Split (2)

train · 219k rows

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what is another solution to shootings, outside of gun control?	1) Obviously, we need to take a closer look at mental health issues (this also pertains to suicides, which make up 2/3rds of all gun deaths in the US). A big part of this would be lowering the stigmas associated with depression and related problems, and encouraging people to get help, in addition to getting actual fund...	[ "Sociologist James D. Wright suggests that to convince inner-city youths not to carry guns \"requires convincing them that they can survive in their neighborhood without being armed, that they can come and go in peace, that being unarmed will not cause them to be victimized, intimidated, or slain.\" Intervention pr...
how can games companies sell unfinished games and in some cases games that are unplayable (activision)?	Simply answer, because consumers keep buying them. Longer answer, due to the new and easier channels of distribution, mainly pre-order, digital downloads, etc. games can be bought way before any serious reviews by game critics or consumers alike have been established. So by the time the problems of a game are known, ...	[ "On November 29, 2007, GameTap announced that as of December 11, over 70 games would be removed from their catalog, many of them Electronic Arts or Interplay titles, likely due to expiration of the two-year licensing agreement with those companies.\n", "Any video game company, notably independent video game devel...
why do so many websites (mainly news sites) now have a "continue reading" button a few lines down the page? why not just show the whole article to begin with?	One large benefit to this is to measure if someone is actually engaging with your content on a page. When a person lands on your page, then leaves without interacting with anything, many analytics libraries will consider that a bounce, even if the user reads some or all of the content. However, if they click something...	[ "Singer found that the content which appears in online editions of newspapers mostly comes from content that appears in the print versions. However, editors were also very proud of the interactive tools on their websites that could not be in the paper. The goal of most editors was after all to inform the public. Fu...
what is happening in bunkerville between the rancher cliven bundy and the feds?	Mexico lost territory in Western North America to the US during the Mexican American War, and so the land was transferred to the Federal Government. In effect, 80(ish)% of Nevada land is owned by the Feds. Ranchers can use this land to graze their cattle, but must pay a grazing fee in order to make use of it. Bundy st...	[ "In the spring of 2014, Bunkerville was the scene of the Bundy standoff, an armed confrontation between protesters and law enforcement over the non-payment of the grazing fees by Cliven Bundy, a local rancher.\n", "Some time later, a large herd of cattle is found in one of the outside communities. MacAllister ord...
During the late Medieval and Renaisance period, when Kings derived their right to rule from divine mandates, how did people view republics & elective monarchies? Were they seen as less legitimate than herditary monarchies?	For most of the medieval period, in Italy at least, republican governments could only guarantee an uneasy peace between dynasties, and at best institutionalized warfare. I have a very specific example of fighting consequential to Republican government [here](_URL_0_). However, other republics were seen as just as legit...	[ "The Thirty Years' War and the subsequent Treaty of Westphalia heralded the birth of the sovereign states system. The Treaty endorsed states as territorially-based political units having sovereignty. As a result, the monarchs were able to exert domestic control by emasculating the feudal lords and to stop relying o...
Is there dark antimatter?	One of the things we learn from the merger of special relativity and quantum mechanics is that each particle has a corresponding antiparticle. However, for some particles (e.g., the Z^(0) and the photon), the antiparticle and the particle are the same, while for others (e.g., the electron or a quark), the particle and...	[ "In the unlikely event that dark stars have endured to the modern era, they could be detectable by their emissions of gamma rays, neutrinos, and antimatter and would be associated with clouds of cold molecular hydrogen gas that normally would not harbor such energetic particles.\n", "A darker version of Energon c...
why is e120 carmine (red dye made out of bugs) still being used instead of an artificial dye?	A dye is just a chemical that happens to be a certain color. In this case it is bright red. The chemical can often be produced in different ways but with different costs. It might be possible to make Carmine with organic chemistry but it would require a lot of expensive processes. Both in terms of time, resources and p...	[ "Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes, many companies have switched to using natural pigments such as carmine, made from crushing the tiny female cochineal insect. This insect, originating in Mexico and Central America, was used to make the brilliant scarlet dyes of ...
why is chocolate milk cheaper than regular milk?	Milk is graded by quality at the dairy, similar to, for example, steaks' prime or triple A. High grade is used for direct consumption, other grades go through various processing according to the grade. A lower quality grade is less expensive as there is less market for it. Milk just below top grade is flavored with...	[ "Some nutritionists have criticized chocolate milk for its high sugar content and its relationship to childhood obesity. In New York City, school food officials report that nearly 60 percent of the 100 million cartons served each year contain fat-free chocolate milk. Because chocolate milk can contain twice as much...
why have basements come to be considered "scary" places, such as in horror movies?	Basements are underground, poorly lit (in general), cold (in general), damp places that you do not generally go into all the time. Each of those things adds to it being uncomfortable and disconcerting, which in turn makes it "scary".	[ "The Basement is not a traditional linear walk through haunted attraction, rather it is an interactive and immersive experience that involves the actors speaking to and touching guests. The Basement is designed to provide boundary pushing, intense, thrilling, and emotional experiences in a safe environment. Scenes ...
how to read this chart on google finance	[Here](_URL_0_) I provided a decently long explanation including how to read a similar chart. Read through my second comment and see if it makes sense. Note: given that the market has been active for a week, the numbers and prices may be slightly off for the IBM options. Let me know if that answers your question...	[ "Google launched a revamped version of their finance site on December 12, 2006, featuring a new homepage design which lets users see currency information, sector performance for the United States market and a listing of top market movers along with the relevant and important news of the day. A top movers section wa...
how does a breathalyzer detect blood alcohol content by blowing into them?	When you have alcohol in your blood there will be some in your exhaled breath as well. The breathalyzer converts the ethanol in your breath into acetic acid and water. The byproduct of this reaction is a small amount of electricity. The breathalyzer measures how much electricity is produced and uses that to calculate h...	[ "The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of potassium dichromate, which oxidizes ethanol into acetic acid, changing color in the process. A monochromatic light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the change in color, which is used t...
Was it ever a common military tactic to aim for the horses instead of the riders in medieval combat?	Yes. Many people aimed for the horses instead of the riders. Roman writer Vegetius wrote this in his text on Roman warfare: > The armed chariots used in war by Antiochus and Mithridates at first terrified the Romans, but they afterwards made a jest of them. As a chariot of this sort does not always meet with plain...	[ "The war horse was also seen in hastiludes – martial war games such as the joust, which began in the 11th century both as sport and to provide training for battle. Specialised destriers were bred for the purpose, although the expense of keeping, training, and outfitting them kept the majority of the population from...
Along with rationing what strategies were used to address shortages of materials during wwI and wwII?	Germany heavily tried to synthesize rare materials with varying success. Stuff like rubber for example.	[ "In the summer of 1941, the British appealed to Americans to conserve food to provide more to go to Britain's fighting men in World War II. The Office of Price Administration warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum, and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military pr...
why are intelligence agencies allowed to break the law in foreign countries by spying on their citizens?	Black ops are, by definition, illegal. If they weren't, there'd be no need for them to be a secret. Being a spook is basically being a criminal for the government.	[ "Espionage laws are also used to prosecute non-spies. In the United States, the Espionage Act of 1917 was used against socialist politician Eugene V. Debs (at that time the Act had much stricter guidelines and amongst other things banned speech against military recruiting). The law was later used to suppress public...
Was there much tension between Dixiecrats and the rest of the Democratic party before the Southern Strategy, LBJ, Nixon, etc.?	There was a lot of tension between the Dixiecrats and the mainstream of the Democrat Party in the late 1940s. They walked out of the 1948 Democratic Party's National Convention and organized a third party. It is best known as the Dixiecrats today, but its official title wa...	[ "Democratic President Harry S. Truman's support of the civil rights movement, combined with the adoption of a civil rights plank in the 1948 Democratic platform, prompted many Southerners to walk out of the Democratic National Convention and form the Dixiecrat Party. This splinter party played a significant role in...
why old phones had a rotating disk with holes in it, and you need to turn the disk to dial the numbers?	Old phones used pulse dialing and each digit was represented by a number of pulses. You would move the disc in one direction with your finger, and then when letting it go, a spring would move it back at the correct speed to create pulses. Each number position created 1 pulse. So if you moved the disc to 8 and let it go...	[ "Owing to the drive's non-use of the index hole, it was also possible to make \"flippy\" disks by inserting the diskette upside-down and formatting the other side, and it was commonplace and normal for commercial software to be distributed on such disks.\n", "Two holes at the bottom left and right indicate whethe...
upon reading about sandra bland, i have to ask: what civil rights do i have as a citizen when a cop pulls me over? (ex. cigarette)	You have the right to free speech. You have the right to be secure in your person and papers. You have the right to remain silent. These are given by the first, fourth, and fifth amendments to the constitution. In actuality you have a lot of rights beyond that, but it is going to depend on the jurisdiction you get pull...	[ "Protest organizer Charles Wade said about civil rights groups, \"We've all said that this is a horrible thing that shouldn't have happened. I say time and time again that I'm against police violence, and I'm not against police officers in general. I have an issue with improper policing, police violence and police ...
whats going on in south africa? why are foreigners being targetted and what economic issues is it experiencing?	First I must say. I am not a South African and not a expert at all but I think I can show some insight. If I am wrong, please correct me. South Africa is a ''broken'' nation. There still are big differences between White, Coloured and Black. Not only in terms of wealth, but also education, language and culture. Be...	[ "In South Africa, there is a sentiment prevalent among a sizable portion of unemployed South Africans that immigrants and expatriates from other parts of Africa who reside in South Africa are responsible for the high unemployment rate that South Africa has. This sentiment sometimes results in such South Africans at...
how both big mmo games & small online games are hosted	OK, there's a few levels: 1) Peer to peer: no central servers at all, except maybe one matching people up into games (not even that on some old games: having to connect via typing in the IP address of whoever was hosting was common on a lot of older games). Games are hosted on one of the players' computers. See lots o...	[ "Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, an MMORPG might actually be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another; \"World of Warcraft\" is a prominent example, with each separate server housin...
Who lived in Britain before the Celts?	Although I'm not sure how far back you're looking, I'll start with the Bronze Age immigrants to Britain known as the Beaker People. Originally from Spain, these travelers ventured over in approximately 2500 BC, and flourished on the British Isles. They constructed elaborate gold and bronze jewelry, as well as detailed ...	[ "The Celts (, see pronunciation of \"Celt\" for different usages) are an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of Europe identified by their use of Celtic languages and cultural similarities. The history of pre-Celtic Europe and the exact relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic worl...
How does human muscle fiber compare to that of other animals?	I don't know of any specific studies to point you to, but I do remember that one group of scientists had done this study among primates. Turns out a female orangutan (in heat)is pound for pound the strongest primate. They tested using a one-arm pull test. Humans max out at around 200 lbs.-maybe 400 pounds if your a m...	[ "The muscles and nerves are much simpler than those of most other animals, although more specialised than in other cnidarians, such as corals. Cells in the outer layer (epidermis) and the inner layer (gastrodermis) have microfilaments that group into contractile fibers. These fibers are not true muscles because the...
Why do sound waves not affect each other?	They do, in fact, interact with each other. In very much the same way that water does, actually. A frequency (or pitch) of audio has a certain wavelength, or size. This is the distance it takes for the sound pressure in the air to complete a full cycle of compression and rarefaction. Square rooms often have what are k...	[ "Acoustic waves are longitudinal waves that exhibit phenomena like diffraction, reflection and interference. Sound waves however don't have any polarization since they oscillate along the same direction as they move.\n", "Interference is the addition of two or more waves that results in a new wave pattern. Interf...
why are feral children often incapable of adapting to civilization? are they permanently learning impaired?	Areas of the brain that typically used for various social behaviours are pruned if inactive. This is why for instance if you don't learn to speak by age ~12 or so you will never really learn to speak. We've evolved to have these traits in our brains but they only work if exercised in a community.	[ "Feral children lack the basic social skills that are normally learned in the process of enculturation. For example, they may be unable to learn to use a toilet, have trouble learning to walk upright after walking on fours all their lives, or display a complete lack of interest in the human activity around them. Th...
the origin of species	Darwin published the Origin of Species in 1859. It was based on a series of simple observations that he made, as he was a naturalist (which, at the time, meant mostly that he went about studying nature and cataloging what he learned about it). He noticed the following: OBSERVATIONS * Given enough time and no co...	[ "All organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool. Current species are a stage in the process of evolution, with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events. The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organism...
How common was casual sex throughout history?	Just ignore pretty much everything said in that thread. The idea that sex is a purely biological urge, and thus it occurs in the same frequency throughout time and space, is absurd. I can be sure of this because it [varies a great deal based on country today](_URL_0_). Sex is highly culturally specific, and I think the...	[ "The rise of hookups, a form of casual sex, has been described by evolutionary biologist Justin Garcia and others as a \"cultural revolution\" that had its beginnings in the 1920s. Historians D'Emilio and Freedman put the beginning of casual sex, including college hookups, further back in history, to the early 1800...
[META] AskScience open house!	Thanks to all the mods as well, they help keep the discussions on topic and informative. With that said, I'm very satisfied with the subreddit. Here's to a goal of 1 million.	[ "Open House London is an event which promotes appreciation of architecture by the general public. It is a part of the organisation Open-City and is best known for its annual Open House Weekend which is a two-day event held on one weekend each September throughout London since 1992. The event forms a London version ...
Have there been any conclusive studies done on sugar/calorie-free energy drinks?	I'm sure someone can go more in-depth on some of the ingredients but here's some information on two of them. Artificial sweeteners are always a topic for discussion. The linked drink uses acesulfame potassium and sucralose which according to [_URL_2_](_URL_4_) is not linked to increased cancer risks. > Before approvi...	[ "Some studies report evidence of causality between high consumption of refined sugar and hyperactivity. One review of low-quality studies of children consuming high amounts of energy drinks showed association with higher rates of unhealthy behaviors, including smoking and alcohol abuse, and with hyperactivity and i...
dogs and cats cry; why don't they perform a similar function to a human's laugh?	Actually, research suggests that they do laugh but it is on frequencies that we can't hear or discern. I know I've had a few dogs that have been ticklish between their paws, or at least seem like they _URL_0_	[ "In the 1999 documentary \"Why Dogs Smile and Chimpanzees Cry\", he is shown to comment on the research of joy in rats: the tickling of domesticated rats made them produce a high-pitch sound which was hypothetically identified as laughter.\n", "Canines have been hypothesized to share empathic-like responding towa...
how is a blood clot not a death sentence?	It's a question of where the blood is going. A blood clot is typically not big enough to block the central passage through the atrium and ventricle. It's when the blood clot passes through these central passages and is pumped into the artery that supplies oxygen to the heart muscle and gets lodged there that a heart at...	[ "Simultaneous death is a problem of inheritance which occurs when two people (sometimes referred to as commorientes) die at, or very near, the same time, and at least one of them is entitled to part or all of the other's estate on their death. This is usually the result of an un-natural death occurring from events ...
Why do mammals give birth from their vaginas?	Mammals give birth through their vaginas because a vagina is, by definition, the tube leading from the uterus to the outside of the body, and that's the tube that has to be used. Other vertebrates aren't any different, save that their vaginas open into a cloaca before going outside the body. In either case, whatever ...	[ "The vagina is a structure of animals in which the female is internally fertilized, rather than by traumatic insemination used by some invertebrates. The shape of the vagina varies among different animals. In placental mammals and marsupials, the vagina leads from the uterus to the exterior of the female body. Fema...
free trade and fair trade.	They're two completely different things (I can see where it's confusing, though). Free trade: trade between nations with very few or no restrictions at all. Fair trade: a label given to certain products certifying that the people who made them (usually third-world farmers, etc.) were paid a fair price for the product...	[ "Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers – especially in the South. Developin...
Who were the local law enforcers in Medieval Germany?	Law enforcement was mostly organized on a local level, in towns or small villages. In the villages mostly by the "owners" of that villages, the lower nobility or the owners of the farms. The Lower Law (niedere Gerichtsbarkeit, don't know if the translation is correct), also called Thing or patrimonial Law, was enfor...	[ "Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to folk-right. Under feudal law, a number of private custumals were compiled, first under the Norman empire (\"Très ancien coutu...
Can an adhesive stick to oxygen or other air molecules?	The problem I see with this is that gases don't have a "surface". I could certainly see gases dissolving and equilibrating in an adhesive, and possibly being physically absorbed to the surface of the adhesive (also at equilibrium). However, if you apply your adhesive to a gas, and then move the other surface away, you ...	[ "Applicators of different adhesives are designed according to the adhesive being used and the size of the area to which the adhesive will be applied. The adhesive is applied to either one or both of the materials being bonded. The pieces are aligned and pressure is added to aid in adhesion and rid the bond of air b...
Why and how do drugs get you "high"?	As far as we can tell, mostly by acting like existing neurotransmitters, or by releasing those neurotransmitters, or by causing a buildup of those neurotransmitters.	[ "It's about how people take drugs to connect to God or to a higher level of consciousness. I keep saying, 'Plugging into the matrix'. If you get high, you can do that, which is why a lot of people drop acid or do drugs, because they want to get closer to God. But there's going to be a short circuit, and that's the ...
minecraft	You can kind of think of it as computerized legos. Minecraft has two main forms of play: Survival and creative. Creative is the easiest to explain-- you have unlimited block materials of all sorts of colors and textures, as well as electrical components (Wire, levers, push blocks), interactive pieces (Doors, railroad...	[ "\"Minecraft\" is a 3D sandbox game that has no specific goals to accomplish, allowing players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game. However, there is an achievement system. Gameplay is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the option for third-person perspective. The ga...
During WW2, was there an Allied equivalent of doctors Josef Mengele or Shiro Ishii (of Japanese medical experimentation Unit 731?)	There was lots of human experimentation by the Americans during World War II, but most of it was much more consensual, less horrific. [Volunteer conscientious objectors were used for research on a starvation study at the University of Minnesota](_URL_0_), for example, as part of research funded by the Office for Scient...	[ "Little medicine was available to the internees from the Japanese: they provided small amounts of quinine and aspirins. Morris recounts how Yamamoto would quite often beat sick men until they fell down, especially if they approached him for drugs. Few Red Cross supplies were available and most medication was bought...
Bounties and sniper combat during the Vietnam War	I think the fundamental question you need to ask yourself when considering the concept of bounties is the following: Was it actually a reality during the Vietnam War? The truth of the matter is that there simply isn't much evidence supporting the existence of bounties beyond field reports and the testimonies of Ameri...	[ "During the Vietnam War, the United States Army found that they desperately needed snipers. They were losing troops to enemy snipers and had no capability of retaliating in kind. Their major problem was that the classic training of a sniper in range estimation, ballistics, compensation for weather or climate variab...
why do some people black out from high levels of g-forces while other don't?	Everyone will black out if exposed to sufficient G-forces. But pilots are (1) in peak physical condition, (2) trained in techniques for resisting the effects of G-forces, and (3) usually wearing flight suits with equipment designed to counteract the effects of G-forces. They work by putting pressure on the limbs, parti...	[ "A G-suit is worn by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('G'). It is designed to prevent a black-out and g-LOC (gravity-induced Loss Of Consciousness), due to the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under G, thus depriving the brain of blood.\n", "High-G training i...
At r/TIL, there is a post trending with people in the comments section saying the FBI sent a letter telling Martin Luther King Jr. to kill himself and the FBI/CIA later killed him. Is this true?	While the letter is anonymous (in the sense that it's not signed and it's not on any letterhead), [a complete copy was found in J. Edgar Hoover's files](_URL_0_) and a congressional investigation verified that it was sourced from the FBI. Whether Hoover himself wrote it is apparently unclear, but he almost certainly kn...	[ "The FBI frequently investigated Martin Luther King, Jr. In the mid-1960s, King began publicly criticizing the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of terrorism by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most \"notorious liar\" in the United States. In his 1991 memoir, \"Was...
How did the Mongols achieve crazy speed from their multiple horses?	There's a big difference between carrying a rider and following along unmounted; the steppe mares favored by the Mongols weigh in at about 600 lbs, so a 180 lb man with some basic provisions is going to be a third of their body weight. It's much more efficient to shift the weight between your string of horses; imagine...	[ "The main drawback to Mongol horses was their lack of speed. They would lose short-distance races under equal conditions with larger horses from other regions. However, since most other armies carried much heavier armor, the Mongols could still outrun most enemy horsemen in battle. In addition, Mongolian horses wer...
why do people criticize findings from data in saying "it's just correlative/correlation does not mean causation"? isn't everything we know about everything just from correlation?	So what you're saying is that, as we increase funding for NASA, we're dooming more and more people to die at their own hand by hanging? _URL_0_ Simply put, variables are eliminated in a well-done study until causation is clear. It's not just that the people that got the drug got well; it's also that the people who d...	[ "Much of scientific evidence is based upon a correlation of variables – they are observed to occur together. Scientists are careful to point out that correlation does not necessarily mean causation. The assumption that A causes B simply because A correlates with B is often not accepted as a legitimate form of argum...
Why do temperatures fluctuate more when it is cold but stay more consistent when it is warm?	There's two main factors to this: A) Humidity. In the winter, there's very low humidity (because it's cold and air holds less moisture the colder it gets)... so temperatures can rise and fall by a lot more than in the summer. B) The temperature difference between the subarctic and subtropical air masses is much great...	[ "Clearly, the temperature gradient may change substantially in time, as a result of diurnal or seasonal heating and cooling for instance. This most likely happens during an inversion. For instance, during the day the temperature at ground level may be cold while it's warmer up in the atmosphere. As the day shifts o...
why house of cards politics won't work in real life.	Because in the show, Frank Underwood is some sort of super-persuasive Machiavellian. In real life, I doubt the president would even be able to convince his own party to go through with America Works.	[ "The \"house of cards\" problem largely arises from the utility theory basis of the model specification. Broadly, utility theory assumes that (1) users and suppliers have perfect information about the market; (2) they have deterministic functions (faced with the same options, they will always make the same choices)...
why would people get coal in their stocking for being naughty?	In the days when most people heated their homes using open coal fires, a lump of coal was considered a completely commonplace and worthless item. It's the sort of thing that a very naughty person might receive from Santa, so that they can see he's been and decided they're not worthy of any decent gifts.	[ "Rolling coal is a form of conspicuous air pollution, for entertainment or for protest. Some drivers intentionally trigger coal rolling in the presence of hybrid vehicles (when it is nicknamed \"Prius repellent\") to cause their drivers to lose sight of the road and inhale harmful air pollution. Coal rolling may al...
When did the Arabs become known as "Arabs?"	Arabs were first mentioned in both Biblical and Assyrian texts of the ninth to the fifth centuries BC where they appear as nomadic pastoralists inhabiting the Syrian desert. The fact that the name begins to be used by both cultures during the same period suggests that "Arab" was how these pastoralists designated themse...	[ "The most popular Arab account holds that the word \"Arab\" came from an eponymous father called Ya'rub who was supposedly the first to speak Arabic. Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani had another view; he states that Arabs were called \"Gharab\" (\"West\") by Mesopotamians because Bedouins originally resided to the ...
When a nuclear bomb goes off underwater. Does it create a giant air bubble?	It creates a massive steam bubble, it doesn't last too long (not sure on actual time it is there for) but something interesting happens when the "bubble" is there. The gas makes the bubble expand until it reaches the maximum size it can as the pressure forcing the bubble to expand becomes weaker the water pressure caus...	[ "Blast bubbles from deep nuclear explosions become mere hot water in about six seconds and leave no \"regular\" bubbles to float up to the surface. This is sooner than blast bubbles from conventional explosives.\n", "When a nuclear bomb is exploded near ground level, the dense atmosphere interacts with many of th...
Would a supercomputer (from a government, University, organisation like NASA, ...) be able to mine all the bitcoins at once?	No. For two main reasons. First of all, Bitcoin mining started out using CPUs. They're in every computer and they can do pretty much any computational task reasonably effective, but they don't really excel in anything. Then people figured out that graphics cards (or specifically, GPUs) are very well suited to doing th...	[ "In June 2011, Symantec warned about the possibility that botnets could mine covertly for bitcoins. Malware used the parallel processing capabilities of GPUs built into many modern video cards. Although the average PC with an integrated graphics processor is virtually useless for bitcoin mining, tens of thousands o...
What will happen to the planets that aren't destroyed when the sun supernovas?	[Here you go :3](_URL_0_)	[ "This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet completely. However, the star's loss of m...
After Stalin died, were there any measures taken by the Soviet government to avoid someone amassing power on scale like his?	Although it is difficult to say whether there were distinct policies in place to prevent the future build-up of power in such a tyrannical fashion, the tone of the government definitely changed. Instead of the government of personality that had prevailed previously, the Soviet government was replaced by a troika of Ge...	[ "As this process unfolded, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by destroying the potential opposition. In 1936-38 about three quarters of a million Soviets were executed, and more than a million others were sentenced to lengthy terms in very harsh labour camps. Stalin's Great Terror ravaged the ranks of factory...
If childbirth is one of the most painful experiences one can go through, how come it does not render the person unconscious as when having other forms of pain inflicted?	Apart from folklore and cultural bias, what evidence is there to suggest that childbirth is actually 'one of the most painful experiences one can go through'?	[ "There is also a distinction between trauma induced by recent situations and long-term trauma which may have been buried in the unconscious from past situations such as childhood abuse. Trauma is sometimes overcome through healing; in some cases this can be achieved by recreating or revisiting the origin of the tra...
what does it mean for a language to be recursive?	An example in English: I rode the bus which almost ran out of gas with my friend who has never been to Europe which is a continent. With brackets inserted to show recursive structure: I rode the bus [ which almost ran out of gas ] with my friend [ who has never been to Europe [ which is a continent. ] ] The recursi...	[ "A recursive grammar is a grammar that contains production rules that are recursive. For example, a grammar for a context-free language is left-recursive if there exists a non-terminal symbol \"A\" that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with \"A\" as the leftmost symbol.\n", "Recursion p...
How important was honour in Tokugawa Japan? Could it have possibly weakened rule e.g Ako incident and seppuku after the death on ones lord?	There isn't a simple answer to this question. Tokugawa Japan was not a monolithic society. There were diverse people living in Japan in this long period, separated by wealth, location, social status, gender, occupation and so on. Honor was certainly an ideal of the small but powerful samurai status group. But it was no...	[ "Hideyoshi had on his deathbed appointed a group of the most powerful lords in Japan—Tokugawa, Maeda, Ukita, Uesugi, Mōri—to govern as the Council of Five Elders until his infant son, Hideyori, came of age. An uneasy peace lasted until the death of Maeda Toshiie in 1599. Thereafter, Ishida Mitsunari accused Ieyasu ...
Is human labor and delivery more dangerous than other primates'? Why?	Yes, mainly because of a narrow pelvis, combined with large heads. (Children have huge heads in proportion to bodysize and weight, as they are born with about 33% of adult brain volume) Human pelvi are so narrow because of bipedality, which, as other comments already explained, seems to have been a bigger advantage tha...	[ "Infanticide in non-human primates occurs as a result of exploitation when the individuals enacting the infanticide directly benefit from consumption or use of their victim. The individual can become a resource: food (cannibalism), protective buffer against aggression, or a prop to obtain maternal experience.\n", ...
Did Isaac Newton know how big the Earth is? How?	Almost certainly. The circumference of the Earth had been known for nearly 2000 years before Newton was born. In about 250BC, the head librarian of the library at Alexandria (Egypt), [Eratosthenes of Cyrene](_URL_1_), came across an interesting account in one of the library's manuscripts. It observed that in the dista...	[ "Isaac Newton explained this in his \"Principia Mathematica\" (1687) in which he outlined his theory and calculations on the shape of the Earth. Newton theorized correctly that the Earth was not precisely a sphere but had an oblate ellipsoidal shape, slightly flattened at the poles due to the centrifugal force of i...
What is an example of two very similar chemical formulas behaving very differently?	There are many examples of this. The chemical formula itself is often not a good indication of its properties, rather, a compound's structure is often important. Take for example the formula C4H8O2. Two ways that we can arrange those atoms is as [ethyl acetate](_URL_1_) or [butyric acid](_URL_0_). Those two compounds h...	[ "In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulphur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulphur dioxide, SO. This means that sulp...
My friends are watching a documentary, and the host mentioned that "it is estimated that there are more stars than grains of sand on all the world's beaches." Does this have any basis, and is it really true?	They can estimate it, the numbers will be rough but even using rough numbers this isn't that difficult to determine since the difference is vast. [I'm sure this isn't the only estimate but this is one done by the University of Hawaii](_URL_1_) They come up with 7.5 x 10^18 or 7.5 billion billion grains of sand. [Ca...	[ "\"Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand\" is about the distant future but the ideas that Delany writes about are reflections of the contemporary world. Delany himself has said, \"Science fiction is not ‘about the future.’ Science fiction \"is in dialogue with the present\"…[the science fiction writer] indulge[s] ...
why do some governments see the need to have a tax on taxi fees?	> Why do some governments see the need to have a tax on taxi fees? To make money. > And why can't they tax Uber similarly? They could pass a law to do so if they want to.	[ "In the taxi regulation report by U.S. FTC it was concluded that there are not grounds for limiting the number of taxi companies and cars. These limitations cause a disproportionate burden on low income people. It is better to increase the pay for unprofitable areas than to force the taxis to serve these areas.\n",...
What is it psychologically that makes $9.99 so much better of a price than $10.00?	[Wikipedia has a whole article devoted to this idea, called psychological pricing](_URL_0_). In short, people seem to overestimate the difference between 99¢ and $1, which is why retailers price things in odd units.	[ "There are certain price points where people are willing to buy a product. If the price of a product is $100 and the company prices it at $99, then it is called psychological pricing. In most consumer's minds, $99 is psychologically 'less' than $100. A minor distinction in pricing can make a big difference in sales...
how did the economy work during the middle-ages?	The early middle ages can be viewed as effectively the worst economic depression western civilization has ever faced. Coupled with - and contributing to - that downturn was a sudden and overwhelming lack of law and order because the political and economic system that had previously maintained it - the Roman Empire - la...	[ "During the Middle Ages, commerce developed in Europe through the trading of luxury goods at trade fairs. Some wealth became converted into movable wealth or capital. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand-to-hand markets became a feature of town life, and ...
how the licence plate system is working in the usa ?	As far as I know, each state handles their own plates. So they are free to create as many custom plate styles as they see fit. Most of the custom plates are local government trying to get more money from you, as you have to pay more for these.	[ "Often, registration plates are called \"licence plates\" (drivers are licensed, vehicles are registered), but the term \"licence plate\" is common in informal usage. On most licence plates, there is a small sticker, which indicates the month and year of plate renewal, that the driver sticks to the licence plates. ...
Is there any doubt that the Colossus of Rhodes existed?	Strabo states with a degree of certainty that the ruins of the Colossus were visible when he wrote the Geography (English version [here](_URL_2_)) at around the turn of the 1st century AD, and Pliny the Elder's [Natural History](_URL_0_) goes into considerable detail about the construction of those ruins. We also ha...	[ "The Colossus of Rhodes ( ) was a statue of the Greek sun-god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus...
why does a deep scrape on elbows/knees/shins stay white for a period of time before bleeding?	This is because initially after an injury, blood vessels contract in order to minimise blood loss. They increase again in diameter later to facilitate healing and the movement of specialised cells and materials towards the site of injury. You can see this contraction and subsequent dilation of blood vessels anywhere; t...	[ "Bleeding or flushing is shiny, black surface film of asphalt on the road surface caused by upward movement of asphalt in the pavement surface. Common causes of bleeding are too much asphalt in asphalt concrete, hot weather, low space air void content and quality of asphalt.\n", "Whereas a bruise typically appear...
what "latter" means in a sentence. i've heard it for a few years now and don't understand how to use it.	If I ask whether you have an apple or an orange and you reply that you have the latter, you mean that you have an orange. If you reply that you have the former, you have an apple.	[ "The phrase 'the three Rs' is used because each word in the phrase has a strong \"R\" phoneme (sound) at the beginning. The term is ironic, since someone with rudimentary language education would know that two of the original words do not actually begin with the letter \"R\". The third \"R\" was more probably Recko...
why do we still use roman numerals?	It looks cool.	[ "The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day.\n"...
how will the rising antimicrobial resistance affect us in the future?	Worst case scenario? We're back to the middle ages, when a cut could kill you if it got infected. What's actually likely to happen, though, is that certain bacteria will become highly resistant to antibiotics, and if we can't develop new antibiotics to combat them then those particular diseases will become more deadly...	[ "The increasing interconnectedness of the world and the fact that new classes of antibiotics have not been developed and approved for more than 25 years highlight the extent to which antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge. A global action plan to tackle the growing problem of resistance to antibiotic...
Did the Ottomans refer to Istanbul as Konstantiniyye?	The official name change was after the Ottomans. It took place in the 20th Century. There is a nice discussion anchored by /u/spoonfeedme at [_URL_0_](_URL_1_) & #x200B; & #x200B;	[ "The name \"İstanbul\" (, colloquially ) is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase (pronounced ), which means \"to the city\" and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottom...
If I can increase the air pressure in an opened 2 liter bottle of soda would that prevent it from going flat?	Here's a thought: If you put a carefully calibrated piece of dry ice (solid CO2) into the soda bottle before you closed it, you could raise the pressure in the bottle enough to re-fizz your soda. Of course, if you put too much, the bottle will explode.	[ "The difference between the reduced pressure at the top of the tube and the higher atmospheric pressure inside the bottle pushes the liquid from the reservoir up the tube and into the moving stream of air where it is broken up into small droplets (not atoms as the name suggests) and carried away with the stream of ...
if websites like google take a double shot using the captcha (first makes sure you are not a bot, second using you as a worker to do a job for them by reading let's say a house number that is not legible for a machine), how do they know what is that so-called number?	One of the things in the captcha is known to the system already. This is the one they are using to make sure you're not a bot. The other one is not currently known. It takes your answer, looks at it and a bunch of other people's answers for the same image, and takes the most common answer. Then this becomes a known pi...	[ "There are a few approaches to defeating CAPTCHAs: using cheap human labor to recognize them, exploiting bugs in the implementation that allow the attacker to completely bypass the CAPTCHA, and finally using machine learning to build an automated solver. According to former Google \"click fraud czar\" Shuman Ghosem...
What happens when one plant's pollen gets into another plants reproductive area? If the species are similar enough, will it produce offspring?	Yes, in some cases hybrids can form by pollen fertilizing eggs of a different species. The likelihood of this happening is generally dependent on how different the two species are. Researchers who study speciation (the process of how new species form) identify traits that are responsible for determining whether indivi...	[ "It was found that the amount of fertilizing pollen can influence secondary sex ratio in dioecious plants. Increase in pollen amount leads to decrease in number of male plants in the progeny. This relationship was confirmed on four plant species from three families – \"Rumex acetosa\" (\"Polygonaceae\"), \"Melandri...
I have seen footage from World War I and there were two soldiers carrying big, round thing, what could it be?	It's a roll of Concertina Wire. Effective barrier against infantry and vehicles. Basically it's barbed wire rolled in a circle to make it hard to ignore and easier to set up. 3 of them in a pyramid shape are the standard configuration. Source: I've set up plenty of this Additional Source: _URL_0_	[ "John \"Barney\" Hines (1878–1958) was a British-born Australian soldier of World War I, known for his prowess at taking items from German soldiers. Hines was the subject of a famous photo taken by Frank Hurley that depicted him surrounded by German military equipment and money he had looted during the Battle of Po...
Can anyone identify these microorganisms?	Number 1 is likely a [Rotifer](_URL_0_) from Phylum Rotifera. They are common in fresh water environments. Some are free floating while others anchor themselves to something (plants, soil, rocks etc...). They feed by having the cilia on their corona (these large flaps that protrude from their mouths, a bit like l...	[ "Over 100 species have been included in the genus \"Mycoplasma\". Microbes of the class Mollicutes, to which Mycoplasma belongs, are parasites or commensals of humans, animals, and plants. The genus \"Mycoplasma\" uses vertebrate and arthropod hosts.\n", "Carini was Professor of Microbiology at the Faculty of Med...
how can food be "smoked" or have a "smoky taste"?	I smoke and use a "green egg" type grill on almost a daily basis. The "smoke" flavor is absorbed by the outermost part of the meat being cooked, when you cut into it, chicken being the easiest to tell with, a pink ring is created in the meat. this is the "smoke ring" where the flavor from whatever wood you have chosen...	[ "This is a list of smoked foods. Smoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Meats and fish are the most common smoked foods, though cheeses, vegetables, and ingred...
why can't i relax my jaw to be able to freely move it with my hands?	Well, you actually can move the jaw by external force. If you've ever been hit in the chin, or bumped your chin against something, and it made your teeth collide with each other, that's what happened. The reason it doesn't happen much is that the muscles that move your jaw (the masseter is the one that closes it, an...	[ "As with most dislocated joints, a dislocated jaw can usually be successfully positioned into its normal position by a trained medical professional. Attempts to readjust the jaw without the assistance of a medical professional could result in worsening of the injury. The health care provider may be able to set it b...
Arsenic in food. What's the real story?	The CDC's Chemical Profile page for [Arsenic](_URL_0_) is a really good place to start. In the US the only exposure levels that have been set are for occupational exposure, by OSHA, and the EPA has set a standard for arsenic in drinking water (0.01 ppm). In general, you probably won't ingest enough arsenic from food ...	[ "Lowe and McLaughlin state that the chemical analyses conducted at the time do not support the theory that the incident was accidental. Cheong's clan record reports that \"one day, through carelessness, a worker dropped some 'odd things' into the flour\". Yet the arsenic was found only in the bread itself, and in m...
How efficient/inefficient are computers really?	> As I'm just an undergrad student in mechanical engineering, I realize that I might be looking at this the wrong way. No way, you're asking a great question. This is an absolute gem of a question and you've posed it very clearly and thoughtfully. I'm really happy I noticed it because it's directly related to my wor...	[ "Modern computers are significantly faster than the early computers, and have a much larger amount of memory available (Gigabytes instead of Kilobytes). Nevertheless, Donald Knuth emphasised that efficiency is still an important consideration:\n", "Power efficiency is another important measurement in modern compu...
17 and need to know how taxes work?	Ask them what you have to do to have the most amount withheld (probably have to use `0`). How do taxes work? I'd say they don't. But to answer your question, an amount gets withheld from your salary each pay check and gets sent to the government every quarter. Then, at the end of the year you file your returns which ...	[ "Congress has enacted numerous laws dealing with taxes since adoption of the Constitution. Those laws are now codified as Title 19, Customs Duties, Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and various other provisions. These laws specifically authorize the United States Secretary of the Treasury to delegate various powers ...
In films like "The Pianist" and "Schindler's List," German guards seem able to kill prisoners at any time without restriction. Did concentration camps and ghettos have rules stating when and how soldiers could kill inmates?	The problem with camps was a lack of oversight once the initial responsibilities had been established. Meaning the answer to this question depends largely on who the camp commandant was and how tight a ship they wanted to run. Let's start, not with concentration camps, but with Soviet POW camps. Soviet POWs were kept ...	[ "A concentration camp commander could as early as in 1933 inflict the \"death penalty\" for disobedience, i. e. order to murder a disobedient, without any legal ground whatsoever besides the will of Heinrich Himmler, but also without meeting opposition. Himmler himself offered an honorable way out for members of th...
what is the benefit of having all these subreddits going private?	_URL_0_ In short, Victoria, the AMA lady, was apparently fired today with no notice and no support for the mods and subs who depend on her, and subreddits are shutting down left, right, and center either because she was critical to their operations or as a show of solidarity for all the people who are being screwed ov...	[ "In May 2019, former Reddit CEO Ellen Pao told Mother Jones that the subreddit should be banned for not following the sites rules. However, she also acknowledged that \"it's hard to take down a subreddit which is driving a lot of traffic.\"\n", "The subreddit r/DarkNetMarkets, a darknet market discussion forum, f...
how can matter outside of the observable universe travel faster than light?	It can't. Nothing with mass can ever travel at or faster than the speed of light in a vacuum (c). It sounds like you may be confusing the observable universe with the Hubble volume. Beyond the Hubble volume, objects are receding from us at faster than c because of the expansion of the universe. The objects themselves a...	[ "Light that travels through transparent matter does so at a lower speed than \"c\", the speed of light in a vacuum. For example, photons engage in so many collisions on the way from the core of the sun that radiant energy can take about a million years to reach the surface; however, once in open space, a photon tak...
What is the best way to become an astrogeologist?	1. Get a bachelor's degree in astronomy or geology. 1A. Get research experience with a professor. 2. Get a PhD in whichever you didn't do your undergrad in.	[ "While an undergraduate, Carlson carried out what is widely regarded to be the most comprehensive test of astrologer's abilities to extract information about their clients from the apparent positions of celestial objects as seen from the places and times of their clients' births.\n", "The primary goal of astronom...
If I had a rod that was two lightsyears long and suspended in space, and I pushed one end, how long would it take the other end to react?	You are right. The deformation of the material would propagate through at the speed of sound in the material, and so that would determine how long it would take till the other end moved.	[ "It follows that if a rod is accelerated by some external force applied anywhere along its length, the elements of matter in various different places in the rod cannot all feel the same magnitude of acceleration if the rod is not to extend without bound and ultimately break. In other words, an accelerated rod which...
Home experiment demonstrating particle nature of light?	[here](_URL_0_)'s a good example of how you can demonstrate the photoelectric effect at home.	[ "It is also possible that the illumination experiments can be explained by a longitudinal learning effect. Parsons has declined to analyse the illumination experiments, on the grounds that they have not been properly published and so he cannot get at details, whereas he had extensive personal communication with Roe...
what the hell is going on in india right now?	Indian here. For the past decade or so, rape has been a constant fixture of the criminal landscape. Urban centres like Delhi, Mumbai and so on are just as affected as the rural areas. Our society has almost always dismissed these as the fault of the victim - blaming them for dressing provocatively, being out late at n...	[ "India's parliament is mostly destroyed in an apparent terrorist attack while in session waiting for an address by the Prime Minister. The casualties are significant and the suspicion immediately turns to Pakistan-based terrorists. Unknown individuals initiate a massacre of Hindu citizens triggering a Hindu back la...
Was the Catholic Church founded by St Peter or Constantine?	Well, neither is probably the best answer. The claim of the Roman Catholic Church is founded on basically two things: a documentary tradition that claims Peter was the leader of the church in Rome and passed on his authority to its bishop as a passing on of apostolic authority as well as primacy. However that docu...	[ "According to Catholic tradition, the history of the Catholic Church begins with Jesus Christ and his teachings (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30) and the Catholic Church is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus. The Church considers its bishops to be the successors to Jesus's apos...
why do people say “he died for our sins”?	if you don't sin he died for no reason, so sin whenever you are able to, make his death worth a thousend sins	[ "In the Jerusalem \"ekklēsia\", from which Paul received this creed, the phrase \"died for our sins\" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures. For Paul, it gained a deeper significance, providing \"a basis for the salvation ...
how were mitochondria allowed to survive in foreign cells without being treated as invaders and digested?	Cells have pretty basic immune systems even now, with a lot of issues with bacteria crawling in and out of them and a lot of human disease involving types of bacteria that can enter cells and the body immune system having to deal with it because the cell immune system can't. Go back a hundred million years and the immu...	[ "The ability to ingest other cells enabled ancestral eukaryotes to build a much more complex cell. Once the capacity for consuming other cells was in place, early eukaryotes began to acquire internal membrane-bound organelles that included organelles that were once free-living prokaryotes. Based on phylogenetic and...
how does entropy prove why time only goes forwards?	Think about burning a piece of toast. Can you unburn the toast? No. Why not? Because we didn’t change the toast into a new thing called burnt toast, we just burned up part of the toast. The way our universe works, so far as we can tell, this only goes one way. Once you burnt the toast you can’t make it back the w...	[ "Chapter 6, \"Chance and the Arrow\", asks, \"Does time have an arrow?\" The reader discovers that the laws of physics apply moving both forward in time and backward in time. Such a law is called time-reversal symmetry. One of the major subjects of this chapter is entropy. Various analogies are given to illustrate ...
My professor told me that one of the worst mistakes a historian can make is to engage in a teleological reading of history. What is that, and why is it so bad?	Going back to the philosophical debates of the ancient Greeks two of the most prominent competing overarching theories of the nature of the Universe in general were teleology vs. mechanism. Teleological beliefs are those that say that things exist or happen for a reason. For example, the idea that the reason clouds exi...	[ "In modern science, explanations that rely on teleology are often, but not always, avoided, either because they are unnecessary or because whether they are true or false is thought to be beyond the ability of human perception and understanding to judge. But using teleology as an explanatory style, in particular wit...
why are relays (electronics) used?	A relay allows a much smaller current to switch a very large current, or a DC signal to switch an AC signal, or for a single signal to switch multiple signals. They're very versatile. To be turned on via relay contacts just means that power is supplied from the electrical contacts of the relay. A signal goes into the...	[ "Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another...
why do my joints hurt during menstruation?	Estrogen affects joints by keeping inflammation down and estrogen levels decline during menstruation.	[ "The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee joint. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisc...
Are the busts of Roman leaders like Caesar taken from death masks or are they impressions crafted from contemporary descriptions?	Follow up query; Octavianus, Trajan and even Constantine I had a bust, however Basil II did not. At what point did they stop producing busts for each emperor and move towards using mosaics like that of Zoe and Constantine IX or Ioannes II Komnonos at the Hagia Sofia?	[ "Historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration, among them Paul Zanker, the renowned archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus, were quick to question whether the bust is a portrait of Caesar. Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the l...
Is it possible that our solar system is inside of the event horizon of a black hole?	This write up seems to refute the idea - [relevant post by robot roll call](_URL_0_)	[ "An observer crossing the event horizon of a non-rotating and uncharged (or Schwarzschild) black hole cannot avoid the central singularity, which lies in the future world line of everything within the horizon. Thus one cannot avoid spaghettification by the tidal forces of the central singularity.\n", "In the simp...
If you pour equal amounts of hot and cold water in a container, would the resulting mixture be the exact median of the two temperatures?	In good approximation yes, as the total energy is conserved and the temperature is a direct measure of energy per volume. The mixture will have the average energy per volume of the two initial portions and therefore the same temperature. However the factor of proportionality between temperature and energy itself is al...	[ "Mixtures with 3–5 °C span of temperatures and ranges from about 17–23°C to about 37–40 °C can be composed from varying proportions of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate, cholesteryl nonanoate, and cholesteryl benzoate. For example, the mass ratio of 65:25:10 yields range of 17–23 °C, and 30:60:10 yields range of 37–40 °C...
how do we know that my blue is your blue?	We aren't. This holds true for all "fundamentals" in human perception - sound, taste, etc.	[ "BULLET::::- Dictionary (also voiced by Brianna Gentilella) - A book containing many words and their definitions that Blue looks in almost every day to find out what the Word of the Day is. She has a face and has the ability to speak, similar to all other residents of Blue's Room.\n", "Blue is a primary color. It...
how does overheating affect a laptop's performance?	Excessive heat can damage the silicon logic or the metal wires or capacitor's electrolytes or melt insulation. It can set fire to dust inside the machine.	[ "Due to the relatively small size that the hardware has to fit in, cooling the heat intensive components is a major problem affecting the performance of such laptops, usually causing degraded value for money performance wise. Attempts at using the same performance hardware as desktops usually end in a decreased clo...
how do audio editors manage to dub movies without losing the rest of the sounds(i.e. ambient noises, background music, gunshot noises)	There are multiple soundtracks going on at the same time and each soundtrack can be adjusted individually. So they record the background noises, they record the voices and they record other things as well. When they replace the voices, they just switch out the voice track but keep others the same or adjust them.	[ "The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks – dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley, music – the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack. Dubbing is sometimes confused with AD...
how can we so distinctly remember things that never actually happened?	It is possible to vividly imagine something and then simply re-categorize that mental image as a memory rather than something you imagined. The act of remembering it works just the same. You can see what it looks like, hear the sounds or voices, and so forth. You just have attached a wrong category to it.	[ "There is barely any recalled memory in cases of fear and trauma exposure, brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, pain, or anxiety. Recall memory is very limited, since the only memory people have that suffer from these problems is the flash backs of what happened when the event took place. People can only r...
how to simplify square roots, such as √99 into 3√11? i just can't understand this concept.	okay! so basically you divide while it's still inside the square root. so √99 = √(9•11)=(√9)•(√11). √9=3. so √99=3•√11=3√11.	[ "Indeed, an early method for calculating square roots can be found in some Sutras, the method involves the recursive formula: formula_11 for large values of x, which bases itself on the non-recursive identity formula_12 for values of \"r\" extremely small relative to \"a\".\n", "In order to determine the right si...
Can you break your own teeth by closing your jaw?	If your teeth are damaged from tooth decay you most certainly can. The teeth are made of calcium and if they aren't taken care of they can slowly get eaten away by bacteria on the teeth. This will weaken the surrounding layer of the tooth and eventually make them brittle and prone to damage. Even if your teeth aren't...	[ "The mouth is unique, in that the teeth are well secured to the bone ends but come through epithelium (mucosa). A leg or wrist, for instance, has no such structure to help with a closed reduction. In addition, when the fracture happens to be in a tooth bearing area of the jaws, aligning the teeth well usually resul...
. how do soda fountain machines work?	Lots of tubes, and a mixer on each nozzle. Basically there are 3 parts that go into your fountain soda. Water - first tube from water supply to each nozzle. Co2 - large canister in back (think like size of a large helium tank) - 2nd tube to each nozzle. Syrup - generally come in boxes. Heavy plastic bag inside ...	[ "A soda fountain is a device that dispenses carbonated soft drinks, called fountain drinks. They can be found in restaurants, concession stands and other locations such as convenience stores. The device combines flavored syrup or syrup concentrate and carbon dioxide with chilled and purified water to make soft drin...

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