is computationally cumbersome insofar as it introduces a new symbolic quantity λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ; by contrast, the Faddeev-Le Verrier algorithm works directly with coefficients of matrix A {\displaystyle A} . The algorithm has been independently rediscovered several times in different forms.
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In phonology, a natural class is a set of phonemes in a language that share certain distinctive features. A natural class is determined by participation in shared phonological processes, described using the minimum number of features necessary for descriptive adequacy.
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In instruction pipelines, this technique is called out-of-order execution. Guess and backtrack: One important example of item-to-item dependency is the handling of a conditional branch instruction X by an instruction pipeline. The first stage A of the pipeline, that fetches the next instruction Y to be executed, cannot perform its task until X has fetched its operand and determined whether the branch is to be taken or not.
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In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies or frequency bands. However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering exist.
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In mathematical logic, the intersection type discipline is a branch of type theory encompassing type systems that use the intersection type constructor ( ∩ ) {\displaystyle (\cap )} to assign multiple types to a single term. In particular, if a term M {\displaystyle M} can be assigned both the type φ 1 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1}} and the type φ 2 {\displaystyle \varphi _{2}} , then M {\displaystyle M} can be assigned the intersection type φ 1 ∩ φ 2 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1}\cap \varphi _{2}} (and vice versa). Therefore, the intersection type constructor can be used to express finite heterogeneous ad hoc polymorphism (as opposed to parametric polymorphism). For example, the λ-term λ x .
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Standard examples of each, all of which are linear classifiers, are: generative classifiers: naive Bayes classifier and linear discriminant analysis discriminative model: logistic regressionIn application to classification, one wishes to go from an observation x to a label y (or probability distribution on labels). One can compute this directly, without using a probability distribution (distribution-free classifier); one can estimate the probability of a label given an observation, P ( Y | X = x ) {\displaystyle P(Y|X=x)} (discriminative model), and base classification on that; or one can estimate the joint distribution P ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle P(X,Y)} (generative model), from that compute the conditional probability P ( Y | X = x ) {\displaystyle P(Y|X=x)} , and then base classification on that. These are increasingly indirect, but increasingly probabilistic, allowing more domain knowledge and probability theory to be applied. In practice different approaches are used, depending on the particular problem, and hybrids can combine strengths of multiple approaches.
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In telecommunication, a virtual call capability, sometimes called a virtual call facility, is a service feature in which: a call set-up procedure and a call disengagement procedure determine the period of communication between two DTEs in which user data are transferred by a packet switched network end-to-end transfer control of packets within the network is required data may be delivered to the network by the call originator before the call access phase is completed, but the data are not delivered to the call receiver if the call attempt is unsuccessful the network delivers all the user data to the call receiver in the same sequence in which the data are received by the network multi-access DTEs may have several virtual calls in progress at the same time.An alternative approach to virtual calls is connectionless communication using datagrams.In the 1970s, the "virtual call" concept was used in the British EPSS and enhanced by Rémi Després as "virtual circuits" in the French RCP.
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In the C and C++ programming languages, an #include guard, sometimes called a macro guard, header guard or file guard, is a particular construct used to avoid the problem of double inclusion when dealing with the include directive. The C preprocessor processes directives of the form #include in a source file by locating the associated file on disk and transcluding ("including") its contents into a copy of the source file known as the translation unit, replacing the include directive in the process. The files included in this regard are generally header files, which typically contain declarations of functions and classes or structs. If certain C or C++ language constructs are defined twice, the resulting translation unit is invalid.
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In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, average, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the arithmetic mean of a large number of independently selected outcomes of a random variable. The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration.
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These threads sit on a run queue in the operating system until processor time is available for them to perform processing for the interrupt. SLIHs may have a long-lived execution time, and thus are typically scheduled similarly to threads and processes. In Linux, FLIHs are called upper half, and SLIHs are called lower half or bottom half. This is different from naming used in other Unix-like systems, where both are a part of bottom half.
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These include its relationship to ridge regression and best subset selection and the connections between lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need to be unique if covariates are collinear. Though originally defined for linear regression, lasso regularization is easily extended to other statistical models including generalized linear models, generalized estimating equations, proportional hazards models, and M-estimators. Lasso's ability to perform subset selection relies on the form of the constraint and has a variety of interpretations including in terms of geometry, Bayesian statistics and convex analysis. The LASSO is closely related to basis pursuit denoising.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, Carmichael's totient function conjecture concerns the multiplicity of values of Euler's totient function φ(n), which counts the number of integers less than and coprime to n. It states that, for every n there is at least one other integer m ≠ n such that φ(m) = φ(n). Robert Carmichael first stated this conjecture in 1907, but as a theorem rather than as a conjecture. However, his proof was faulty, and in 1922, he retracted his claim and stated the conjecture as an open problem.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the event that a study requires the shoreline position from before aerial photographs, or if the location has poor photographic coverage, historical maps provide an alternative. Many errors are associated with early maps and charts. Such errors may be associated with scale, datum changes, distortions from uneven shrinkage, stretching, creases, tears and folds, different surveying standards, different publication standards and projection errors. The severity of these errors depends on the accuracy of the map and the physical changes that occurred after it was made.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Tables of logarithms prepared by John Napier in 1614 and 1619 used the period (full stop) as the decimal separator, which was then adopted by Henry Briggs in his influential 17th century work. In France, the full stop was already in use in printing to make Roman numerals more readable, so the comma was chosen.Many other countries, such as Italy, also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position. It has been made standard by the ISO for international blueprints. However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In some countries, a raised dot or dash (upper comma) may be used for grouping or decimal separator; this is particularly common in handwriting.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the case of an approximation of an extremely large number, the relative error may be large, yet there may still be a sense in which one wants to consider the numbers as "close in magnitude". For example, consider 10 10 {\displaystyle 10^{10}} and 10 9 {\displaystyle 10^{9}} The relative error is 1 − 10 9 10 10 = 1 − 1 10 = 90 % {\displaystyle 1-{\frac {10^{9}}{10^{10}}}=1-{\frac {1}{10}}=90\%} a large relative error. However, one can also consider the relative error in the logarithms; in this case, the logarithms (to base 10) are 10 and 9, so the relative error in the logarithms is only 10%. The point is that exponential functions magnify relative errors greatly – if a and b have a small relative error, 10 a {\displaystyle 10^{a}} and 10 b {\displaystyle 10^{b}} the relative error is larger, and 10 10 a {\displaystyle 10^{10^{a}}} and 10 10 b {\displaystyle 10^{10^{b}}} will have an even larger relative error.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For example, there are methods to locate a gene within a sequence, to predict protein structure and/or function, and to cluster protein sequences into families of related sequences.The primary goal of bioinformatics is to increase the understanding of biological processes. What sets it apart from other approaches is its focus on developing and applying computationally intensive techniques to achieve this goal. Examples include: pattern recognition, data mining, machine learning algorithms, and visualization.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For this conclusion to be valid, only very mild assumptions in the theory of computational complexity have to be invoked. In this sense, quantum random sampling schemes can have the potential to show quantum supremacy.A notable property of quantum supremacy is that it can be feasibly achieved by near-term quantum computers, since it does not require a quantum computer to perform any useful task or use high-quality quantum error correction, both of which are long-term goals. Consequently, researchers view quantum supremacy as primarily a scientific goal, with relatively little immediate bearing on the future commercial viability of quantum computing. Due to unpredictable possible improvements in classical computers and algorithms, quantum supremacy may be temporary or unstable, placing possible achievements under significant scrutiny.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For Hockett, morphemes are "meaning elements", not "form elements". For him, there is a morpheme plural using allomorphs such as -s, -en and -ren. Within much morpheme-based morphological theory, the two views are mixed in unsystematic ways so a writer may refer to "the morpheme plural" and "the morpheme -s" in the same sentence.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, particularly in algebra, the injective hull (or injective envelope) of a module is both the smallest injective module containing it and the largest essential extension of it. Injective hulls were first described in (Eckmann & Schopf 1953).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, a quantaloid is a category enriched over the category Sup of suplattices. In other words, for any objects a and b the morphism object between them is not just a set but a complete lattice, in such a way that composition of morphisms preserves all joins: ( ⋁ i f i ) ∘ ( ⋁ j g j ) = ⋁ i , j ( f i ∘ g j ) {\displaystyle (\bigvee _{i}f_{i})\circ (\bigvee _{j}g_{j})=\bigvee _{i,j}(f_{i}\circ g_{j})} The endomorphism lattice H o m ( X , X ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {Hom} (X,X)} of any object X {\displaystyle X} in a quantaloid is a quantale, whence the name. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In order to make any use of unlabeled data, some relationship to the underlying distribution of data must exist. Semi-supervised learning algorithms make use of at least one of the following assumptions:
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the double-tap technique, after the first round is fired, the shooter quickly reacquires the sights for a fast second shot. This skill can be practiced by firing two shots at a time, taking time between the shots to reacquire the sights. With practice, the time between shots becomes briefer and briefer until it seems to an observer as if the shooter is just pulling the trigger twice very quickly. According to a U.S.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist. Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of situations where isomorphic, compatible geometrical objects (such as vector bundles on topological spaces) can be "glued together" within a restriction of the topological basis. In a more general set-up the restrictions are replaced with pullbacks; fibred categories then make a good framework to discuss the possibility of such gluing.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the United Kingdom, personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, and telephone numbers. Under English law (which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland), the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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It is also possible to construct universal graphs for planar graphs that have n1+o(1) vertices.Sumner's conjecture states that tournaments are universal for polytrees, in the sense that every tournament with 2n − 2 vertices contains every polytree with n vertices as a subgraph.A family F of graphs has a universal graph of polynomial size, containing every n-vertex graph as an induced subgraph, if and only if it has an adjacency labelling scheme in which vertices may be labeled by O(log n)-bit bitstrings such that an algorithm can determine whether two vertices are adjacent by examining their labels. For, if a universal graph of this type exists, the vertices of any graph in F may be labeled by the identities of the corresponding vertices in the universal graph, and conversely if a labeling scheme exists then a universal graph may be constructed having a vertex for every possible label.In older mathematical terminology, the phrase "universal graph" was sometimes used to denote a complete graph. The notion of universal graph has been adapted and used for solving mean payoff games.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, Burnside's theorem in group theory states that if G is a finite group of order p a q b {\displaystyle p^{a}q^{b}} where p and q are prime numbers, and a and b are non-negative integers, then G is solvable. Hence each non-Abelian finite simple group has order divisible by at least three distinct primes.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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At this point, both the parent and offspring rules are returned to . The LCS genetic algorithm is highly elitist since each learning iteration, the vast majority of the population is preserved. Rule discovery may alternatively be performed by some other method, such as an estimation of distribution algorithm, but a GA is by far the most common approach. Evolutionary algorithms like the GA employ a stochastic search, which makes LCS a stochastic algorithm. LCS seeks to cleverly explore the search space, but does not perform an exhaustive search of rule combinations, and is not guaranteed to converge on an optimal solution.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In recent years project management software has moved to Mobile devices. In 2015 there are more cell phones than computers in the world, therefore the move of SaaS applications to the mobile devices makes perfect sense. This migration has had the additional benefit of enabling the users to view and update project details on the go.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In order to evaluate automatic systems on lexical substitution, a task was organized at the Semeval-2007 evaluation competition held in Prague in 2007. A Semeval-2010 task on cross-lingual lexical substitution has also taken place.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Despite the large QA infrastructure most publishers have, many developers retain a small group of testers to provide on-the-spot QA. Now most game developers rely on their highly technical and game savvy testers to find glitches and 'bugs' in either the programming code or graphic layers. Game testers usually have a background playing a variety of different games on a multitude of platforms.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In statistics The optimistic knowledge gradient is a approximation policy proposed by Xi Chen, Qihang Lin and Dengyong Zhou in 2013. This policy is created to solve the challenge of computationally intractable of large size of optimal computing budget allocation problem in binary/multi-class crowd labeling where each label from the crowd has a certain cost.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, exponential equivalence of measures is how two sequences or families of probability measures are "the same" from the point of view of large deviations theory.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In telecommunications and data communication systems, an errored second is an interval of a second during which any error whatsoever has occurred, regardless of whether that error was a single bit error or a complete loss of communication for that entire second. The type of error is not important for the purpose of counting errored seconds. In communication systems with very low uncorrected bit error rates, such as modern fiber optic transmission systems, or systems with higher low-level error rates that are corrected using large amounts of forward error correction, errored seconds are often a better measure of the effective user-visible error rate than the raw bit error rate.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 236, 1236, 2346, and 12346 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-125, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 0125, 1257, and 01257 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of below, as in standard 8-dot braille.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Assuming that the required time for each of the tasks is known in advance, an optimal execution order must lead to the minimization of the total execution time. Although this is an NP-hard problem and therefore can be difficult to be solved exactly. There are algorithms, like job scheduler, that calculate optimal task distributions using metaheuristic methods.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, a linearised polynomial (or q-polynomial) is a polynomial for which the exponents of all the constituent monomials are powers of q and the coefficients come from some extension field of the finite field of order q. We write a typical example as where each a i {\displaystyle a_{i}} is in F q m ( = GF ( q m ) ) {\displaystyle F_{q^{m}}(=\operatorname {GF} (q^{m}))} for some fixed positive integer m {\displaystyle m} . This special class of polynomials is important from both a theoretical and an applications viewpoint. The highly structured nature of their roots makes these roots easy to determine.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the U.S. telephone network, the 12-channel carrier system was an early frequency-division multiplexing system standard, used to carry multiple telephone calls on a single twisted pair of wires, mostly for short to medium distances. In this system twelve voice channels are multiplexed in a high frequency carrier and passed through a balanced pair trunk line similar to those used for individual voice frequency connections. The original system is obsolete today, but the multiplexing of voice channels in units of 12 or 24 channels in modern digital trunk lines such as T-1 is a legacy of the system.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The undesired components are filtered out using regularization: If σ ≫ λ n {\displaystyle \sigma \gg \lambda n} , then 1 σ i + n λ ∼ 1 σ i {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma _{i}+n\lambda }}\sim {\frac {1}{\sigma _{i}}}} . If σ ≪ λ n {\displaystyle \sigma \ll \lambda n} , then 1 σ i + n λ ∼ 1 λ n {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma _{i}+n\lambda }}\sim {\frac {1}{\lambda n}}} .The filter function for Tikhonov regularization is therefore defined as: G λ ( σ ) = 1 σ + n λ . {\displaystyle G_{\lambda }(\sigma )={\frac {1}{\sigma +n\lambda }}.}
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In natural language processing (NLP), a text graph is a graph representation of a text item (document, passage or sentence). It is typically created as a preprocessing step to support NLP tasks such as text condensationterm disambiguation (topic-based) text summarization, relation extraction and textual entailment.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For instance, consider a study where researchers compare a drug with a placebo. If the patients who are given the drug get better than the patients given the placebo by chance, it may appear that the drug is effective, but in fact the conclusion is incorrect. In reverse, type II errors are errors of omission.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In process improvement efforts, quality costs or cost of quality is a means to quantify the total cost of quality-related efforts and deficiencies. It was first described by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a 1956 Harvard Business Review article.Prior to its introduction, the general perception was that higher quality requires higher costs, either by buying better materials or machines or by hiring more labor. Furthermore, while cost accounting had evolved to categorize financial transactions into revenues, expenses, and changes in shareholder equity, it had not attempted to categorize costs relevant to quality, which is especially important given that most people involved in manufacturing never set hands on the product. By classifying quality-related entries from a company's general ledger, management and quality practitioners can evaluate investments in quality based on cost improvement and profit enhancement.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The number of colors required to color unit distance graphs is also unknown (the Hadwiger–Nelson problem): some unit distance graphs require five colors, and every unit distance graph can be colored with seven colors. For every algebraic number there is a unit distance graph with two vertices that must be that distance apart. According to the Beckman–Quarles theorem, the only plane transformations that preserve all unit distance graphs are the isometries.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 238, 1238, 2348, and 12348 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-126, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 0126, 1267, and 01267 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of below, as in standard 8-dot braille.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Members of the class of Brandt semigroups are required to satisfy not just one condition but a set of additional properties. A large collection of special classes of semigroups have been defined though not all of them have been studied equally intensively.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In order to demonstrate the use of some of the indicative verb tenses in Louisiana French, take the example of manger, meaning "to eat": Some minor simplification of tenses is exhibited in the conjugation of the verb manger, namely of the plural first and second person conjugations which are inflected identically to the third person singular. Not only this, but the inflection of the third person plural verb form has diverged between the form identical to Standard French and the use of -ont in for all verbs. The elision that is common in many aspects of French is accelerated in Louisiana French with the schwa in je often omitted regardless of the presence of a following vowel as well as the regular use of t'es (tu es) and t'as (tu as) as opposed to such avoidance in Standard French. The present progressive tense of Louisiana French initially appears alien as compared to Standard French but après/apé possesses the same function signified by en train de.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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It is commonly stated as: In a given instance of the stable-roommates problem (SRP), each of 2n participants ranks the others in strict order of preference. A matching is a set of n disjoint pairs of participants. A matching M in an instance of SRP is stable if there are no two participants x and y, each of whom prefers the other to their partner in M. Such a pair is said to block M, or to be a blocking pair with respect to M.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the Dart language, used in the Flutter SDK, the conventions are similar to those of Java, except that constants are written in lowerCamelCase. Dart imposes the syntactic rule that non-local identifiers beginning with an underscore (_) are treated as private (since the language does not have explicit keywords for public or private access). Additionally, source file names do not follow Java's "one public class per source file, name must match" rule, instead using snake_case for filenames.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the BitTorrent file distribution system, a torrent file or meta-info file is a computer file that contains metadata about files and folders to be distributed, and usually also a list of the network locations of trackers, which are computers that help participants in the system find each other and form efficient distribution groups called swarms. A torrent file does not contain the content to be distributed; it only contains information about those files, such as their names, folder structure, sizes, and cryptographic hash values for verifying file integrity. Torrent files are normally named with the extension ".torrent". A torrent file acts like a table of contents (index) that allows computers to find information through the use of a BitTorrent client.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In planar graphs, colorings with k {\displaystyle k} distinct colors are dual to nowhere-zero flows over the ring Z k {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{k}} of integers modulo k {\displaystyle k} . In this duality, the difference between the colors of two adjacent regions is represented by a flow value across the edge separating the regions. In particular, the existence of nowhere-zero 4-flows is equivalent to the four color theorem. The snark theorem generalizes this result to nonplanar graphs. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the first half of the 20th century, various formalisms were proposed to capture the informal concept of a computable function, with μ-recursive functions, Turing machines and the lambda calculus possibly being the best-known examples today. The surprising fact that they are essentially equivalent, in the sense that they are all encodable into each other, supports the Church-Turing thesis. Another shared feature is more rarely commented on: they all are most readily understood as models of sequential computation. The subsequent consolidation of computer science required a more subtle formulation of the notion of computation, in particular explicit representations of concurrency and communication.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the Apple Darwin operating system, and in the macOS and iOS operating systems built on top of it, the path of the dynamic linker that should be used is embedded at link time into one of the Mach-O load commands in the executable image. In those systems, dynamically loaded shared libraries can be identified either by the filename suffix .dylib or by their placement inside the bundle for a framework. The dynamic linker not only links the target executable to the shared libraries but also places machine code functions at specific address points in memory that the target executable knows about at link time. When an executable wishes to interact with the dynamic linker, it simply executes the machine-specific call or jump instruction to one of those well-known address points.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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which is equivalent to ∀ F ∃ A ∀ x ⇒ x ∈ A ] . {\displaystyle \forall {\mathcal {F}}\,\exists A\forall x\Rightarrow x\in A].} Compared to the axiom stated at the top of this section, this variation asserts only one direction of the implication, rather than both directions.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In more advanced mathematics, the partial sums of the harmonic series 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + ⋯ {\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+\cdots } grow logarithmically. In the design of computer algorithms, logarithmic growth, and related variants, such as log-linear, or linearithmic, growth are very desirable indications of efficiency, and occur in the time complexity analysis of algorithms such as binary search.Logarithmic growth can lead to apparent paradoxes, as in the martingale roulette system, where the potential winnings before bankruptcy grow as the logarithm of the gambler's bankroll. It also plays a role in the St.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Notationally: ∀ x , x ′ ∈ X , f ( x ) = f ( x ′ ) ⟹ x = x ′ , {\displaystyle \forall x,x'\in X,f(x)=f(x')\implies x=x',} or, equivalently (using logical transposition), ∀ x , x ′ ∈ X , x ≠ x ′ ⟹ f ( x ) ≠ f ( x ′ ) . {\displaystyle \forall x,x'\in X,x\neq x'\implies f(x)\neq f(x').} The function is surjective, or onto, if each element of the codomain is mapped to by at least one element of the domain.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In natural language processing, semantic compression is a process of compacting a lexicon used to build a textual document (or a set of documents) by reducing language heterogeneity, while maintaining text semantics. As a result, the same ideas can be represented using a smaller set of words. In most applications, semantic compression is a lossy compression, that is, increased prolixity does not compensate for the lexical compression, and an original document cannot be reconstructed in a reverse process.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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\ matches any single character surrounded by "" since the brackets are escaped, for example: "", "", "", "", "]", and "" (bracket space bracket). s. * matches s followed by zero or more characters, for example: "s", "saw", "seed", "s3w96.7", and "s6#h%(>>>m n mQ".
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In population dynamics the growth of human population is sometimes supposed to be double exponential. Varfolomeyev and Gurevich experimentally fit N ( y ) = 375.6 ⋅ 1.00185 1.00737 y − 1000 {\displaystyle N(y)=375.6\cdot 1.00185^{1.00737^{y-1000}}\,} where N(y) is the population in millions in year y.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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