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In materials science, a matrix is a constituent of a composite material.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the field of security engineering, a pre-play attack is a cryptographic attack in which an attacker prepares for the attack in advance by carrying out a simulated transaction while pretending to be the device to be attacked, and then repeats the attack a second time with the real device at a time when it is likely to carry out the same series of operations as in the simulation. The technique relies on being able to guess the content of the transaction in advance, something usually made possible by a poor choice of unpredictability within the system. The name is a play on "replay attack". Pre-play attacks are not very effective and chances of success are slim. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In parallel computing, all-to-all (also known as index operation or total exchange) is a collective operation, where each processor sends an individual message to every other processor. Initially, each processor holds p messages of size m each, and the goal is to exchange the i-th message of processor j with the j-th message of processor i. The number of communication rounds and the overall communication volume are measures to evaluate the quality of an all-to-all algorithm. We consider a single-ported full-duplex machine throughout this article.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In 1895, the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered and extensively studied X-rays, which were later used in X-ray spectroscopy. One year later, in 1896, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity, and Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman observed spectral lines being split by a magnetic field.In 1897, theoretical physicist, Joseph Larmor explained the splitting of the spectral lines in a magnetic field by the oscillation of electrons.Physicist, Joseph Larmor, created the first solar system model of the atom in 1897. He also postulated the proton, calling it a “positive electron.” He said the destruction of this type of atom making up matter “is an occurrence of infinitely small probability.”
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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There are many proposed implementations of programmable matter. Scale is one key differentiator between different forms of programmable matter. At one end of the spectrum reconfigurable modular robotics pursues a form of programmable matter where the individual units are in the centimeter size range.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the first phase, only the melt itself is ejected; later a depression may form in the center of the hole and gas is discharged together with the melt with a rapid decrease of pressure inside the reactor vessel; the high temperature of the melt also causes rapid erosion and enlargement of the vessel breach. If the hole is in the center of the bottom, nearly all corium can be ejected. A hole in the side of the vessel may lead to only partial ejection of corium, with a retained portion left inside the reactor vessel.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In Russian, both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like большой , царь and Катя . In Hupa, on the other hand, the palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The final form of Maxwell's equations was published in 1865 A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, in which the theory is formulated in strictly mathematical form. In 1873, Maxwell published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism as a summary of his work on electromagnetism. In summary, Maxwell's equations successfully unified theories of light and electromagnetism, which is one of the great unifications in physics.Later, Oliver Heaviside studied Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism and employed vector calculus to synthesize Maxwell's over 20 equations into the 4 recognizable ones which modern physicists use. Maxwell's equations also inspired Albert Einstein in developing the theory of special relativity.The experimental proof of Maxwell's equations was demonstrated by Heinrich Hertz in a series of experiments in the 1890s. After that, Maxwell's equations were fully accepted by scientists.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, the cycles of a permutation π of a finite set S correspond bijectively to the orbits of the subgroup generated by π acting on S. These orbits are subsets of S that can be written as { c1, ..., cn }, such that π(ci) = ci + 1 for i = 1, ..., n − 1, and π(cn) = c1.The corresponding cycle of π is written as ( c1 c2 ... cn ); this expression is not unique since c1 can be chosen to be any element of the orbit. The size n of the orbit is called the length of the corresponding cycle; when n = 1, the single element in the orbit is called a fixed point of the permutation. A permutation is determined by giving an expression for each of its cycles, and one notation for permutations consist of writing such expressions one after another in some order.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Chiu (1998) and DeMeza and Lockwood (1998) have extended the model by considering different bargaining games that the parties may play ex post (which can explain ownership by the less important investor). Oliver Williamson (2002) has criticized the Grossman–Hart–Moore model because it is focused on ex ante investment incentives, while it neglects ex post inefficiencies. Schmitz (2006) has studied a variant of the Grossman–Hart–Moore model in which a party may have or acquire private information about its disagreement payoff, which can explain ex post inefficiencies and ownership by the less important investor. Several variants of the Grossman–Hart–Moore model such as the one with private information can also explain joint ownership.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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To visualized this theorem and its conclusion, consider the particular case where K {\displaystyle K} is a convex polygon. In this case, the corners of the polygon (which are its extreme points) are all that is needed to recover the polygon shape. The statement of the theorem is false if the polygon is not convex, as then there are many ways of drawing a polygon having given points as corners.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Combining these pieces of information gives us this table of conditional probabilities for y: With more than one conditioning variable, the table would still have one row for each potential value of the variable whose conditional probabilities are to be given, and there would be one column for each possible combination of values of the conditioning variables. Moreover, the number of columns in the table could be substantially expanded to display the probabilities of the variable of interest conditional on specific values of only some, rather than all, of the other variables. == References ==
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Many SCADA systems have been fielded up to 20 years ago have very little in the way of modern security protections that are instrumented. These types of attacks have the potential to bring a new dynamic forward in the concept of cyber warfare and the potential impact on electrical systems, financial systems, critical infrastructure, and communication systems. Though, in reality, these types of attacks may have a closer relation to espionage or idealistically driven attacks, rather than overt warfare.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In removing all non-value activities, you reduce the amount of redundant tasks performed by the bottlenecked machine and hence maximize efficiency. Removing the waste operations results in a shorter cycle time hence allowing the machine to complete each process in less time.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille patterns 578, 1578, 4578, and 14578 are the patterns related to Braille pattern dots-346, since the two additional dots of kantenji patterns 0346, 3467, and 03467 are placed above the base 6-dot cell, instead of below, as in standard 8-dot braille.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, Tarski's plank problem is a question about coverings of convex regions in n-dimensional Euclidean space by "planks": regions between two hyperplanes. Tarski asked if the sum of the widths of the planks must be at least the minimum width of the convex region. The question was answered affirmatively by Thøger Bang (1950, 1951).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The resulting configuration—the number 110—is the PROOF. Turing's first task had to write a generalized expression using logic symbols to express exactly what his Un(M) would do. Turing's second task is to "Gödelize" this hugely long string-of-string-of-symbols using Gödel's technique of assigning primes to the symbols and raising the primes to prime-powers, per Gödel's method.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In some games such as video poker, blackjack, or Caribbean Stud Poker, it is possible to compute an optimal playing strategy based on the average payoff (the amount of payoff times the chance of payoff). Because the jackpot of a progressive game constantly grows, it sometimes exceeds the break-even point for players, such that the jackpot wager becomes a "positive expectation bet" for the player, with an average return to player (RTP) of greater than 100%. When the progressive jackpot is less than the break-even point, there is a negative expected value (house edge) for all players. In the long run, with optimal strategy, a player can profit by only playing progressive games when their jackpots are above the break-even point, although the "long run" can be quite long, tens of thousands of plays.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematical optimization, cost functions and non-linear components within can be linearized in order to apply a linear solving method such as the Simplex algorithm. The optimized result is reached much more efficiently and is deterministic as a global optimum.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The fact that a {\displaystyle a} is false contradicts this belief, which should therefore be removed from the belief set. The result of revision is therefore { ¬ a } {\displaystyle \{\neg a\}} in this case. The problem of using deductively closed knowledge bases is that no distinction is made between pieces of knowledge that are known by themselves and pieces of knowledge that are merely consequences of them.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In probability and statistics, a spherical contact distribution function, first contact distribution function, or empty space function is a mathematical function that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both. More specifically, a spherical contact distribution function is defined as probability distribution of the radius of a sphere when it first encounters or makes contact with a point in a point process. This function can be contrasted with the nearest neighbour function, which is defined in relation to some point in the point process as being the probability distribution of the distance from that point to its nearest neighbouring point in the same point process. The spherical contact function is also referred to as the contact distribution function, but some authors define the contact distribution function in relation to a more general set, and not simply a sphere as in the case of the spherical contact distribution function. Spherical contact distribution functions are used in the study of point processes as well as the related fields of stochastic geometry and spatial statistics, which are applied in various scientific and engineering disciplines such as biology, geology, physics, and telecommunications.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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1 L, an alternative form, for typefaces in which these characters are difficult to distinguish, or the typeface the reader will be using is unknown. A "script l" in various typefaces (e.g.: 1 l) has traditionally been used in some countries to prevent confusion; however, the separate Unicode character which represents this, U+2113 ℓ SCRIPT SMALL L, is deprecated by the SI.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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}}\cdot {\dfrac {1}{I\left(r,\lambda \right)}},\quad n=0,1,2,\ldots &{\text{if }}r\geq 0\\e^{-\lambda }{\dfrac {\lambda ^{n+r}}{\left(n+r\right)! }}\cdot {\dfrac {1}{I\left(r+s,\lambda \right)}},\quad n=s,s+1,s+2,\ldots &{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}} where λ > 0 {\displaystyle \lambda >0} and r is a new parameter; the Poisson distribution is recovered at r = 0. Here I ( r , λ ) {\displaystyle I\left(r,\lambda \right)} is the Pearson's incomplete gamma function: I ( r , λ ) = ∑ y = r ∞ e − λ λ y y !
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, the Goormaghtigh conjecture is a conjecture in number theory named for the Belgian mathematician René Goormaghtigh. The conjecture is that the only non-trivial integer solutions of the exponential Diophantine equation x m − 1 x − 1 = y n − 1 y − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {x^{m}-1}{x-1}}={\frac {y^{n}-1}{y-1}}} satisfying x > y > 1 {\displaystyle x>y>1} and n , m > 2 {\displaystyle n,m>2} are 5 3 − 1 5 − 1 = 2 5 − 1 2 − 1 = 31 {\displaystyle {\frac {5^{3}-1}{5-1}}={\frac {2^{5}-1}{2-1}}=31} and 90 3 − 1 90 − 1 = 2 13 − 1 2 − 1 = 8191. {\displaystyle {\frac {90^{3}-1}{90-1}}={\frac {2^{13}-1}{2-1}}=8191.}
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features. A topographic survey is typically based upon a systematic observation and published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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At that point, all of the other vendors began RISC efforts of their own. Among these were the DEC Alpha, AMD Am29000, Intel i860 and i960, Motorola 88000, IBM POWER, and, slightly later, the IBM/Apple/Motorola PowerPC. Many of these have since disappeared due to them often offering no competitive advantage over others of the same era.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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However, this may not be desirable where the programmer wishes to create closed abstractions. A pitfall of structural typing versus nominative typing is that two separately defined types intended for different purposes, but accidentally holding the same properties (e.g. both composed of a pair of integers), could be considered the same type by the type system, simply because they happen to have identical structure. One way this can be avoided is by creating one algebraic data type for each use. In 1990, Cook, et al., proved that inheritance is not subtyping in structurally-typed OO languages.Checking that two types are compatible, based on structural typing, is a non-trivial operation, e.g., requires maintaining a stack of previous checked types.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work. This can be counteracted by setting up Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support. TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid action following a flood event and a way to get communities involved in the defence against future flood events.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In program analysis, a polyvariant or context-sensitive analysis (as opposed to a monovariant or context-insensitive analysis) analyzes each function multiple times—typically once at each call site—to improve the precision of the analysis. Polyvariance is common in data-flow and pointer analyses. Forms of polyvariance include: Call-site sensitivity The Cartesian product algorithm Object sensitivity Type sensitivityThe first two are more often used for dataflow analyses, the latter two are more frequently used for pointer analyses.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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The norm on the space E {\displaystyle E} is ‖ . ‖ E {\displaystyle \|.\|_{E}} . The idea to recover the original image is to minimize the following functional for u ∈ H 1 ( Ω ) {\displaystyle u\in H^{1}(\Omega )}: where C {\displaystyle C} is a positive definite tensor.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In ontology, the theory of categories concerns itself with the categories of being: the highest genera or kinds of entities according to Amie Thomasson. To investigate the categories of being, or simply categories, is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities. A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction. Various systems of categories have been proposed, they often include categories for substances, properties, relations, states of affairs or events. A representative question within the theory of categories might articulate itself, for example, in a query like, "Are universals prior to particulars?"
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In addition, “hierarchical organization of plans comes from the timing of behavioral sequences.” The larger the phrase, the longer the response time, which factors into “decoding” or “unpacking” hierarchical plans. Additional evidence is how easy or hard it is to learn a sequence. The mind can create a “memory for what is about to happen” as well as a “memory for what has happened.” The final evidence for the hierarchical organization of plans is characterized by "chunking". This skill combines multiple units into larger units.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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GotoBLAS's matrix-matrix multiplication routine, called GEMM in BLAS terms, is highly tuned for the x86 and AMD64 processor architectures by means of handcrafted assembly code. It follows a similar decomposition into smaller "kernel" routines that other BLAS implementations use, but where earlier implementations streamed data from the L1 processor cache, GotoBLAS uses the L2 cache. The kernel used for GEMM is a routine called GEBP, for "General block-times-panel multiply", which was experimentally found to be "inherently superior" over several other kernels that were considered in the design.Several other BLAS routines are, as is customary in BLAS libraries, implemented in terms of GEMM.As of January 2022, the Texas Advanced Computing Center website states that Goto BLAS in no more maintained and suggests the use of BLIS or MKL.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In plant morphology, Rolf Sattler developed a process morphology (dynamic morphology) that overcomes the structure/process (or structure/function) dualism that is commonly taken for granted in biology. According to process morphology, structures such as leaves of plants do not have processes, they are processes.In evolution and in development, the nature of the changes of biological objects are considered by many authors to be more radical than in physical systems. In biology, changes are not just changes of state in a pre-given space, instead the space and more generally the mathematical structures required to understand object change over time.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For the sequence to be sociable, the sequence must be cyclic and return to its starting point. The period of the sequence, or order of the set of sociable numbers, is the number of numbers in this cycle. If the period of the sequence is 1, the number is a sociable number of order 1, or a perfect number—for example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, whose sum is again 6. A pair of amicable numbers is a set of sociable numbers of order 2. There are no known sociable numbers of order 3, and searches for them have been made up to 5 × 10 7 {\displaystyle 5\times 10^{7}} as of 1970.It is an open question whether all numbers end up at either a sociable number or at a prime (and hence 1), or, equivalently, whether there exist numbers whose aliquot sequence never terminates, and hence grows without bound.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In the base −2 representation, a signed number is represented using a number system with base −2. In conventional binary number systems, the base, or radix, is 2; thus the rightmost bit represents 20, the next bit represents 21, the next bit 22, and so on. However, a binary number system with base −2 is also possible. The rightmost bit represents (−2)0 = +1, the next bit represents (−2)1 = −2, the next bit (−2)2 = +4 and so on, with alternating sign.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Minimal algebraic notation is similar to short algebraic notation but omits the indicators for capture ("x"), en passant capture ("e.p. "), check ("+") and checkmate ("#").
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Powerful error removal methods exist. ": 5 Similarly, Davies notes on end-to-end error control, "It is thought that all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control and that without difficulty this could be made to show up a missing packet. Because of this, loss of packets, if it is sufficiently rare, can be tolerated.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, the term modulo ("with respect to a modulus of", the Latin ablative of modulus which itself means "a small measure") is often used to assert that two distinct mathematical objects can be regarded as equivalent—if their difference is accounted for by an additional factor. It was initially introduced into mathematics in the context of modular arithmetic by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. Since then, the term has gained many meanings—some exact and some imprecise (such as equating "modulo" with "except for"). For the most part, the term often occurs in statements of the form: A is the same as B modulo Cwhich means A and B are the same—except for differences accounted for or explained by C.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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These phones can also make voice calls, as well as send SMS and e-mail messages, and although this requirement is no longer in force due to minimal use of the textphone feature in these phones, many of these devices remain in service, generally in populated areas.In addition, in the early 2000s BT installed a large number of 'Multiphones' that provided internet access, on top of voice, SMS, and e-mail functionality. These payphones provided these services through the use of a 2-channel ISDN2 connection, a QNX-based operating system, and a touchscreen interface to allow the user to browse websites and receive e-mail messages on a pay-per-minute basis. However, these devices have since been removed due to quickly becoming obsolete, often with the ordinary payphone previously installed in that location taking its place once again.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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See also C. Hempel, Philosophy of Natural Science 49 (1966) (he statements constituting a scientific explanation must be capable of empirical test); K. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge 37 (5th ed. 1989) (he criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability) (emphasis deleted). David H. Kaye said that references to the Daubert majority opinion confused falsifiability and falsification and that "inquiring into the existence of meaningful attempts at falsification is an appropriate and crucial consideration in admissibility determinations."
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat", as in v ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {v} }}} (pronounced "v-hat"). The term direction vector, commonly denoted as d, is used to describe a unit vector being used to represent spatial direction and relative direction.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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For example, in ASL, the signs for "class" and "family" are the same (a basic sign for 'group of people'), except that "class" is signed with a 'C' handshape, and "family" with an 'F' handshape. In other cases initialization is required for disambiguation, though the signs are not semantically related. For example, in ASL, "water" it signed with a 'W' handshape touching the mouth, while "dentist" is similar apart from using a 'D' handshape. In other cases initialization is not used for disambiguation; the ASL sign for "elevator", for example, is an 'E' handshape moving up and down along the upright index finger of the other hand. The large number of initialized signs in ASL and French Sign Language is partly a legacy of Abbé de l'Épée's system of Methodical Sign (les signes méthodiques), in which the handshapes of most signs were changed to correspond to the initial letter of their translation in the local oral language, and (in the case of ASL) partly a more recent influence of Manually Coded English.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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Relations are intended to represent semantic links between words in every existing language. They can be ontological (such as "icl" and "iof," referred to above), logical (such as "and" and "or"), and thematic (such as "agt" = agent, "ins" = instrument, "tim" = time, "plc" = place, etc.).
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In static strings method, the API caller or client embeds a string as a token in the request. This method is often referred as basic authentication. "From a security point of view, basic authentication is not very satisfactory. It means sending the user's password over the network in clear text for every single page accessed (unless a secure lower-level protocol, like SSL, is used to encrypt all transactions). Thus the user is very vulnerable to any packet sniffers on the net."
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In object-oriented programming, object copying is creating a copy of an existing object, a unit of data in object-oriented programming. The resulting object is called an object copy or simply copy of the original object. Copying is basic but has subtleties and can have significant overhead. There are several ways to copy an object, most commonly by a copy constructor or cloning.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In numerical analysis, an iterative method is called locally convergent if the successive approximations produced by the method are guaranteed to converge to a solution when the initial approximation is already close enough to the solution. Iterative methods for nonlinear equations and their systems, such as Newton's method are usually only locally convergent. An iterative method that converges for an arbitrary initial approximation is called globally convergent. Iterative methods for systems of linear equations are usually globally convergent.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In mathematics, the Grothendieck group, or group of differences, of a commutative monoid M is a certain abelian group. This abelian group is constructed from M in the most universal way, in the sense that any abelian group containing a homomorphic image of M will also contain a homomorphic image of the Grothendieck group of M. The Grothendieck group construction takes its name from a specific case in category theory, introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his proof of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem, which resulted in the development of K-theory. This specific case is the monoid of isomorphism classes of objects of an abelian category, with the direct sum as its operation.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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In practice, document clustering often takes the following steps: 1. Tokenization Tokenization is the process of parsing text data into smaller units (tokens) such as words and phrases. Commonly used tokenization methods include Bag-of-words model and N-gram model. 2.
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https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus
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