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P-wave modulus There are two kinds of seismic body waves in solids, "pressure waves" (P-waves) and "shear waves." In linear elasticity, the formula_1, also known as the longitudinal modulus, or the constrained modulus, is one of the elastic moduli available to describe isotropic homogeneous materials. It is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain in a uniaxial strain state (i.e. where the oscillation height is negligible in comparison to the cross-sectional area) where all the other strains formula_3 are zero. This is equivalent to stating that where "V" is the velocity of a P-wave and "ρ" is the density of the material through which the wave is propagating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10434600 |
NGC 5101 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Hydra. It is separated in the sky from the spiral galaxy NGC 5078 by about 0.5 degrees, and both are believed to be at the same distance from the Earth. This would mean they are approximately 800,000 light-years apart. Both galaxies are believed to be about the size of the Milky Way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10438638 |
NGC 5112 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. This galaxy is in close physical proximity to the edge-on dwarf spiral NGC 5107. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10438829 |
NGC 5161 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10438937 |
NGC 5170 is an edge-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10439052 |
Snow flurry A snow flurry is a term for a light snowfall that results in little or no snow accumulation. The US National Weather Service specifically defines snow flurries as intermittent light snow that produces no measurable precipitation (trace amounts). In contrast, bursts of snowfall which do result in measurable snow accumulation are called snow showers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10442110 |
Homing endonuclease The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the hydrolyzed DNA by the host cell frequently results in the gene encoding the homing endonuclease having been copied into the cleavage site, hence the term 'homing' to describe the movement of these genes. Homing endonucleases can thereby transmit their genes horizontally within a host population, increasing their allele frequency at greater than Mendelian rates. Although the origin and function of homing endonucleases is still being researched, the most established hypothesis considers them as selfish genetic elements, similar to transposons, because they facilitate the perpetuation of the genetic elements that encode them independent of providing a functional attribute to the host organism. recognition sequences are long enough to occur randomly only with a very low probability (approximately once every ), and are normally found in one or very few instances per genome. Generally, owing to the homing mechanism, the gene encoding the endonuclease (the HEG, "homing endonuclease gene") is located within the recognition sequence which the enzyme cuts, thus interrupting the homing endonuclease recognition sequence and limiting DNA cutting only to sites that do not (yet) carry the HEG | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10443283 |
Homing endonuclease Prior to transmission, one allele carries the gene (HEG) while the other does not (HEG), and is therefore susceptible to being cut by the enzyme. Once the enzyme is synthesized, it breaks the chromosome in the HEG allele, initiating a response from the cellular DNA repair system. The damage is repaired using recombination, taking the pattern of the opposite, undamaged DNA allele, HEG, that contains the gene for the endonuclease. Thus, the gene is copied to the allele that initially did not have it and it is propagated through successive generations. This process is called "homing". Homing endonucleases are always indicated with a prefix that identifies their genomic origin, followed by a hyphen: "I-" for homing endonucleases encoded within an intron, "PI-" (for "protein insert") for those encoded within an intein. Some authors have proposed using the prefix "F-" ("freestanding") for viral enzymes and other natural enzymes not encoded by introns nor inteins, and "H-" ("hybrid") for enzymes synthesized in a laboratory. Next, a three-letter name is derived from the binominal name of the organism, taking one uppercase letter from the genus name and two lowercase letters from the specific name. (Some mixing is usually done for hybrid enzymes.) Finally, a Roman numeral distinguishes different enzymes found in the same organism: Homing endonucleases differ from Type II restriction enzymes in the several respects: Currently there are six known structural families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10443283 |
Homing endonuclease Their conserved structural motifs are: The yeast homing endonuclease PI-Sce is a LAGLIDADG-type endonuclease encoded as an intein that splices itself out of another protein (). The high-resolution structure reveals two domains: an endonucleolytic centre resembling the C-terminal domain of Hedgehog proteins, and a Hint domain (Hedgehog/Intein) ontaining the protein-splicing active site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10443283 |
Depolymerization (or depolymerisation) is the process of converting a polymer into a monomer or a mixture of monomers. This process is driven by an increase in entropy. The tendency of polymers to depolymerize is indicated by their ceiling temperature. At this temperature, the enthalpy of polymerization matches the entropy gained by converting a large molecule into monomers. Above the ceiling temperature, the rate of depolymerization is greater than the rate of polymerization, which inhibits the formation of the given polymer. is a very common process. Digestion of food involves depolymerization of macromolecules, such as proteins. It is relevant to polymer recycling. Sometimes the depolymerization is well behaved, and clean monomers can be reclaimed and reused for making new plastic. In other cases, such as polyethylene, depolymerization gives a mixture of products. These products are, for polyethylene, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-hexene and heptane. Out of these, only ethylene can be used for polyethylene production, so other gases must be turned into ethylene, sold, or otherwise be destroyed or be disposed of by turning them into other products. is also related to production of chemicals and fuels from biomass. In this case, reagents are typically required. A simple case is the hydrolysis of celluloses to glucose by the action of water. Generally this process requires an acid catalyst: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10444018 |
NGC 5247 is a face-on unbarred spiral galaxy located some 60 million light years away in the constellation Virgo. It most likely belongs to the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies; the same supercluster that hosts the Milky Way galaxy. This is a grand design spiral galaxy that displays no indications of distortion caused by interaction with other galaxies. It has two spiral arms that bifurcate after wrapping halfway around the nucleus. The disk is estimated to be in thickness and it is inclined by roughly 28° to the line of sight. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10450806 |
NGC 5291 is a system of interacting galaxies in the constellation Centaurus. It is surrounded by a collisional ring, containing a young and star-forming tidal dwarf galaxy, where dark matter has been detected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10451079 |
Electromanipulation refers to the act or practice of manipulating materials using electric fields. In nanotechnology, nanomaterials are so small that they can hardly be directly mechanically manipulated. Hence, electric fields are applied to them to make field-induced movements or deformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10454913 |
NGC 5300 is a face-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10467766 |
Thermal contact In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent. When two solid bodies are in contact, a resistance to heat transfer exists between the bodies. The study of heat conduction between such bodies is called thermal contact conductance (Or thermal contact resistance). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10470165 |
Yasuyoshi Shirasawa Yasuyoshi Shirasawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10473898 |
T-J model The "t"-"J" model was first derived in 1977 from the Hubbard model by Józef Spałek. The model describes strongly-correlated electron systems. It is used to calculate high temperature superconductivity states in doped antiferromagnets. The "t"-"J" Hamiltonian is: where The Hamiltonian of the "t"-"t"-"J" model in terms of the "CP" generalized model is: where the fermionic operators "c" and "c", the spin operators S and S, and the number operators "n" and "n" all act on restricted Hilbert space and the doubly-occupied states are excluded. The sums in the above-mentioned equation are over all sites of a 2-dimensional square lattice, where ⟨…⟩ and ⟨⟨…⟩⟩ denote the nearest and next-nearest neighbors, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10477190 |
NGC 1409 is an interacting elliptical galaxy in the constellation Taurus. There appears to be a pipeline of gas being funneled from to NGC 1410. This pipeline is creating significant stellar birth in NGC 1410. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10478755 |
NGC 1410 is an interacting barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Taurus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10478905 |
Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an operational technique in biotechnological processes where one or more nutrients (substrates) are fed (supplied) to the bioreactor during cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the bioreactor until the end of the run. An alternative description of the method is that of a culture in which "a base medium supports initial cell culture and a feed medium is added to prevent nutrient depletion". It is also a type of semi-batch culture. In some cases, all the nutrients are fed into the bioreactor. The advantage of the fed-batch culture is that one can control concentration of fed-substrate in the culture liquid at arbitrarily desired levels (in many cases, at low levels). Generally speaking, fed-batch culture is superior to conventional batch culture when controlling concentrations of a nutrient (or nutrients) affects the yield or productivity of the desired metabolite. The types of bioprocesses for which fed-batch culture is effective can be summarized as follows: 1. Substrate inhibition Nutrients such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and aromatic compounds inhibit the growth of microorganisms even at relatively low concentrations. By adding such substrates properly lag-time can be shortened and the inhibition of the cell growth markedly reduced. 2. High cell density (High cell concentration) In a batch culture, to achieve very high cell concentrations, "e.g." 50-100 g of dry cells/L, high initial concentrations of the nutrients in the medium are needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10482389 |
Fed-batch culture At such high concentrations, the nutrients become inhibitory, even though they have no such effect at the normal concentrations used in batch cultures. 3. Glucose effect (Crabtree effect) In the production of baker's yeast from malt wort or molasses it has been recognized since early 1900s that ethanol is produced even in the presence of sufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) if an excess of sugar is present in the culture liquid. Ethanol is a main cause of low cell yield. Aerobic ethanol formation in the presence of glucose concentration is known as glucose effect or Crabtree effect. To reduce this effect, a fed-batch process is generally employed for baker's yeast production. In aerobic cultures of "Escherichia coli" and "Bacillus subtilis", organic acids such as acetic acid, (and in lesser amounts, lactic acid and formic acid), are produced as byproducts when sugar concentration is high, and these acids inhibit cell growth as well as show deteriorating effect on the metabolic activities. The formation of these acids are called bacterial Crabtree effects. 4. Catabolite repression When a microorganism is provided with a rapidly metabolizable carbon-energy source such as glucose, the resulting increase in the intracellular concentration of ATP leads to the repression of enzyme(s) biosynthesis, thus causing a slower metabolization of the energy source. This phenomenon is known as catabolite repression. Many enzymes, especially those involved in catabolic pathways, are subject to this repressive regulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10482389 |
Fed-batch culture A powerful method of overcoming the catabolite repression in the enzyme biosynthesis is a fed-batch culture in which glucose concentration in the culture liquid is kept low, where growth is restricted, and the enzyme biosynthesis is derepressed. Slow feeding of glucose in penicillin fermentation by "Penicillium chrysogenum" is a classical example in the category. 5. Auxotrophic mutants In a microbial process employing an auxotrophic mutant (nutritionally requiring mutant), excess supply of the required nutrient results in abundant cell growth with little accumulation of the desired metabolite due to feedback inhibition and /or end-product repression. Starvation of the required nutrient, however, lowers cell growth as well as the overall production of the desired metabolite, as the production rate is usually proportional to the cell concentration. In such a bioprocess, the accumulation of the desired metabolite can be maximized by growing the mutant on a limited amount of the required nutrient. To cultivate the mutant on a low concentration of the required nutrient, it is fed to the batch culture at a controlled rate. This technique is often used in industrial amino acid productions with the auxotrophic mutants. An example is lysine production with homoserine- or threonine/methionine-requiring mutant of "Corynebacterium glutamicum" being lacking for homoserine dehydrogenase gene. 6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10482389 |
Fed-batch culture Expression control of a gene with a repressible promoter Transcription of a gene having a repressible promoter upstream of the open reading frame is repressed by combination of the so-called holo-repressor with the operator region on the DNA. When a specified chemical compound exists in the culture liquid, the compound (or its metabolite) in the cells combines as co-repressor with an apo-repressor (a kind of transcription factor) to form the holo-repressor. Keeping the concentration of this compound as low as possible (while still allowing for sufficient cell growth) permits continued expression of the regulated gene. is a powerful technique to do so. Examples of the repressible promoter are "trp" promoter and "phoA" promoter. 7. Extension of operation time, supplement of water lost by evaporation, and decreasing viscosity of culture broth The fed-batch strategy is typically used in bio-industrial processes to reach a high cell density in the bioreactor. Mostly the feed solution is highly concentrated to avoid dilution of the bioreactor. Production of heterologous proteins by fed-batch cultures of recombinant microorganisms have been extensively studied. The controlled addition of the nutrient directly affects the growth rate of the culture and helps to avoid overflow metabolism (formation of side metabolites, such as acetate for "Escherichia coli", lactic acid in mammalian cell cultures, ethanol in "Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), oxygen limitation (anaerobiosis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10482389 |
Fed-batch culture The simplest fed-batch culture is the one in which the feed rate of a growth-limiting substrate is constant, "i.e." the feed rate is invariant during the culture. This case is shown in the graph (here the culture volume is variable). This type of the fed-batch culture is named constantly-fed-batch culture (CFBC), and is well established mathematically and experimentally. In the CFBC, both cases of fixed-volume CFBC and variable-volume CFBC were studied. Under ideal condition, cells grow exponentially. If the feed rate of the growth-limiting substrate is increased in proportion to the exponential growth rate of the cells, it is possible to maintain the cells' specific growth rate for a long time while keeping the substrate concentration in the culture liquid at a constant level. The required feed rate (volumetric or mass) must be increased exponentially with time so that this mode of fed-batch culture is called exponentially-fed-batch culture (EFBC). Substrate limitation offers the possibility to control the reaction rates to avoid technological limitations connected to the cooling of the reactor and oxygen transfer. Substrate limitation also allows the metabolic control, to avoid osmotic effects, catabolite repression and overflow metabolism of side products. Different strategies can be used to control the growth in a fed-batch process: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10482389 |
NGC 1808 is a Seyfert galaxy located in the constellation Columba. The Supernova 1993af appeared in NGC 1808. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10488368 |
NGC 5653 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10489808 |
Armstrong Nugget The is a gold nugget that was found June 19, 1913, by George Armstrong, at a placer mine near Susanville in Grant County, Oregon, United States. The nugget weighs 80.4 ounces. Today the nugget can be seen in a gold mining display at the U.S. Bank in Baker City. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10490331 |
NGC 5334 is a face-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10497767 |
NGC 5371 is a face-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. (which also seems to be known as NGC 5390) is a symmetrical face-on Sbc barred spiral galaxy at a distance of 100 million light years. This galaxy with Hickson Galaxy Group 68 makes up the Big Lick Galaxy Group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10498440 |
NGC 5962 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Serpens Caput and is the brightest member of the Serpens galaxy cluster. Along with a populated nucleus, it has a relatively large core, but a small central bulge, in which spiral arms begin to unfurl. It appears to have three smaller, orange-hued, dwarf galaxy satellites. About six solar masses of material form into stars every year in NGC 5962. It is an 11.3 magnitude object that appears 2.5' × 1.5' in the night sky at 90 million light years away, but is still associated with the Virgo supercluster. It has a right ascension of 15h 36.5m and a declination of 16°36'. was discovered by British astronomer Sir. William Herschel in 1784 using his Newtonian reflector, the largest telescope in the world at that time. It has been measured by the GALEX spacecraft that has a redshift of 1957 ± 2 km/s. The exact size or mass of the galaxy is not known, but there have been estimates of its mass using the velocities of its companion galaxies. The number of stars estimated within reaches (1 ± 2.5) × 10 to the 12th power stars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10498716 |
NGC 5964 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Serpens Caput. is also known by the names IC 4551 and PGC 55637. has relatively unwound spiral arms; it lacks the clear defined spiral arms the Milky Way galaxy has. The central bar is very small, long and thin. thus does not have a galactic habitable zone like the Milky Way. For the Milky Way, the galactic habitable zone is commonly believed to be an annulus with an outer radius of about 10 kiloparsecs and an inner radius close to the Galactic Center, both of which lack hard boundaries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10498756 |
Jim T. Enright J. T. Enright was a skeptic and professor of behavioral physiology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. As a teacher, he emphasized data analysis in the critical evaluation of scientific literature. He has conducted research on biological clocks and sensory physiology of both crustaceans and humans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10518059 |
ChemAxon () is a cheminformatics and bioinformatics software development company specializing in cloud based, end user solutions, back end platforms and consultancy services for chemical and biological research. Headquartered in Budapest, Hungary with 121 employees (as of November 2018). The company also operates business and consultancy offices globally in Cambridge, MA, San Diego, CA, and in Prague. supports its customers via exclusive distributors in China, India, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Australia. provides solutions, platforms, applications, and consultancy services for handling chemical and biological entities for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, new materials, fine-, petro- and agrochemical, food and cosmetics industries. supports academic institutions through special software licensing programs for students, teachers, academic researchers, and high school curriculums. Tools and software solutions are offered to academic research groups wishing to integrate cheminformatic functionalities into open website platforms via web hosting services. was founded in 1998 by two brothers, Ferenc and Péter Csizmadia . The company name was created by combining the words "chem", indicating chemistry, and "axon" referring to a vast network of connections between the scientific and informatic domains. Initially, offered consultancy services and later moved into product development. As a startup company had very strong ties with local universities engaging in software development projects with PhD students | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10526566 |
ChemAxon Emerging technologies and software languages were studied. As a result a platform independent, back end product line, relying on Java started to come together. The first software product was Marvin, a chemical editor. Its first version was released in January of 1999. Marvin was followed by the development of the JChem technology, adding chemical intelligence to common database management systems with the first release in early 2000; also providing the first company sale that same year. ChemAxon's first software developments were summed up in scientific articles and posters presented in international cheminformatics journals and conferences. The company revenue and user number rocketed in the early 2000s calling for the first user meeting in 2005. In 2004 decided to support academic research and education by offering a free software license package. also established representatives in the US from 2000, and in Japan via an official distributor company in 2005. Growing user requests led to the development and the release of more software products. The company's product portfolio expanded with physical and chemical calculations and predictions, desktop based chemical database management applications and chemical naming intelligence. The growing trend affected employee number and called for a larger head office space. This symbolized the company’s transition from a garage start-up, to an established SME organization. The first official office headquarters opened in 2003 in the Máramaros köz, Budapest, Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10526566 |
ChemAxon A software development office opened in Prague, Czech Republic in 2006. The second half of the 2000s brought ChemAxon's desktop-based, cheminformatics product portfolio to maturity. This granted the first global contract with a top pharma, GlaxoSmithKline in late 2009. The company started to experiment with agile software development approach in 2010, eventually adopting scrum methodology in the following year. encourages an agile office environment with cross-functional teams. This philosophy is supported by a publicly available online company culture guide. With the wave of change came new product development directions that mimicked the trends in the industry towards the end of the 2000s. The demand for online services emerged in research to allow lab colleagues to access chemical applications from all devices, enabling contract research organizations and other suppliers to collaborate with chemical data, and cut IT costs at the same time. started to build its cloud-based software solutions in 2008 - the first one being Chemicalize - and continuously expanding in this area. On the other hand, the rise of the biologics within the newly developed pharmaceutical drugs influenced to start developing its biopolymer informatics portfolio in 2015. In 2011, moved its office headquarters to Graphisoft Park, one of Budapest's tech hubs, where the company is currently located | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10526566 |
ChemAxon More global offices were established: in 2014 a US East Coast headquarters opened its doors in Cambridge, Massachusetts, followed by an office opening in San Diego in 2018. Products include tools for visualization and drawing of molecules, chemical database searching and management, and for drug discovery. Products are licensed free of charge for academic use. ChemAxon’s desktop applications include Marvin which is a free chemistry software for drawing and visualizing chemical structures, Instant JChem, a desktop application for end user scientists; JChem for Excel which integrates the structure handling capabilities of JChem and Marvin within a Microsoft Excel environment. The software can be used to predict p"K" values and logP values. The company developed Markush structure storage and search capabilities (without enumeration), with Markush structures from Thomson Reuters Derwent World Patents Index (DWPISM) database. Pearson Education uses ChemAxon's JChem, MarvinSketch, and MarvinView as the chemistry tools in many of Pearson MasteringChemistry courses. Molecule characterization data in the form of a simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) string can be uploaded into the Marvin software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10526566 |
NGC 290 is an open cluster. It lies some 200,000 light years away in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which is located in the constellation Tucana. It spans 65 light years across. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10527343 |
NGC 6027a is a spiral galaxy that is part of Seyfert's Sextet, a compact group of galaxies, which is located in the constellation Serpens. In optical wavelengths, it has a strong resemblance to Messier 104, the Sombrero Galaxy, with which it shares a near equivalent orientation to observers on Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10536327 |
Dasar is an acronym for Darkness Amplification by Stimulated Absorption of Radiation. It is a little-used expression describing the anomalous interstellar formaldehyde absorption discovered by Palmer "et al." in 1969. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10536559 |
Molecular property Molecular properties include the chemical properties, physical properties, and structural properties of molecules, including drugs. Molecular properties typically do not include pharmacological or biological properties of a chemical compound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10543014 |
Bystander effect (radiobiology) The radiation-induced bystander effect (bystander effect) is the phenomenon in which unirradiated cells exhibit irradiated effects as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells. In November 1992, Hatsumi Nagasawa and John B. Little first reported this radiobiological phenomenon. There is evidence that targeted cytoplasmic irradiation results in mutation in the nucleus of the hit cells. Cells that are not directly hit by an alpha particle, but are in the vicinity of one that is hit, also contribute to the genotoxic response of the cell population. Similarly, when cells are irradiated, and the medium is transferred to unirradiated cells, these unirradiated cells show bystander responses when assayed for clonogenic survival and oncogenic transformation. This is also attributed to the bystander effect. The demonstration of a bystander effect in 3D human tissues and, more recently, in whole organisms have clear implication of the potential relevance of the non-targeted response to human health. This effect may also contribute to the final biological consequences of exposure to low doses of radiation. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that the bystander effect promotes carcinogenesis in humans at low doses. Note that the "bystander effect" is not the same as the "abscopal effect" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10546551 |
Bystander effect (radiobiology) The abscopal effect is a phenomenon where the response to radiation is seen in an organ/site distant to the irradiated organ/area, that is, the responding cells are not juxtaposed with the irradiated cells. T-cells and dendritic cells have been implicated to be part of the mechanism. In suicide gene therapy, the "bystander effect" is the ability of the transfected cells to transfer death signals to neighboring tumor cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10546551 |
Frederick Adamson Frederick M. Adamson (born 1816, died 1860, age 44) was an early settler in Victoria, Australia. He was the first settler to make botanical collections in the Melbourne area; between 1840 and 1856, he sent to the Kew herbarium a series of what William Hooker described as "extensive and excellent collections". Several of his specimens became syntypes for "Eucalyptus macrorhyncha". Not much else is known about him, except that he was a member of the Philosophical Society of Victoria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10569872 |
Federica Sallusto (born 27 November 1961 in Naples, Italy) is an Italian biologist and immunologist. After high school, she studied Biology at Sapienza - University of Rome where she graduated "cum laude". In 1999, Sallusto, alongside David Dombrowicz, was awarded the Pharmacia Allergy Research Foundation Award, which is given annually to researchers under the age of 40 who are working on IgE‐associated disease. She is currently group leader at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine in Bellinzona, Switzerland and is professor of immunology at the Università della Svizzera italiana since 2017. In 2018 a study published in "Nature" and authored also by her research group highlighted the role in narcolepsy of T lymphocytes which attack the neuron producing hypocretin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10570456 |
Leonard Clarke Webster (1870 – 26 September 1942) was a botanical collector in Australia. Born in Launceston, Tasmania, his first occupation was as a pharmacist. By 1900 he was living in the vicinity of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Between 1903 and 1938, he sold plant and reptile specimens to the British Museum and the Australian Museum. He collected the types of "Eucalyptus websteriana" (Webster's mallee), later named in his honour, and "Acacia coolgardiensis" (spinifex wattle). In 1906 he qualified as a doctor, thereafter practicing medicine in Tasmania and New South Wales. He died at West Maitland in 1942. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10586270 |
NGC 7673 is a disturbed spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. The galaxy has recently experienced intense star formation activity and may therefore be referred to as a starburst galaxy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10587087 |
John Vidale John Emilio Vidale (born March 15, 1959) is an American-born seismologist who specializes in examining seismograms to explore features within the Earth. He received the American Geophysical Union's James B. Macelwane Medal in 1994. Vidale was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, studied physics and geology and obtained his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1987. He then held research positions at UC Santa Cruz and the USGS, until he joined UCLA in 1995. In 2006, he moved to Seattle to direct the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network at the University of Washington. In 2014, he became a project leader for the UW's M9 project, launched with the goal of preparing the region for the anticipated Cascadia subduction zone earthquake. He was a Gutenberg Fellow at Caltech and a Gilbert Fellow of the USGS. Vidale is a Fellow of AGU and received AGU's Macelwane Medal. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He studied the relation of Earth tides and earthquakes - finding only the strongest tides noticeably effect the timing of earthquakes, earthquake swarms - finding they are a more general phenomenon than he previously suspected, the inner core - discovering high-frequency seismic waves scattered therein that offer a second line of evidence it is rotating about 0.2 degrees per year, the stronger than expected healing of fault zones after an earthquake, and various details of the seismic structure of the mantle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10587189 |
John Vidale Vidale also contributed an improved method of ray tracing which relied on a finite-difference approximation of the eikonal equation and which has been used widely in both earthquake and reflection seismology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10587189 |
NGC 6340 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Draco. The galaxy is approximately 55 million light years away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10595512 |
Unitarity (physics) In quantum physics, unitarity is the condition that the time evolution of a quantum state according to the Schrödinger equation is mathematically represented by a unitary operator. This is typically taken as an axiom or basic postulate of quantum mechanics, while generalizations of or departures from unitarity are part of speculations about theories that may go beyond quantum mechanics. A unitarity bound is any inequality that follows from the unitarity of the evolution operator, i.e. from the statement that time evolution preserves inner products in Hilbert space. Time evolution described by a time-independent Hamiltonian is represented by a one-parameter family of unitary operators, for which the Hamiltonian is a generator: formula_1. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian is conserved under the time evolution that the Hamiltonian generates. If the Hamiltonian itself has an intrinsic time dependence, as occurs when interaction strengths or other parameters vary over time, then computing the family of unitary operators becomes more complicated (see Dyson series). In the Schrödinger picture, the unitary operators are taken to act upon the system's quantum state, whereas in the Heisenberg picture, the time dependence is incorporated into the observables instead. Similarly, the S-matrix that describes how the physical system changes in a scattering process must be a unitary operator as well; this implies the optical theorem. Unitarity of the S-matrix implies, among other things, the optical theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10603568 |
Unitarity (physics) The optical theorem in particular implies that unphysical particles must not appear as virtual particles in intermediate states. The mathematical machinery which is used to ensure this includes gauge symmetry and sometimes also Faddeev–Popov ghosts. According to the optical theorem, the imaginary part of a probability amplitude Im("M") of a 2-body forward scattering is related to the total cross section, up to some numerical factors. Because formula_2 for the forward scattering process is one of the terms that contributes to the total cross section, it cannot exceed the total cross section i.e. Im("M"). The inequality implies that the complex number "M" must belong to a certain disk in the complex plane. Similar unitarity bounds imply that the amplitudes and cross section cannot increase too much with energy or they must decrease as quickly as a certain formula dictates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10603568 |
Fiber derivative In the context of Lagrangian Mechanics the fiber derivative is used to convert between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian forms. In particular, if formula_1 is the configuration manifold then the Lagrangian formula_2 is defined on the tangent bundle formula_3 and the Hamiltonian is defined on the cotangent bundle formula_4—the fiber derivative is a map formula_5 such that where formula_7 and formula_8 are vectors from the same tangent space. When restricted to a particular point, the fiber derivative is a Legendre transformation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10605275 |
Nonextensive entropy Entropy is considered to be an extensive property, i.e., that its value depends on the amount of material present. Constantino Tsallis has proposed a nonextensive entropy (Tsallis entropy), which is a generalization of the traditional Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy. The rationale behind the theory is that Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy leads to systems that have a strong dependence on initial conditions. In reality most materials behave quite independently of initial conditions. leads to nonextensive statistical mechanics, whose typical functions are power laws, instead of the traditional exponentials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10611092 |
NGC 5705 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. is part of a small group of spiral galaxies that also includes NGC 5691, NGC 5713, and NGC 5719. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10622482 |
Spider (polarimeter) Spider is a balloon-borne experiment designed to search for primordial gravitational waves imprinted on the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Measuring the strength of this signal puts limits on inflationary theory. The Spider instrument consists of six degree-resolution telescopes cooled to liquid Helium temperature (4 K) which observe at frequencies of 100 GHz, 150 GHz, and 280 GHz (corresponding to wavelengths of 3 mm, 2 mm, and 1.1 mm). Each telescope is coupled to a polarisation-sensitive transition-edge bolometer array cooled to 300 mK. The first balloon flight of the experiment launched in January 2015 from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, with support from NASA's Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility. This Long Duration Balloon flight lasted for about 17 days, mapping about 10% of the full sky. Further flights planned for successive seasons enable upgrades and changes to the modular telescope, and ever-improving frequency coverage and depth. The primary science goals include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10623615 |
Sun valve A sun valve ("Swedish: solventil", "solar valve") is a flow control valve that automatically shuts off gas flow during daylight. It earned its inventor Gustaf Dalén the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics. Subsequently other variants of sun valve were developed for various different uses. The valve was the key component of the Dalén light used in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, by which time electric lighting was dominant. Prominent engineers, such as Thomas Edison, doubted that the device could work. The German patent office required a demonstration before approving the patent application. The valve is controlled by four metal rods enclosed in a glass tube. The central rod that is blackened is surrounded by the three polished rods. As sunlight falls onto all of the rods, the absorbed heat of the sun allows the unequally expanding dark rod to cut the gas supply. After sunset, the central rod cools down, becoming the same length as the polished rods and opening the gas supply. The gas is lit by the small, always-burning pilot light. Dalen's system of acetylene lighting for marine navigation proved very reliable, as exemplified by the lighthouse at Chumbe Island off Zanzibar. This lighthouse was constructed in 1904 and converted to un-manned automatic acetylene gas operation in 1926. The acetylene lighting installation, controlled by a sun valve, remained in use until the lighthouse was converted to a solar-powered (photovoltaic) system in 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10626173 |
Sun valve In 1921 Francis Everard Lamplough (an engineer with AGA's rival firm in lighthouse provision: Chance Brothers) patented an alternative 'light valve' in the hope of breaking Dalén's effective monopoly. In subsequent years it was installed on several lighthouses and beacons, but because of its dependence on liquid it could only be used in static locations (unlike Dalén's valves, very many of which were installed on floating buoys). Lamplough's 'valve' was a form of rocker switch, on which were mounted two glass bulbs, one black, the other clear, part-filled with liquid ether and linked by a tube. During the day, heat from the sunlight would cause the air in the black bulb to expand, forcing the liquid into the clear bulb, the additional weight tipping the switch and cutting off the current to the lamp; at night, or at other times of insufficient daylight, the process was reversed, reconnecting the current. In 1935 one Edwin H. Pendleton was granted a US patent for a sun valve activated by a pair of bimetallic strips. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10626173 |
Stratigraphic section A stratigraphic section is a sequence of layers of rocks in the order they were deposited. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10630377 |
NGC 5838 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10631788 |
Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award The is awarded by the American Astronomical Society for an achievement in astronomical research made by an amateur astronomer resident in North America. The prize is named after Carlson R. Chambliss of Kutztown University, who donated the funds to support the prize. The award will consist of a 224-gram (½-lb) silver medal and $1,000 cash. Source: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10648303 |
Håkon Flood (25 September 1905 – 9 October 2001) was a professor of inorganic chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim, Norway, from 1953 to 1975. He also worked as the director of the Institute of Silicate Research ("Institutt for Silikatforskning") at NTH. Professor Flood was one of the pioneers of molten salt chemistry and, together with Hermann Lux, is known for the Lux-Flood theory of acid-base reactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10655528 |
C-Repeat Binding Factor C-Repeat Binding Factors (CBFs) are transcription factors in plants involved in response to low temperature. Also known as Dehydration Response Element Binding factors (DREBs), they are a subfamily of AP2 DNA binding domain transcription factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10669579 |
Ice divide An ice divide is the boundary on an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier separating opposing flow directions of ice, analogous to a water divide. Such ice divides are important for geochronological investigations using ice cores, because such coring is typically made at highest point of an ice sheet dome in order to avoid the disturbance arising from horizontal ice movement. Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like over time. Coring at dome peaks increases accuracy because it is the place where horizontal motion is at its least. The Raymond Effect operates at ice divides, creating anticlines in the radar-detected isochrones, allowing greater capture of older ice when coring. Analysis of ice cores relies on the downward motion of ice, trapping gases over time into its layers. Scientist locate ice divides and take ice cores from them, which are typically long cylindrical poles of ice, and analyse them. Once they have acquired these ice cores, they are able to look through them and find chemical elements that the snow and ice transported during that time period, e.g. sulfate, nitrate, and other ions. The ice cores are important in determining how our atmosphere has changed for the better or worse, and how we can remedy changes such as the greenhouse effect which was discovered when scientist found more greenhouse gases was in our atmosphere at present compared with the past. Scientists from around the United States came together to find the best ice divide in order to go the further into the past | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10677341 |
Ice divide They formed the WAIS project. This project is funded by the United States National Science Foundation, and is run by scientists from many organizations such as National Ice Core Laboratory, Ice Drilling Design and Operations (IDDO), and over fifty Universities. The WAIS project is located in West Antarctica, and the goal is to look into the past 100,000 years. WAIS is better than other ice divides because of the amount of snow it gets. This large amount of snow causes there to be a very small off-set between the ages of the ice to the air and gases trapped inside. This allows scientists to give much more precise statements about what the atmosphere was like in the past. If the WAIS project is a success it will educate scientists around the world how the atmosphere of Earth has changed completely over 100,000 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10677341 |
NGC 7257 NGC 7260 ("NGC 7257") is a peculiar galaxy located in the constellation Aquarius. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10681806 |
Andrzej Sołtan (25 October 1897 – 10 December 1959) was a Polish nuclear physicist. He also worked on spectroscopy in the band between far ultraviolet and X-rays. During his visit to Caltech in 1932–33, together with H. Richard Crane and Charles Christian Lauritsen, he discovered a method for producing neutron beams, by bombarding lithium or beryllium nuclei with accelerated deuterons. He was appointed professor at Warsaw University in 1947, a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1952, and in 1955 he became the first director of the Institute of Nuclear Research in Świerk, Otwock County near Warsaw, now known as the National Centre for Nuclear Research. He served as President of the Polish Physical Society between 1952–1955. He is buried (with his wife Marta, also a physicist) in the "Avenue of the Meritorious" of Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10685260 |
Impact parameter The impact parameter formula_1 is defined as the perpendicular distance between the path of a projectile and the center of a potential field formula_2 created by an object that the projectile is approaching (see diagram). It is often referred to in nuclear physics (see Rutherford scattering) and in classical mechanics. The impact parameter is related to the scattering angle formula_3 by where formula_5 is the velocity of the projectile when it is far from the center, and formula_6 is its closest distance from the center. The simplest example illustrating the use of the impact parameter is in the case of scattering from a sphere. Here, the object that the projectile is approaching is a hard sphere with radius formula_7. In the case of a hard sphere, formula_8 when formula_9, and formula_10 for formula_11. When formula_12, the projectile misses the hard sphere. We immediately see that formula_13. When formula_14, we find that formula_15. In high-energy nuclear physics — specifically, in colliding-beam experiments — collisions may be classified according to their impact parameter. Central collisions have formula_16, peripheral collisions have formula_17, where the colliding nuclei are viewed as hard spheres with radius formula_7. Because the color force has an extremely short range, it cannot couple quarks that are separated by much more than one nucleon's radius; hence, strong interactions are suppressed in peripheral and ultraperipheral collisions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10686498 |
Impact parameter This means that final-state particle multiplicity is typically greatest in the most central collisions, due to the partons involved having the greatest probability of interacting in some way. This has led to charged particle multiplicity being used as a common measure of collision centrality (charged particles are much easier to detect than uncharged particles). Because strong interactions are effectively impossible in ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs), they may be used to study electromagnetic interactions — i.e. photon-photon, photon-nucleon, or photon-nucleus interactions — with low background contamination. Because UPCs typically produce only two- to four final-state particles, they are also relatively "clean" when compared to central collisions, which may produce hundreds of particles per event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10686498 |
Circumscribed halo A circumscribed halo is a type of halo, an optical phenomenon typically in the form of a more or less oval ring that circumscribes the circular 22° halo centred on the sun or moon. As the sun rises above 70° it essentially covers the 22° halo. Like many other halos, it is slightly reddish on the inner edge, facing the sun or moon, and bluish on the outer edge. The shape of the circumscribed halo is strongly dependent on the distance of the sun or moon above the horizon. Its top and bottom (i.e., the points directly below and above the sun or moon) always lie directly tangential to the 22° halo, but its left and right sides take on different shapes depending on solar (or lunar) elevation. At an elevation between about 35°–50°, the sides form two distinct, downward-drooping "lobes" outside of the 22° halo. As the sun or moon rises higher (between c. 50°–70°), the drooping diminishes towards a more regular oval shape. At an elevation of c. 70° or more, the shape of the circumscribed halo approaches a circle, and as such becomes nearly indistinguishable from the 22° halo, only to be identified by its tendency to show more saturated colors than the latter. When the sun or moon is at an elevation lower than c. 35°, the circumscribed halo breaks up into the upper tangent and lower tangent arcs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10692807 |
Infralateral arc An infralateral arc (or lower lateral tangent arc) is a rare halo, an optical phenomenon appearing similar to a rainbow under a white parhelic circle. Together with the supralateral arc they are always located outside the seldom observable 46° halo, but in contrast to supralateral arcs, infralateral arcs are always located below the parhelic circle. The shape of an infralateral arc varies with the elevation of the Sun. Between sunrise and before the observed Sun reaches about 50° over Earth's horizon, two infralateral arcs are located on either side (e.g. ) of the 46° halo, their convex apexes lying tangent to the 46° halo. As the observed Sun reaches above 68° the two arcs unite to a single concave arc tangent to the 46° halo vertically under the Sun. Infralateral arcs form when sunlight enters horizontally oriented, rod-shaped hexagonal ice crystals through a hexagonal base and exits through one of the prism sides. Infralateral arcs occur about once a year. They are often observed together with circumscribed halos and upper tangent arcs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10696700 |
Eugène Séguy "Eugene Séguy" (21 April 1890 – 1 June 1985) was a French entomologist / artist who specialised in Diptera. He held a chair of entomology at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris from 1956 to 1960. Also known for being responsible for founding the Diptera section in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. Most of his artworks were created using the Pochoir technique, which is a type of hand-stenciling used in order to produce fine prints in limited editions. Portraits and Number 7, bottom row. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10699359 |
Reversible reference system propagation algorithm (r-RESPA) is a time stepping algorithm used in molecular dynamics. It evolves the system state over time, where the "L" is the Liouville operator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10708900 |
Byron Barnard Lamont (born 2 January 1945) is a Western Australian botanist. He is currently a senior researcher within the Department of Environmental Biology of Curtin University of Technology. A specialist in ecology of the flora of the South West Botanic Province, he has published hundreds of papers. Born in Perth, Western Australia, he attended Applecross and Mount Pleasant Primary Schools, and later Wesley College. From 1963 to 1966 he pursued undergraduate studies at the Instituate of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, graduating with a Bachelor of Agricultural Science with majors in Soils, Agronomy and Microbiology. He then undertook a Master's degree under the supervision of Brian Grieve, focussed on soil-plant relationships of "Hakea", especially its proteoid roots. His research into proteoid roots earned him a PhD. in 1974. Thereafter he began studying part time for a Doctor of Science degree, which was awarded in 1993. During this period he held a series of academic positions within Curtin University of Technology. Among his many publications are two books, around 30 book chapters and review papers, and over 100 journal papers. He is the author of "Hakea cygna", "H. c." subsp. "needlei" and "H. erecta". He also published the name "Hakea rubriflora", but this has since been found to be a synonym of "H. denticulata" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10721459 |
Byron Barnard Lamont Lamont was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2010 Australia Day Honours "For service to conservation and the environment, particularly Australian flora as an educator, researcher and author". He lives in the Perth suburb of Bull Creek. He is married with two adult children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10721459 |
Masayuki Kikuchi Masayuki Kikuchi(菊地 正幸) (January 19, 1948 – October 18, 2003) was a Japanese seismologist. He was famous for real-time seismology. Bachelor of Science (1970), Master of Science (1972), and Doctor of Science (1976), in Geophysics, University of Tokyo. Kikuchi dropped out of the Graduate School of Sciences, Tokyo University, 1973. In the same year, he took an assistant professorship at Yokohama City University. In 1976, he earned his doctorate in science. He was promoted to associate professor in 1983 and to professor in 1988. Kikuchi returned to Tokyo University in 1996 and became the Director of the seismic prognosis information center at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. (1) Computer simulation for dynamic rupture propagation. The specific fracture energy associated with large earthquakes was estimated to be much larger, by 5-6 of the order of magnitude, than that of the ordinary solid material in laboratory. (2) Source rupture processes. Waveform inversion technique was developed in an attempt to extract the information of detailed source rupture processes. Heterogeneous fault slip distributions were determined for many large earthquakes. These are now being compiled into a fault asperity map in the world. (3) Effect of multiple scatterings on the attenuation and dispersion of wave propagation. The numerical method to estimate the impulse response was developed and applied to laboratory data. Kikuchi simulated the seismic rupture process using computers in the 1970s and 1980s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10724521 |
Masayuki Kikuchi He invented the method for slip distribution on the fault plane by teleseismic waveform with Hiroo Kanamori. In addition, he analysed significant earthquakes just after occurrence and distributed the results of analysis on the internet. These results were called Kikuchi Solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10724521 |
NGC 7537 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. The name NGC, is the name of an astronomical catalog, with the number corresponding to this object. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10727315 |
NGC 6027b is an interacting lenticular galaxy that is part of Seyfert's Sextet, a compact group of galaxies currently in the process of colliding and merging, which is located in the constellation Serpens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10741406 |
NGC 6027c is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of Seyfert's Sextet, a compact group of galaxies, which is located in the constellation Serpens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10742185 |
Olof Immanuel von Fåhraeus Olof Immanuel Fåhræus (23 March 1796 in Slite – 28 May 1884 in Gotland or Stockholm), was a Swedish politician and entomologist mainly interested in Coleoptera. His collection is shared between the natural history museums of Stockholm and Gothenburg. He wrote, with Carl Henrik Boheman "Insecta Caffrariae annis 1838-1845 a J.A. Wahlberg collecta. Coleoptera". Holmiae : Fritze & Norstedt Vol. 1 pp. 299–625 published in 1851. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1840. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10747528 |
Peter Fredrik Wahlberg (19 June 1800 in Gothenburg – 22 May 1877 in Stockholm) was a Swedish entomologist and professor at the University College of Stockholm. Wahlberg was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1830, and served as the Academy's secretary from 1848 to 1866. The island Wahlbergøya, the largest of Vaigattøyane, is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10748097 |
Thermal blooming is an atmospheric effect, seen in high energy laser beams. It is the result of the nonlinear interaction of laser radiation with the propagation medium, usually air, which is heated by the absorption of a fraction of the radiation. The amount of energy absorbed is a function of the laser wavelength. The term "thermal blooming" is often used to describe any type of self-induced "thermal distortion" of laser radiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10757785 |
Molecular promiscuity indicates the ability of a molecule to bind to interact with one or more other classes and subtypes of molecules, in synergistic or antagonistic ways. These interactions may involve multiple paracrine, endocrine and autocrine features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10758209 |
NGC 6027d is a barred spiral galaxy that is strictly a visual member of Seyfert's Sextet, a compact group of galaxies, which is located in the constellation Serpens. is not interacting with the other galaxies in the cluster, but is in the background and just happens to be in the same line of sight. The galaxy is nearly 700 million light years away from the interacting group and is believed to be extremely large in size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10766062 |
Homometric structures In chemistry and crystallography, crystal structures that have the same set of interatomic distances are called homometric structures. need not be congruent (that is, related by a rigid motion or reflection). Homometric crystal structures produce identical diffraction patterns; therefore, they cannot be distinguished by a diffraction experiment. Recently, a Monte Carlo algorithm was proposed to calculate the number of homometric structures corresponding to any given set of interatomic distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10766478 |
NGC 6027e is a tidal tail of NGC 6027, not an individual galaxy, that is part of Seyfert's Sextet, a compact group of galaxies, which is located in the constellation Serpens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10775053 |
Per Abraham Roman Abraham Roman also was a Swedish entomologist. He specialised in Ichneumonidae, working on worldwide expedition material in the Stockholm Natural History Museum. His collection is in that institution. Roman made two expeditions to South America. Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10776117 |
Keetch–Byram drought index The (KBDI), created by John Keetch and George Byram in 1968 for the United States Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, is a measure of drought conditions. It is commonly used for the purpose of predicting the likelihood and severity of wildfire. It is calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, and other meteorological factors. The KBDI is an estimate of the soil moisture deficit, which is the amount of water necessary to bring the soil moisture to its full capacity. A high soil moisture deficit means there is little water available for evaporation or plant transpiration. This occurs in conditions of extended drought, and has significant effects on fire behaviour. In the United States, it is expressed as a range from 0 to 800, referring to hundredths of an inch of deficit in water availability; in countries that use the metric system, it is expressed from 0 to 200, referring to millimetres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10777584 |
NGC 7052 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Vulpecula. The galaxy harbours a supermassive black hole with mass c. 220-630 million solar masses in its nucleus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10787476 |
Blowing snow is snow lifted from the surface by the wind, at eye level () or more, that will reduce visibility. can come from falling snow or snow that already accumulated on the ground but is picked up and blown about by strong winds. It is one of the classic requirements for a blizzard. Its METAR code is BLSN. If the snow remains below , it will be called drifting snow (METAR code DRSN). The snow which is being blown about may deposit as snowdrifts. There are 3 ways of producing blowing snow: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10794747 |
Male egg Male eggs are the result of a process in which the eggs of a female would be emptied of their genetic contents (a technique similar to that used in the cloning process), and those contents would be replaced with male DNA. Such eggs could then be fertilized by sperm. The procedure was conceived by Calum MacKellar, a Scottish bioethicist. With this technique, two males could be the biological parents of a child. However, such a procedure would additionally require an artificial womb or a female gestational carrier. In 2003, researcher Hans Robert Schöler at the University Of Pennsylvania successfully created eggs using both male and female mouse DNA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10813955 |
Subparhelic circle The subparhelic circle is a rare halo, an optical phenomenon located below the horizon. It passes through both the subsun, below the sun, and the antisolar point, opposite to the sun. The subparhelic circle is the subhorizon counterpart to the parhelic circle located above the horizon. Located on the subparhelic circle are several relatively rare optical phenomena: The subsun, the subparhelia, the 120° subparhelia, Liljequist subparhelia, the diffuse arcs, and the Parry antisolar arcs. On the accompanying photo centred on the antisolar point, the subparhelic circle is viewable as a gently curved horizontal line intercepted by anthelic arcs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10828016 |
Liljequist parhelion A is a rare halo, an optical phenomenon in the form of a brightened spot on the parhelic circle approximately 150–160° from the sun; i.e., between the position of the 120° parhelion and the anthelion. While the sun touches the horizon, a is located approximately 160° from the sun and is about 10° long. As the sun rises up to 30° the phenomenon gradually moves towards 150°, and as the sun reaches over 30° the optical effect vanishes. The parhelia are caused by light rays passing through oriented plate crystals. Like the 120° parhelia, the Liljequist parhelia display a white-bluish colour. This colour is, however, associated with the parhelic circle itself, not the ice crystals causing the Liljequist parhelia. The phenomenon was first observed by Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist in 1951 at Maudheim, Antarctica during the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition in 1949–1952. It was then simulated by Dr. Eberhard Tränkle (1937–1997) and Robert Greenler in 1987 and theoretically explained by Walter Tape in 1994. A theoretical and experimental investigation of the caused by perfect hexagonal plate crystals showed that the azimuthal position of maximum intensity occurs at <math>\theta_ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10829022 |
Transferability (chemistry) Transferability, in chemistry, is the assumption that a chemical property that is associated with an atom or a functional group in a molecule will have a similar (but not identical) value in a variety of different circumstances. Examples of transferable properties include: Transferable properties are distinguished from "conserved properties", which are assumed to always have the same value whatever the chemical situation, e.g. standard atomic weight. Ashmit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10833216 |
NGC 7314 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. It is a Seyfert (active) galaxy. Since it appears to have detached spiral arm segments (either from dust lanes or bright star clusters), it was listed in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. Walter Scott Houston describes its appearance in small telescopes: Do not let its photographic magnitude of 11.6 scare you off, for it can be seen in a 6-inch telescope as a curiously fuzzy object. But it is small, appearing only 4' by 2'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10834106 |
NGC 7319 is a highly distorted barred spiral galaxy that is a member of the Stephan's Quintet located in the constellation Pegasus. The galaxy's arms, dust and gas have been highly disturbed as a result of the interaction with the other members of the Quintet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10834291 |
NGC 7320c is a galaxy member of the Stephan's Quintet located in the constellation Pegasus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10834450 |
Gomul Catena is a chain of craters on Jupiter's moon, Callisto. It is situated in the northern part of Valhalla multi-ring structure. The craters in the catena seem to have formed from east to west. Such features are thought to originate as secondary craters or due to fragmentation of the impactor. is named after a Norse river Gomul. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10848346 |
Keelut (crater) Keelut is a crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto. It is situated near the south pole and is an example of a central pit impact crater. It measures 47 km across. In the upper part of the image degraded Reginleif crater is visible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10848533 |
Arcas (crater) Arcas is a crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto measuring across. It is an example of a central pit impact crater. A smaller crater near Arcas is called Ginandi. The crater is named after Arcas, the son of Callisto in Greek mythology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10848619 |
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