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which has more caffeine and why? dark coffee beans (dark roasts) or greenish/tan coffee beans (light roasts).	If you measure your coffee by scoops, light roasted coffee will have more caffeine. Since the beans are denser than a darker roast. However if you weigh out your scoops, darker roasts will have more caffeine, because there is less mass. What should also be noted is that Arabica beans vary in levels of caffeine dependin...	[ "Caffeine content varies by roast level, diminishing with increased roasting level: light roast, 1.37%; medium roast, 1.31%; and dark roast, 1.31%. However, this does not remain constant in coffee brewed from different grinds and brewing methods. Because the density of coffee changes as it is roasted, different roa...
After the sun expands to consume the earth, will earth continue to orbit as before, just inside the corona now?	You are on the right track. The sun will expand to a maximum radius of about 1.2 AU. During this expansion the sun will have lost about one third of its mass. As a result of the loss of mass, it loses some of its "tug" on the Earth. Now because of the decreased mas of the Sun, the Earth's orbit will increase up to 15...	[ "In roughly 5 billion years, the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter (becoming a red giant), before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. In the far distant future, the gravity of passing stars will gradually r...
Is using a "mind palace" an effective memory tool, or is it pseudo-scientific bunk and other memory methods are more effective?	There is a popular [model developed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974](_URL_2_) that describes memory as an information processing system with specialized components, much like a computer. As I understand it, learned associations are easier to recall using this "memory palace" technique because it simultaneousl...	[ "Alan Baddeley's theory of working memory has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is this store that holds visual information for manipulation. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the s...
What can we do to help future historians?	Preserving our own digital cultures is incredibly important, but I'm going to address this question from a slightly different angle. One of the other things we need to do to help future historians (and present-day historians too) is embrace an open-access philosophy when creating digital archives of existing historic...	[ "BULLET::::12. Historical research allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are...
how to get infinite chocolate from a chocolate bar	The gif is subtly doctored. When the piece moves from the left to the right, you can, if you pay attention, see it growing slightly. Pay attention to the left edge of the piece. You see it growing from 2+1/2 to 2+2/3	[ "The chocolate itself was a common black milky bar, flat and thin. But what really made it achieve so much success was that each of them would come with a figure made on a thin cardboard paper with a picture of an animal on it.\n", "The candy is made of a whipped nougat covered with milk chocolate. The nougat cho...
In terms of harvesting power from radio waves, is there an equivalent to a solar panel?	This is what all satellite dishes and radio telescopes already do in the sense that they convert radio waves into some electrical signal. However, there's no step in there where they interact with some semiconductor wafer or anything like that. The signals typically need to be drastically amplified in the electronics a...	[ "Space-based solar power (SBSP) is the concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth. Potential advantages of collecting solar energy in space include a higher collection rate and a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing atmosphere, and the possibility of placing a s...
how are saturn's rings clean if they have existed for millions to billions of years?	They are not clean. They have drawn in countless meteors and such. Thus their current color instead of just looking snowy white.	[ "The rings of Saturn consist of ice crystals and probably meteorite particles describing circular orbits around the planet's equator. In all likelihood these are fragments of a former moon that was too close to the planet and was destroyed by its tidal effect. \n", "\"Rings of Saturn\" is located in the Sir Ruper...
Why were ship designs so different in Asia compared to Europe?	You're going to need to clarify a few things: what parts of Asia/Europe? Time period? Are you referring to hull design or rigging? Warships or merchantmen?	[ "Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences. For most of their histories, China, India, and the Middle East were each unified under a single dominant power that expanded until it reached the surrounding mountains and deserts. In 1600 the Ottoman Empire controlled almost all the Middle East, the Min...
how power banks understand the difference between being charged and charging?	You plug it in the laptop via a USB port, and in the mobile phone via a micro USB port. This means you use two different ports on the powerbank as well. This decides if you're charging the bank or the device.	[ "Smart charging is a form of electric vehicle charging in which the time and rate at which an EV's battery pack is charged can be controlled in a more \"intelligent\" way than the simple use of a manual on/off switch.\n", "Charge control is a technology that lets an electric utility control, in real time, the cha...
if you got in a plane and started flying flat along with earth then maintained that direction, would you eventually begin flying out of the atmosphere?	tl;dr: The plane would need to follow the curvature of the earth. As an airplane gets higher in the atmosphere a few things happen. First, as the plane encounters less air resistance, it can move faster, generating more lift. Counteracting this, however, is the fact that the air gets thinner, so less of it is displac...	[ "For example, consider an airplane that travels in a straight line, takes a 90-degree right turn, travels another , takes another 90-degree right turn, and travels a third time. On a flat Earth, the aircraft would have travelled along three sides of a square, and arrive at a spot about from where it started. But be...
how did those inbuilt battery testers work?	The bar is made of a thermochromic strip of paper/film (paper that changes colour based on temperature) layered on top of a strip of some conductor. When you press down on the two ends, the strip makes contact with the battery terminals and allows electricity to flow through it. This causes the strip to heat up and ch...	[ "A battery tester is an electronic device intended for testing the state of an electric battery, going from a simple device for testing the charge actually present in the cells and/or its voltage output, to a more comprehensive testing of the battery's condition, namely its capacity for accumulating charge and any ...
During the late 19th century, why was Japan able to modernize its military better than China?	This is an age old topic. My answer is pretty simple. Japan could modernize because it became a nation-state by using ethnic nationalism. Qing China (1644-1911) could not modernize because it was multiethnic empire ruled by the minority Manchus. So in Japan's case, the new Meiji state (1868-1912) could rely upon the...	[ "Once created, the Meiji military machine was used to extend Japanese power overseas, for many leaders believed that national security depended on expansion and not merely a strong defense. Room was also needed for population expansion. Within thirty years, the country's military forces had fought and defeated impe...
Question regarding using the blood plasma of recovered people to treat sick people: When the plasma is injected, is it just the antibodies in the donated plasma that attacks the virus, or does the body detect the antibodies and create more ?	I don’t see the right answer yet so: The plasma contains antibodies from the donor. Presumably there are antibodies in the donor that have neutralized the virus. Antibodies are just proteins that latch on to a target and help flag it so the hosts immune system recognizes the problem and eliminates it. The donor anti...	[ "BULLET::::- Antibodies: Donors are sometimes immunized against agents such as tetanus or hepatitis B so that their plasma contains the antibodies against the toxin or disease. In other donors, an intentionally incompatible unit of blood is transfused to produce antibodies to the antigens on the red cells. The coll...
...the difference between behaviorism and cognitive science.	I'm just going off memory here, and it's been a little while since I learned about this stuff, but I'll give it a shot. (Note: I'm not familiar with Chomsky's particular arguments or ideas on the topic, but hopefully my answer isn't entirely useless) As I recall, Behaviourism is the study of observable behaviour, and ...	[ "Simply put: Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary study of cognition in humans, animals, and machines. It encompasses the traditional disciplines of psychology, computer science, neuroscience, anthropology, linguistics and philosophy. The goal of cognitive science is to understand the principles of intelligen...
what causes the "stitch"	It's said that it's caused by the midriff, a muscle that important for breathing. If you are breathing in a fast maner, it can feel the same pain as any other muscle that you overuse. Running more and breathing deeper and more slowly will do the trick.	[ "There is no single precise known reason for a stitch to occur. There are, however, a number of popular theories as to what may cause, increase the chances of, or otherwise exacerbate a stitch. A leading theory is that the pain may be caused by an increase in blood flow to the liver or spleen. Increases in the hear...
why does an object traveling at the speed of light gain infinite mass	Relativistic mass is an outdated concept. Many contemporary authors such as Taylor and Wheeler strongly argue against the concept of dynamic mass, and most modern textbooks actually avoid it. Taylor and Wheeler state [1] > The concept of "relativistic mass" is subject to misunderstanding. That's why we don't use...	[ "As speeds approach that of light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it.\n", "When an object is pushed in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and ener...
Have there been recorded cases of randomly decreasing entropy?	Something like that happening on the macro scale is statistically less likely than everyone independently hallucinating that it happened and was recorded and well established. The standard deviation increases with the square root of the number of independent events added together, so for 6\*10^23 atoms, the standard de...	[ "Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) and Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888) discovered the second law of thermodynamics in the 19th century. It states that total entropy, sometimes understood as disorder, will always increase over time in an isolated system. This means that a system cannot spontaneously increase its order without an ...
how do you make an app?	It depends on what operating system (Android, iOS, Windows). But in either case there is software that exists which lets you write code in a specific programming language. That code is compiled and then you're able to either distribute that app directly or submit it to an app store. For each OS: * Android - You use...	[ "In 2003 [[Handango]] introduced the first on-device app store for finding, installing and buying software for smartphones. App download and purchasing are completed directly on the device so sync with a computer is not necessary. Description, rating and screenshot are available for any app.\n", "BULLET::::2. The...
what is actually happening when a single taste bud decides to stick way out and get super sensitive?	Welcome to the wonderful world of inflammation. The most common scenario where this happens is when you happen to have too hot a cup of coffee or soup, or eat way too many salty snacks without refreshing your mouth with water. In scenario 1, the intense heat manages to burn part of your tongue, or atleast heat it suf...	[ "An example of a receptor potential is in a taste bud, where taste is converted into an electrical signal sent to the brain. When stimulated, the taste bud triggers the release of neurotransmitter through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles from the presynaptic membrane. The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across th...
How did Portugal (as a fascist state under the Estado Novo) manage to stay non-belligerent in World War Two?	Because Estado Novo is a very peculiar fascist state. We didn't had 90% of the ostentation of Italy and Germany, and Salazar didn't want to recuperate the Portuguese Empire as the Italians want to bring back the Roman Empire or the German the Reich, Salazar wanted his people poor, traditional and in the countryside. O...	[ "For the duration of World War II, [[Portugal]] was under the control of the dictator [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]. Early in September 1939, Portugal proclaimed neutrality to avoid a military operation in Portuguese territory. This action was welcomed by Great Britain. Germany's invasion of France brought the Na...
How was oil obtained in the middle ages?	Hi! FYI, you'll find some additional information in the FAQ (link on the sidebar) [Mineral resource extraction]( _URL_0_) - see under Petroleum	[ "According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was distilled by the Persian alchemist Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (\"al-ambiq\"), and which was mainly used for kerosene lamps. Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce...
when talking on a cellular phone how does my voice get translated into bits of ones and zeroes?	The sounds you vocalize lead to a series of compressions in the air. The compressions are picked up by a microphone, where they cause a membrame to move in synch with your voice. The movement of the membrame in the microphone is measured and gives rise to an electric signal that varies over time, still in synch with ...	[ "Examples of one-bit messages in the real world include the sound of car horns, police sirens, and “open” signs. Telephone calls which are deliberately terminated before being answered are also an example of one-bit communication.\n", "Phonetotopy is the concept that articulatory features as well as perceptual fe...
Does low birth weight in humans have an effect on the brain later in life?	It seems nearly certain that it does. Low birth rate children have higher rates cognitive delays and other neurological issues. The effects seem to be mild for most affected, but they seem to be persistent. Source: _URL_0_ JSTOR subscription needed, but the abstract says it.	[ "There is also evidence that birth complications and other factors around the time of birth (perinatal) can have serious implications on intellectual development. For example, a prolonged period of time without access to oxygen during the delivery can lead to brain damage and mental retardation. Also, low birth wei...
Is the heat energy that we get from the sun just from Photons?	Yes. Since there is (almost) nothing between the sun and the earth to transfer the heat through conduction or convection, the only way for thermal energy to be transferred is through radiation, which consists of photons.	[ "Energy released as gamma rays will interact with electrons and protons and heat the interior of the Sun. Also kinetic energy of fusion products (e.g. of the two protons and the from the p-p I reaction) increases the temperature of plasma in the Sun. This heating supports the Sun and prevents it from collapsing und...
How come our eyes can see both dark/light areas simultaneously while cameras can only be set to a specific exposure?	It's actually the same principle, just a difference in magnitude. Your eyes are able to perceive a contrast difference of 10-14 stops in a single "image". A digital camera usually falls somewhere around 11 stops, give or take. The difference is that your eye has an iris which can open or close to allow you to quickly s...	[ "Two general types of infrared / near-infrared (also known as active light) eye-tracking techniques are used: bright-pupil and dark-pupil. Their difference is based on the location of the illumination source with respect to the optics. If the illumination is coaxial with the optical path, then the eye acts as a ret...
why the hell do big states allow smaller states to have so much influence over the direction of a political party?	It's all about the order of the primary. Candidates get money from their party and press coverage based on how well they are doing (or how crazy they are) if you mange to win the first few states, you get tons of publicity (and civilian donations) as well as extra party backing, especially now that there is less compet...	[ "Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence.\n", "There are several reasons why, in some systems, two major parties dominate the polit...
Why did it take so long to unify Italy again (1870s) after the collapse of the Roman Empire? how did countries more technologically backward such as England, France and Castile/Spain unify more quickly than what was previously the most advanced empire in history?	This question takes in the best part of a millennium and a half of West European history, and I was aiming to find 3-4 earlier answers that might address parts of it. However, it turns out u/AlviseFalier has written an epic answer to a very similar question: [It seems odd that the Italian peninsula could give rise t...	[ "In the decades following unification, Italy started to create colonies in Africa, and under Benito Mussolini's fascism conquered Ethiopia founding in 1936 the Italian Empire. World War I has also been interpreted to have completed the process of Italian unification, with the annexation of Trieste, Istria, Trentino...
if/once the cuban embargo is lifted, what will change?	It will be easier people in the US to visit Cuba, acquire Cuban goods and do business in Cuba. Vice-versa for people in Cuba dealing with the US.	[ "Although the Cuban trade embargo can only be ended by the U.S. Congress, the Obama administration took executive action to ease some restrictions on travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens, as well as restrictions on the import and export of goods between each country. In his 2015 State of the Union Address to Congress, O...
Are there (presently) multicellular organisms with very few (2-50) cells?	There is a spectrum of morphologies and sizes of simple life-forms. Some organisms such as slime molds and choanoflagellates can alternate between states in which they are single cells and states in which they have multiple cells. The multicellular phases of these organisms could include states with only very few cells...	[ "Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatic...
wide area networks	A wide area network is similar to a local area network, but uses multiple routers/hubs and occasionally a VPN system to enable network access by dozens or even hundreds of people over a large and disparate landscape.	[ "Broadview Networks is a network-based electronically integrated communications provider serving small and medium-sized businesses in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. The Company offers local, long-distance and international voice services; data services that encompass VPN and MPLS enabled offerings...
radar guns that the police use.	_URL_0_ Short version of that: The gun shoots a radar signal at the car, the signal bounces off the car but is changed slightly by the car depending on its speed, the radar gun detects how the signal was changed and calculates the car's speed. The way the signal is changed is caused the Doppler Effect.	[ "Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution. These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles.\n", "Radar guns that operate using the X band (8 to 12 GHz) frequency range are becoming less co...
How did music originate?	You might have better luck asking an anthropologist than a historian.	[ "Music can be theoretically traced to prior to the Paleolithic age. The anthropological and archaeological designation suggests that music first arose (among humans) when stone tools first began to be used by hominids. The noises produced by work such as pounding seed and roots into meal are a likely source of rhyt...
how does a company gets money when you buy its share, if when you buy a share the money goes to the seller of the share (which is not necessarily the company)?	They care about the price of the shares because the shareholders own the company. If the share prices do poorly, the shareholders can fire the CEO & hire a new one.	[ "By selling shares they can sell part or all of the company to many part-owners. The purchase of one share entitles the owner of that share to literally share in the ownership of the company, a fraction of the decision-making power, and potentially a fraction of the profits, which the company may issue as dividends...
why it's harder for micro-organisms to become resistant to alcohol based disinfectants than drugs	To keep it simple, alcohol kills the microorganisms by physical means : it mostly causes their membranes to fragilize, causing death. Drugs kill them acting on cellular mechanisms (for example, some antibiotics make it impossible for the bacterias to synthetize their membrane). However, these cellular mechanisms can e...	[ "The use of some antimicrobials such as triclosan, is controversial because it may lead to antimicrobial resistance. The use of chlorine bleach and alcohol disinfectants does not cause antimicrobial resistance as it denatures the protein of the microbe upon contact.\n", "A study published in 2018 showed multi dru...
how do antibodies actually work? does your body store antibodies for literally every disease it contracts during your lifetime, or is it more like a recipe?	So I answered a similar question a while ago. I'll paste and tailor it to your question. You want to defend yourself from the unknown. You don't know what's going to attack you, you just want to make sure anything that isn't you, that is inside you, gets destroyed. How do you go about doing that? Well put simply, the...	[ "Antibodies are produced naturally by the body and play a key role in fighting infections caused by bacteria and viruses. They can also be used to treat infections by use of injections with blood plasma that contain large amounts of them. The use of whole, natural antibodies as medicines presents many problems: the...
what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis	Mitosis creates two cells which are fully functional cells with all of the organisms chromosomes. Imagine mitosis as cutting a sandwich in half, and winding up with two full sized sandwiches - it's pretty awesome. However, meiosis creates cells with only half of the number of chromosomes: 23 for humans. Overall, meios...	[ "Like mitosis, meiosis is a form of eukaryotic cell division. Meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Because meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes (or reproductive cells), this reduction in chromosome number is criti...
What kind of measures were taken to combat disease during military conflicts, especially for soldiers in campaigns?	Until relatively recently the causes of the diseases were not known. They couldn't effectively fight diseases because they didn't have the necessarily scientific knowledge. The Greeks and Romans held to the [Four Humors Theory](_URL_0_) and it remained the leading knowledge of medicine up to the 1800s. By the time of...	[ "Throughout the history of warfare, armies have depended on clean water, wholesome food, sanitation, disease and injury prevention, hazard-free environments and other sound public health practices to keep Soldiers in fighting form. The Army Public Health Center has broadened the scope of the public health mission t...
Were the witch hunting trials by throwing people into water real? How were the deaths of innocents justified?	Trial by water was one option available under trials by ordeal in Medieval Europe. Trials by ordeal, like trials by combat, come from ancient Germanic law customs. I'll mostly write here about its use in the High Middle Ages in Britain. Trials by ordeal generally came in two forms: trial by fire, or trial by water. In...	[ "Ordeal by water was associated with the witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries: an accused who sank was considered innocent, while floating indicated witchcraft. Some argued that witches floated because they had renounced baptism when entering the Devil's service. King James VI of Scotland (later also James I ...
what is the united nations' role in the russia/ukraine situation?	It can't have one because Russia is on the Security Council. Motions were made to take the matter up, and Russia blocked them, as is its privilege. This is the "bug" in the UN system. The permanent members of the Council (US, UK, France, Russia, China) don't have to live within the UN framework if they don't want to...	[ "Several members of the international community have expressed grave concerns over the Russian intervention in Ukraine and criticized Russia for its actions in post-revolutionary Ukraine, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South K...
Were Native Americans ever taken back to Europe, as slaves or to be assimilated into European society?	The famous Native American Squanto was an example of this. He was captured as a young man in 1605 by the British, enslaved, and taken to England where he was taught English so he could be used as an interpreter. 9 years later he returned to New England as part of one of John Smith's expeditions. He tried to return to h...	[ "European nations sent Native Americans (sometimes against their will) to the Old World as objects of curiosity. They often entertained royalty and were sometimes prey to commercial purposes. Christianization of Native Americans was a charted purpose for some European colonies.\n", "Once Europeans had gained cont...
Panel AMA – East Asia in the Early 20th Century	- How was Henry Puyi's day-to-day life when he ruled the Manchukuo under Japanese in Tianjin? What kind of duties did he do? What kind of freedom was allowed him? - A lot of Chinese migrated from Meixian to my country in 1930s, my grandfather included. My mom always said it was because a lot of people wanted to avoid...	[ "East Asia is an especially important regional focus. During 2000-2005, the Press published 184 academic monographs on the region, 82 on China, 81 on Japan, and 21 on Korea. The three principal subject areas were language and literature (with 23 on China, 25 on Japan, and 7 on Korea); religion and philosophy (with ...
Why can Windows run .exe files, but Mac can't even get a program to convert it to a readable file?	The .exe contains x86 machine code, which the CPU in your computer interprets. To get an intuition for why it's not readable by humans, please look at the [cards in this video](_URL_0_): the holes on the cards translate into movements of the machine, and those movements result in the actual fabric patterns. Now, mos...	[ "The operating systems the archivers can run on without emulation or compatibility layer. Linux Ubuntu's own GUI \"Archive manager,\" for example, can open and create many archive formats (including Rar archives) even to the extent of splitting into parts and encryption and ability to be read by the \"native progra...
how do we know where the borders that distinguish each ocean are, (i.e between pacific and atlantic) and how were they distinguished?	At the boundaries between the oceans, no, there's no sudden change. The technical borders of each ocean are dictated by the International Hydrographic Organization. For example, the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian oceans is defined by the 20E meridian from Africa to Antarctica. On a large scale, each ocean ...	[ "The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea—one of it...
who are neo-nazis, what do they believe in?	It's hard to really put a finger on that one. There are people with different mindsets who consider themselves or are considered Neo-Nazis. One possible definition is people who agree with what the Nazis did in the 30s and 40s, like considering Germans (or US-Americans,..) a superior race, thinking jews are a harm to...	[ "Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism or related ideologies. Common aspects of modern-day Neo-Nazism include hatred or fear of minorities such as blacks, Hispanics, lesbian, gay, and transgender people, non-white immigrants, and sometimes even Christians bu...
Why is the interior of the great pyramid in Egypt not covered in paintings and ancient Egyptian writings or reliefs like all the other supposedly older pyramids found in Egypt?	Just like today's tombstones are not burried with the deceased, in ancient egyptian times paintings and relief decorations were usually reserved for places where others (mainly relatives and priests) could see them, in the accompanying chapels and temples. Khufu's pyramid complex is in very bad condition but those of ...	[ "The inner part of the temple has the same triangular layout that most ancient Egyptian temples follow, with rooms decreasing in size from the entrance to the sanctuary. The temple is complex in structure and quite unusual because of its many side chambers. The hypostyle hall (sometimes also called a pronaos) is lo...
what constitutes a radio station being hd quality, and how do they make it hd?	'HD radio' is a branded implementation of the In-Band/On-Channel (IBOC) method of 'hybrid' broadcasting, wherein compact digital 'saddlebags' are placed at either end of the station's reserved 'mask' (the space it's allowed to use on the 'dial'). In many cases, there is only one HD channel, 'HD1'. Even if there are ot...	[ "WAWZ broadcasts in HD Radio with both its HD1, HD2, and HD3 channels providing Artist Experience data including song titles, artists, and albums on compatible radios. Over the years, 99.1 FM has hosted a variety of formats on its HD sub-channels. The current HD sub-channel formats are:\n", "Uniquely, the station...
Are there any examples of successful opposition to Jim Crow in the segregated South before Brown v. Board?	Good question. We often think that African American protest and the Civil Rights Movement began with Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. This is usually the beginning marker because it was the first successful legal battle for de-segregation. However, do we define successful opposition to Jim Crow as only legal battle...	[ "These Jim Crow laws revived principles of the 1865 and 1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in \"Brown v. Board of ...
When/how did we begin to view the Earth as a planet in a solar system of multiple planets? In other words, at what point in time would you be able to ask "What planet are we on?" and people would begin to understand what you're talking about? [X-post to no stupid questions]	hi! other responses are welcome (especially to represent various other cultures), but you can get started here * [When did humans become aware that they were on planet Earth, in a solar system, and part of the Universe?](_URL_0_) It might also be worth x-posting to /r/AskScience (astronomy)	[ "With the advent of the Scientific Revolution, use of the term \"planet\" changed from something that moved across the sky (in relation to the star field); to a body that orbited Earth (or that was believed to do so at the time); and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentr...
how can bill cosby's wife be compelled to testify against him?	The problem is that, while she is his wife, she's also his business manager. The plaintiffs say they're only asking her to testify in her role as his business manager.	[ "On May 3, 2018, after her husband's conviction for sexual assault, Cosby released a three-page statement defending her husband in which she compared her husband's conviction to the racially charged killing of Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old boy who was lynched after a white woman said she was offended by him in h...
what kind of things would people have worn during beheadings in 17th Century France?	Do you mean 18th century? Beheading by guillotine saw widespread use from 1790ish onward, not the 1600s. Assuming that you do, revolutionary fashion tended to involve plain, close-fitting shirts for men, somewhat influenced by the english landed gentry. Frenchmen would also wear a plain frock or riding coat, short wa...	[ "Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle, gown, forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet. Undergarments were not worn underneath. In England, Queen Elizabeth dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. French women were inspired b...
Why aren't analog computers more widely used?	We don't use analogue computers because the cost and complexity to build such machines is extremely high, and their reliability is low for their cost. The main problem with analogue computers is that in order to represent all of the possible values, you need multiple voltages across the circuits, and be able to accura...	[ "Analogue circuits are typically harder to design, requiring more skill than comparable digital systems. This is one of the main reasons that digital systems have become more common than analogue devices. An analogue circuit is usually designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than for digital system...
why does it get harder and harder to make friends and form meaningful relationships the older you get?	Just one mans opinion here but.. I believe it has to do with shared experiences. When you are young the world is new and there is much to learn about it, you have friends and those friends get to experience all those things for the first time with you, strengthening your relationships. As you get older you know the gam...	[ "Relationship building is a component to identity creation in young adults. Attending college is the next step for many privileged high school students when transitioning into adulthood. Prior to college, young people who attend rely more heavily upon their parents or parental figures for guidance through difficult...
what makes me... me? memories? consciousness? my body? and why?	No one really knows the answer to this. I've alwyas considered someone's thoughts and their body make up who they are, but then again thoughts and your body can be manipulated and changed. Ive always found it amazing that we are made up of different cells, like they're completely different living things to eachother, ...	[ "\"If consciousness is then the sum total of everything of which we are aware, pre-consciousness is the reservoir of everything we can remember, all that is accessible to voluntary recall: the storehouse of memory. This leaves the unconscious area of mental life to contain all the more primitive drives and impulses...
when do you stop worrying about heat from air friction, and start worrying about air compression.	Engines that use supersonic air compression ([scramjets](_URL_0_)) for propulsion start working around mach 5.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Kinetic heating\". As the airspeed increases, more and more molecules of air per second hit the aircraft. This causes a temperature rise in the Direct Reading thermometer probe of the aircraft due to friction. Because the airflow is thought to be compressible and isentropic, which, by definition, is ...
atomic superposition.	In response to OP's clarification: I'm going to assume you're familiar with the classical model where the atom is modeled as a nucleus with protons and neutrons at the center, and electrons as small particles orbiting the nucleus. Well, later on, we came up with quantum mechanics, and importantly, the Heisenberg Unc...	[ "Superposition is the quantum phenomena wherein an entity can simultaneously exist in two states. The classic description is the though experiment of Schroedinger’s Cat. In this gedanken experiment, the cat can be both alive and dead until the state of the cat is actually observed. \n", "Superposition works for v...
Where does adaptation end, and evolution begin?	This actually is not an adaptation, but something called phenotypic plasticity. Adaptation is a process, not a trait. Adaptation is the gradual increase in frequency of a useful trait over many generations in response to environmental changes. In other words over many generations a trait becomes very common in the popu...	[ "Evolution – change in heritable traits of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Also known as descent with modification. Over time these evolutionary processes lead to formation of new species (speciation), changes within lineages (anagenesis), and ...
If you become Paraplegic, would it make sense to amputate the limbs you have no feeling?	Why would you do that? Besides the risk of surgery, what if a repair treatment or assistive device is developed why would enable use of those limbs?	[ "People with amputations have reported phantom limbs. This serves as evidence that the brain is hard-wired to perceive body image, making it notable that sensory input and proprioceptive feedback are not essential in its formation. Losing an anatomical part through amputation sets a person up for complex perceptual...
What would happen if the Earth's rotation was slowed by 1% due an unknown phenomenon?	So, lets talk about ways that this can happen. In order to change earths rotation speed, you have to do something to the system. One possibility is changing the geometry of earth such that the [moment of inertia](_URL_0_) of earth changes in a way that it slows the rotation, but keeping rotational energy constant. In...	[ "This scenario is unique because it doesn't happen overnight, but rather over a given period of time: The Earth revolves at 1,000 miles an hour, but is gradually slowing down, yet this slowing is too slow to be noticed on human timescales. But what if it significantly slowed and eventually stopped? (The reason for ...
Books on Jewish American history	[How The Jews Invented Hollywood](_URL_0_)	[ "American Jewish History is an academic journal and the official publication of the American Jewish Historical Society. The journal was established in 1892 and focuses on all aspects of the history of Jews in the United States. The journal was formerly titled \"Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society...
would two consenting minors having sex be considered rape?	Usually no, if they're of similar ages. What you're looking for are called "Romeo and Juliet laws", which are exceptions to statutory rape laws.	[ "In statutory rape, overt force or threat need not be present. The laws presume coercion, because a minor or mentally challenged adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the act. Statutory rape laws are based on the premise that until a person reaches a certain age, he or she is legally incapable of consenti...
Does such a thing as a 3-D or Cubic matrix exist?	Yes, they're called Rank-3 tensors. An example is the [Levi-Civita tensor](_URL_0_). The highest-rank tensor I've seen is 6 dimensions, in a lecture about complex fluid dynamics.	[ "A \"hollow matrix\" may be a square matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal to zero. The most obvious example is the real skew-symmetric matrix. Other examples are the adjacency matrix of a finite simple graph; a distance matrix or Euclidean distance matrix.\n", "In mathematics, a -matrix is a complex squar...
How did San Francisco get the reputation as America's "gayest" city?	SF has a history of being very progressive on many fronts. As for the LGBT part I believe the most important factor that solidified SF as a community of LGBT acceptance was the election of Harvey Milk. Milk came to SF from NY during a time when many gay people were moving to the Castro district to set up a sanctuary co...	[ "San Francisco has long had an LGBT-friendly history. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, José Sarria; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey...
why do musicians make those awkward facial expressions when they really get into the music?	I can't give much of a technical answer, but as an amateur musician I can say that certain passages/verses have a feel to it. Kind of like how scary movies elicit a frightened expression out of a person, or how those oddly satisfying videos draw out a blissful expression, the same goes for music. There are certain note...	[ "People are also known to show outward manifestations of their emotional states while listening to music. Studies using facial electromyography (EMG) have found that people react with subliminal facial expressions when listening to expressive music. In addition, music provides a stimulus for expressive behavior in ...
how does a major motion picture (such as batman vs. superman) have enough footage for an "epic" trailer, but have nearly a year left before release?	Depends on how the were shot and what the editing process is In modern films it takes almost as long to edit and add the CGI as it does to shoot the film so somebody would storyboard the trailer and they would finish the footage needed for this first	[ "More films were also being released simultaneously to [[IMAX]] cinema, the first was in 2002's Disney animation \"[[Treasure Planet]]\"; and the first live action was in 2003's \"[[The Matrix Revolutions]]\" and a re-release of \"[[The Matrix Reloaded]]\". Later in the decade, \"[[The Dark Knight (film)\|The Dark K...
how do companies like apple and qualcomm continue to produce faster and more powerful chips year after year? are engineers still making new discoveries in the industry or have we had this technology all along and are controlling the rate at which our technology improves?	Apple and Qualcomm depend on the chip foundries like Intel and TSMC. They have engineers and physicists trying their best to fit more and faster transistors on to chips ASAP, while keeping power usage manageable. Then you have CPU designers like Intel and AMD trying to make the best use of those transistors to achiev...	[ "From 1993 to 1994, there was a glut of chips and companies lost incentive to build new leading-edge factories. When the new generations came out, there were not enough factories to produce the new chips.\n", "Although many companies grew and profited well from a fabless business model, new hurdles still had to b...
My parents have always put batteries in the fridge, is there any scientific data that says they'll stay longer while in the fridge?	Zn-C batts keep better at lower temps, but: "Alkaline cells have long shelf storage life. After one year of storage at room temperature, cells will provide 93 to 96 percent of initial capacity. When stored for four years at 70°F (21°C), service of about 85 percent is still attainable. Storage at high temperatures and h...	[ "Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in a refrigerator or freezer, which slows the side reactions. Such storage can extend the life of alkaline batteries by about 5%; rechargeable batteries can hold their charge much longer, depending upon type. To reach their maximum volt...
why aren’t languages becoming more like each other?	Yes. In fact TV is doing away with various local dialects, especially in England. Also England used to say “zed” for z but the prevalence of American kid tv shows has them simply saying “z” more often. _URL_0_	[ "However, languages differ from biological organisms in that they readily incorporate elements from other languages through the process of diffusion, as speakers of different languages come into contact. Humans also frequently speak more than one language, acquiring their first language or languages as children, or...
how is nasa 100% sure microbes aren't attached to the rovers and similar probes? when 99.99% sure means we're possibly spreading our alien microbes to other worlds.	They aren't, and in fact, they're quite sure there _are_ microbes. They just get all of them they can.	[ "On 19 May 2014, scientists announced that numerous microbes, like \"Tersicoccus phoenicis\", may be resistant to methods usually used in spacecraft assembly clean rooms. It's not currently known if such resistant microbes could have withstood space travel and are present on the \"Curiosity\" rover now on the plane...
if i boil a kettle does everything inside become sterile? if so how long does it stay sterile?	Actually sterilized? No. Boiling water and steam are damned effective at killing germs, but you generally need much higher temperatures than you'll achieve in a kettle to reach an effectiveness where you can call it sterile (99.9999999% of microbes killed). In particular, bacterial and fungal spores are generally ten...	[ "In modern designs, once the water has reached boiling point, the kettle automatically deactivates, preventing the water from boiling away and damaging the heating element. A more upright design, the \"jug\"-style electrical kettle, can be more economical to use, since even one cup of water will keep the element co...
If happiness and sadness are reactionary and fleeting emotions, since we generally return back to neutral baselines- depression is the pathological deviation towards staying sadness. Is there a pathological condition where a person will consistently stay happy?	There is some speculation that such a condition exists. Bi-polar - I disorder is characterized by alternating between episodes of major depression (extreme sadness) and episodes of mania (extreme elation). Bi-polar - II is characterized the same way, but they experience smaller "hypomanic" rather than full blown manic...	[ "The concept of the happiness set point (proposed by Sonja Lyubomirsky) can be applied in clinical psychology to help patients return to their hedonic set point when negative events happen. Determining when someone is mentally distant from their happiness set point and what events trigger those changes can be extre...
why do hunters tend to kill game by aiming for the lungs or heart? wouldn't a head shot be quicker and more humane?	They aim for center mass because it's less likely to miss.	[ "Large-caliber ammunition is considered to be most effective in taking down large game effectively and humanely. Big-game hunting ethics require a clean, humane kill, and most hunters work diligently toward this end. Advances in ammunition and the guns to match have made longer-range kills of big game possible with...
is it possible to have a minor stroke and not know it and not have any lasting health effects?	Yep. It's called a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and they often wont cause residual deficits, though the initial (transient) symptoms can mirror those of an actual stroke and can be quite concerning at first, or may be subclinical (i.e. undetectable). Having experienced a TIA does indicate increased risk of sufferin...	[ "The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation. An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. A hemorrha...
How exactly do appetite-suppressants work?	There is little evidence that caffeine is an effective appetite suppressant on its own. At least two recent studies have found no effect in a human sample. It is, nevertheless, possible some of the effects of caffeine (e.g. stimulation, anxiety) could indirectly lead to a decrease or increase in appetite. Caffeine is...	[ "Mechanisms controlling appetite are a potential target for weight loss drugs. Appetite control mechanisms seem to strongly counteract undereating, whereas they appear weak to control overeating. Early anorectics (appetite suppressants) were fenfluramine and phentermine. A more recent addition is sibutramine which ...
time variations in different parts of the universe	Mainly parts of the universe that are close to really strong gravity sources -- near neutron stars, pulsars, or black holes. As Einstein demonstrated, gravity bends space but also slows time. The closer you are to a source of gravity, the slower time passes -- in your frame of reference. The reality of this theory wa...	[ "These nested levels (umwelts) represent qualitatively different temporalities, for both time and the perception of time have evolved. In one sense, time is physically different from what it was when the universe first came into being. As the universe continues to change, so too does time change. In the humanistic ...
Is it a coincidence that the first four planets nearest to the sun are all much smaller then the four other planets?	No, it definitely isn't. The conventional explanation is as follows: There are three main types of neutral materials in the universe, which (listed in decreasing order of abundance) are: 1. Gases (Hydrogen and Helium) 2. Ices (Water, Ammonia, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide) 3. Rocks and metals Materials...	[ "The two planets are in a 4:3 resonance, meaning that every time the outer planet orbits the star three times, the inner planet orbits the star four times. The two planets are separated by only 0.35 AU (52 Gm). Because of the small separation between the two massive planets, the gravitational tugs between the two p...
How popular was Uncle Tom's Cabin in the south?	Another question: Were there any contemporary reviews of the book published in Southern Newspapers that criticized it as a lie/slander? I'm imagining something along the lines of how Pravda's review of Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" had the title "A vile slanderer seeking to earn filthy capitalist lucre by be...	[ "Even though \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book. Eric Lott, in his book \"Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production\", estimates that at least three million people saw these...
why is there such a demand in asia for rhino and elephant tusks? how did it start?	Traditional Chinese Medicine uses herbs and powders and other natural ingredients to cure various ailments. They believe it will cure things such as impotence or even cancer. So, there's high demand for these items.	[ "Asian elephants once roamed a large swath of China, but are now confined to the Xishuangbanna and Pu'er Prefectures of southern Yunnan. Xishuangbana means 12 elephants in the local Thai language. In recent years, Chinese demand for ivory has led to a sharp increase in elephant poaching around the world. Thanks to ...
When designing Second World War era tanks how much consideration went into crew survival once the tank was hit?	Several pivotal design changes on the M4 Sherman tank were sparked by complaints about crew survivability, as well as general comfort for the crew. [Wet ammunition stowage](_URL_4_) reduced the risk of flash ammunition fires after a Sherman was hit from around 80 percent to 5-10 percent and in theory gave crews a cou...	[ "Tank crews who had read press reports depicting the new weapon driving through buildings and trees, and crossing wide rivers, were disappointed. Most World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace at best. Their steel armour could stop small arms fire and fragments from high-explosive artillery shells...
Has a US President ever not been to one of the States at the time of his Presidency?	When Barack Obama recently visited South Dakota, it was widely reported that he is only fourth President to visit all 50 states. The other three [were](_URL_0_) Richard Nixon, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. That means that Kennedy, Johnson, Ford, Carter and Reagan have not been to some states. But I don't remember ...	[ "Four men have become President of the United States after serving as Governor of New York: Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and six were Vice President of the United States. Van Buren and Theodore Roosevelt held both offices. Two governors have been Chief Justice o...
Why is the king James version of the Bible considered by a lot of churches to be the best version?	We tend to call this "King James Version Only"-ism. The [wikipedia](_URL_0_) page is reasonably well-written, if you want an overview. At its heart it's a view of both the textual tradition of Greek and Hebrew texts that undergird the KJV, usually coupled with a view of the process of translation that led to the KJV's...	[ "Some Christian fundamentalists believe that the King James Version is the only version of the Bible English speakers should use due to the conclusion that corruptions are present in the other translations. Some who follow this belief have formed a King James Only movement. Similarly some non-English speakers prefe...
Did Joseph Kennedy lobotomize his daughter, Rosemary Kennedy, to preserve the reputation of his family?	Short answer is yes. In his book, An unfinished life, Robert Dallek gives this explanation for the lobotomy. ''After years of effort that had produced small gains in her ability to deal with adult matters, Rosemary turned violent at the age of twenty-one, throwing tantrums and raging at caretakers who tried to contr...	[ "Kennedy was the only surviving male in the family after two outbreaks of cholera killed his father and brother. He started work at fourteen as a stevedore in the docks. Kennedy owned three saloons and a whisky import house, and eventually had major interests in coal and banking. He moved successfully into politics...
How does the Brain know which nerve receptor is sending a message ?	The brain knows because the signal is conducted from the spot of sensation through a chain of neurons up to the brain, like dominoes. The more interesting part is something called "lateral inhibition", which causes a decrease in firing frequency for the neurons flanking a stimulated neuron. This helps us to localize ...	[ "In the brain, messages are passed from a nerve cell to another via a chemical synapse, a small gap between the cells. The presynaptic cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters including serotonin into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient ...
why are transgender issues suddenly all over the place?	Causes are fashion for many people. And transgender issues are currently the most fashionable. I say this as someone who fully believes that trans people deserve equality and freedom from persecution, but also as someone who recognises that people clearly bandwagon.	[ "Transgender people who are going through divorce, inheritance battles or custody disputes are vulnerable to legal challenges. This is because the validity of their marriages is often called into question due to inconsistent laws regulating transgender equality.\n", "People's ignorance of and prejudice against LG...
Why is it that we can recognize sarcasm in speech, but not through text?	According to older communication theory ([Ruesch & Bateson 1951](_URL_0_)), we recognize sarcasm through "metacommunicative" messages in other "channels". These include tone of voice, facial expressions, hand gestures, body postures, or an amalgamation of these. They function as "instructions" on how the message is t...	[ "In English, sarcasm is often telegraphed with kinesic/prosodic cues by speaking more slowly and with a lower pitch. Similarly, Dutch uses a lowered pitch; sometimes to such an extent that the expression is reduced to a mere mumble. But other research shows that there are many ways that real speakers signal sarcast...
what is the painful tingly feeling in your feet when you jump down from something?	Typically when you jump, you adjust your feet unconsciously so that the force of landing is not applied only to your foot/ankle, but also parts of your legs. Sometimes when you take a wrong step or jump/fall in an unexpected way, you can land such that the force cannot be redistributed from your foot. This causes a lar...	[ "A sensation of falling occurs when the labyrinth or \"vestibular apparatus\", a system of fluid-filled passages in the inner ear, detects changes in acceleration. This sensation can occur when a person begins to fall, which in terms of mechanics amounts to a sudden acceleration increase from zero to roughly 9.8 m/...
What's making these ice pieces slowly move onto land like this? So bizarre I can't explain it...VIDEO inside.	This is a lake shore property. The ice is coming off the lake, moved by the wind. Imagine a huge sheet of ice, several square kilometers, and blow a strong, steady wind across it. The force from all the wind adds up and can be enough to push the entire ice sheet slowly, but steadily onto land. This results in what yo...	[ "Shelf ice is a floating mat of ice, but unlike a pond or a small lake that freezes over, the shelf is not a uniform sheet of ice. Created by the wind and waves, the shelf ice is a jumble of ice chunks, pushed onto each other. It is as if you took a pile of rubble and pushed up against a wall. The more you push, th...
If alien beings have a sense of sight, is it unlikely that they can see the same wavelengths as us?	There are a couple of reasons why the spectrum we see in is convenient. One, is that the atmosphere is [fairly transparent at those frequencies](_URL_0_) meaning that much of the light of the sun makes it to the surface. This is called the [optical window](_URL_2_). Second, visible light frequencies are high enough tha...	[ "An alien race almost exactly the same in appearance as humans, Miraluka differ in that they have no eyes or blank white sockets and cannot see through the focusing of light. Miraluka typically hide their lack of eyes by wearing a headband, a mask, or similar concealing headwear, because they are much less common t...
What is the insignia on this cannon??	a Cannon bearing a Crown symbol and the initials GR for Georgios Rex reference to the reigning monarch King George. It's a British cannon, i think the actual fabric was in scotland.	[ "BULLET::::- Shield: The shield depicts three field cannons facing left and three cannonballs and forms part of the Coat of Arms granted to the Board of Ordnance in 1823. On all cap badges the cannon face to the left, with the exception of the first pattern NZAOC badge where the cannons face to the right.\n", "Th...
"pot odds," "pot equity," and the "independent chip model" in texas hold'em	* Pot Odds - How much you can win compared to how much it will cost you to win it. * Pot Equity - The percentage of the pot you "own." You own an amount of the pot equal to your chance of winning it. (Disregarding Fold Equity). * ICM - A far more advanced concept in tournament play. It's SUPPOSED to be...	[ "A common variant called \"Mississippi Stud\" removes the betting round between fourth and fifth streets, making only four betting rounds. This game also deals the final card face up. This makes the game more closely resemble Texas Hold'em by having the same betting structure and same number of down and up cards.\n...
what are the actual statistics on what muslims believe?	_URL_0_ This should do.	[ "The U.S. Census Bureau does not collect data on religious identification. Various institutions and organizations have given widely varying estimates about how many Muslims live in the U.S. Tom W. Smith, author of \"Estimating the Muslim Population in the United States\", said that of twenty estimates he reviewed d...
what was europe trying to do by instigating the euro?	The answer is that Germany, which didn't really exist as a country until the 19th Century, is too big to fit within the confines of the European power structure. So in the 20th Century, there were two world wars about containing Germany and lots of folks died. In order to bring Europe closer together and solve "the G...	[ "European countries created the Euro to simplify trading between European Union countries. Adopting the Euro would remove currency risk and the cost of currency conversion, and provide a common monetary policy among members. Policy learning took places as more European countries learned that joining the Eurozone wo...
what's the difference between emergency care and urgent care, and why is ec so much more expensive?	Emergency Care is part of a hospital and has the full resources of the hospital available to it. Urgent care is basically a doctor's office that is open around the clock. An emergency room will likely have surgeons that wait around just in case someone needs to go to surgery. They will have other specialists too. These...	[ "The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act requires virtually all hospitals to accept all patients, regardless of the ability to pay, for emergency room care. The act does not provide access to non-emergency room care for patients who cannot afford to pay for health care, nor does it provide the benefit ...
how are the transistors in a cpu/micro-controller controlled?	Transistors just work because physics. A waterwheel does the same thing; it's not configured, it's simply made such that physics will force it to do what we want. As /u/LondonPilot said you make the logic gates or other useful circuits by combining it all together into interesting setups. You can then in turn chain t...	[ "The controller performs tasks, processes data and controls the functionality of other components in the sensor node. While the most common controller is a microcontroller, other alternatives that can be used as a controller are: a general purpose desktop microprocessor, digital signal processors, FPGAs and ASICs. ...
If you move a wild bug far from its home but the same environment will it go back home or make a new life there?	It really depends on the insect. Many insects, I believe including grasshoppers, typically do not have one nest or other type of "home" they can return to. Most insects also do not rely on being part of one society or group. They live where they happen to be at the moment, and if they can't find what they need in an a...	[ "Another notable insect resident of this ecoregion is the rain beetle (\"Pleocoma\" sp.) It spends up to several years living underground in a larval stage and emerges only during wet-season rains to mate.\n", "Although Triatominae bugs feed on them, birds appear to be immune to infection and therefore are not co...
There have been a dozen or so species in genus Homo; why did all but one sub-species disappear?	You've asked a good question, and the only real answer is that archaeologists and paleoanthropologists simply do not have enough data to fully support any hypotheses on the extinctions of pre-modern Homo species. Among the hypotheses that have been promoted are, of course, intraspecies violence, miscegenation, being...	[ "The genus Homo, which contains many extinct species, are grouped into sub-genera. The sub genus Homo contains species which are derived from each other within one million to 800 thousand years. Both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals are grouped within the Sub genus Homo, because of their ability to interbreed without ...
alcohol and painkillers	The metabolism of acetaminophen produces a toxic intermediate (NAPQI) that is usually rapidly eliminated. However, if the breakdown pathway is overwhelmed, such as in an acetaminophen overdose or by ethanol, that intermediate may not be rapidly eliminated, possibly causing liver damage.	[ "A Painkiller is a rum cocktail trademarked by Pusser's Rum Ltd, their signature drink. It is often associated with Tiki establishments. The Painkiller is a blend of Pusser's rum with 4 parts pineapple juice, 1 part cream of coconut and 1 part orange juice, well shaken and served over the rocks with a generous amou...
how do they make intricate objects with glass (and other things)?	They take glass components that are melted to something called working and softening temperatures. These allow the melt to be soft enough to mold with a rod and yet viscous enough to resist flowing much like honey just a lot slower moving. Things like a rose can be made by using pliars to physically pull pedals from ...	[ "This technique is related to the origin of glass as a substitute for gemstones. By borrowing techniques for stone and carved gems, artisans were able to produce a variety of small containers from blocks of raw glass or thick moulded blanks, including cameo glass in two or more colours, and cage cups (still thought...
what happened that resulted in canada going into a recession.	The main reason for the recession is the current crash in oil prices. For Canada to get out of the recession oil prices need to hit $70 a barrel, that is the sweet spot for companies to start spending money on drilling again.	[ "The recession brought on in the United States by the collapse of the dot-com bubble beginning in 2000, hurt the Toronto Stock Exchange but has affected Canada only mildly. It is one of the few times Canada has avoided following the United States into a recession.\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–1992 – A major recession hi...
how is wifi not damaging me but other kinds of radiation are?	Plenty of kinds of radiation isn't damaging. For example, there's the megahertz-range radiation being blasted at high levels by giant towers all over the place- they send out a signal referred to as an "FM radio station". There's also tons of smaller devices peppering you with high levels of terahertz-range radiation...	[ "Radionuclides that find their way into the environment may cause harmful effects as radioactive contamination. They can also cause damage if they are excessively used during treatment or in other ways exposed to living beings, by radiation poisoning. Potential health damage from exposure to radionuclides depends o...
How did apple pie become an icon of American culture, even inspiring the phrase 'as American as apple pie', when it's a popular pastry in several European countries. Especially when it's also an icon of Dutch culture, even appearing in a Dutch cookbook in 1514.	/r/AskFoodHistorians might be a good place to cross-post this	[ "Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as ...

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