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In the Middle Ages a collection of 150 books constituted a major library. These hand-transcribed and -bound volumes on law and religion were irreplaceable assets, and thus exceedingly valuable. To solve the problem of possible theft, the Hereford Cathedral librarians seized upon a practical solution: they chained the b...
of a material refers to its ability to be welded . Many metals and thermoplastics can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others. It greatly influences weld quality and is an important factor in choosing which welding process to use. The weldability of steels is inversely proportional to a property known as the...
In fact most scientists agree that today's Native Americans descend from ancient Asians who crossed from Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age, when low sea level would have exposed a land bridge between the continents. But there's plenty of debate about when they came and where they originated in Asia. For decades the...
( Originally Published 1918 ) Origin.—The Government of the United States was established by the ratification on Mardi 4, 1789, of the Constitution adopted by the thirteen American colonies of Great Britain in Congress assembled at Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. After the ratification and the entrance into stateho...
Adiabatic vs Isothermal For the purpose of chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts. The part we are interested in is called a system, and the rest is called the surrounding. A system can be an organism, a reaction vessel or even a single cell. The systems are distinguished by the kind of interactions they hav...
Stargazing at the Moon The Moon is the Earth’s nearest neighbour in space, and it can be the brightest thing in the night sky. It’s also one of the most amazing sights seen through even a small telescope. If you look at only one thing through a telescope, it should be the Moon. But you need to observe it in just the ri...
unemployment, condition of one who is able to work but unable to find work. Once assumed to be voluntary, idleness was punishable by law; however it is now recognized that unemployment often arises from factors beyond the control of the individual worker. Unemployment may be due to seasonal layoffs (e.g., in agricultur...
The image above shows how a jet engine would be situated in a modern military aircraft. In the basic jet engine, air enters the front intake and is compressed (we will see how later). Then the air is forced into combustion chambers where fuel is sprayed into it, and the mixture of air and fuel is ignited. Gases that fo...
The Structure of the Atom for AP Chemistry Practice problems for these concepts can be found at: - Basics Multiple Choice Review Questions for AP Chemistry - Basics Free-Response Questions for AP Chemistry The States of Matter Matter can exist in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. A solid has both a definite s...
Light from the Moon Research the Moon for a month in the twinkling of an eye…………… Spot the difference between the two Moon-months? Can you explain why they are both correct even though they are different? If you are stuck for an answer, go to: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/time/moon/hemispheres.html. (The chi...
British Columbia may be home to as many as half of Canada's remaining grizzly bears — and the last best hope to maintain healthy populations south of the 60th parallel. Scientists believe that grizzly bears are an essential part of healthy, fully functioning ecosystems in western North America. Known as a "keystone" sp...
“Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!” These were the words of Frederick Douglass. He believed strongly that blacks had to unwaveringly struggle for equal rights. “Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.” With this determination, Douglass spoke out against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. He becam...
The German experiment on board ROSAT, the X-ray satellite, has detected the first ever interstellar halo of dust, around a star known as Cygnus X2. Although scientists had predicted the existence of such haloes, no previous technique has been able to detect them. It has also discovered that at least 30 per cent of the ...
|With the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party in Germany (1933), anti-Semitism became the official policy of the state. The Nazi regime carried out a master plan to systematically liquidate the Jewish communities in the countries under their control. Six million Jews, including 1.5 million children, were m...
Nearly everyone has heard the popular notion that the blind hear better than the sighted – possibly to make up for their inability to see. Now, researchers at the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University and at the Université de Montréal have shown that the blind really do hear notes more precisely but ...
Magnetic Fields due to a SolenoidA solenoid is made out of a current-carrying wire which is coiled into a series of turns (with the turns preferably as close together as possible). The magnetic field due to a straight length of wire is shown in Figure 1 - the field circles the wire and its magnitude (or strength) decre...
STUDENTS AND PHYSICS Professor C.D. Hoyle hope to capture crucial evidence of what lies behind the origins of the universe, its accelerating expansion, and whether Einstein's famous idea of gravitational force or quantum mechanics is the more accurate model of nature. In a series of experiments that will continue throu...
Encourage your child to stretch his oral and written vocabulary, as well as his acquaintance with colors. Get a box of crayons and pull one out. Take turns rhyming a word and a color, using the crayon that you pull from the box as your cue. For example, a red crayon might elicit "red bed" and a yellow one may inspire "...
Video:Learn Japanese: How to Write Hiragana Part 1: a, i, u, e, owith Michael Metcalf Hiragana is the Japanese alphabet that represents all the sounds in the Japanese language and is used to write Japanese words. Learn how to write a, i, u, e, and o in Hiragana.See Transcript Transcript:Learn Japanese: How to Write Hir...
Structure of the Mathematics Domain The Mathematics domain is organised into six sections, one for each level of achievement from Levels 1 to 6. Each level includes a learning focus statement and a set of standards organised by dimension. A glossary is included which provides definitions of or additional information ab...
CONCEPT: General Nutrition Read a story about Charlie Tooth and how he gets a cavity. Learn about how to have healthy teeth. After completing this activity, children will be able to: - state that sugary foods can lead to cavities - identify foods that are high in sugar - Read A Toothful Story and show the characters as...
Measures of Dispersion for Numerical Data Study Guide Introduction to Measures of Dispersion for Numerical Data When describing a distribution, it is important to have some measure of where the middle is. With a little thought, we can see that, if we have a measure of the middle, we still need more information to descr...
A Guide for Teachers Edited by Mary Williams David Fulton Publishers – 2002 – 180 pages Series: Unlocking Series The underpinning theme of this book is how children develop as writers and how self-awareness raises achievement. It offers creative approaches to increasing pupil motivation and performance by involving, am...
By showing that Arctic climate change is no longer just a problem for the polar bear, a new study may finally dispel the view that what happens in the Arctic, stays in the Arctic. The study, by Jennifer Francis of Rutgers University and Stephen Vavrus of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, ties rapid Arctic climate ch...
When it comes to solving problems where any number of variables can affect the outcome, Excel’s Solver tool can help you find the answer. Many Excel courses use Solver to introduce beginning students to using what-if analysis in decision making. Typically, students are guided through a step-by-step exercise demonstrati...
From antiquity until today, Europe's history was far from democratic in the way that Sweden is today. Democracy has emerged in various ways thanks to people resisting power being unequally distributed in society. Following antiquity, the Christian Church, for example, has a lot of power in society for many hundreds of ...
The ozone layer of the Earth plays an important role in protecting human health and the environment. The United Nation’s International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is celebrated every year on September 16 to commemorate the date of signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that diminish the Ozone La...
Without Venice, John Ruskin would have never undergone his political awakening. Through his study of architecture in that paradise of cities he was made aware that architecture can have as large of an impact on people’s lives as a painting by Turner. Through his understanding of architecture, its politically inherent n...
A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The term "seizure" is often used interchangeably with "convulsion." Convulsions are when a person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. During convulsions, the person's muscles contrac...
Teacher notes: We will be teaching the tuning of a guitar, as well as a mnemonic device to help students and children learn how to remember the regular tuned notes of a 6 string acoustic guitar: E B G D A E. Also- we will be using mnemonic devices (memory devices) to make learning more fun, creative and engaging. Suppl...
6th grade science experimentt Would you like to be able to go above and beyond in order to benefit from real advice when it comes to proposing, drafting and presenting a science lesson or 8th grade science activity in front of your pupils? Are you interested in going above and beyond in order to learn from the best pos...
Source: Micrographia, 17th century text; Public Domain http://www.arspublik.com/public-domain-images-antique-microscopes/ Hello, class. In today's lesson, we're going to be taking a look at what exactly constitutes scientific research, particularly in psychology, but also scientific research in general. So the first th...
Principles of Probability The mathematics field of probability has its own rules, definitions, and laws, which you can use to find the probability of outcomes, events, or combinations of outcomes and events. To determine probability, you need to add or subtract, multiply or divide the probabilities of the original outc...
L1 study buddies (contributed by Dr. Lynn) One of the most common L1 strategies that can be used is a L1 study buddy. This strategy is most easily implemented when there are several children who share the same L1. In this strategy, teachers can take advantage of L1 peers whose English language proficiency is more advan...
To build a better infrared sensor, a team of scientists turned to the wings of a butterfly for inspiration. The group, led by Radislav Potyrailo, a principal scientist at General Electric, coated a butterfly wing with carbon nanotubes. The result was an infrared sensor that was more sensitive and had higher resolution ...
Pearlite is a microstructure occuring in Steel. It consists of alternating layers of Iron in Body Centered Cubic structure (Ferrite), and Fe3C (Cementite). It is called Pearlite because of the fact that when viewed under low magnification, it looks a bit like mother of pearl. Compared to other Steel microstructures, sp...
An experimental engine is gaining acceptance among scientists, and could introduce a new era of space travel — it only had to break a law of physics to do so. The picture, below, is of the EmDrive. It uses electricity to generate microwaves, which then bounce around in a closed space and generate thrust. The drive does...
On this day in 1606, William Shakespeare’s play King Lear is performed at the court of King James I of England. Lear is one of the later works penned by the playwright. Shakespeare’s father was probably a common tradesman. He became an alderman and bailiff in Stratford-upon-Avon, and Shakespeare was baptized in the tow...
Last week I read What Really Matters for Struggling Readers: Designing Research-Based Programs by Richard L. Allington. I highly recommend it as an addition to your teacher library. Here’s what is taught about context clues and focusing attention on words: “Beers (2003) provides four types of clues that readers might u...
At its simplest level the jet engine can be split into four basic sections - an intake which channels the air - a compression stage to raise its pressure - a combustion stage where the fuel is added - an exhaust stage where energy is extracted to drive the compressor and the remainder comes out as thrust. The compresso...
On 26th January 1808, officers and men of the New South Wales Corps marched to Government House in Sydney in an act of rebellion against Governor William Bligh. Bligh was arrested and the colony was placed under military rule. This was the only time in Australian history that a government was overthrown by a military c...
African-Americans Fighting for Equality Essay African-Americans Fighting for Equality African-Americans have been fighting for equality and freedom every since they were taken from Africa as slaves. They were stolen from their families and separated only to be servants to others as they were belittled, beaten, put down...
There is a water unit in the adopted text for second graders. (The text was used to teach about the water cycle.) I decided to use UbD to plan a more thorough understanding water including how water can be reused. (It was established early on that there is no new source of water, what we have is what we have.) "How can...
Good teaching is more a giving of good questions than a giving of good answers. -Josef Albers, artist and educator The art and science of being a good teacher often comes with the ability to ask good questions. That is the take-home message from a recent study in the journal CBE-Life Sciences Education; the type of que...
Ok – I admit it. I used the title of a book to create a catchy heading, but we did use the text to reinforce both our listening skills and our understanding of biodiversity. One of our expectations in oral language is to identify the thinking strategies we use to listen effectively. As the book, No Monkeys, No Chocolat...
Chemical energy is a special form of potential energy that lies within chemical bonds. When chemicals react to form new substances, bonds break in the reactants and new bonds are formed as products are made. KEY DEFINITION: Enthalpy, H, is the specific heat content that is stored in a chemical system. We mesaure the en...
The end of the Bronze Age is a sudden, violent, disruptive, and largely unknown event in world history. Between 1200 and 1150 BCE, almost every major city in the eastern Mediterranean was destroyed, many of which would not be occupied for another thousand years. The New Kingdom of Egypt, the Hittite Empire, and the Myc...
The gliding leaf frog (Agalychnis spurrelli) is also known as the gliding tree frog or Spurrell’s leaf frog. This little frog is one of five Agalychnis species living in South and Central America. Their populations are decreasing, but not at a rate fast enough to consider them threatened or endangered. Gliding leaf fro...
Introduction to Music Production 3 – EQ Some more background information on Frequency before we dive into the world of EQ! Frequency, as stated before, is exponential with regard to pitch. A sine wave is the only ‘pure’ wave shape that produces only the frequency in which it is being oscillated (called the fundamental ...
Champions of Freedom – The Founders James Madison said the Constitution was “the work of many heads and many hands.” The same is true of the First Amendment. This lesson will introduce students to the views and contributions of three Founders: Thomas Jefferson, whose writings form the backbone of many Founding document...
The poplar is a short-lived, deciduous, hardwood tree of genus Populus of the willow family, widely distributed in the northern temperate zone. The poplar is a short-lived, deciduous, hardwood tree of genus Populus of the willow family, widely distributed in the northern temperate zone. The genus includes aspens and co...
Whether you’re 99% sure of your school choice, or just starting out, parents agree attending the Expo saved them time and provided the answers they were looking for. Many misperceptions circulate about learning disabilities. Some are rooted in the confusion and controversy surrounding LD's numerous labels and complexit...
Cold places have been the setting for some of the most formative moments in human history. In the highest, snow-covered peaks and the vast, circumpolar tundra; in the icy Arctic seas and the frozen landscapes of Antarctica: here, humans have formed civilizations, struggled for survival, come to terms with the limits of...
8.1- studying inheritance Genotype- the genetic make-up of an organism, describing all the alleles that an organism contains Phenotype- the observable characteristics of an organism as a result of the interaction between the expression of the genotype and the environment Gene- a section of DNA (a sequence of nucleotide...
PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — When the research vessel JOIDES Resolution returned to port in late January after a two-month cruise, it had harvested more than 550 sediment cores from deep beneath the Indian Ocean. Locked within those tubes of muck is a record of monsoon rainfall dating back millions of years. B...
For decades, geneticists have recognized DNA as the molecule that stores heritable information–the “blueprint” for life. This blueprint doesn’t stay static, though – complex mechanisms in the body are constantly turning genes on and off, regulating their expression. One of the major hurdles of genetic research has been...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (June 2013) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The paleopedological record is, essent...
Discusses the digestive process and the importance of fiber to protein cycling. The digestion of food involves several distinct steps. First it is chewed and enzymes in the saliva work on starches to free some short glucose polymers. Next it enters the strongly-acid stomach where the acid kills any bacteria and denatur...
The mathematical expression 3 5 represents three groups with five items in each group. To find the product, students can build a model of three groups with five items in each group as shown below. Students can also use repeated addition to find the product. They can add 3 five times: 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15. Remember th...
In the world of science there have been a handful of significant moments that have become iconic – ’s apple, Archimedes’ “eureka” bath, Armstrong on the Moon. What about the most earth-moving scientific discovery of the 20th century – continental drift? Why does it not have a defining moment? It’s probably because cont...
Shades Creek needs our help. Stormwater from our urbanized landscape is causing erosion and property loss along the creek and endangering fishes and other stream critters. During the past century, much of the Shades Creek watershed has been urbanized. This has caused two sets of problems for the creek – problems that a...
The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is an 1850 work of fiction in a historical setting, written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The book is considered to be his “masterwork”. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter...
Many animal species are exposed daily to the risk of being killed by a predator. Certain apes and marmots have developed specific alarm calls that communicate the category of predators or the distance of predators to other group members. It has been proposed that this is an adaptation that helps them survive daily enco...
All physical matter has mass, weight, volume and density. Matter also has certain characteristics restricted only to specific physical states. Physical matter is made up of atoms, minuscule particles that form physical structures via their electrically charged attraction to one another.Continue Reading Atoms by themsel...
A beautifully preserved fossil of a tiny pterosaur suggests that the giant pterodactyls that roamed the skies during the late Cretaceous period may have come from much smaller, tree-dwelling ancestors. The new fossil, which was discovered in 2004 in western Liaoning province, China, is about 120 million years old. The ...
Hello SErs! Harmony here 🙂 I hope this finds you all well. Today, I’d like to take a look at commas. For such a small punctuation mark, it has a big impact on how well or not our sentences read. Though we use commas a lot of the time, few of us understand them fully. What is a comma? What does it do? According to the ...
Back in 2010, astronomers discovered an asteroid that was breaking apart due to a head-on collision with another asteroid. But now they have seen an asteroid break apart – with no recent collision required. Asteroid P/2013 R3 appears to be crumbling apart in space, and astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope recen...
One of the more crucial weaknesses of the Union army was its lack of experienced generals. Most of the military colleges were located in Confederate states. As a result, Lincoln found himself commanding generals who could not capitalize on the weaknesses of the Confederate army.Continue Reading Another big disadvantage...
For this week’s homework, complete your graphite portrait drawing and turn in by Friday 2/6. You may take your portrait home and work during tutorials. For inspiration and in-class viewing 1/29: In his career as a painter of colossal portraits, Chuck Close (American, b. 1940) has used the grid method as a formal struct...
How Does a Touchpad Work?by Shawn M. Tomlinson When laptop computers first arrived on the market, most of them had a rollerball, basically an inverted mouse, to control movement on the screen. Mice had a system of directional rollers inside that were in contact with the main rollerball underneath. which told the sensor...
The United States declared war against Great Britain in 1812 for several reasons, including England’s refusal to withdraw from American territory along the Great Lakes; its support of Indians on America’s frontiers; and British harassment of U.S. ships. The war was fought along the Canadian border, in the Chesapeake Ba...
Palindrome Program in Python Following Python code will check if a string is palindrome or not. - Define string to check for palindrome. - Create a function that will take input string for checking. - In the function, first reverse the string and then check by comparison whether original string and the reversed string ...
The concept of culture refers to a group’s shared beliefs, customs, and behavior. A school’ s culture includes the obvious elements of schedules, curriculum, demographics, and policies, as well as the social interactions that occur within those structures and give a school its look and feel as “friendly,” “elite,” “com...
Kids becoming interested in science at a young age? Yes! Any activity can become an opportunity to engage a child in a science exercise that is fun and interesting. December is chemistry month at Copernicus Academy and our kids have been experimenting with many science activities! One of the activities included explori...
Information better retained with reinforcing stimuli delivered during sleep, research finds When you're studying for an exam, is there something you can do while you sleep to retain the information better? "The question is, 'What determines which information is going to be kept and which information is lost?'" says neu...
Turn travel time during a family trip into a great bonding and learning adventure with activities that build language for literacy and boost kids’ brain development. Here, you’ll find simple, fun ideas for singing, reading, and sharing family stories together. Oral language development facilitates print literacy. In th...
****How did both the Sasanids and the Byzantines use the Arabs to form “buffer zones” against their adversaries? The Sasanids and Byzantines referred to the Arabs, who were nomads before Islamic expansion, as “barbaric” and “uncivilized.” These derogatory names for the Arabs were used to create the buffer zones against...
Early New Orleans It has generally been assumed that the Louisiana Code Noir, or Black Code, promulgated in Paris in 1724 and excluding settlement by Jews and the practice of any religion other than Catholicism in the French colony of Louisiana, discouraged the immigration of Jews to the area. Although there were trans...
According to NASA, Planet X does not exist, so there are no facts about it. As of 2015, the space agency's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, found no evidence of a large, undiscovered planet within the solar system or even on the fringes of the solar system. No stars were found there, either.Continue Readin...
Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to manufacturing methods that adds material, layer by layer, building a three dimensional structure/part. These methods are increasingly used for rapid prototyping and for building complex structures in almost any material. The process is also referred to as 3D-printing. Description o...
By Representation2020 on July 20, 2017 Today is a day to celebrate - exactly 169 years ago, the Seneca Falls Convention changed the course of women’s history. Seneca Falls was where great feminists of the time, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, and Mary Ann McClintock, came together to ...
Cirques are bowl-shaped, amphitheater-like depressions that glaciers carve into mountains and valley sidewalls at high elevations. Often, the glaciers flow up and over the lip of the cirque as gravity drives them downslope. Lakes (called tarns) often occupy these depressions once the glaciers retreat. How can glaciers ...
In major museums, only a small fraction of the artifacts held by the museum are on display and interpreted for the public. Most of the museum’s artifacts are in vaults where they are available only to researchers. The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History maintains a Visible Vault in which visitors can view hund...
Capacitors are universally-used passive electrical components that serve to store a defined amount of electrical energy and release it when needed. Originally called condensers, capacitors have been around in one form or another since 1746 and the invention of the Leyden jar. This early capacitive device stored a stati...
Articles of Confederation are approved On This Day in history, November 15, 1777, the Articles of Confederation are approved by the Continental Congress for distribution to the states. All 13 states would have to ratify the Articles in order for them to become the first governing document of the new United States of Am...
ISEE (commonly pronounced I-See) is an acronym that stands for the Independent School Entrance Exam and is taken by students applying to private schools in the United States. This peer-normed, standardized test is commonly taken for students applying to middle school (grades 5/6-8) and high school (grades 9-12). Studen...
In this experiment students will use PocketLab to collect data related to the cooling of a container of hot water as time goes on. Sir Isaac Newton modeled this process under the assumption that the rate at which heat moves from one object to another is proportional to the difference in temperature between the two obje...
UPDATE 10/26: The comet has brightened futher [lastest update]. A small and very faint comet has surprised observers around the world by overnight becoming bright enough to see with the unaided eye. Comet Holmes, which was discovered in November 1892 by Edwin Holmes, in London England, was no brighter than magnitude 17...
As Wilbur Wright nervously watched his brother Orville take flight across the tall, sandy dunes of Kitty Hawk, N.C., he likely knew they were making history. But he probably could not have imagined what was to come of their success. He could have never dreamed that this brief but successful voyage would lead humans not...
How important was the role of the leader in the rise to power of the Nazis in Germany On the 30th January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Hitler came to power as the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party. In the July election of 1932 the Nazis recei...
It's hard to believe that women didn't have the right to vote until 1920, harder to believe what they had to go through to get it, and even harder to believe that in some countries, women still don't have the right. In the United States, activists like Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton convened...
Despite over 1.2 million species on earth having already been described, new species are constantly being discovered. With the improvement of molecular and imaging techniques and the ability to access areas previously assumed impossible to explore, researchers have new tools and opportunities for identifying new organi...
Life as we know it is based on water and organic compounds. Studying how water and organics form, evolve and move within our Solar System helps us to understand where and how life can form. The first place to look, of course, is Earth. But for a laboratory free of human interference, Mars is a perfect candidate. We kno...
From burgers to burritos, nearly everything you might order from a fast food restaurant can be found on the colorful menus included in these hands-on, practical math lessons. This Beginning level teaches simple addition, subtraction, and multiplication of money using picture cues in both computation AND word problem fo...
Illustration of the early Universe. Image credit: NASA. Click to enlarge. It all began a long time ago while the universe was very young. The earliest massive breeder stars frolicked in their youth – spinning and cavorting among rich green grasses of virgin matter. As their allotted time played out, nuclear engines boi...
How many shapes can you build from three red and two green cubes? Can you use what you've found out to predict the number for four red and two green? Take 5 cubes of one colour and 2 of another colour. How many different ways can you join them if the 5 must touch the table and the 2 must not touch the table? Investigat...
Learning a new language involves much more than memorizing and parroting back vocabulary words – it’s deeper than that. A new language allows the learner to view the world through a different lens. To quote Charlemange, “To have another language is to possess a second soul.” And this soul can’t be found in a translatio...
Letters and sounds are such a big part of Prep or Kindergarten. We would learn two new sounds every week! To introduce a new letter or sound, I had a mystery box with an item hidden inside that corresponded to the new letter or sound we were learning. I would give students hints as to what was inside the box until some...
White dwarf supernovas—more officially known as type Ia supernovas—are important to cosmologists because they all explode in very similar ways. That means they can be used to measure distances to faraway galaxies. However, a peculiar type of supernova, first identified in 2002, has a lot in common with type Ia explosio...
Pericles was an Athenian general and statesman who rose to prominence during the golden age of Athens and would remain the most influential man in Athenian politics for several decades. He was instrumental during the first years of the Peloponnesian war and would be remembered for his contributions to the common citize...