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Walden reductor The is a reduction column filled with metallic silver which can be used to reduce a metal ion in aqueous solution to a lower oxidation state. It can be used "e.g." to reduce UO to U. The method is named after George H. Walden, who developed it jointly with a Ph.D. student, Sylvan M. Edmonds, at Columbia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30691605 |
Partial cube In graph theory, a partial cube is a graph that is isometric to a subgraph of a hypercube. In other words, a partial cube can be identified with a subgraph of a hypercube in such a way that the distance between any two vertices in the partial cube is the same as the distance between those vertices in the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30697444 |
Partial cube Then the Hamming distance between any two labels is the distance between the two vertices in the tree, so this labeling shows that "T" is a partial cube. Every hypercube graph is itself a partial cube, which can be labeled with all the different bitstrings of length equal to the dimension of the hypercube.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30697444 |
Partial cube Partial cubes can be recognized, and a Hamming labeling constructed, in formula_8 time, where formula_9 is the number of vertices in the graph. Given a partial cube, it is straightforward to construct the equivalence classes of the Djoković–Winkler relation by doing a breadth first search from each vertex,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30697444 |
Partial cube The lattice dimension of any graph, and a lattice embedding of minimum dimension, may be found in polynomial time by an algorithm based on maximum matching in an auxiliary graph. Other types of dimension of partial cubes have also been defined, based on embeddings into more specialized structures. Isometri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30697444 |
Ethyl azide (CHN) is an explosive compound sensitive to rapid heating, shock or impact. It has exploded when heated to room temperature. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. It is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. is used for organic synthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30697542 |
Natural bond orbital In quantum chemistry, a natural bond orbital or NBO is a calculated "bonding orbital" with maximum electron density. The NBOs are one of a sequence of natural localized orbital sets that include "natural atomic orbitals" (NAO), "natural hybrid orbitals" (NHO), "natural bonding orbitals" (NBO) and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30703104 |
Natural bond orbital Each valence bonding NBO σ must be paired with a corresponding valence antibonding NBO σ* (the acceptor) to complete the span of the valence space: The bonding NBOs are of the "Lewis orbital"-type (occupation numbers near 2); antibonding NBOs are of the "non-Lewis orbital"-type (occupation numbers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30703104 |
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering experimental thermodynamics and thermophysics including bio-thermodynamics, calorimetry, phase equilibria, equilibrium thermodynamic properties and transport properties. It is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are A.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30708641 |
Laser diffraction analysis Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through any object ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size to quickly measure geometrical dimensions of a particle. This process does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30710121 |
Laser diffraction analysis A computer can then be used to detect the object's particle sizes from the light energy produced and its layout, which the computer derives from the data collected on the particle frequencies and wavelengths. has been used to measure particle-size objects in situations such as: Since laser di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30710121 |
Nanofountain probe (NFP) is a device for 'drawing' micropatterns of liquid chemicals at extremely small resolution. An NFP contains a cantilevered micro-fluidic device terminated in a nanofountain. The embedded microfluidics facilitates rapid and continuous delivery of molecules from the on-chip reservoirs to the fount... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30721542 |
Nanofountain probe Nano fountain probes (NFPs) are fabricated on the wafer-scale using microfabrication techniques allowing for batch fabrication of numerous chips. Through the different generations of devices, design and experimentation improved the device yielding to a robust fabrication process. The highly enhanced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30721542 |
Isostructural chemical compounds have similar chemical structures. Isomorphous when used in the relation to crystal structures is not synonymous: in addition to the same atomic connectivity that characterises isostructural compounds, isomorphous substances crystallise in the same space group and have the same unit cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30723461 |
Nanobiomechanics (also bionanomechanics) is an emerging field in nanoscience and biomechanics that combines the powerful tools of nanomechanics to explore fundamental science of biomaterials and biomechanics. Since the introduction by its founder Yuan-Cheng Fung, the field of biomechanics has become one of the branches... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737379 |
Nanobiomechanics Likewise, it has been shown that cancer cells are 70 percent softer than normal cells. Early signs of aging cartilage and osteoarthritis has been shown by looking at the changes in the tissue at the nanoscale. The common methods in nanobiomechanics are atomic force microscope, optical tweezers, and mag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737379 |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy In experimental atomic physics, saturated absorption spectroscopy or Doppler-free spectroscopy is a set-up that enables the precise determination of the transition frequency of an atom between its ground state and an optically excited state. The accuracy to which these frequencies can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737910 |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy According to the Doppler effect formula in the case of non-relativistic speeds, where formula_6 is the frequency of the atomic transition when the atom is at rest (the one which is being probed). The value of formula_7 as a function of formula_8 and formula_9 can be inserted in the dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737910 |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy If the beams are red-detuned with respect to the atomic transition frequency, then the pump beam will be absorbed by atoms moving towards the beam source, while the probe beam will be absorbed by atoms moving away from that source at the same speed in the opposite direction. If the bea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737910 |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy A consequence of this method of counter-propagating beams on a system with more than two states is the presence of crossover lines. When two transitions are within a single Doppler-broadened feature and share a common ground state, a crossover peak at a frequency exactly between the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737910 |
Saturated absorption spectroscopy This will generate the apparition of other dips in the absorption feature due to these new resonances in addition to crossover resonances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30737910 |
Peter Maitlis Peter Michael Maitlis, FRS (born 15 January 1933) is a retired British organometallic chemist. Maitlis was born into a middle-class Jewish family in London, England. He was educated at Hendon School (then Hendon County School) in north London 1944–50. He was awarded a Bachelor's degree in Science from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30738637 |
Peter Maitlis The hexafluorophosphate ion is generally considered inert and hence a suitable counterion in organometallic synthesis. However, Maitlis' work has demonstrated a solvolysis reaction of the hexafluorophosphate ion. The tris(solvent) rhodium complex [(η-CMe)Rh(MeCO)](PF) undergoes solvolysis when heated in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30738637 |
Peter Maitlis Metallomesogens are "metal complexes of organic ligands which exhibit liquid crystalline (mesomorphic) character [and thus they] combine the variety and range of metal-based coordination chemistry with the extraordinary physical properties exhibited by liquid crystals." They have been a research interest ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30738637 |
Meprin A (, "endopeptidase-2", "meprin-a", "meprin", "N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid hydrolase", "PABA-peptide hydrolase", "PPH") is an enzyme that cleaves protein and peptide substrates preferentially on carboxyl side of hydrophobic residues. is a dimer composed of the products transcribed from the following ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30740145 |
Plutonyl The plutonyl ion is an oxycation of plutonium in the oxidation state +6, with the chemical formula . It is isostructural with the uranyl ion, compared to which it has a slightly shorter M–O bond. It is easily reduced to plutonium(III). The plutonyl ion forms many complexes, particularly with ligands that have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30740377 |
Plutonyl Another significant difference is that plutonyl is a much stronger oxidizing agent than uranyl. The standard reduction potentials for aqueous solutions are shown in the next table. Conversely, plutonyl is more easily reduced than uranyl. This difference is utilized in the separation of plutonium from uranium i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30740377 |
Plutonyl nitrate is extracted with tributyl phosphate, (CHCHCHCHO)PO, TBP, as the preferred second ligand, and kerosene the preferred organic solvent. It is recovered by treatment with aqueous ferrous sulfamate which selectively reduces the plutonium to the +3 oxidation state in the aqueous solution, leaving the uraniu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30740377 |
High-refractive-index polymer A high-refractive-index polymer (HRIP) is a polymer that has a refractive index greater than 1.50. Such materials are required for anti-reflective coating and photonic devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and image sensors. The refractive index of a polymer is based on several fact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
High-refractive-index polymer A high clarity (optical transparency) is also desired in a high refractive index polymer. The clarity is dependent on the refractive indexes of the polymer and of the initial monomer. When looking at thermal stability, the typical variables measured include glass transition, initial decomp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
High-refractive-index polymer High refractive indices have been achieved either by introducing substituents with high molar refractions (intrinsic HRIPs) or by combining high-n nanoparticles with polymer matrixes (HRIP nanocomposites). Sulfur-containing substituents including linear thioether and sulfone, cyclic thioph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
High-refractive-index polymer " reported a series of polyphosphonates with varying backbones, reaching the highest refractive index reported for polyphosphonates at 1.66. In addition, polyphosphonates exhibit good thermal stability and optical transparency; they are also suitable for casting into plastic lenses. Organo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
High-refractive-index polymer The nanoparticle load is also important in designing HRIP nanocomposites for optical applications, because excessive concentrations increase the optical loss and decrease the processability of the nanocomposites. The choice of nanoparticles is often influenced by their size and surface cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
High-refractive-index polymer It has been shown that non-aromatic, sulfur-containing HRIPs are the best materials for an optical photoresist system. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a common solid-state light source. High-brightness LEDs (HBLEDs) are often limited by the relatively low light extraction efficiency due t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747791 |
Plasma polymerization (or glow discharge polymerization) uses plasma sources to generate a gas discharge that provides energy to activate or fragment gaseous or liquid monomer, often containing a vinyl group, in order to initiate polymerization. Polymers formed from this technique are generally highly branched and high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization Some common monomers polymerized by this method include styrene, ethylene, methacrylate and pyridine, just to name a few. The 1970s brought about many advances in plasma polymerization, including the polymerization of many different types of monomers. The mechanisms of deposition however were larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization There are a few designs for apparatus used in plasma polymerization, one of which is the Bell (static type), in which monomer gas is put into the reaction chamber, but does not flow through the chamber. It comes in and polymerizes without removal. This type of reactor is shown in Figure 1. This re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization A third popular type of reactor is the electrodeless. This uses an RF coil wrapped around the glass apparatus, which then uses a radio frequency generator to form the plasma inside of the housing without the use of direct electrodes (see Inductively Coupled Plasma). The polymer can then be deposit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization The formation of a low-temperature plasma is important; the electron temperatures are not equal to the gas temperatures and have a ratio of T/T of 10 to 100, so that this process can occur at near ambient temperatures, which is advantageous because polymers degrade at high temperatures, so if a hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization The molecular weight factor in polymer deposition is dependent on the monomer flow rate, in which a higher molecular weight monomer typically near 200 g/mol needs a much higher flow rate of 15 g/cm, whereas lower molecular weights around 50 g/mol require a flow rate of only 5 g/cm. A heavy monomer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization After this frequency, inertial effects of colliding monomers inhibit polymerization. This forms the first plateau for polymerization frequencies. A second maximum in frequency occurs at 6 MHz, where side reactions are overcome again and the reaction occurs through free radicals diffused from plasm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization ion flux is proportional to the square root of the electron temperature and not RT. In polymerization, both gas phase and surface reactions occur, but mechanism differs between high and low frequencies. At high frequencies it occurs in reactive intermediates, whereas at low frequencies polymerizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization The classic view presented by Yasuda based upon thermal initiation of Parylene polymerization is that there are many propagating species present at any given time as shown in Figure 3. This figure shows two different pathways by which the polymerization may take place. The first pathway is a monof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization Selection, or the favouring of one particular pathway can be achieved by altering the plasma parameters. For example, pulsed plasma with selected monomers appears to favour much more regular polymer structures and it has been postulated these grow by a mechanism akin to (radical) chain growth in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization This often leads to very insoluble polymers, which gives an advantage to this process, since "hyperbranched polymers" can be deposited directly without solvent. Common polymers include: polythiophene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polytetramethyltin, polyhexamethyldisiloxane, polytetramethyldisiloxane,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization a variety of polymers, each having different physical and chemical properties, can be prepared. The large dependence of the polymer features on these factors make it difficult to assign a set of basic characteristics, but a few common properties that set plasma polymers apart from conventional pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization The degree of curling is dependent on the monomer as well as the conditions of the plasma polymerization. Most plasma polymers are insoluble and infusible. These properties are due to the large amount of cross-linking in the polymers, previously discussed. Consequently, the kinetic path length for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization Nearly all monomers, even saturated hydrocarbons and organic compounds without a polymerizable structure such as a double bond, can be polymerized with this technique. A second advantage is the ease of application of the polymers as coatings versus conventional coating processes. While coating a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization The influence of process parameters on the chemical composition of the resultant polymer means it can take a long time to determine the optimal conditions. The complexity of the process also makes it impossible to theorize what the resultant polymer will look like, unlike conventional polymers whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization Due to these successes, the huge potential of functional plasma polymers is slowly being realised by workers in previously unrelated fields such as water treatment and wound management. Emerging technologies such as nanopatterning, 3D scaffolds, micro-channel coating and microencapsulation are now... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Plasma polymerization Given that plasma polymers frequently contain many polar groups, which form when the radicals react with oxygen in air during the polymerization process, the plasma polymers were expected to be good dielectric materials in thin film form. Studies have shown that the plasma polymers generally do in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747793 |
Polyfluorene Polyfluorenes are a class of polymeric materials. They are of interest because similar to other conjugated polymers, they are currently being investigated for use in light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and plastic solar cells. They are not a naturally occurring material, but are designed and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Its name originates from its interesting fluorescence, fluorene became the subject of chemical-structure related color variation (visible rather than luminescent), among other things, throughout the early to mid-20th century. Since it was an interesting chromophore researchers wanted to understand which pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene The aromatic nature of fluorene makes it an excellent candidate component of a conducting polymer because it can stabilize and conduct a charge; in the early 1980s fluorene was electropolymerized into conjugated polymer films with conductivities of 10 S cm. The optical properties (such as variable luminesc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Interest in polyfluorene derivatives has increased because of their high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, high thermal stability, and their facile color tunability, obtained by introducing low-band-gap co-monomers. Research in this field has increased significantly due to its potential application in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Microscopic grooves are then generated in the polyamide layer and the liquid crystal in contact with the polyamide, the polyfluorene, can align in the rubbing direction. In addition to LCDs, polyfluorene can also be used to synthesize light-emitting diodes (LEDs). has led to LEDs that can emit polarized li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Researchers have attempted to eliminate excimer formation and enhance the efficiency of polyfluorenes by copolymerizing polyfluorene with anthracene and end-capping polyfluorenes with bulky groups which could sterically hinder excimer formation. Additionally, researchers have tried adding large substituent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Initially attributed to excimer emission, this green emission has been shown to be due to the formation of ketone defects along the fluorene polymer backbone (oxidation of the nine position on the monomer) when there are incomplete substitution at the nine positions of the fluorene monomer. Routes to comba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Oxidative polymerization produces a similarly poor site-selectivity on the monomer for chain growth resulting in poor control over the regularity of the polymers structure. However, oxidative polymerization does produce soluble polymers (from side-chain containing monomers) which are more easily characteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene The above polymer structure pictured has excellent photoluminescent quantum yields (partly due to its fluorene monomer) excellent stability (due to its oxadiazole comonomer) good solubility (due to its many and branched alkyl side chains) and has an amine functionalized side chain for ease of tethering to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Researchers at the Dow Chemical Company synthesized several fluorene-based copolymers by alternating copolymerization using 5,5-dibromo-2,2-bithiophene which showed yellow emission and 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, which showed green emission. Other copolymerizations are also suitable; researchers at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Copolymerization of fluorene with other monomers allows researchers to optimize the absorption and electronic energy levels as a means to increase the photovoltaic performance. For instance, by lowering the band gap of polyfluorenes, the absorption spectrum of the polymer can be adjusted to coincide with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
Polyfluorene Typical polymer solar cells utilize fullerene molecules as electron acceptors because of their low LUMO energy level (high electron affinity). However the tunability of polyfluorenes allows their LUMO to be lowered to a level appropriate for use as an electron acceptor. Thus, polyfluorene copolymers have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747795 |
C13H12N2O3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30747875 |
Wilhelm Schuler (27 December 1914 in Ulm, Germany – 5 June 2010 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany) was a chemist, inventor and entrepreneur in the second half of the 20th century. Schuler studied chemistry at the Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig from 1934 onwards. After he obtained the title of Diplomchemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30748210 |
Wilhelm Schuler Schuler & Lange produced drug ingredients and performed pharmaceutical contract research. The main client for chemical research was the company Promonta, which later merged with Byk Gulden (today Altana). In cooperation with the biologist and pharmacologist Otto Nieschulz a couple of highly successful d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30748210 |
Wilhelm Schuler It focused on the production of generic pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediates. In 1997 this company was sold to Allied Signal and was later acquired by Sigma-Aldrich. Schuler lived most of his life in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe. He is also buried there. He is survived by his daughter Beate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30748210 |
Metal sulfur dioxide complex Metal sulfur dioxide complexes are complexes that contain sulfur dioxide, SO, bonded to a transition metal. Such compounds are common but are mainly of theoretical interest. Historically, the study of these compounds has provided insights into the mechanisms of migratory insertion reactions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30748324 |
Metal sulfur dioxide complex The "insertion" proceed the sulfur dioxide between the metal and the alkyl ligand leads to the "O", "O'-"sulphinate. Alternatively an "O"-sulphinate can arise. Both of these intermediates commonly convert to an "S"-sulphinate. "S"-sulphinate has sulfur–oxygen stretching frequencies from 125... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30748324 |
TeraChem is the first computational chemistry software program written completely from scratch to benefit from the new streaming processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The computational algorithms have been completely redesigned to exploit massive parallelism of CUDA-enabled Nvidia GPUs. The original deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30759885 |
TeraChem Martinez Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 7, 1814-1823 (2011) N. Luehr, I. S. Ufimtsev, and T. J. Martinez Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 7, 949-954 (2011) I. S. Ufimtsev and T. J. Martinez Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 5, 2619-2628 (2009) I. S. Ufimtsev and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30759885 |
Brass mill A brass mill is a mill which processes brass. Brass mills are common in England; many date from long before the Industrial Revolution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30762173 |
Combined bisulfite restriction analysis Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (or COBRA) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the sensitive quantification of DNA methylation levels at a specific genomic locus on a DNA sequence in a small sample of genomic DNA. The technique is a variation of bisulfite seq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30765932 |
Combined bisulfite restriction analysis The above steps lead to the methylation dependent retention or loss of CpG-containing restriction enzyme sites, such as those for TaqI (TCGA) and BstUI (CGCG), depending on whether the cytosine residue was originally methylated or not, respectively. Due to the methylation-indepen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30765932 |
Combined bisulfite restriction analysis Quantitative amount of DNA in these bands can be determined with a device such as a phosphoimager, after which the methylation percentage of the original sample can be calculated by: COBRA has been used extensively in many research-based applications such as screening for DNA met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30765932 |
Ephaptic coupling is a form of communication within the nervous system and is distinct from direct communication systems like electrical synapses and chemical synapses. It may refer to the coupling of adjacent (touching) nerve fibers caused by the exchange of ions between the cells, or it may refer to coupling of nerve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling Similarly, the currents that caused repolarization of the active nerve caused slight depolarization in the resting fiber. Katz and Schmitt also observed that stimulation of both nerves could cause interference effects. Simultaneous action potential firing caused interference and resulted in decreased ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling While these manipulations do not reflect normal conditions, they do highlight the mechanisms behind ephaptic excitation. has also been found to play an important role in inhibition of neighboring neurons. Depending on the location and identity of the neurons, various mechanisms have been found to unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling This coupling may effectively synchronize neurons into periods of enhanced excitability (or depression) and allow for specific patterns of action potential timing (often referred to as spike timing). This effect has been demonstrated and modeled in a variety of cases. A hypothesis or explanation behin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling One author even goes so far as to say, “While previously viewed as a possible alternative to electrotonic coupling, ephaptic coupling has since come to be viewed as operating in tandem with gap junctions, helping sustain conduction when gap junctional coupling is compromised.” Ephaptic interactions am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling They tested the effects of changing extracellular space (which affects local electrical fields) and found that one can block epileptic synchronization independent of chemical synapse manipulation simply by increasing the space between cells. Later, a model was created to predict this phenomenon and sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling However, many authors have worked to create more refined models in order to more accurately represent the environments of the nervous system. For example, many authors have proposed models for cardiac tissue that includes additional variables that account for the unique structure and geometry of cardi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling One of the few known cases of a functional system in which ephaptic coupling is responsible for an observable physiological event is in the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum. It was demonstrated in this study that the basket cells which encapsulate some regions of Purkinje fibers can cause inhibito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Ephaptic coupling For example, in 2014, one scientist published a review that presents his skepticism on the idea of ephaptic coupling, saying “The agreement between their simulations and Poelzing’s data is impressive, but I will need a more definitive experimental confirmation before I can embrace the ephaptic hypothe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30767825 |
Testican is a type of proteoglycan. Testican-1 is a highly conserved, multidomain proteoglycan that is most prominently expressed in the thalamus of the brain, and is upregulated in activated astroglial cells of the cerebrum. Several functions of this gene product have now been demonstrated in vitro including membrane-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30768627 |
Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum Statkraft osmotic power prototype is the world's first osmotic power plant, based on the energy of osmosis. The power plant is run by Statkraft. The power plant is located at Tofte in Hurum, Norway, with rooms at the factory area at Södra Cell Tofte cellulose factory. The powe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30771750 |
Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum This type of power generation is very reliable, consisting of only slightly more moving parts than a conventional hydroelectric power plant; in this case the addition of a pair of small pumps to move the fresh and salt water to the membrane surfaces. It is very quiet when oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30771750 |
Statkraft osmotic power prototype in Hurum This is an increase in power output 3750 times greater, with a land usage that is much smaller. Comparing the ideal power output of this plant to the rough average household consumption of a modern home detailed in the article domestic energy consumption, it can be seen that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30771750 |
Energy separating agent In chemical separation processes, an (ESA) is the heat or shaft work added to facilitate the separation of two chemical species. It is contrasted with a mass separating agent, which is any chemical species added to the reaction that facilitates the reaction. ESAs are used in many common separati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30772871 |
Mass separating agent In chemical separation processes, a mass separating agent (MSA) is a chemical species that is added to ensure that the intended separation process takes place. It is analogous to an energy separating agent, which aids separations processes via addition of energy. An MSA may be partially immiscible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30774139 |
Recombinant AAV mediated genome engineering Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) based genome engineering is a genome editing platform centered on the use of recombinant rAAV vectors that enables insertion, deletion or substitiution of DNA sequences into the genomes of live mammalian cells. The technique builds on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30774917 |
Recombinant AAV mediated genome engineering Users can design a rAAV vector to any target genomic locus and perform both gross and subtle endogenous gene alterations in mammalian somatic cell-types. These include gene knock-outs for functional genomics, or the ‘knock-in’ of protein tag insertions to track translocation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30774917 |
Bufothionine is a sulfur-containing compound which is present in the bufotoxins secreted by the parotoid gland of certain toads of the genera "Bufo" and "Chaunus". This specific compound can be found in the skin of certain species of toad such as the Asiatic Toad, "Chaunus arunco", "Chaunus crucifer", "Chaunus spinulos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30778322 |
Raman cooling In atomic physics, is a sub-recoil cooling technique that allows the cooling of atoms using optical methods below the limitations of Doppler cooling, Doppler cooling being limited by the recoil energy of a photon given to an atom. This scheme can be performed in simple optical molasses or in molasses wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30778796 |
Raman cooling The beams are counterpropagating, and their frequencies are just as what has been described above, except that the frequency formula_7 is now slightly red-detuned (detuning formula_8) with respect to its normal value. Thus, atoms moving towards the source of the laser 2 with a sufficient velocity will be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30778796 |
Raman cooling An optical lattice is then ramped up, such that an important fraction of the atoms are trapped. If the lasers of the lattice are powerful enough, each site can be modelled as a harmonic trap. Since the atoms are not in their ground state, they will be trapped in one of the excited levels of the harmonic o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30778796 |
Raman cooling In order to reach this efficient transfer to the lower vibrational state at each step, the parameters of the laser, i.e. power and timing, should be carefully tuned. In general, these parameters are different for different vibrational states because the strength of the coupling (Rabi frequency) depends on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30778796 |
Diphenylpropylamine is a propylamine derivative and may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30779709 |
Kinetic diameter is a measure applied to atoms and molecules that expresses the likelihood that a molecule in a gas will collide with another molecule. It is an indication of the size of the molecule as a target. The kinetic diameter is not the same as atomic diameter defined in terms of the size of the atom's electron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30783530 |
Kinetic diameter The scattering cross section, σ, in a collision between two dissimilar particles or molecules is defined by the sum of the kinetic diameters of the two particles, We define an intensive quantity, the scattering coefficient α, as the product of the gas number density and the scattering cross section, Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30783530 |
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