text
stringlengths
255
17.6k
According to the [Convention on Biological Diversity], the term 'biological diversity' includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems, from all environments including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. It is defined in terms of genes, species, and ecosystems which are the outcome of...
This lesson plan is part of the DiscoverySchool.com lesson plan library for grades 9-12. It focuses on nuclear reactions, specifically fusion which creates energy on the Sun. Other types of reactions are radioactive decay and fission. Students look at these different types of reactions and learn about how they happen, ...
Hail is a form of precipitation that falls from the sky as pellets of ice. The pellets can range in size from small pea-sized pellets to hailstones as large as grapefruits (more on hail size below). The formation of hail means a severe thunderstorm is likely in your vicinity. You should monitor your weather situation c...
Creating racial categories to divide and conquer Exploitated white and black workers were rising up together in the US in the 17thC. The government reacted by outlawing slavery of white people but not black people. This was a strategy used to quash uprising and placate the underclasses in a way that would allow exploit...
My Life Story Students will be able to distinguish between biographies and autobiographies. They will also be able to write their own biographies and autobiographies. - Introduce the term "biography." Ask the students what they think that word means. - Ask the students what is usually included in a biography. Tell stud...
Across the globe, conservation efforts are underway—from setting aside designated nature reserves to intensively managing the recovery of an endangered species. As humanity's impact has spread from the Arctic to the Amazon, stewardship of natural resources—and wildlife—has grown, and has become vital to the future of E...
by John Angus Martin, A-Z of Grenada Heritage On this day, 18 March 1649, French colonists from Martinique landed in the Lagoon, St George’s and initiated a successful European settlement in Grenada, which subsequently led to the destruction of the indigenous population. In 1649 Governor Du Parquet of Martinique, after...
The Endangered Mexican Gray Wolf The Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) or “lobo” is the most genetically distinct lineage of gray wolves in the Western Hemisphere, and one of the most endangered mammals in North America. By the mid-1980s, hunting, trapping, and poisoning caused the extinction of lobos in the wild...
Gross domestic product (GDP) equals the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most important statistic economists use to measure the vital signs of an economy and is commonly used to measure the overall standard of living of...
Let's have a look at dice games as a vehicle for engaging with formative assessment of your new class at the start of the academic year. We consider how such games can be helpful in developing an understanding of children’s proficiency with key mathematical skills, their understanding of mathematical concepts and eleme...
Aspects of the education system are constantly evolving, which means that the way we learn is also changing. The education system needs to do a better job of preparing students for the workforce. Education reform efforts often focus on increasing accountability through things like standardized testing and teacher evalu...
Café Conversation is a strategy that engages participants in dialogue by responding to open-ended content questions with group members. The strategy is intended to encourage students to process information and visually represent their thinking through drawing. Drawing as a note-taking tool provides opportunities for st...
NOTICE: To ensure safety, all deliveries will be made with No Contact Method Click Here for More Information on our Covid-19 Delivery & Substitution Rules Deforestation is the process of cutting down trees and clearing land. Deforestation occurs for a variety of reasons. In many countries, people clear land to use it f...
The whitetail deer is America's most popular big-game animal and oldest native deer species. Its ancestors inhabited Mongolia 10 to 20 million years ago, spreading across Asia and Europe before crossing the Bering land bridge into North America where they first appeared in fossil records 3.5 million years ago. Believed...
Literacy in the Sciences Many of the skills that are critical for growing strong readers and writers are also core skills in the study of science and math. Predicting, understanding cause and effect, understanding sequence, acquiring a rich vocabulary, building background knowledge, and developing the ability to read a...
Healthy Environments focuses on teaching good environmental stewardship, which promotes positive environmental health. Today's students live in a world where environmental issues exist all around them. Global climate change, chemicals of concern, and degradation of natural resources are just a few of the many issues th...
Hyperlink is a powerful tool that is made use of to send the reader or surfer to another webpage without having to open a new tab on the search engine. It is simply called a link and is a reference in a hypertext document to another document or to another place on the same text. Hypertext on the other hand is the text ...
Over the course of eight articles Maria Kay highlights the close relationship between music and literacy in the early years, and suggests simple activities to help you develop children’s skills… In this article, let’s consider the ability to sequence, its importance to literacy development and how musical activities ca...
Although Galileo wasn’t able to see the phases of Mercury (like the phases of Venus and the Moon) with his first crude telescope, the astronomers that carried on his discoveries did. This was powerful evidence that both Mercury and Earth are orbiting the Sun. You can also check out these amazing books for more informat...
Mar 27, 2017 We're going to explore some of the specific data types you'll encounter as you begin to program with Arduino. We’ll tackle data types in more detail, to include: Let's review what we’ve learned in previous units. We know that when we create a variable, we need to declare its data type. We also know that a ...
Where do the bubbles outside the Milky Way come from? Back in 2020, astronomers made a striking discovery in the first complete sky map from the eRosita X-ray telescope aboard the SRG observatory: a huge circular structure of hot gas below the Milky Way plane that occupies most of the southern sky. A similar structure ...
Historical Geology/Sea floor spreading In this article we shall explain what sea-floor spreading is, and the role it plays in plate tectonics; we shall conclude, as usual, with an explanation of how we know that sea-floor spreading is taking and has taken place. The reader will find it useful to be familiar with the ar...
Personal financial literacy. The student applies mathematical process standards to manage one's financial resources effectively for lifetime financial security. The student is expected to: - (1) define income tax, payroll tax, sales tax, and property tax; - (A) explain the difference between gross income and net income...
Art and Design During their time at St Margaret Mary’s RC Primary School, children are taught Art and Design through an integrated creative curriculum, where possible. This means that they will learn the skills and knowledge and understanding set out in the National Curriculum and Early Years Progress Model through an ...
After the fall of the asteroid 66 million years ago, some Algae changed their diet, switching to feeding other microorganisms. Thus, they became one of the few species that helped to restore the food chain destroyed by the cataclysm. The microorganisms living in the ocean were few of the species that survived the fall ...
Originating in Galveston, Texas, Juneteenth National Independence Day, also known as Jubilee Day, Emancipation Day, Freedom Day, and Black Independence Day. Juneteenth, for short, became a federal holiday in 2021. The holiday has been celebrated in the United States since 1865, commemorating the emancipation of African...
It’s a truth almost universally acknowledged that the more enjoyable a task is, the more likely it is that anyone will want to do that task. It should come as no surprise, then, that kids like doing the tasks that they find fun to do. And what seems like commonsense has the weight of research backing it as well: Educat...
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by flowers. How does it work? Pollinators are animals that move the pollen from flower to flower. Pollination is the first step in a process that produces seeds and fruits. 75% to 95% of flowering plants need help with pollination. Our ecosystem relies on pollinators to help plant...
Technology is an important part of our everyday life. It helps us communicate with others, make decisions, serve customers needs and requests, promote new products or services, manage our businesses and so much more. Increases productivity: Technological tools have helped businesses automate most tasks in their departm...
Technology can play a big role in increasing student engagement in the classroom. By providing students with access to engaging and interactive content, teachers can help students stay focused and motivated. Additionally, technology can help students stay connected to their peers and the outside world, which can also i...
Pablo Picasso may be the most recognizable name in the art world of the 20th century. Born in 1881, his artistic ability was noted from a young age, and indeed he would grow up to be a revolutionary in the fine arts. However, despite his obvious talents with a paintbrush, he was not so good with a book. He struggled id...
Today was our last day of math CAMP! Fortunately, this didn’t mean that students didn’t continue to solve interesting problems. We began our day by playing “Liar’s Bingo,” a game that utilized sequences of six different numbers that were chosen in order to follow a very mysterious rule. The process can be described as ...
In fact, many people will have the misunderstanding that biodegradation and compostable degradation is a concept. In fact, there are some differences between them. Today, let us take a look at the difference between biodegradable and compostable. Biodegradation represents a process.It refers to the erosion of materials...
The way an author develops a story impacts the way the reader understands the plot, conflicts, and characters. The plot structure is how the author or creator structures the sequences of events e.g. scenes or chapters. 1. exposition - the beginning of the story that gives background information on characters and previo...
Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership Simulations and Dilemmas Simulations and Dilemmas Scan the Icons on this page with your smart phone Simulations are dynamic representations that allow students to form and test mental models by experimentation, and thereby allow the user to form and test hypotheses about how the ...
In the summer of 1816, the Northern Hemisphere was plagued by a weather disruption of seemingly biblical proportions. Following a relatively ordinary early spring, temperatures in the eastern United States plunged back below freezing, and communities from New England to Virginia experienced heavy snowfalls and crop-kil...
What is the Richter Scale? The Richter scale, an essential tool for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes, has been fundamental in understanding the power and destructive capabilities of these natural events. Developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter and Beno Gutenberg, this scale has since been the cornerstone of seism...
Find these podcasts on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Soundcloud, or other streaming services. "Juneteenth, an annual holiday commemorating the end of slavery in the United States, has been celebrated by African-Americans since the late 1800s. On June 19, 1865, about two months after the Confederate general Robert E. Lee sur...
The story of the development of the idea of the Big Bang has two separate strands, and we have to switch back and fore between them. The one strand is the observational work of astronomers, developing techniques to measure the distance of stars and galaxies – and also their relative speed. The discovery – published by ...
It’s a beautiful day to be outdoors with the children. But is there any way to help them meet science benchmarks while outdoors? Yes, there is! Go ahead—take those young engineers outside! Shelters. Fences. Pathways. Bridges. Outdoors you’ll find many opportunities for preschoolers to study the “built environment”—the ...
(born 1928). American geneticist and biophysicist James Dewey Watson played a significant role in the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—the substance that is the basis of heredity. For this accomplishment he was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Francis Crick...
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2008) A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day trace...
What, exactly, is the plot of a story? What is a structured plot, and why should you apply one to your story? These are very important questions, but plot and plot structure are huge topics and the amount of information out there can be overwhelming. So, here is some information to get you started and to help you get c...
Did you know that every time you use your GPS to guide you to your destination you are applying one of the most profound ideas put forth in the twentieth century—the idea of the space-time continuum? Albert Einstein proffered the idea in 1915 with his new theory of general relativity. He theorized that space and time a...
The benefits of using game-based teaching include enhanced retention and recall rate. Learners build stronger problem-solving skills, and the teacher gets instant feedback. Educators should understand strategies for choosing relevant games for teaching. The games should be customizable, engaging, purposeful, and easy t...
Cooperative Learning for Middle School Math Class Cooperative learning in middle school math classes can be an effective way to engage reluctant learners, accommodate students with learning disabilities, and help advanced learners build communication and cooperation skills. The key to making this work is to implement c...
Most solar power plants operate on the same fundamental rules. Solar power uses the photovoltaic (PV) effect to generate electric power by converting solar energy. The DC energy can also be stored in batteries or incorporated into AC power by a power converter that can then be used to power household appliances. Excess...
FLICKR, WILLIAM WARBYLike humans, chimpanzees possess a capacity to unconsciously dilate their pupils to match those of a conspecific, according to research published last week (August 20) in PLOS ONE. The results suggest this involuntary action likely evolved to help humans and chimps communicate sympathy and strength...
Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills. As gills are the primitive condition of vertebrates, all vertebrate embryos develop pharyngeal arches, though the eventual fate of these arches varies between taxa. In jawed fish, the first arch (the mandibular arch...
Summary tables typically describe the responses to each of the questions in a survey. They are the first step in understanding what the data means and in checking and cleaning data. The simplest of all the summary tables shows the number of responses (cases) for each possible answer to a question in a survey. Such a ta...
Image of the distance between moon and earth: http://digg.com/2018/earth-moon-distance-photo or https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91494/right-here-right-now (The Moon is 384,400 km from Earth. It is only 40,000 km around the earth) Choose two or three activities for a lesson. Phases of the Moon: Ask students if ...
Dome is a structural element in architecture that has changed its shape, functions, and materials from time to time representing the advancement of human beings in mathematics and technology. The shape of domes in architecture is the half of a hollow sphere, mainly placed on the roof or as a whole it serves as a shelte...
Over 600,000 years ago, when Britain was attached by land to Europe, an ancient human population colonized it leaving behind plenty of evidence for researchers to find. Archaeological discoveries outside Canterbury confirm that early humans lived in southern Britain between 560,000 and 620,000 years ago. In the first c...
For centuries, string instrument makers have labored in pursuit of the Holy Grail — a perfect sound. In their quest for some kind of ideal instrument, one fit to rival an orchestra, violinmakers have tried light and heavy wood, wider and narrower faces, longer and shorter necks, tailpieces and bridges and strings of ma...
Brightstorm is like having a personal tutor for every subject See what all the buzz is aboutCheck it out Plotting Points and Naming Quadrants - Problem 2 5,566 views Ordered pair, or coordinate points, are written as (x, y). When graphing a point on a coordinate plane, the "x" value tells you how many units to move hor...
Treaty of Paris of 1898 Commissioners from the United States and Spain met in Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war after six months of hostilities. The American peace commission consisted of William R. Day, Sen. Cushman K. Davis, Sen. William P. Frye, Sen. George Gray, and the...
The Language Arts curriculum is designed to allow students more time to practice authentic reading, writing, speaking, listening and viewing tasks, to offer more choice in text selection, to organize the curriculum around units of study (genre/author/thematic studies) and to provide instruction through a workshop frame...
Repetition, i.e., the use of similarly shaped elements, is a strong unifying force because of the Gestalt grouping principle. Two similar shapes, even at different sides of an image, will lead the eye from one to the other. A shape can obtain more visual weight by being repeated, e.g., by its own shadow. Rhythm is base...
The menstrual cycle or periods in girls is an important part of the human reproduction cycle. While males aren’t born with reproductive organs that include ovaries and uterus, girls are born with a pair of ovaries, each of which holds thousands of extremely tiny eggs. These are all the eggs girls will ever have. Once g...
The North American Martyrs The North American Martyrs were eight Jesuit missionaries commissioned to work among the Huron Native Americans during the mid-17th century. By the late 1640’s, these brave missionaries were making progress in their labors with the Huron and they were said to have made thousands of converts d...
By Maria Flores Bullying is becoming more prevalent among children and adolescents every year. Bullying is unwanted, repeated aggressive behavior that involves a real or perceived social power imbalance. These actions are purposeful and intended to hurt or make the victim uncomfortable. According to Pacer National Bull...
Wire size factors SELECTION OF WIRE SIZE FACTORS Several factors must be considered in selecting the size of wire to be used for transmitting and distributing electric power. These factors will be discussed throughout this section. Military specifications cover the installation of wiring in aircraft, ships, and electri...
Atmospheric diffraction is manifested in the following principal ways: - Fourier optics is the bending of light rays in the atmosphere, which results in remarkable visual displays of astronomical objects, such as depictions on this page. - Radio wave diffraction is the scattering of radio frequency or lower frequencies...
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States military base on Hawaii's Pearl Harbor. The four-hour attack was devastating. Approximately 2,400 Americans were killed and 1,300 wounded. President Franklin Roosevelt described December 7 as "a day that will live in infamy." The United States d...
Saturn's small moon Daphnis is caught in the act of raising waves on the edges of the Keeler gap, which is the thin dark band in the left half of the image. Waves like these allow scientists to locate small moons in gaps and measure their masses. The Cassini spacecraft captures here one of its closest views of Saturn's...
Violet the Purple Fairy learns how to make Gratitude Soup by thinking of all the things, people, places, and experiences that she is grateful for, putting them in an imaginary soup pot. She is able to shrink her pot of soup with her imagination, and she keeps the gratitude warm and flowing in her heart all day and all ...
Oxygen makes up one fifth of the atmosphere, with the remainder being mostly nitrogen. About 89% of the mass of the oceans is oxygen, and oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust accounting for almost half its total mass. In fact, most of the rocks on Earth are composed of oxygen-rich silicates, such as...
A large proportion of aspen in the western U.S. sport an extra set of chromosomes in their cells, a phenomenon termed triploidy, according to new research published Oct. 31 in the open access journal PLoS ONE by Karen Mock from Utah State University and colleagues at several other institutions. In some areas of souther...
In Chapter 7, students are introduced to the empresarios who initially encouraged Anglo American settlement in Texas, including Moses and Stephen F. Austin, Green DeWitt, and others. In this lesson, students will take a closer look at the experience of people who made the decision to travel to Texas to establish the se...
A Guided Approach to Historical Inquiry in the K-12 Classroom Conducting Source Work In this video students engage in source work, with the teacher assisting the process. Selected from the surviving traces of the past, sources lie at the heart of historians’ efforts to reconstruct that past. Historical evidence can be ...
Children must be in the full alphabetic stage in order to become fluent readers. Reading fluency is an important skill for beginning readers. To become a fluent reader, the reader will master the following components: reading smoothly, reading with expression. reading silently, and reading expressively. This lesson wil...
During World War II, rescue of Jews and other victims of the Nazis was not a priority for the United States government. Due in part to antisemitism (prejudice against or hatred of Jews), isolationism, the economic Depression, and xenophobia (prejudice against or fear of foreigners), American policy made it difficult fo...
Thousands of years ago, the ancient Romans developed a system of numbers that are now known as Roman numerals. In this system, I = 1, V= 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000. Unlike the Arabic system that we use today, Roman numerals are expressed in the form of sums and differences. This fun worksheet is d...
The Megalodon was a huge shark, believed to have lived between 25 and 1.6 million years ago. There are disputes regarding how large this shark got because the only fossilised remains are its teeth and a few vertebrae. Some scientists speculate an average length of about 12 metres, while others believed it reach over 30...
|HISTORY OF SCIENCE FRICTION| Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) was one of the first scholars to study friction systematically. He realized how important friction is for the workings of machines. He focused on all kinds of friction and drew a distinction between sliding and rolling friction. The sketches represents four ty...
While much research attention has been focused on African elephants, very little is known about their Asian cousins. As forest dwellers, Asian elephants are extremely difficult to study. Finding these 8,000-pound animals in the forest is more difficult than it sounds. The Asian jungles can be very hard to traverse, and...
Charged particles trapped inside our planet's magnetic field make up the Van Allen radiation belts, located almost 20,000 kilometers above Earth. Solar storms increase the activity in these regions, but what causes the variation in the number of charged particles was unclear. Richard B. Horne of the British Antarctic S...
The 43 million years of the Paleogene period represent a crucial interval in the evolution of mammals, birds and reptiles, which were free to occupy new ecological niches after the demise of the dinosaurs in the K/T Extinction. The Paleogene was the first period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present)...
Monopoly is an extreme form of market structure. The word monopoly is derived from two Greek words-Mono and Poly. Mono means single and Poly means 'seller'. Thus monopoly means single seller. Monopoly is a firm of market organization for a commodity in which there is only one single seller of the commodity. In short mo...
The orientation of an elliptical orbit can be specified by three orbital elements: the inclination, the ascending node and the argument of perihelion. Suppose we have an elliptical orbit with eccentricity, e and semi-major axis, a. The perihelion is the point of closest approach between the orbiting body (e.g. a planet...
The term "Gulf stream" is sometimes used about the sum of what is described above and the North Atlantic drift. As it travels north, some of the warm water transported by the Gulf stream evaporates. This increases the salinity of the water in the stream, and in the North Atlantic Ocean the water is so cold and heavy wi...
Preschoolers like to investigate! They enjoy learning about the world around them. The Project Approach involves children in studies of things nearby that interest them and are worth knowing more about. Teachers can use the Project Approach to meet most of the Illinois Early Learning Benchmarks. Projects are like good ...
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a common disease caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus. Reports of measles go back to at least 700, however, the first scientific description of the disease and its distinction from smallpox is attributed to the Muslim physician Ibn Razi (Rhazes) 860-932 who published a book en...
Who was the first person to use the term African American to describe black people, and in what year? The term African American carries important political overtones. Earlier terms used to identify Americans of African ancestry were conferred upon the group by colonists and Americans of European ancestry. The terms wer...
MUSC& 105 Music Appreciation • 5 Cr. Develops listening skills and an understanding of how elements of music are used by composers, while exploring the history of music in western civilization. Class activities include lectures, written materials and a variety of listening experiences including attendance at live music...
Your body has two kidneys, one on either side of the middle back just under the ribs. The functions of the kidneys include: - Regulating the amount of water and salts in the blood - Filtering out waste products - Producing a hormone that helps to control blood pressure. Each kidney has a tube called a ureter. Urine lea...
methane emissions from landfill are estimated to be between 30 and 70 million tonnes each year. Most of this landfill methane currently comes from developed countries, where the levels of waste tend to Landfills provide ideal conditions for methanogenesis, with lots of organic material and anaerobic conditions prevalen...
Right now, the efficiencies of mass-produced silicon photovoltaic panels are closing in on 20 percent, and various thin-film technologies aren't that far behind. Given those gains, organic photovoltaic systems, where efficiencies linger well below 10 percent, would seem to be an afterthought. But solar materials based ...
Paying attention to bird sounds helps children learn more about birds and develop listening skills. These are important skills for language development and academic achievement. - Take a few minutes each day to listen to bird sounds together. What sounds do you hear? Which birds are making those sounds? - Do the birds ...
nuclear weaponArticle Free Pass - Principles of atomic (fission) weapons - Principles of thermonuclear (fusion) weapons - The effects of nuclear weapons - The first atomic bombs - The first hydrogen bombs - The spread of nuclear weapons Residual radiation and fallout Residual radiation is defined as radiation emitted m...
- Andesite: A type of magma with intermediate viscosity and silica content. Forms large composite volcanoes, sometimes called stratovolcanoes, made up of alternating ash and lava layers, such as Mount Ruapehu. Andesite is also the name given to the volcanic rock formed from andesite magma. - Ash: Fine particles of pulv...
Understanding addition and subtraction within the number 20 is a First Grade Common Core goal. Here is an easy and fun way to help your child practice these skills to increase math fluency. Start with addition, until she can easily add the numbers. Then, move on to subtraction. This simple activity is for two players. ...
Aurora borealis turns out to be a light show with a soundtrack. Finnish researchers say they've recorded sounds about 70 meters (230 feet) above the ground that occurred exactly at the time of the geomagnetic disturbances characteristic of the Northern lights. Scientists from Aalto University recorded sounds through th...
In Great Britain today, the term county is synonymous with shire. Historically, however, the two words have different origins. In medieval times, a county was the realm of a lord (or, in many other countries, a count). A county palatine was a county in which the lord held particular rights in lieu of the monarch, for e...
How long does it take for a photon from the Sun to reach your camera sensor (or film) and help form a photograph? If you answered “8 minutes,” you’d be kind of right, and but also kind of wrong. An answer that’s more correct is “at least tens of thousands of years.” 8 minutes and 20 seconds is the average time it takes...
Goals of the League of NationsWorld War I (1914-1918) had caused the deaths of at least 10 million soldiers and millions of civilians. The Allied victors of the war wanted to form an international organization that would prevent another horrific war. American President Woodrow Wilson was especially instrumental in form...
Arboreta, places where trees and shrubs are cultivated, may be able to do more than provide scenery to joggers and bikers. These collections of trees could also provide a unique scientific opportunity to understand climate change. “The arboretum is a really great place to do this because there are tons of tree species,...
THE DYNAMIC BARRIER ISLAND HURRICANES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PADRE ISLAND It is not surprising that coastal inhabitants view hurricane season (June through October) with apprehension and fear. Hurricanes are the most devastating natural events that occur along the Gulf Coast. In addition to the threat to man and his acti...
In human psychology, the scarcity heuristic is a mental shortcut that places a value on an item based on how easily it might be lost, especially to competitors. The scarcity heuristic stems from the idea that the more difficult it is to acquire an item the more value that item has. In many situations we use an item’s a...
Helping your child to learn their times tables Most schools begin by teaching the two, five and 10 times tables, starting with counting up in these intervals. Many children can do this from quite a young age. Once your child can count up in these intervals, they need to know and understand that 2 x 2 means 2 'lots of' ...