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Jean White-Haney Rose Ethel Janet White-Haney (11 March 1877 – 21 October 1953), known as Jean White-Haney, was a botanist in Queensland, Australia. She was officer-in-charge of the Queensland Board of Advice on Prickly Pear Destruction and helped develop biological control methods for managing the invasive cactus. Jean White was the seventh of eight children of Edward John White, astronomer at Melbourne Observatory. She was educated privately until the age of 15, then at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, being awarded B.Sc. 1904, M.Sc. 1906, D.Sc 1909. She was the second woman in Australia to be awarded a Doctorate of Science. She was awarded a McBain Research Scholarship, researching in the Department of Botany under Professor Alfred James Ewart. Thirteen papers bearing her name were published between 1907 and 1911. The Queensland Board of Advice on Prickly Pear Destruction placed her in charge of their experimental station at Dulacca in 1912. She served there until 1916, developing insect and chemical controls to fight prickly pear infestation. On 22 February 1915 she married American born agricultural chemist Victor William Haney. She published three reports on the work of the experimental station, where she remained in charge until its closure in 1916 when the war made it difficult to obtain staff and chemicals for experiments. Jean took a break from research while she brought up her two sons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6192634 |
Jean White-Haney During this time she lived in Brisbane, becoming a founding member of the Lyceum Club and a committee member of the Queensland Bush Book Club. She attended the Pan-Pacific Science Congress in Tokyo in 1926 and was contracted by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, a position which took her all over Australia. Her last scientific work was the study of pasture weeds Noogoora and Bathurst burr. She moved to the United States in 1930. She died at Camarillo, California on 21 October 1953 and was buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6192634 |
Rotating tank A rotating tank is a device used for fluid dynamics experiments. Typically cylinders filled with water on a rotating platform, the tanks can be used in various ways to simulate the atmosphere or ocean. For example, a rotating tank with an ice bucket in the center can represent the Earth, with a cold pole simulated by the ice bucket. Just as in the atmosphere, eddies and a westerly jetstream form in the water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6193005 |
Yoshiki Kuramoto Yoshiki Kuramoto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6195668 |
Vladimir Arnoldi Vladimir Mitrofanovich Arnoldi () (Kozlov (Michurinsk), Russia (1871–1924)) was a Russian professor of biology. He was a Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences and scientifically listed a number of valuable plants of Malaysia. He lived in the Russian city of Tambov for much of his life. His son Constantin Arnoldi became a prominent entomologist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6195887 |
Okorokov effect The () or resonant coherent excitation, occurs when heavy ions move in crystals under channeling conditions. V. Okorokov predicted this effect in 1965 and it was first observed by Sheldon Datz in 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6196217 |
John Morris (geologist) John Morris (19 February 1810 – 7 January 1886) was an English geologist. He was born in 1810 at Homerton, London, and educated at private schools. He was engaged for some years as a pharmaceutical chemist at Kensington, but soon became interested in geology and other branches of science, and ultimately retired from business. His published papers speedily attracted notice, and his "Catalogue of British Fossils," published in 1845, a work involving much critical research, added greatly to his reputation. Morris was professor of geology at University College, London from 1854 to 1877. He was elected F.G.S. in 1845. Along with Bowerbank and five others, he was a founding member of the London Clay Club. Morris was president of the Geologists' Association from 1868–1871 and from 1877–1879. He was awarded the Lyell Medal in 1876. Morris's best original work was done on Eocene and Jurassic rocks. His "Catalogue of British Fossils" was an important pioneering effort in palaeontology. He died on 7 January 1886, and was buried at Kensal Green. One daughter survived him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6196538 |
ISO 31-13 gives name, symbol and definition for 62 quantities and units of solid state physics. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6197880 |
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry The (ABPI) is the trade association for over 120 companies in the UK producing prescription medicines for humans, founded in 1891. It is the British equivalent of America's PhRMA; however, the member companies research, develop, manufacture and supply 80% of the medicines prescribed through the National Health Service. The organisation was founded in London in 1891 and originally known as the "Drug Club". It was re-named the in 1948. A rival institution to represent wholesalers, the "Northern Wholesale Druggists' Association", was formed in 1902 and lasted until 1966. A board of management of members oversee the ABPI. The Board is made up of individuals who are elected by members to represent the industry and up to five people who are co-opted by the Board. Elections commence every January for elected seats to ensure that the Board is fully representative and has access to the broadest range of skills and expertise possible. The ABPI's head office is in London with three regional offices in Cardiff, Belfast and Edinburgh. Membership of the is not open to individuals, only companies. Members fall into three categories: The ABPI represents the views of the pharmaceutical industry to government and decision makers in the UK, i.e. is a lobbying organization. The organisation has five departments; Economic, Health and Commercial Policy; Research, Medical and Innovation; Corporate Affairs and Devolved Nations; Legal and Membership Services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6227790 |
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry The Research, Medical and Innovation department oversees complimentary resources for schools in UK to promote links between school science subjects and their applications in industrial research. The department also runs a careers website. The association sponsors booklets on a range of conditions, aimed at patients, carers and healthcare professionals. The ABPI Code of Practice covers the promotion of medicines for prescribing to health professionals and administrative staff as well as the provision of information to the public about prescription only medicines in the UK. The Code sets standards for the promotion of medicines to health professionals and other relevant decision makers in the UK. It also covers interactions between the industry and health professionals. The ABPI Code sets standards relating to the provision of information about prescription-only medicines to the public and patients, and pharmaceutical companies’ relationships with patient organisations. The ABPI Code does not cover the promotion of over-the-counter medicines to the public. All ABPI member companies are obliged to comply with both the spirit and letter of the Code. The ABPI Code is a self-regulatory code, first established by the ABPI in 1958 and undergoes revisions at least every two years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6227790 |
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry It is regularly updated and reviewed in consultation with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), the British Medical Association (BMA), the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS), the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). It is administered by the Prescription Medicines Code of Practice Authority (PMCPA). Ben Goldacre criticised the pharmaceutical industry in his 2012 book "Bad Pharma" as testing itself what it manufactures in "poorly designed trials, on hopelessly small numbers of weird, unrepresentative patients, and analysed using techniques that are flawed by design, in such a way that they exaggerate the benefits of treatments". The ABPI responded that medicines were "tested against the most effective comparator where possible unless there is no current standard of care." Regarding "results that companies don't like, [which] they are perfectly entitled to hide [..] from doctors and patients ... academic papers, which everyone thinks of as objective, are often covertly planned and written by people who work directly for the companies, without disclosure." the ABPI responded that it did "... not seek to "hide" trial data" and was recognising there was "still work to be done in ensuring the publication of negative trial data within journals, and in ensuring greater transparency all round within the industry". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6227790 |
RTI International (formerly Research Triangle Institute) is a nonprofit organization headquartered in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina. RTI provides research and technical services. It was founded in 1958 with $500,000 in funding from local businesses and the three North Carolina universities that form the Research Triangle. RTI research has covered topics like HIV/AIDS, healthcare, education curriculum and the environment, among others. The US Agency for International Development accounts for about 35 percent of RTI's research revenue. In 1954 a building contractor, met with the North Carolina state treasurer and the president of Wachovia to discuss building a research park in North Carolina to attract new industries to the region. They obtained support for the concept from state governor Luther Hodges and the three universities that form the research triangle: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University and North Carolina State University. The Research Triangle Institute (now RTI International) was formed by the park's founders as the research park's first tenant in 1958. The following January they announced that $1.425 million had been raised by the Research Triangle Foundation to fund the park and that $500,000 of it had been set aside for RTI International. RTI started with three divisions: Isotope Development, Operational Sciences and Statistics Research. Its first contract was a $4,500 statistical study of morbidity data from Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6233389 |
RTI International In RTI's first year of operation, it had 25 staff and $240,000 in research contracts. Its early work was focused on statistics, but within a few years RTI expanded into radioisotopes, organic chemistry and polymers. In 1960 the Institute had its first international research contract for an agricultural census in Nigeria. RTI won contracts with the Department of Education, Defense Department, NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission, growing to $3.4 million in contracts in 1964 and $85 million in 1988. In 1971, RTI's staff of 430 was reorganized into four research groups: social and economic systems, statistical sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, and chemistry and life sciences. It also created a division for education called the Center for Education Research and Evaluation. Four years later, RTI created the Office for International Programs to manage international projects. RTI provided funding assistance to help found the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics in 1980. Two years later was part of a joint venture to create Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC), a non-profit whose computer network connected local K-12 schools. is a not-for-profit research organization. RTI was initially established by three local universities but it is managed by a separate board and management team. RTI's structure consists of members of the corporation, the board of governors and corporate officers. The members of the corporation elect governors, who in turn create the organization's policies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6233389 |
RTI International RTI has primarily eight practice areas: RTI also has a separate business called RTI Health Solutions, which supports biotech, diagnostic and medical device companies. As of 2012, the organization's largest service areas were in social, statistical and environmental sciences. More than half of RTI's staff have advanced degrees in one of 120 fields and work on approximately 1,200 projects at a time. RTI has twelve US offices and twelve international locations, supporting operations in 80 countries. About 60 percent of RTI's staff are headquartered on a 180-acre campus inside the Research Triangle Park. Most of RTI International's funding comes from government research contracts. In 2018 RTI staff authored 1,052 journal articles. The Institute bids on $2 billion in research contracts a year and wins approximately 40 percent of the budget it bids on. While RTI is technically a non-profit research institute, senior employees are rewarded salary bonuses (4% for senior staff, and 9-15% for managers) based on annual performance and corporate profit. However, employees have no current vested interest or role in corporate governance. RTI International's research has spanned areas like cancer, pollution, drug abuse and education. RTI scientists Monroe Wall and Mansukh C. Wani synthesized anti-cancer treatments camptothecin in 1966, from the bark of the Camptotheca tree, and Taxol in 1971, from a Pacific yew tree. These two drugs account for $3 billion a year in sales by pharmaceutical companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6233389 |
RTI International In 1986, RTI was awarded a $4 million contract with the National Cancer Institute to conduct an eight-year clinical trial on the effects of an anti-smoking campaign. Two years later, RTI began a $4.4 million program to coordinate AIDS drug trials for the National Institutes of Health. This grew to $26 million by 1988. RTI scientists helped identify toxic chemicals in the Love Canal in the 1970s. In 1978, RTI researched the possibility of improving solar cells for the US Department of Energy and coal gasification for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1979. RTI trained Chinese government employees on using computer models to forecast pollution patterns before the 2007 Olympics in Beijing. An RTI survey in 1973, commissioned by the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, confirmed prior research that found no connection between drug use and violent crime, despite prior perceptions of heroin users as more prone to violence. A 1975 study RTI conducted for the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism found that 28 percent of 13,000 teenagers polled were "problem drinkers," despite their age. A 1996 study done by RTI and funded by the Pentagon found that drug abuse in the military had been reduced by 90 percent since 1980. RTI in 1975 recommended that the Bureau of the Mint halt expensive production of pennies, and replace half-dollars with a new dollar coin. In 2001, RTI scientists created a new thinfilm superlattice material that uses the thermoelectric effect to cool microprocessors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6233389 |
RTI International A 2009 study by RTI and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in "Health Affairs" estimated that obesity in the US caused $147 billion in increased medical care costs annually. RTI also developed a reading skill measurement program, the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA), for the USAID and the World Bank. The EGRA has been used in 70 languages and 50 countries. In the 1980s, RTI created and distributed the Architecture Design and Assessment System, a set of software programs that helped model intricate systems. The ADAS programs were produced until the mid-1990s. RTI began working for the US Agency for International Development (USAID) after the conflict between Iraq and the US began in 2003. USAID work represented 35 percent of RTI's revenue by 2010. Under Iraq’s previous, highly centralized regime, citizens had almost no experience with local governance or active participation in the governing process. To inform and train Iraqis in local governance systems, RTI ultimately set up offices in Iraq’s eighteen provinces.A staff of 200 people drawn from 33 countries, augmented by the hiring of 800 Iraqis, was deployed. In 2004, Nextreme was spun off of RTI to develop a thermoelectric material for semiconductors commercially. In October 2018, RTI published a study showing that heroin addicts that used fentanyl testing strips were more likely to adopt safer drug habits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6233389 |
Viral culture is a laboratory technique in which samples of a virus are placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then the culture is positive. Traditional viral culture has been generally superseded by shell vial culture, in which the sample is centrifuged onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by antigen detection methods. This greatly reduces the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed. In addition, the centrifugation step in shell vial culture enhances the sensitivity of this method because after centrifugation, the viral particles of the sample are in close proximity to the cells. Human and monkey cells are used in both traditional viral culture and shell vial culture. Human virus types that can be identified by viral culture include adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella zoster virus, measles and mumps. For these, the final identification method is generally by immunofluorescence, with exception of cytomegalovirus and rhinovirus, whose identification in a viral culture are determined by cytopathic effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6234485 |
Shiva Hypothesis William Napier (astronomer) and Victor Clube in their 1979 Nature Magazine article, 'A Theory of Terrestrial Catastrophism', proposed the idea that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years (such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event). Over 15 years later, Michael R. Rampino and Bruce Haggerty renamed Napier and Clube's Theory of Terrestrial Catstrophism after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction. Though Rampino and Haggerty do not reference Napier and Clube's original 1979 article in Nature Magazine, they do reference Clube and Napier's later paper which demonstrates the requisite gravitational forces. Certainly Rampino was aware of Napier and Clube's much earlier publication, as Rampino and Stothers' letter to Nature Magazine in 1984 references it. This theory may have inspired the theory for the brown dwarf named Nemesis which causes extinctions every 26 million years, which varies slightly from "30" million years. There is a blackened death metal band from The Netherlands called The Shiva Hypothesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6242575 |
Stanley Thatcher Blake (1910 – 24 February 1973) was an Australian botanist who served as president of the Royal Society of Queensland and who was associated with the Queensland Herbarium beginning in 1945 until his death. Prior to his stint with the Herbarium, Blake received a Walter and Eliza Hall Fellowship which allowed him to undertake botanical collecting expeditions to Western Queensland (1935–1937). Blake is also credited with validating the name "Melaleuca quinquenervia", which was initially proposed by Antonio José Cavanilles (1745–1804). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6242974 |
Spectral energy distribution A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a 'spectrum' of flux density vs frequency or wavelength). It is used in many branches of astronomy to characterize astronomical sources. For example, in radio astronomy they are used to show the emission from synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and other emission mechanisms. In infrared astronomy, SEDs can be used to classify young stellar objects. The count rates observed from a given astronomical radiation source have no simple relationship to the flux from that source, such as might be incident at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. This lack of a simple relationship is due in no small part to the complex properties of radiation detectors. These detector properties can be divided into | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6244916 |
Spectral index In astronomy, the spectral index of a source is a measure of the dependence of radiative flux density (that is, radiative flux per unit of frequency) on frequency. Given frequency formula_1 and radiative flux density formula_2, the spectral index formula_3 is given implicitly by Note that if flux does not follow a power law in frequency, the spectral index itself is a function of frequency. Rearranging the above, we see that the spectral index is given by Clearly the power law can only apply over a certain range of frequency because otherwise the integral over all frequencies would be infinite. is also sometimes defined in terms of wavelength formula_6. In this case, the spectral index formula_3 is given implicitly by and at a given frequency, spectral index may be calculated by taking the derivative The spectral index using the formula_2, which we may call formula_11 differs from the index formula_12 defined using formula_13 The total flux between two frequencies or wavelengths is which implies that The opposite sign convention is sometimes employed, in which the spectral index is given by The spectral index of a source can hint at its properties. For example, using the positive sign convention, the spectral index of the emission from an optically thin thermal plasma is -0.1, whereas for an optically thick plasma it is 2. Therefore, a spectral index of -0.1 to 2 at radio frequencies often indicates thermal emission, while a steep negative spectral index typically indicates synchrotron emission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6245046 |
Spectral index It is worth noting that the observed emission can be affected by several absorption processes that affect the low-frequency emission the most; the reduction in the observed emission at low frequencies might result in a positive spectral index even if the intrinsic emission has a negative index. Therefore, it is not straightforward to associate positive spectral indices with thermal emission. At radio frequencies (i.e. in the low-frequency, long-wavelength limit), where the Rayleigh–Jeans law is a good approximation to the spectrum of thermal radiation, intensity is given by Taking the logarithm of each side and taking the partial derivative with respect to formula_18 yields Using the positive sign convention, the spectral index of thermal radiation is thus formula_20 in the Rayleigh–Jeans regime. The spectral index departs from this value at shorter wavelengths, for which the Rayleigh–Jeans law becomes an increasingly inaccurate approximation, tending towards zero as intensity reaches a peak at a frequency given by Wien's displacement law. Because of the simple temperature-dependence of radiative flux in the Rayleigh–Jeans regime, the "radio spectral index" is defined implicitly by | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6245046 |
2MASS 0532+8246 (full designation 2MASS J05325346+8246465) is possibly the first brown dwarf observed in the galactic halo of the Milky Way, and the first known substellar subdwarf star. It was discovered from Two Micron All-Sky Survey data, and verified by observations at Palomar Observatory and W. M. Keck Observatory. It has a low metallicity, which indicates it is an old star. With an age of 12.5 billion years, it is the oldest known brown dwarf star. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6247753 |
Ukrainian Shield In geology the (or Ukrainian Crystalline Massif) is the southwest shield of the East European craton. The and the Voronezh Massif consist of 3.2-3.8 Ga Archaean crust in the southwest and east, and 2.3-2.1 Ga Early Proterozoic orogenic belts. Ukrainian shield is approx. 1000 km long and up to 250 km wide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6253634 |
Honeycomb mirror A honeycomb mirror is a large mirror usually used as the primary mirror in astronomical reflecting telescopes whose face is supported by a ribbed structure that resembles a honeycomb. The design provides sufficient rigidity for ultra-high-precision optics while reducing the weight of the mirror. The reduced weight, in turn, allows smaller, lighter support and control structures, reducing the overall cost of the telescope. The term may also refer to mirrors made up of a coordinated set of individual hexagonal mirrors. The development of the honeycomb mirror has allowed the creation of larger instruments than would be feasible with solid mirrors. Solid mirrors are not only mechanically cumbersome, but are also difficult to cast and safely cool into a single, large blocks of glass. Honeycomb designs can reduce the weight of the mirror by as much as 80%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6264576 |
Peter Demos Peter T. Demos (July 18, 1918 – September 18, 2012) was a professor in the Department of Physics and the Laboratory for Nuclear Science at MIT. A native of Peterborough, Ontario, Demos attended Peterborough Collegiate and Vocational School and Queen's University, and received a Ph.D. in Physics from MIT in 1951. He was a founder and former director of the Bates Linear Accelerator at MIT and served as advisor on nuclear science to John F. Kennedy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6265178 |
Hatten Yoder Hatten Schuyler Yoder, Jr., (March 20, 1921 – August 2, 2003) was a geophysicist and experimental petrologist who conducted pioneering work on minerals under high pressure and temperature. He was noted for his study of silicates and igneous rocks. Yoder was born in Cleveland, Ohio on March 20, 1921. Yoder was educated at the University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served as the fourth Director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory, from 1971 to 1986. In 1979, he received the Wollaston Medal. He died on August 2, 2003 at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland from sepsis and renal failure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6270839 |
Ochrea An ochrea (Latin "ocrea", greave or protective legging), also spelled ocrea, is a plant structure formed of stipules fused into a sheath surrounding the stem, and is typically found in the Polygonaceae. In palms it denotes an extension of the leaf sheath beyond the petiole insertion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6272900 |
Karen Manvelyan () is an Armenian biologist and environmentalist who has worked in San Francisco as a scientist for much of his life. He is now director of the World Wildlife Fund in Armenia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6275930 |
Isotope fractionation describes processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, often used in isotope geochemistry. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation in the natural environment can be measured by isotope analysis, using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, to separate different element isotopes on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio, an important tool to understand natural systems. For example, in biochemistry processes cause a fluctuation in the amount of isotopes of carbon ratios incorporated into a biological being. The difference between the true amount of carbon and the amount in the plant is known as isotope fractionation. Stable isotopes partitioning between two substances "A" and "B" can be expressed by the use of the isotopic fractionation factor (alpha): where "R" is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope (e.g., H/H or O/O). Values for alpha tend to be very close to 1. There are four types of isotope fractionation, of which the first two are normally most important: occurs during a phase transition, when the ratio of light to heavy isotopes in the involved molecules changes. When water vapor condenses (an equilibrium fractionation), the heavier water isotopes (O and H) become enriched in the liquid phase while the lighter isotopes (O and H) tend toward the vapor phase. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6284612 |
Metallogeny is the study of the genesis and regional-to-global distribution of mineral deposits, with emphasis on their relationship in space and time to regional petrologic and tectonic features of the Earth's crust. The term metallogeny (métallogénie) was created by , a professor at the Ecole des Mines de Paris, in his 1913 book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6285648 |
Sequence (geology) In geology, a sequence is a stratigraphic unit which is bounded by an unconformity at the top and at the bottom. In a more rigorous and general way a sequence is defined as a "relatively conformable [...], genetically related succession of strata bounded by unconformities or their correlative surfaces" Special cases of sequences include type 1 sequences and type 2 sequences. A related concept are parasequences. Contrary to their name they are not smaller sequences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6286608 |
Compression (geology) In geology, the term compression refers to a set of stress directed toward the center of a rock mass. Compressive strength refers to the maximum compressive stress that can be applied to a material before failure occurs. When the maximum compressive stress is in a horizontal orientation, thrust faulting can occur, resulting in the shortening and thickening of that portion of the crust. When the maximum compressive stress is vertical, a section of rock will often fail in normal faults, horizontally extending and vertically thinning a given layer of rock. Compressive stresses can also result in folding of rocks. Because of the large magnitudes of lithostatic stress in tectonic plates, tectonic-scale deformation is always subjected to net compressive stress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6286819 |
Olistostrome An olistostrome is a sedimentary deposit composed of a chaotic mass of heterogeneous material, such as blocks and mud, known as olistoliths, that accumulates as a semifluid body by submarine gravity sliding or slumping of the unconsolidated sediments. It is a mappable stratigraphic unit which lacks true bedding, but is intercalated amongst normal bedding sequences, as in the Cenozoic basin of central Sicily. The term olistostrome is derived from the Greek "olistomai" (to slide) and "stroma" (accumulation). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6292451 |
GME of Deutscher Wetterdienst GME was an operational global numerical weather prediction model run by Deutscher Wetterdienst, the German national meteorological service. The model was run using an almost uniform icosahedral-hexagonal grid. The GME grid point approach avoided the disadvantages of spectral techniques as well as the pole problem in latitude–longitude grids and provides a data structure well suited to high efficiency on distributed memory parallel computers. The GME replaced two previous models (the GM and EM), and was first run on 1 December 1999. The GME was replaced by the ICON model on 20 January, 2015. The GME's approach to a global grid would later be utilized by the Flow-following, finite-volume Icosahedral Model (FIM), an experimental model currently in development in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6298225 |
Succession (geology) In geology, a succession is series of strata or rock units in chronological order. Rock successions can be seen in cross-sections through rock, for example in a road cutting or cliff. With sedimentary layers of rocks, newer units will be above older units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6304351 |
Nanoporous materials consist of a regular organic or inorganic framework supporting a regular, porous structure. The size of the pores is generally 100 nanometers or smaller. Most nanoporous materials can be classified as bulk materials or membranes. Activated carbon and zeolites are two examples of bulk nanoporous materials, while cell membranes can be thought of as nanoporous membranes. A porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). There are many natural nanoporous materials, but artificial materials can also be manufactured. One method of doing so is to combine polymers with different melting points, so that upon heating one polymer degrades. A nanoporous material with consistently sized pores has the property of letting only certain substances pass through, while blocking others. can be subdivided into 3 categories, set out by IUPAC: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6308157 |
Lippmann electrometer A is a device for detecting small rushes of electric current and was invented by Gabriel Lippmann in 1873. The device consists of a tube which is thick on one end and very thin on the other. The thin end is designed to act as a capillary tube. The tube is half-filled with mercury with a small amount of dilute sulfuric acid above the mercury in the capillary tube. Metal wires are connected at the thick end into the mercury and at the thin end into the sulfuric acid. When the pulse of electricity arrives it changes the surface tension of the mercury and allows it to leap up a short distance in the capillary tube. This device was used in the first practical ECG machine which was invented by Augustus Desiré Waller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6316384 |
IQVIA IQVIA, formerly Quintiles and IMS Health, Inc., is an American multinational company serving the combined industries of health information technology and clinical research. It is a provider of biopharmaceutical development and commercial outsourcing services, focused primarily on Phase I-IV clinical trials and associated laboratory and analytical services, including consulting services. It has a network of more than 58,000 employees in more than 100 countries. As of 2019, was reported to be one of the world's largest contract research organizations. In 1982, Dennis Gillings founded and incorporated Quintiles Transnational in North Carolina. Quintiles Transnational established Quintiles Pacific Inc. and Quintiles Ireland Ltd. in 1990. In 1991 Quintiles GmbH was established in Germany and Quintiles Laboratories Ltd. was established in Atlanta, Georgia. In September 1996, Quintiles purchased Innovex Ltd. of Britain for $747.5 million in stock. Quintiles went public in 1997 and completed a successful secondary stock offering. Over the course of 2016, concluding on October 3, Quintiles underwent a $17.6 billion merger with IMS Health, becoming QuintilesIMS. As a result of the merger, the OneKey worldwide healthcare professionals database developed by Cegedim Relationship Management became part of QuintilesIMS. In November 2017, the company adopted the new name of IQVIA, and changed its ticker symbol on the NYSE from Q to IQV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6324689 |
Turbophoresis is the tendency for particles to migrate in the direction of decreasing turbulence level. The principle tends to segregate particles entrained in high velocity gases axially toward the wall region. Caporaloni et al. (1975) first found that because the vertical gradient of turbulence near a depositing surface is large, turbophoresis is expected to enhance rate of particle deposition onto the surface. It was also predicted independently by Reeks (1983) who derived it rigorously from the particle kinetic equation and showed that it arose from a force balance between the net drag force and the gradient of the particle kinetic stresses acting on the particles due to the turbulence. He predicted that this would lead to a buildup of concentration near the wall, a feature which has been observed both experimentally and in Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). He also independently called it turbophoresis. Dasgupta et al., (1997) demonstrated that the non-uniform cross-sectional particle distribution observed during high-velocity flow of gas-particle mixtures through a vertical duct is indeed driven by turbophoresis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6343295 |
Certolizumab pegol (CDP870, tradename Cimzia) is a biologic medication for the treatment of Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. It is a fragment of a monoclonal antibody specific to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and is manufactured by UCB. is a monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha. More precisely, it is a PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized TNF inhibitor monoclonal antibody. Significant side effects occur in 2% of people who take the medication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6352441 |
Kramers–Heisenberg formula The Kramers–Heisenberg dispersion formula is an expression for the cross section for scattering of a photon by an atomic electron. It was derived before the advent of quantum mechanics by Hendrik Kramers and Werner Heisenberg in 1925, based on the correspondence principle applied to the classical dispersion formula for light. The quantum mechanical derivation was given by Paul Dirac in 1927. The was an important achievement when it was published, explaining the notion of "negative absorption" (stimulated emission), the Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule, and inelastic scattering — where the energy of the scattered photon may be larger or smaller than that of the incident photon — thereby anticipating the Raman effect. The Kramers–Heisenberg (KH) formula for second order processes is<BR> formula_1 It represents the probability of the emission of photons of energy formula_2 in the solid angle formula_3 (centered in the formula_4 direction), after the excitation of the system with photons of energy formula_5. formula_6 are the initial, intermediate and final states of the system with energy formula_7 respectively; the delta function ensures the energy conservation during the whole process. formula_8 is the relevant transition operator. formula_9 is the intrinsic linewidth of the intermediate state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6363696 |
Carl Friedrich Schmidt (1832) Carl Friedrich Schmidt (, Fyodor Bogdanovich Schmidt; also known as Friedrich Schmidt; in Kaisma, Livonia – in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German geologist and botanist in the Russian Empire. He is acknowledged as the founder of Estonian geology. In the mid-19th century, he researched Estonian oil shale, kukersite, and named it as kuckers. Main papers of Friedrich Schmidt research the stratigraphy and fauna of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in Estonia and the neighboring areas. In 1885 he became academician of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He won the Wollaston Medal, awarded by the Geological Society of London, in 1902. Friedrich Schmidt was the first European to "discover" the Sakhalin Fir on the Russian island of Sakhalin in 1866, but he did not introduce it to Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6372381 |
No-broadcast theorem In physics, the no-broadcast theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no-cloning theorem: since quantum states cannot be copied in general, they cannot be broadcast. Here, the word "broadcast" is used in the sense of conveying the state to two or more recipients. For multiple recipients to each receive the state, there must be, in some sense, a way of duplicating the state. The no-broadcast theorem generalizes the no-cloning theorem for mixed states. The no-cloning theorem says that it is impossible to create two copies of an unknown state given a single copy of the state. The no-broadcast theorem says that, given a single copy of a state drawn from a restricted non-commuting set, it is impossible to create a state such that one part of it is the same as the original state and the other part is also the same as the original state. That is, given an initial state formula_1 it is impossible to create a state formula_2 in a Hilbert space formula_3 such that the partial trace formula_4 and formula_5. Remarkably, the theorem does not hold if more than one copy of the initial state are provided: for example, broadcasting six copies starting from four copies of the original state is allowed, even if the states are drawn from a non-commuting set. The purity of the state can even be increased in the process, a phenomenon known as superbroadcasting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6387477 |
Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (3 December 1816, in Copenhagen – 23 October 1882, in Frederiksberg) was a Danish zoologist and herpetologist. The son of Johannes Christopher Hagemann Reinhardt. He participated as botanist in the first Galathea Expedition (1845—1847). In 1848 he became a curator at the "Kongelige Naturhistoriske Museum" in Copenhagen (now University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum). He taught classes in zoology at the "Danmarks Tekniske Universitet" (1856–1878) and at the University of Copenhagen (1861–1878). In 1854 he received the title of professor. During the 1840s and 1850s he periodically worked in Brazil as an assistant to palaeontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund (1801–1880). He was an early supporter of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, and from his research of extinct species, was critical of George Cuvier's concept of "anti-evolutionary catastrophism". With Christian Frederik Lütken (1827–1901), he was co-author of "Bidrag til Kundskab om Brasiliens Padder og Krybdyr" (Contributions to the knowledge of Brazilian amphibians and reptiles). He described 25 new species of reptiles, some with Lütken. In 1848, Hermann Schlegel named the Calabar "python", "Calabaria reinhardtii", in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6389068 |
Paul Fourmarier Paul Frédéric Joseph Fourmarier (25 December 1877 – 20 January 1970) was a Belgian geologist and specialist in tectonics, after whom Fourmarierite is named. Fourmarier was born in La Hulpe, Province of Brabant, Belgium and studied at the University of Liège, graduating in 1899. He became a professor of geology at the university in 1920. His specialist area was the study of fold structures and cleavage and he described the overthrust nappes in the Ardennes. He won the Wollaston Medal in 1957, and the Penrose Gold Medal in 1952. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6389608 |
Prebiotic score A Prebiotic Score, also known as Prebiotic Activity Score, is a term sometimes used to estimate the health effects of prebiotics in humans or animals. The idea is that prebiotics may have many different effects in the human gut, some of these may be quantified and combined to an overall score. For example, an increase in the populations of bifidobacteria or lactobacilli coincides with a relative increase in prebiotic activity; accordingly, an increase in enteric bacteria strains such as "Clostridium perfringens" result in a decrease of prebiotic activity. Also, increases and reductions of certain enzymes may be used as factors in a prebiotic score. Measure of the prebiotic effect (MPE) is a quantitative analysis that takes into an account a number of dominant bacterial groups and end products of fermentation such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and substrate assimilation. MPE was developed by Jelena Vulevic in conjunction with Glenn R Gibson and Robert Rastall and sponsored by Novartis Consumer Health Several quantitative approaches have been developed to aid in the analysis of prebiotics and their individual and collective activity within the gut Microbiome. These approaches are in part used to calculate the Measure of the Prebiotic Effect or (MPE). One of the first quantitative approaches, the Prebiotic index or (PI), is a quantitative tool used to compare the prebiotic effect of dietary oligosaccharides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6395328 |
Prebiotic score The Prebiotic Index equation takes into account bifidobacteria (Bif), bacteroides (Bac), lactobacilli (Lac), and clostridia (Clos): <br> "PI = (Bif/Total) - (Bac/Total) + (Lac/Total) - (Clos/Total)" The rate of assimilation is the measure of the substrate assimilation calculated by measuring the substrate concentration over time: <br> S = substrate concentration after the time interval, , e.g. in hours; S = initial substrate concentration and A = rate of substrate assimilation, e.g. per hour, e.g. during the exponential phase of bacterial population growth. <br> Rate of Assimilation: S = S - At Rate of growth is determined by an equation that is based on the rate of growth for the bacterial populations. <br> Rate of growth uses the following equation: <br> ln "N" = ln "N" + µ PIm = μmaxBif + μmaxLac + μmaxEub - μmaxBac - μmaxClos - μmaxEC - μmaxSRB TSCFA = A + B + P + L where A is acetate, B is butyrate, P is propionate and L is lactate Ratio = dL/dTSCFA MPE=0.5(XY+YZ+ZX) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6395328 |
Synbiotics refer to food ingredients or dietary supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics. The synbiotic concept was first introduced as "mixtures of probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affect the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, by selectively stimulating the growth and/or by activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria, thus improving host welfare". As of 2018, the research on this concept is preliminary, with no high-quality evidence from clinical research that such benefits exist. may be complementary synbiotics, where each component is independently chosen for its potential effect on host health, or synergistic synbiotics, where the prebiotic component is chosen to support the activity of the chosen probiotic. Research is evaluating if synbiotics can be optimized, (known as 'optibiotics') which are purported to enhance the growth and health benefits of existing probiotics. Probiotics are live bacteria which are intended to colonize the large intestine, although as of 2018, there is no evidence that adding dietary bacteria to healthy people has any added effect. A prebiotic is a food or dietary supplement product that may induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms. A prebiotic may be a fiber, but a fiber is not necessarily a prebiotic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6396920 |
Synbiotics Using prebiotics and probiotics in combination may be described as synbiotic, but the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization recommends that the term "synbiotic" be used only if the net health benefit is synergistic. Synbiotic formulations in combination with pasteurized breast milk are under preliminary clinical research for their potential to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, although there was insufficient evidence to warrant recommending synbiotics for this use as of 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6396920 |
Geological Conservation Review The (GCR) is produced by the UK's Joint Nature Conservation Committee and is designed to identify those sites of national and international importance needed to show all the key scientific elements of the geological and geomorphological features of Britain. These sites display sediments, rocks, minerals, fossils, and features of the landscape that make a special contribution to an understanding and appreciation of Earth science and the geological history of Britain, which stretches back more than three billion years. The intention of the project, which was devised in 1974 by George Black and William Wimbledon working for the Governmental advisory agency, the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), was activated in 1977. It aimed to provide the scientific rationale and information base for the conservation of geological SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest, protected under British law (latterly the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, as amended 1995). The NCC and country conservation agencies were established in 1990 when JNCC became established (Environmental Protection Act 1990) and took over responsibility for managing the GCR site assessment process, and publishing accounts of accepted sites. By the year 2000, over 3000 localities had been identified as qualifying for GCR standard (SSSI standard). NCC and later JNCC, have published detailed site descriptions of the GCR localities. For part of the GCR Series of books, commercial publishers were involved, principally Chapman & Hall | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6397354 |
Geological Conservation Review To date 36 of the planned 45 volumes have been published, with volumes 15 to 36 being published by JNCC directly, and available for sale through the Natural History Book Service, Totnes. The GCR is broken down into 107 'blocks' whereby sites with a similarly themed interest are collected together and described in one of the published volumes described above. A block may contain anything from 2 to 140 sites: Precambrian and Structural Geology Igneous and Mineralogy Palaeozoic Stratigraphy Mesozoic-Tertiary Stratigraphy Palaeontology Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Geomorphology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6397354 |
Cecil Edgar Tilley Prof FRS HFRSE PGS (14 May 1894 – 24 January 1973) was an Australian-British petrologist and geologist. He was born in Unley, Adelaide, the youngest child of John Thomas Edward Tilley, a civil engineer from London, and his wife South Australia-born wife, Catherine Jane Nicholas. Cecil was educated at Adelaide High School, then studied Chemistry and Geology under William Rowan Browne at the University of Adelaide, and the University of Sydney, graduating in 1915. In 1916, during the First World War, he went to South Queensferry near Edinburgh in Scotland to work as a chemist Department of Explosives Supply. He returned to Australia in December 1918. He won an Exhibition of 1851 scholarship to the University of Cambridge in 1919, where he studied Geology under Alfred Harker. From 1923 he was employed at Cambridge University, becoming Professor of Geology in 1931. Most of the remainder of his life was spent in England, though spent 1938-9 in Australia and visited regularly after the Second World War. In 1929, while investigating a volcanic plug at Scawt Hill, near Larne, Northern Ireland for the Mineralogical Magazine he identified and named the new minerals larnite and scawtite. In 1931 he was appointed professor of Mineralogy and Petrology at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, a newly created department. In 1938 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and served as their Vice President 1949/50. He won the Society's Royal Medal in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6397814 |
Cecil Edgar Tilley From 1948 to 1951 he was President of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain. He was President of the Geological Society 1949/50. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1957. He died at home in Cambridge on 24 January 1973 aged 78, and his body was cremated. In 1928 he married Irene Doris Marshall at Holy Trinity Church, Kingsway, London. They had one daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6397814 |
Seeding (fluid dynamics) Seeding a material is a concept used in fluid dynamics to describe the act of introducing specific particulates or other foreign substances into a stream of fluid being evaluated. An altered fluid will be described as having a seeded flow. These particulates are generally small enough to be carried by the fluid but large enough to be picked up using a flow visualization technique, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In reference to aerodynamic testing, such as wind tunnel testing, water tunnel testing, or any other test investigating the flow of a fluid which may be invisible to the naked eye, seeding a flow is often the only way to take visual measurements. Simple examples of a seeded flow include the introduction of smoke into a low speed wind tunnel to see the general path of the air, or injecting colored dye into a water tunnel to see secondary flow structures such as hairpin vortices. As stated in "The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics", an ideal seeding particle should have uniform properties such that its density is the same as the fluid that it's added to. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6398170 |
Vagabond (boat) Vagabond is a yacht specifically designed to sail in icy waters. In 2001, she was the first boat to go through the North-East passage without wintering. In 2002, she came back to France via the North-west Passage, completing the first circumnavigation around the Arctic ocean. "Vagabond" now serves as a logistic support for scientific expeditions in the Arctic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6411296 |
DNA clamp A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp or β-clamp, is a protein fold that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication. As a critical component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the clamp protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand. The clamp-polymerase protein–protein interactions are stronger and more specific than the direct interactions between the polymerase and the template DNA strand; because one of the rate-limiting steps in the DNA synthesis reaction is the association of the polymerase with the DNA template, the presence of the sliding clamp dramatically increases the number of nucleotides that the polymerase can add to the growing strand per association event. The presence of the can increase the rate of DNA synthesis up to 1,000-fold compared with a nonprocessive polymerase. The fold is an α+β protein that assembles into a multimeric structure that completely encircles the DNA double helix as the polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strand. The assembles on the DNA at the replication fork and "slides" along the DNA with the advancing polymerase, aided by a layer of water molecules in the central pore of the clamp between the DNA and the protein surface. Because of the toroidal shape of the assembled multimer, the clamp cannot dissociate from the template strand without also dissociating into monomers. The fold is found in bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and some viruses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6425322 |
DNA clamp In bacteria, the sliding clamp is a homodimer composed of two identical beta subunits of DNA polymerase III and hence is referred to as the beta clamp. In archaea and eukaryotes, it is a trimer composed of three molecules of PCNA. The T4 bacteriophage also uses a sliding clamp, called gp45 that is a trimer similar in structure to PCNA but lacks sequence homology to either PCNA or the bacterial beta clamp. The beta clamp is a specific and a subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme found in bacteria. Two beta subunits are assembled around the DNA by the gamma subunit and ATP hydrolysis; this assembly is called the pre-initiation complex. After assembly around the DNA, the beta subunits' affinity for the gamma subunit is replaced by an affinity for the alpha and epsilon subunits, which together create the complete holoenzyme. DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. The gamma complex of DNA polymerase III, composed of γδδ'χψ subunits, catalyzes ATP to chaperone two beta subunits to bind to DNA. Once bound to DNA, the beta subunits can freely slide along double stranded DNA. The beta subunits in turn bind the αε polymerase complex. The α subunit possesses DNA polymerase activity and the ε subunit is a 3’-5’ exonuclease. The beta chain of bacterial DNA polymerase III is composed of three topologically equivalent domains (N-terminal, central, and C-terminal). Two beta chain molecules are tightly associated to form a closed ring encircling duplex DNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6425322 |
DNA clamp Certain NSAIDs (carprofen, bromfenac, and vedaprofen) exhibit some suppression of bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting bacterial DNA clamp. The sliding clamp in eukaryotes is assembled from a specific subunit of DNA polymerase delta called the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PCNA are topologically identical. Three PCNA molecules are tightly associated to form a closed ring encircling duplex DNA. The sequence of PCNA is well conserved between plants, animals and fungi, indicating a strong selective pressure for structure conservation, and suggesting that this type of DNA replication mechanism is conserved throughout eukaryotes. Homologues of PCNA have also been identified in the archaea ("Euryarchaeota" and "Crenarchaeota") and in Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) and in nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. The viral gp45 sliding clamp subunit protein contains two domains. Each domain consists of two alpha helices and two beta sheets – the fold is duplicated and has internal pseudo two-fold symmetry. Three gp45 molecules are tightly associated to form a closed ring encircling duplex DNA. Sliding clamps are loaded onto their associated DNA template strands by specialized proteins known as "sliding clamp loaders", which also disassemble the clamps after replication has completed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6425322 |
DNA clamp The binding sites for these initiator proteins overlap with the binding sites for the DNA polymerase, so the clamp cannot simultaneously associate with a clamp loader and with a polymerase. Thus the clamp will not be actively disassembled while the polymerase remains bound. DNA clamps also associate with other factors involved in DNA and genome homeostasis, such as nucleosome assembly factors, Okazaki fragment ligases, and DNA repair proteins. All of these proteins also share a binding site on the that overlaps with the clamp loader site, ensuring that the clamp will not be removed while any enzyme is still working on the DNA. The activity of the clamp loader requires ATP hydrolysis to "close" the clamp around the DNA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6425322 |
Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski (February 25, 1906 in Grodzisk Wielkopolski – November 13, 1982) was a Polish chemist, physicist and mathematician. An institute in Wrocław, Poland called the Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research is named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6431686 |
Bítov Castle (, ) is a castle on a steep promotory towering above the meandering River Želetavka, near the Vranov reservoir, in the village of Bítov, some northwest of Znojmo, Czech Republic. Built in the 11th century, Bítov is one of the oldest and largest Moravian castles. A Přemyslid fortified settlement originally stood on the site and included the Chapel of Our Lady ("Kostelík Panny Marie"). The fort was rebuilt in the first half of the 13th century as an impregnable Gothic castle guarding the southern boundaries of the Přemyslid lands. In the 14th century a new inner ward was built along with Late Gothic fortifications. The Lords of Bítov became the new owners of the castle and based themselves here for four centuries. They carried out further improvements to the defensive capabilities of the castle. Bítov finally underwent Baroque remodelling, and gained its present form at the beginning of the 19th century, when it passed into the hands of the Counts of Daun. The descendants of Marshal Daun, the famous military leader, rebuilt the castle in the spirit of the Romantic style. Between 1811 and 1845 the richly-decorated state rooms were created, on the basis of proposals of Anton Schuler. The culmination of the re-Gothicising work was the remodelling of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin ("kostel Nanebevzetí Panny Marie") by Viennense architect Anton Rucker, who left the original Gothic furnishings. At the end of the 20th century, Bítov underwent extensive refurbishment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6439042 |
Bítov Castle The structural arrangement of the castle through remodelling, which was carried out several times later on, is an example of the Czech Early Gothic castle architecture. The arrangement is highly intricate and leads in one direction towards the front moat, to which both the wedge-shaped round towers pointed. The outer tower, above the moat, was later merged with the body of the castle, while the other tower stands alone at the rear of the inner court. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6439042 |
Zaven Khatchaturian Dr. Zaven Khachaturian is a neuroscientist and Alzheimer's disease researcher. Khachaturian previously worked for the National Institute on Aging. He is currently the head of research at the Alzheimer's Association in the United States. He was named the editor of the journal "Alzheimer's and Dementia". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6446168 |
NGC 1023 Group The NGC 1023 group is a group of galaxies about 20.6 million light-years away from Earth. It is a group in the Local Supercluster along with the Local Group. The location of the NGC 1023 group within the Virgo supercluster (as part of the Laniakea supercluster) can be found near the center of this diagram - below the blue "Local Group" mark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6446538 |
Overcast or overcast weather, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization, is the meteorological condition of clouds obscuring at least 95% of the sky. However, the total cloud cover must not be entirely due to obscuring phenomena near the surface, such as fog. Overcast, written as "OVC" in the METAR observation, is reported when the cloud cover is observed to equal eight oktas (eighths). An overcast sky may be explicitly identified as thin (mostly transparent), but otherwise is considered opaque, which always constitutes a ceiling in aviation meteorology. Sometimes clouds can be different colors such as black or white, but overcast usually refers to darker skies. In some cases, it can be impossible to see distinct borders of clouds or the sky may be covered by a single type of cloud, such as stratus and the whole sky will be a dull white. Periods of overcast weather can range from a few hours to several days. weather can also affect people suffering from seasonal affective disorder. The same weather, when observed from above, might be referred to as (an) undercast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6446739 |
J. W. Kebabian Dr. John W. Kebabian is a neuropharmacologist and neuroscientist who was the first to discover that there were multiple subtypes of dopamine receptors. His pioneering work which was published in 1979 revolutionized the understanding of the role of dopamine receptors in cognition, movement and mental disorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6446769 |
NGC 2997 Group The NGC 2997 group is a group of galaxies about 24.8 million light-years from Earth containing NGC 2997 as a member. It is a group in the Local Supercluster along with the Local Group. G. De Vaucouleurs, 1975. Nearby Groups of Galaxies, ch. 5. the nearer groups within 10 megaparsecs. Published in "Galaxies and the Universe," ed. by A. Sandage, M. Sandage and J. Kristian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6447575 |
Canes II Group The or Canes Venatici II Group (CVn II Group) is a group of galaxies about 26.1 million light-years away from Earth. The group resides in the Local Supercluster. The largest galaxy within the cluster is M106 (NGC 4258), which is a barred spiral galaxy. Canes II is directly behind Canes I, which makes it difficult to show which galaxy belongs in which cluster. It is generally accepted that the following galaxies belong in Canes II; | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6448233 |
Engineering science and mechanics (ESM) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary engineering program and/or academic department. It is available at the Pennsylvania State University, University of Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, or University of Alabama. A Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Master of Engineering, or Ph.D. degree in engineering science, engineering mechanics, or engineering science and mechanics is awarded by these universities upon completion of the respective program. Areas of specialization available vary from one institution to another. In general, areas of specialization available may include, but are not limited to, aerodynamics, biomechanics, bionanotechnology, biosensors and bioelectronics, composite materials, continuum mechanics, data mining, electromagnetics of complex materials, electronic materials and devices, experimental mechanics, fluid mechanics, laser-assisted micromanufacturing, metamaterials, microfabrication, microfluidic systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), nanotechnology, neural engineering, non-destructive testing or evaluation, nonlinear dynamics, optoelectronics, photonics and plasmonics, quantum mechanics, solar-energy-harvesting materials, solid mechanics, solid-state physics, structural health monitoring, and thin films and nanostructured materials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6457764 |
Engineering science and mechanics In 1972, the department of engineering mechanics at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University changed its name and undergraduate program to engineering science and mechanics. In 1974, the department of engineering mechanics at the Pennsylvania State University merged with engineering science program and the department was renamed to engineering science and mechanics. is a graduate program in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The department of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Alabama offers graduate degrees in engineering science and mechanics. __notoc__ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6457764 |
Brake force Brake force, also known as Brake Power, is a measure of braking power of a vehicle. In the case of railways, it is important that staff are aware of the brake force of a locomotive so sufficient brake power will be available on trains, particularly heavy freight trains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6462018 |
Cartes du Ciel ("CDC" and "SkyChart") is a free and open source planetarium program for Linux, macOS, and Windows. With the change to version 3, Linux has been added as a target platform, licensing has changed from freeware to GPLv2 and the project moved to a new website. CDC includes the ability to control computerized GoTo telescope mounts, is ASCOM and INDI compliant, and supports the USNO's UCAC catalogs and ESA Gaia data, along with numerous other catalogs and utilities. According to the programmer, Patrick Chevalley, it was released as freeware because "I’d rather see amateurs spend their money for a new eyepiece than for astronomy software". Chevalley has also created a lunar atlas program, "Virtual Moon Atlas", which is also free and open source software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6467957 |
Zinc finger nuclease Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains perfectly recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence, they can generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site. Other procedures can utilize either 1-finger or 2-finger modules to generate zinc-finger arrays with six or more individual zinc fingers. The main drawback with this procedure is the specificities of individual zinc fingers can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. Without methods to account for this "context dependence", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails unless it is used to recognize sequences of the form (GNN). Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc-finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bound a given DNA target from a large pool of partially randomized zinc-finger arrays. More recent efforts have utilized yeast one-hybrid systems, bacterial one-hybrid and two-hybrid systems, and mammalian cells. A promising new method to select novel zinc-finger arrays utilizes a bacterial two-hybrid system and has been dubbed "OPEN" by its creators. This system combines pre-selected pools of individual zinc fingers that were each selected to bind a given triplet and then utilizes a second round of selection to obtain 3-finger arrays capable of binding a desired 9-bp sequence. This system was developed by the Zinc-Finger Consortium as an alternative to commercial sources of engineered zinc-finger arrays. The non-specific cleavage domain from the type IIs restriction endonuclease FokI is typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cleave DNA and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target non-palindromic DNA sites. Standard ZFNs fuse the cleavage domain to the C-terminus of each zinc finger domain. To let the two cleavage domains dimerize and cleave DNA, the two individual ZFNs must bind opposite strands of DNA with their C-termini a certain distance apart. The most commonly used linker sequences between the zinc finger domain and the cleavage domain requires the 5' edge of each binding site to be separated by 5 to 7 bp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease Several different protein engineering techniques have been employed to improve both the activity and specificity of the nuclease domain used in ZFNs. Directed evolution has been employed to generate a FokI variant with enhanced cleavage activity that the authors dubbed "Sharkey". Structure-based design has also been employed to improve the cleavage specificity of FokI by modifying the dimerization interface so that only the intended heterodimeric species are active. Zinc finger nucleases are useful to manipulate the genomes of many plants and animals including arabidopsis, tobacco, soybean, corn, "Drosophila melanogaster", "C. elegans", "Platynereis dumerilii", sea urchin, silkworm, zebrafish, frogs, mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, cattle, and various types of mammalian cells. Zinc finger nucleases have also been used in a mouse model of haemophilia and a clinical trial found CD4+ human T-cells with the CCR5 gene disrupted by zinc finger nucleases to be safe as a potential treatment for HIV/AIDS. ZFNs are also used to create a new generation of genetic disease models called isogenic human disease models. ZFNs can be used to disable dominant mutations in heterozygous individuals by producing double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA (see Genetic recombination) in the mutant allele, which will, in the absence of a homologous template, be repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). NHEJ repairs DSBs by joining the two ends together and usually produces no mutations, provided that the cut is clean and uncomplicated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease In some instances, however, the repair is imperfect, resulting in deletion or insertion of base-pairs, producing frame-shift and preventing the production of the harmful protein. Multiple pairs of ZFNs can also be used to completely remove entire large segments of genomic sequence. To monitor the editing activity, a PCR of the target area amplifies both alleles and, if one contains an insertion, deletion, or mutation, it results in a heteroduplex single-strand bubble that cleavage assays can easily detect. ZFNs have also been used to modify disease-causing alleles in triplet repeat disorders. Expanded CAG/CTG repeat tracts are the genetic basis for more than a dozen inherited neurological disorders including Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and several spinocerebellar ataxias. It has been demonstrated in human cells that ZFNs can direct double-strand breaks (DSBs) to CAG repeats and shrink the repeat from long pathological lengths to short, less toxic lengths. Recently, a group of researchers have successfully applied the ZFN technology to genetically modify the gol pigment gene and the ntl gene in zebrafish embryo. Specific zinc-finger motifs were engineered to recognize distinct DNA sequences. The ZFN-encoding mRNA was injected into one-cell embryos and a high percentage of animals carried the desired mutations and phenotypes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease Their research work demonstrated that ZFNs can specifically and efficiently create heritable mutant alleles at loci of interest in the germ line, and ZFN-induced alleles can be propagated in subsequent generations. Similar research of using ZFNs to create specific mutations in zebrafish embryo has also been carried out by other research groups. The kdr gene in zebra fish encodes for the vascular endothelial growth factor-2 receptor. Mutagenic lesions at this target site was induced using ZFN technique by a group of researchers in US. They suggested that the ZFN technique allows straightforward generation of a targeted allelic series of mutants; it does not rely on the existence of species-specific embryonic stem cell lines and is applicable to other vertebrates, especially those whose embryos are easily available; finally, it is also feasible to achieve targeted knock-ins in zebrafish, therefore it is possible to create human disease models that are heretofore inaccessible. ZFNs are also used to rewrite the sequence of an allele by invoking the homologous recombination (HR) machinery to repair the DSB using the supplied DNA fragment as a template. The HR machinery searches for homology between the damaged chromosome and the extra-chromosomal fragment and copies the sequence of the fragment between the two broken ends of the chromosome, regardless of whether the fragment contains the original sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease If the subject is homozygous for the target allele, the efficiency of the technique is reduced since the undamaged copy of the allele may be used as a template for repair instead of the supplied fragment. The success of gene therapy depends on the efficient insertion of therapeutic genes at the appropriate chromosomal target sites within the human genome, without causing cell injury, oncogenic mutations or an immune response. The construction of plasmid vectors is simple and straightforward. Custom-designed ZFNs that combine the non-specific cleavage domain (N) of "Fok"I endonuclease with zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) offer a general way to deliver a site-specific DSB to the genome, and stimulate local homologous recombination by several orders of magnitude. This makes targeted gene correction or genome editing a viable option in human cells. Since ZFN-encoding plasmids could be used to transiently express ZFNs to target a DSB to a specific gene locus in human cells, they offer an excellent way for targeted delivery of the therapeutic genes to a pre-selected chromosomal site. The ZFN-encoding plasmid-based approach has the potential to circumvent all the problems associated with the viral delivery of therapeutic genes. The first therapeutic applications of ZFNs are likely to involve "ex vivo" therapy using a patients own stem cells. After editing the stem cell genome, the cells could be expanded in culture and reinserted into the patient to produce differentiated cells with corrected functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease Initial targets likely include the causes of monogenic diseases, such as the IL2Rγ gene and the b-globin gene for gene correction and CCR5 gene for mutagenesis and disablement. If the zinc finger domains are not specific enough for their target site or they do not target a unique site within the genome of interest, off-target cleavage may occur. Such off-target cleavage may lead to the production of enough double-strand breaks to overwhelm the repair machinery and, as a consequence, yield chromosomal rearrangements and/or cell death. Off-target cleavage events may also promote random integration of donor DNA. Two separate methods have been demonstrated to decrease off-target cleavage for 3-finger ZFNs that target two adjacent 9-basepair sites. Other groups use ZFNs with 4, 5 or 6 zinc fingers that target longer and presumably rarer sites and such ZFNs could theoretically yield less off-target activity. A comparison of a pair of 3-finger ZFNs and a pair of 4-finger ZFNs detected off-target cleavage in human cells at 31 loci for the 3-finger ZFNs and at 9 loci for the 4-finger ZFNs. Whole genome sequencing of "C. elegans" modified with a pair of 5-finger ZFNs found only the intended modification and a deletion at a site "unrelated to the ZFN site" indicating this pair of ZFNs was capable of targeting a unique site in the "C. elegans" genome. As with many foreign proteins inserted into the human body, there is a risk of an immunological response against the therapeutic agent and the cells in which it is active | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease Since the protein must be expressed only transiently, however, the time over which a response may develop is short. Liu et al. respectively target ZFNickases to the endogenous b-casein(CSN2) locus stimulates lysostaphin and human lysozyme gene addition by homology-directed repair and derive secrete lysostaphin cows. The ability to precisely manipulate the genomes of plants and animals has numerous applications in basic research, agriculture, and human therapeutics. Using ZFNs to modify endogenous genes has traditionally been a difficult task due mainly to the challenge of generating zinc finger domains that target the desired sequence with sufficient specificity. Improved methods of engineering zinc finger domains and the availability of ZFNs from a commercial supplier now put this technology in the hands of increasing numbers of researchers. Several groups are also developing other types of engineered nucleases including engineered homing endonucleases TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) are particularly interesting because TAL effectors appear to be very simple to engineer and TALENs can be used to target endogenous loci in human cells. But to date no one has reported the isolation of clonal cell lines or transgenic organisms using such reagents. One type of ZFN, known as SB-728-T, has been tested for potential application in the treatment of HIV. Zinc-finger nickases (ZFNickases) are created by inactivating the catalytic activity of one ZFN monomer in the ZFN dimer required for double-strand cleavage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Zinc finger nuclease ZFNickases demonstrate strand-specific nicking activity "in vitro" and thus provide for highly specific single-strand breaks in DNA. These SSBs undergo the same cellular mechanisms for DNA that ZFNs exploit, but they show a significantly reduced frequency of mutagenic NHEJ repairs at their target nicking site. This reduction provides a bias for HR-mediated gene modifications. ZFNickases can induce targeted HR in cultured human and livestock cells, although at lower levels than corresponding ZFNs from which they were derived because nicks can be repaired without genetic alteration. A major limitation of ZFN-mediated gene modifications is the competition between NHEJ and HR repair pathways. Regardless of the presence of a DNA donor construct, both repair mechanisms can be activated following DSBs induced by ZFNs. Thus, ZFNickases is the first plausible attempt at engineering a method to favor the HR method of DNA repair as opposed to the error-prone NHEJ repair. By reducing NHEJ repairs, ZFNickases can thereby reduce the spectrum of unwanted off-target alterations. The ease by which ZFNickases can be derive from ZFNs provides a great platform for further studies regarding the optimization of ZFNickases and possibly increasing their levels of targeted HR while still maintain their reduced NHEJ frequency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6476735 |
Helper virus A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to coinfect cells in order to replicate. Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy. Helper dependent virus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6478242 |
Limnetic zone The limnetic zone is the open and well-lit area of a freestanding body of fresh water, such as a lake or pond. Not included in this area is the littoral zone, which is the shallow, near-shore area of the water body. Together, these two zones comprise the photic zone. There are two main sources of oxygen to the photic zone: atmospheric mixing and photosynthesis. Unlike the profundal zone, the limnetic zone is the layer that receives sufficient sunlight, allowing for photosynthesis. For this reason, it is often simply referred to as the photic zone. The limnetic zone is the most photosynthetically-active zone of a lake since it is the primary habitat for planktonic species. Because phytoplankton populations are densest here, it is the zone most heavily responsible for oxygen production within the aquatic ecosystem. Limnetic communities are quite complex. Zooplankton populations often consist of copepods, cladocerans, and rotifers occurring in the open water of lakes. Most limnetic communities will consist of one dominant species of copepod, one dominant cladoceran, and one dominant rotifer. Zooplankters are able to move more freely through the limnetic zone than in the littoral zone, both vertically and horizontally. This is because the bottom of a lake is richer in debris and substrates that provide habitat niches. A limnetic zooplankton population will usually consist of two to four species, each in a different genus. In addition to zooplankton, organisms in the limnetic zone include insects and fish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6493525 |
Limnetic zone Many species of freshwater fish live in the limnetic zone because of the abundance of food, though these species often transition to the littoral zone as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6493525 |
Pake doublet A Pake Doublet (or "Pake Pattern")is a characteristic line shape seen in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was first described by George Pake. It arises from dipolar coupling between two spin half nuclei, or from transitions in quadrupolar nuclei such as deuterium. It is the general shape obtained from an orientationally dependent doublet. The "horns" of the correspond to the situation when the principal axis of the coupling interaction (the internuclear vector in the case dipolar coupling and the principal component of the electric field gradient tensor for quadrupolar nuclei) is perpendicular to the magnetic field. This situation is the most probable and the intensity is much higher. The "feet" of the lineshape correspond to the situation when the principal axis of the coupling interaction is parallel to the magnetic field which is much less statistically relevant. Pake was the first to describe this lineshape and used it to extract the proton-proton distance from his experiments on a single crystal and powdered hydrates of gypsum (CaSO.2HO). This made it possible to experimentally determine the internuclear distance between the hydrogen atoms in water. In solids with vacant positions, dipole coupling is averaged partially due to water diffusion which proceeds according to the symmetry of the solids and the probability distribution of molecules between the vacancies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6507201 |
Pake doublet In the case the averaged lineshape is used to analyze crystal symmetry, phase transitions, and the degree of molecular disorder in crystalline hydrates, zeolites, clays and biological tissues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6507201 |
Coastal warning display tower A coastal warning display tower, also known as a storm warning tower, is a type of signal station in the form of skeletal towers designed to provide warnings of hazardous wind conditions in coastal areas. The towers were developed in 1898 on the orders of President William McKinley. Through a system of flags, the towers can indicate not only wind-related warnings, but also major aspects of the local daily weather forecast. A single red pennant was shown from the top of the tower as a small craft advisory; for a gale warning, two such pennants were used. Two square flags, red with a black square at center, indicate an approaching hurricane or winds >73 MPH. One such flag warns of storm-force winds or an approaching tropical storm. Three lights, two red and one white, carry the signal at night. Red over white indicates a small craft advisory, white over red indicates a gale warning, red over red indicates a storm warning. All three lights together, red-white-red, warns of a hurricane or other hurricane-force wind event. Other flags can be used to indicate the direction of winds during a tropical storm or storm warning, to indicate the temperature change relative to the previous day, to warn of an approaching cold front, and to show the forecast coverage of precipitation (widespread fair weather, scattered precipitation, or widespread precipitation). The system of towers is widely considered unnecessary today due to the prevalence of NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards, and few original towers survive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6515277 |
Coastal warning display tower However, the system of using flags to indicate warnings related to strong winds in coastal areas remains in use by the U.S. Coast Guard, using ordinary flagpoles in lieu of the larger, more expensive, and more complex towers. At least one complete CWD tower, with all of its original equipment, remains in full operation in the city of Manteo, North Carolina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6515277 |
Hyperchromicity is the increase of absorbance ("optical density") of a material. The most famous example is the hyperchromicity of DNA that occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured. The UV absorption is increased when the two single DNA strands are being separated, either by heat or by addition of denaturant or by increasing the pH level. The opposite, a decrease of absorbance is called hypochromicity. Heat denaturation of DNA, also called melting, causes the double helix structure to unwind to form single stranded DNA. When DNA in solution is heated above its melting temperature (usually more than 80 °C), the double-stranded DNA unwinds to form single-stranded DNA. The bases become unstacked and can thus absorb more light. In their native state, the bases of DNA absorb light in the 260-nm wavelength region. When the bases become unstacked, the wavelength of maximum absorbance does not change, but the amount absorbed increases by 37%. A double stranded DNA strand dissociating to two single strands produces a sharp cooperative transition. can be used to track the condition of DNA as temperature changes. The transition/melting temperature (T) is the temperature where the absorbance of UV light is 50% between the maximum and minimum, i.e. where 50% of the DNA is denatured. A ten fold increase of monovalent cation concentration increases the temperature by 16.6 C. The hyperchromic effect is the striking increase in absorbance of DNA upon denaturation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6518049 |
Hyperchromicity The two strands of DNA are bound together mainly by the stacking interactions, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic effect between the complementary bases. The hydrogen bond limits the resonance of the aromatic ring so the absorbance of the sample is limited as well. When the DNA double helix is treated with denatured agents, the interaction force holding the double helical structure is disrupted. The double helix then separates into two single strands which are in the random coiled conformation. At this time, the base-base interaction will be reduced, increasing the UV absorbance of DNA solution because many bases are in free form and do not form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases. As a result, the absorbance for single-stranded DNA will be 37% higher than that for double stranded DNA at the same concentration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6518049 |
Impalefection is a method of gene delivery using nanomaterials, such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nanowires. Needle-like nanostructures are synthesized perpendicular to the surface of a substrate. Plasmid DNA containing the gene and intended for intracellular delivery, is attached to the nanostructure surface. A chip with arrays of these needles is then pressed against cells or tissue. Cells that are impaled by nanostructures can express the delivered gene(s). As one of the types of transfection, the term is derived from two words – impalement and infection. One of the features of impalefection is spatially resolved gene delivery that holds potential for such tissue engineering approaches in wound healing as gene activated matrix technology. Though impalefection is an efficient approach "in vitro", it has not yet been effectively used "in vivo" on live organisms and tissues. Vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays prepared by photolithography and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition are one of the suitable types of material. Silicon nanowires are another choice of nanoneedles that have been utilized for impalefection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6520671 |
James William McBain FRS (March 22, 1882 – March 12, 1953) was a Canadian chemist. He gained a Master of Arts at Toronto University and a Doctor of Science at Heidelberg University. He carried out pioneering work in the area of micelles at the University of Bristol. As early as 1913 he postulated the existence of "colloidal ions", now known as micelles, to explain the good electrolytic conductivity of sodium palmitate solutions. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1923 He won their Davy Medal in 1939. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6524119 |
NGC 5713 is a peculiar, asymmetric galaxy in the constellation Virgo. Although classified as a spiral galaxy by most galaxy catalogs, galaxy is very different from most normal spiral galaxies. While most spiral galaxies either have either two well-defined spiral arms or a filamentary spiral-like structure, this spiral galaxy has only one visible spiral arm in its disk. This makes it a galaxy of the Magellanic type. Gravitational interactions with the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5719 may be responsible for producing the disturbed, asymmetric structure including the single spiral arm. is at the center of a small group of spiral galaxies that also includes NGC 5691, NGC 5705, and NGC 5719. Compared to many other nearby spiral galaxies, appears to be a site of relatively intense star formation activity. The boost in star formation in may be linked to the gravitational interactions with NGC 5719. The interactions are expected to disturb the orbits of gas clouds in NGC 5713, thus causing the clouds to collide with each other. The collisions cause the clouds to collapse and form new stars, hence leading to the increased star formation seen in NGC 5713. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6535757 |
Tuft (aeronautics) In aviation, tufts are strips of yarn or string, typically around , attached to an aircraft surface in a grid pattern and imaged during flight. The motion of the tufts during flight can be observed and recorded, to locate flow features such as boundary layer separation and reattachment. Tufting is, therefore, a technique for flow visualization. They are used in aeronautics flight testing to study air flow direction, strength, and boundary layer properties. The world's largest bed of tufts (18.6 m by 18.6 m, 61 feet by 61 feet) was created at NASA Ames Research Center to study air flow fields involving a helicopter's rotor disk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6539344 |
Cloudscape (art) In art, a cloudscape is the depiction of a view of clouds or the sky. Usually, as in the examples seen here, the clouds are depicted as viewed from the earth, often including just enough of a landscape to suggest scale, orientation, weather conditions, and distance (through the application of the technique of aerial perspective). The terms "cloudscape" and skyscape are sometimes used interchangeably, although a skyscape does not necessarily include a view of clouds. A highly complex cloudscape—as in some works of J. M. W. Turner, for example—within an otherwise conventional landscape painting, can sometimes seem like an abstract painting-within-a-painting, nearly obliterating the realistic setting with a grand display of gestural force. Some critics have explicitly cited 19th century cloudscapes and seascapes as precursors of the work of abstract expressionist artists such as Helen Frankenthaler. Thus, commenting on a 1999 Turner exhibition, "The New York Times" art critic Roberta Smith writes that, in 1966, "the Museum of Modern Art established the artist's lush late works ... as precursors of both Impressionism and modernist abstraction. The current show is a feast of Frankenthaleresque plumes of color...". Smith further observes that such works "conflate extremes of sea and sky with extremes of painting, showing both to contain elements of the unfathomable and the unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6539646 |
Cloudscape (art) " There are some later cloudscape paintings - for example, the famous cloudscapes of Georgia O'Keeffe - in which the clouds are seen from above, as though viewed from an airplane. According to an essay at the website of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Among the most dramatic and well-known images of O'Keeffe's later years are her cloudscapes of the 1960s and '70s. Traveling around the world, she was exhilarated by the views seen from an airplane window." Below, in the "external links" section, is a link to a color image of O'Keeffe's gigantic cloudscape entitled "Sky Above Clouds IV" ( 1965; oil on canvas; 8 x 24 ft.; Art Institute of Chicago). Such "airborne-view" cloudscapes are in a sense aerial landscapes, except that typically there is no view of the land at all: only white clouds, suspended in (and even below) blue sky. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6539646 |
National Marine Science Centre, Australia The National Marine Science Centre (NMSC) is part of the School of Environment, Science and Engineering, at Southern Cross University. Located in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, on the east coast of Australia and adjacent to the Solitary Islands Marine Park, where both tropical and temperate currents meet. This interesting setting provides practical opportunities in the study of marine science and management for both students and researchers. The NMSC has a state-of-the-art flow-through seawater supply system. Drawing water from Charlesworth Bay, high quality filtered seawater is available on tap in the laboratories, hatchery, aquarium rooms and tank farm. Identified as one of the best systems in Australia, the supply of seawater supports a range of experimental research activities and specialist laboratories, and is backed up by a standby generator and an elaborate alarm system. Undergraduate and graduate courses are offered by Southern Cross University. Research is undertaken by resident scientific staff. Principal areas are:- The Centre was opened on 15 November 2001 by John Anderson MP, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Originally a collaboration between the University of New England and Southern Cross University, it took its first students in 2002. The centre was funded from the Government of Australia's Centenary of Federation Fund. The Centre became solely managed through Southern Cross University in 2010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6549164 |
National Marine Science Centre, Australia The Centre is sited within the grounds of the Novotel Pacific Bay Resort, a few kilometers north of Coffs Harbour. The building was at one time the resort's sports centre, gymnasium, squash courts, and alfresco restaurant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6549164 |
Gonzalo Trancho Gonzalo Javier Trancho Gayo (Madrid, 8 February 1955) is a Spanish anthropologist. He obtained doctor and bachelor degrees in Biological Sciences at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, where he is also a professor in the Zoology and Anthropology Department. His thesis dealt with a cell biology study of populations of Nilotides and he has taken part in several researches in Spain and more countries (for instance, "El hombre arcaico costero: su biodiversidad y bioadaptación", Chile). He's a member of the "Asociación Española de Paleopatología" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6554334 |
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