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Old age For Thomas More, on the island of Utopia, when people are so old as to have "out-lived themselves" and are terminally ill, in pain, and a burden to everyone, the priests exhort them about choosing to die. The priests assure them that "they shall be happy after death." If they choose to die, they end their lives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age The young are "consistent in their negative attitude" toward the old. "Ageism" documents that Americans generally have "little tolerance for older persons and very few reservations about harboring negative attitudes" about them. Despite its prevalence, ageism is seldom the subject of public discourse. In 2014, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Most people in the age range of 60–80 (the years of retirement and early old age), enjoy rich possibilities for a full life, but the condition of frailty distinguished by "bodily failure" and greater dependence becomes increasingly common after that. In the United States, hospital discharge data from 2003 to 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In Norway, a 20-year longitudinal study of 400 people found that bodily failure and greater dependence became prevalent in the 80+ years. The study calls these years the "fourth age" or "old age in the real meaning of the term". Similarly, the "Berlin Aging Study" rated over-all functionality on four levels: go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In sum, frailty has been depicted as a group of "complex issues," distinct but "causally interconnected," that often include "comorbid diseases", progressive weakness, stress, exhaustion, and depression. Johnson and Barer did a pioneering study of "Life Beyond 85 Years" by interviews over a six-year period. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age According to a study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the rate of emergency department visits was consistently highest among patients ages 85 years and older in 2006–2011 in the United States. Additionally, patients aged 65+ had the highest percentage of hospital stays for adults with m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Roughly half chose doing nothing except live day by day until death comes naturally without medical or other intervention designed to prolong life. This choice was coupled with a desire to receive palliative care if needed. About half of older adults suffer multimorbidity, that is, they have three or more chron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Others saw death as a way to free their caretakers from the burden of their care. Generally speaking, old people have always been more religious than young people. At the same time, wide cultural variations exist. In the United States, 90% of old age Hispanics view themselves as very, quite, or somewhat religio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In the United States the proportion of people aged 65 or older increased from 4% in 1900 to about 12% in 2000. In 1900, only about of the nation's citizens were 65 or older (out of 76 million total American citizens). By 2000, the number of senior citizens had increased to about 35 million (of 280 million US ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011"></ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%. According to Erik Erikson's "Stages of Psychosocial Development", the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age As she wrote, she added the ninth stage because the Integrity of the eighth stage imposes "a serious demand on the senses of elders" and the Wisdom of the eighth stage requires capacities that ninth stage elders "do not usually have". Newman & Newman also proposed a ninth stage of life, Elderhood. Elderhood ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age This theory has been subjected to the criticism that old age disengagement is neither natural, inevitable, nor beneficial. Furthermore, disengaging from social ties in old age is not across the board: unsatisfactory ties are dropped and satisfying ones kept. In opposition to the disengagement theory, the activi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In most parts of the world women live, on average, longer than men; even so, the disparities vary between 12 years in Russia to no difference or higher life expectancy for men in countries such as Zimbabwe and Uganda. The number of elderly persons worldwide began to surge in the second half of the 20th century.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age German chancellor Otto von Bismarck created the world's first comprehensive government social safety net in the 1880s, providing for old age pensions. In the United States of America, and the United Kingdom, 65 (UK 60 for women) was traditionally the age of retirement with full old age benefits. In 2003, the ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age In the United States in 2008, 11 million people aged 65+ lived alone: 5 million or 22% of ages 65–74, 4 million or 34% of ages 75–84, and 2 million or 41% of ages 85+. The 2007 gender breakdown for all people 65+ was men 19% and women 39%. Many new assistive devices made especially for the home have enabled mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Old age 5 million Americans needed personal assistance because of impaired basic activities of daily living required for personal care or impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) required for independent living. Projections place this number at 21 million by 2030 when 40% of Americans over 70 will need a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=229060 |
Cryoelectronics In electronics, cryoelectronics or cryolectronics is the study of superconductivity under cryogenic conditions and its applications. It is also described as the operation of power electronic devices at cryogenic temperatures. Practical applications of this field is quite broad, although it is particular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233631 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Since its introduction in 1977, Northern blot has been used extensively for RNA quantification despite its shortcomings: (a) time-consuming technique, (b) requires a large quantity of RNA for detection, and (c) quantitatively inaccurate in the low abundance of RNA content... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction The use of RT-PCR for the detection of RNA transcript has revolutionalized the study of gene expression in the following important ways: The quantification of mRNA using RT-PCR can be achieved as either a one-step or a two-step reaction. The difference between the two app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction It is also the preferred method of analysis when using DNA binding dyes such as SYBR Green since the elimination of primer-dimers can be achieved through a simple change in the melting temperature. Nevertheless, the one-step approach is a relatively convenient solution fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Currently, there are four different fluorescent DNA probes available for the real-time RT-PCR detection of PCR products: SYBR Green, TaqMan, molecular beacons, and scorpion probes. All of these probes allow the detection of PCR products by generating a fluorescent signal.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction To confirm this, gene expression levels of yeast cells containing this mutation were analyzed using qRT-PCR. The researchers were able to conclusively determine that the mutation of this regulatory protein reduced Gal expression. Northern blot analysis is used to study th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Circulating tumor cells produce unique mRNA transcripts depending on the type of cancer. The goal is to determine which mRNA transcripts serve as the best biomarkers for a particular cancer cell type and then analyze its expression levels with RT-PCR. RT-PCR is commonly u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction One-step RT-PCR take mRNA targets (up to 6 kb) and subjects them to reverse transcription and then PCR amplification in a single test tube. Use only intact, high quality RNA for the best results. Be sure to use a sequence-specific primer. Two-step RT-PCR, as the name impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction The MIQE guidelines describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating quantitative PCR experiments that should be required for publication for encouraging better experimental practice and ensuring the relevance, accuracy, correct interpretation, and repeatability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Those labelled E are considered critical and indispensable while those labelled D are considered peripheral yet important for best-practices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235077 |
Trace element A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration (or other measure of amount) is very low (a "trace amount"). The exact definition depends on the field of science: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235175 |
Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena (volcanism). The term "volcanology" is derived from the Latin word "vulcan". Vulcan was the ancient Roman god of fire. A volcanologist is a geologist who studies the eruptive acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Volcanology Gas emissions may be monitored with equipment including portable ultra-violet spectrometers (COSPEC, now superseded by the miniDOAS), which analyzes the presence of volcanic gases such as sulfur dioxide; or by infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Increased gas emissions, and more particularly changes in gas compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Volcanology This painting has been interpreted as a depiction of an erupting volcano, with a cluster of houses below shows a twin peaked volcano in eruption, with a town at its base (though archaeologists now question this interpretation). The volcano may be either Hasan Dağ, or its smaller neighbour, Melendiz Dağ. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Volcanology Aristotle considered underground fire as the result of "the...friction of the wind when it plunges into narrow passages." Wind played a key role in volcano explanations until the 16th century. Lucretius, a Roman philosopher, claimed Etna was completely hollow and the fires of the underground driven by a fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Volcanology Johannes Kepler considered volcanoes as conduits for the tears and excrement of the Earth, voiding bitumen, tar and sulfur. Descartes, pronouncing that God had created the Earth in an instant, declared he had done so in three layers; the fiery depths, a layer of water, and the air. Volcanoes, he said, were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Volcanology In 253 CE, one year after her violent death, the stilling of an eruption of Mt. Etna was attributed to her intercession. Catania was however nearly completely destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Etna in 1169, and over 15,000 of its inhabitants died. Nevertheless, she was invoked again for the 1669 Etna eruptio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238112 |
Maritime nation A maritime nation is any nation which borders the sea and is dependent on its use for majority of the following state activities: commerce and transport, war, to define a territorial boundary, or for any maritime activity (activities using the sea to convey or produce an end result). Historically, the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238250 |
Adverse pressure gradient In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient occurs when the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as: formula_1 for a flow in the positive formula_2-direction. This is important for boundary layers, increasing the fluid pressure is akin to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238493 |
Adverse pressure gradient The dimples on a golf ball, the fuzz on a tennis ball, or the seams on a baseball are good examples. Aeroplane wings are often engineered with vortex generators on the upper surface to produce a turbulent boundary layer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=238493 |
Otto Bütschli Johann Adam (3 May 1848 – 2 February 1920) was a German zoologist and professor at the University of Heidelberg. He specialized in invertebrates and insect development. Many of the groups of protists were first recognized by him. Bütschli was born Frankfurt am Main. He studied mineralogy, chemistry, and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239389 |
Virtual microscope The Virtual Microscope project is an initiative to make micromorphology and behavior of some small organisms available online. Images are from Antarctica and the Baltic Sea are available at no cost. Images are offered in higher magnification or lower resolution. Varieties of images offer can include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240693 |
Gaussian year A is defined as 365.2568983 days. It was adopted by Carl Friedrich Gauss as the length of the sidereal year in his studies of the dynamics of the solar system. A slightly different value is now accepted as the length of the sidereal year, and the value accepted by Gauss is given a special name. A particle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240953 |
Chemical species A chemical species is a chemical substance or ensemble composed of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scale. These energy levels determine the way the chemical species will interact with others (engagin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=241761 |
Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties. It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry These include radiotherapy in medical applications; the use of radioactive tracers within industry, science and the environment; and the use of radiation to modify materials such as polymers. It also includes the study and use of nuclear processes in "non-radioactive" areas of human activity. For inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry They then attempted to separate these radioactive fractions further, to isolate a smaller fraction with a higher specific activity (radioactivity divided by mass). In this way, they isolated polonium and radium. It was noticed in about 1901 that high doses of radiation could cause an injury in humans.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry To Rutherford, the gold foil experiment implied that the positive charge was confined to a very small nucleus leading first to the Rutherford model, and eventually to the Bohr model of the atom, where the positive nucleus is surrounded by the negative electrons. In 1934 Marie Curie's daughter (Irène J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry Using a X-ray generator, studied the biological effects of radiation as it became a common treatment option and diagnostic method. Fricke proposed and subsequently proved that the energy from X - rays were able to convert water into activated water, allowing it to react with dissolved species. Radioch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry More recently, a combination of radiochemical methods and nuclear physics has been used to try to make new 'superheavy' elements; it is thought that islands of relative stability exist where the nuclides have half-lives of years, thus enabling weighable amounts of the new elements to be isolated. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry This non-reprocessing policy was started in March 1977 because of concerns about nuclear weapons proliferation. President Jimmy Carter issued a Presidential directive which indefinitely suspended the commercial reprocessing and recycling of plutonium in the United States. This directive was likely an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry It is normal to dissolve the used fuel in nitric acid, after the removal of the insoluble matter the uranium and plutonium are extracted from the highly active liquor. It is normal to then back extract the loaded organic phase to create a "medium active" liquor which contains mostly uranium and pluton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry The PUREX process can be modified to make a UREX ("UR"anium "EX"traction) process which could be used to save space inside high level nuclear waste disposal sites, such as Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, by removing the uranium which makes up the vast majority of the mass and volume of used f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry In common with PUREX this process operates by a solvation mechanism. As an alternative to TRUEX, an extraction process using a malondiamide has been devised. The DIAMEX ("DIAM"ide"EX"traction) process has the advantage of avoiding the formation of organic waste which contains elements other than carbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry This is the "UNiversal" "EX"traction process which was developed in Russia and the Czech Republic, it is a process designed to remove all of the most troublesome (Sr, Cs and minor actinides) radioisotopes from the raffinates left after the extraction of uranium and plutonium from used nuclear fuel. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry The radioactive nature of technetium makes this corrosion protection impractical in almost all situations. It has also been shown that TcO anions react to form a layer on the surface of activated carbon (charcoal) or aluminium. A short review of the biochemical properties of a series of key long lived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry This effort is being coordinated in a project funded by the Coordinated Action supported by the European Atomic Energy Community's 7th Framework Program.. Although NucWik is primarily aimed at teachers, anyone interested in nuclear and radiochemistry is welcome and can find a lot of information and ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry Thus, if the reaction changes in rate when protons are replaced by deuteriums, it is reasonable to assume that the breaking of the bond to hydrogen is part of the step which determines the rate. Cosmogenic isotopes are formed by the interaction of cosmic rays with the nucleus of an atom. These can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry For short-lived isotopes such as C, very rapid synthetic methods have been developed to permit the rapid addition of the radioactive isotope to the molecule. For instance a palladium catalysed carbonylation reaction in a microfluidic device has been used to rapidly form amides and it might be possible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nuclear chemistry In a medical setting, NMR is often known simply as "magnetic resonance" imaging, as the word 'nuclear' has negative connotations for many people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242001 |
Nucleocosmochronology or nuclear cosmochronology is a technique used to determine timescales for astrophysical objects and events. It compares the observed ratios of abundances of heavy radioactive and stable nuclides to the primordial ratios predicted by nucleosynthesis theory in order to calculate the age of formatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=242282 |
Inferior and superior planets In the Solar System, a planet is said to be inferior or interior with respect to another planet if its orbit lies inside the other planet's orbit around the Sun. In this situation, the latter planet is said to be superior to the former. In the reference frame of the Earth, in which the ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243441 |
Inferior and superior planets Superior planet is also different from gas giant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243441 |
Scientific law Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. The term "law" has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, biolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Laws differ from hypotheses and postulates, which are proposed during the scientific process before and during validation by experiment and observation. Hypotheses and postulates are not laws since they have not been verified to the same degree, although they may lead to the formulation of laws. Laws are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law As such, a law is limited in applicability to circumstances resembling those already observed, and may be found false when extrapolated. Ohm's law only applies to linear networks, Newton's law of universal gravitation only applies in weak gravitational fields, the early laws of aerodynamics such as Berno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law For example, Newtonian dynamics (which is based on Galilean transformations) is the low-speed limit of special relativity (since the Galilean transformation is the low-speed approximation to the Lorentz transformation). Similarly, the Newtonian gravitation law is a low-mass approximation of general relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law very large or very small scales of time or space, enormous speeds or masses, etc. Thus, rather than unchanging knowledge, physical laws are better viewed as a series of improving and more precise generalizations. Scientific laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and obser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Many fundamental physical laws are mathematical consequences of various symmetries of space, time, or other aspects of nature. Specifically, Noether's theorem connects some conservation laws to certain symmetries. For example, conservation of energy is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time (no mome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Conservation laws can be expressed using the general continuity equation (for a conserved quantity) can be written in differential form as: where ρ is some quantity per unit volume, J is the flux of that quantity (change in quantity per unit time per unit area). Intuitively, the divergence (denoted ∇•) o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law There are generalized momenta conjugate to these coordinates, p = ("p", "p", ..., "p"), where: The action and Lagrangian both contain the dynamics of the system for all times. The term "path" simply refers to a curve traced out by the system in terms of the generalized coordinates in the configuration sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law They are equivalent formulations, Newton's is very commonly used due to simplicity, but Hamilton's and Lagrange's equations are more general, and their range can extend into other branches of physics with suitable modifications. From the above, any equation of motion in classical mechanics can be derived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law The magnitudes of 4-vectors are invariants - "not" "conserved", but the same for all inertial frames (i.e. every observer in an inertial frame will agree on the same value), in particular if "A" is the four-momentum, the magnitude can derive the famous invariant equation for mass-energy and momentum cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Indeed, there is a duality transformation where electric and magnetic charges can be "rotated into one another", and still satisfy Maxwell's equations. These laws were found before the formulation of Maxwell's equations. They are not fundamental, since they can be derived from Maxwell's Equations. Coulom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Solving this wave equation predicts the time-evolution of the system's behaviour, analogous to solving Newton's laws in classical mechanics. Other postulates change the idea of physical observables; using quantum operators; some measurements can't be made at the same instant of time (Uncertainty principl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Joseph Proust's law of definite composition says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation; we now know that the structural arrangement of these elements is also important. Dalton's law of multiple proportions says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law By analogy, principles in other fields of study are sometimes loosely referred to as "laws". These include Occam's razor as a principle of philosophy and the Pareto principle of economics. The observation that there are underlying regularities in nature dates from prehistoric times, since the recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law Why this Roman origin? According to [historian and classicist Daryn] Lehoux's persuasive narrative, the idea was made possible by the pivotal role of codified law and forensic argument in Roman life and culture. For the Romans . . . the place par excellence where ethics, law, nature, religion and politic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Scientific law The rules according to which these changes take place I call the 'laws of nature'." The modern scientific method which took shape at this time (with Francis Bacon and Galileo) aimed at total separation of science from theology, with minimal speculation about metaphysics and ethics. Natural law in the pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=244629 |
Proplyd A proplyd, a syllabic abbreviation of an ionized protoplanetary disk, is an externally illuminated photoevaporating disk around a young star. Nearly 180 proplyds have been discovered in the Orion Nebula. Images of proplyds in other star-forming regions are rare, while Orion is the only region with a large known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245434 |
Proplyd The Orion Nebula is approximately 1,500 light-years from the Sun with very active star formation. The Orion Nebula and the Sun are in the same spiral arm of the Milky way Galaxy. A proplyd may form new planets and planetesimal systems. Current models show that the metallicity of the star and proplyd, along with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245434 |
Proplyd The proplyds in the Orion Nebula and other star-forming regions represent proto-planetary disks around low-mass stars being externally photoevaporated. These low-mass proplyds are usually found within 0.3 parsec (60,000 astronomical units) of the massive OB star and the dusty proplyds have tails with a length o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245434 |
Sonology is a neologism used to describe the study of sound in a variety of disciplines. In medicine, the term is used in the field of [imaging] to describe the practice of medical ultrasonography. According to some scholars, sonology may represent a more advanced application of clinical sonography, chiefly due to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=261581 |
Bombay Natural History Society The Bombay Natural History Society, founded on 15 September 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It supports many research efforts through grants and publishes the "Journal of the Bombay Natural History Soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264765 |
Bombay Natural History Society In the early years, the "Journal of the BNHS" reviewed contemporary literature from other parts of the world. The description of ant-bird interactions in German by Erwin Stresemann was reviewed in a 1935 issue leading to the introduction of the term "anting" into English. Today the BNHS i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264765 |
Bombay Natural History Society He apparently did not drink water, nor use it for bathing. William was known for catching tennis balls thrown at him from a distance of some 30 feet with his beak. In his obituary of W. S. Millard, Sir Norman Kinnear made the following remarks about William: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=264765 |
Gakkel Ridge The (formerly known as the Nansen Cordillera and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge) is a mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is located in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, between Greenland and Siberia, and has a length of about 1,8... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=271269 |
Gakkel Ridge In 2007, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted the "Arctic Gakkel Vents Expedition" (AGAVE), which made some unanticipated discoveries, including the unconsolidated fragmented pyroclastic volcanic deposits that cover the axial valley of the ridge (whose area is greater than 10 km). These suggest v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=271269 |
Alcoholate Originally, an alcoholate was the crystalline form of a salt in which alcohol took the place of water of crystallization, such as [SnCl(OCH)·CHOH] and CHNO·CHOH. The second meaning of the word is that of a tincture, or alcoholic extract of plant material. The third, and more usual meaning of the word is as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277262 |
Trace metal Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues and that are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Many biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities can be t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277810 |
Trace metal However, when taken in an excessive amount can cause a disease called "Fluorosis', in which bone deformations and yellowing of teeth are seen. Fluorine can occur naturally in some areas in ground water. Trace metals include iron that can help to prevent anemia, and zinc that is a cofactor in over 100 enzyme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=277810 |
Néel temperature The or magnetic ordering temperature, "T", is the temperature above which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic—that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the microscopic magnetic ordering within the material. The is analogous to the Curie temperature, "T", for ferromagnet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=284139 |
Mixture In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically combined. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids. Mixtures are one product of mech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286069 |
Mixture Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution. Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients. Mixtures are unlike chemical compounds, because: The following table shows the main p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286069 |
Mixture Gy's sampling theory quantitavely defines the heterogeneity of a particle as: where formula_2, formula_3, formula_4, formula_5, and formula_6 are respectively: the heterogeneity of the formula_7th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the formula_7th particle of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286069 |
Mixture This implies that "q" no longer depends on "i", and can therefore be replaced by the symbol "q". Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes: where "a" is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and "M" is the mass of the population ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286069 |
Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
Settling This velocity is known as the terminal velocity, "settling velocity" or "fall velocity" of the particle. This is readily measurable by examining the rate of fall of individual particles. The terminal velocity of the particle is affected by many parameters, i.e. anything that will alter the particle's drag. Hen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
Settling Defining a drag coefficient, formula_5, as the ratio of the force experienced by the particle divided by the impact pressure of the fluid, a coefficient that can be considered as the transfer of available fluid force into drag is established. In this region the inertia of the impacting fluid is responsible for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
Settling Alternate considerations, such as the interaction of particles in the fluid, or the interaction of the particles with the container walls can modify the settling behaviour. that has these forces in appreciable magnitude is known as hindered settling. Subsequently semi-analytic or empirical solutions may be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
Settling Settleable solids can be quantified for a suspension using an Imhoff cone. The standard Imhoff cone of transparent glass or plastic holds one liter of liquid and has calibrated markings to measure the volume of solids accumulated in the bottom of the conical container after settling for one hour. A standardize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
Settling After 45 minutes of settling, the cone is partially rotated about its axis of symmetry just enough to dislodge any settled material adhering to the side of the cone. Accumulated sediment is observed and measured fifteen minutes later, after one hour of total settling time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=286454 |
CSIRO The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an Australian federal government agency responsible for scientific research. works with leading organisations around the world. From its headquarters in Canberra, maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=288262 |
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