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C15H17N The molecular formula CHN may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30783771 |
Plasma Science Society of India was founded in 1979 at Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad in India for the benefit of the fusion community working on plasma. This carves the thrive for knowledge towards the fusion research in the field of theoretical and experimental research . The devices are SST-1, SINP-Tokamak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30788646 |
1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole 1,1′-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole is a moderately explosive but comparatively stable chemical compound which contains a long continuous chain of nitrogen atoms, with an unbroken chain of eight nitrogen atoms cyclised into two 1,2,3-triazole rings. It is stable up to 194 °C. The compound exhibits cis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30790895 |
Blake number The in fluid mechanics is a nondimensional number showing the ratio of inertial force to viscous force. It is used in momentum transfer in general and in particular for flow of a fluid through beds of solids. It is a generalisation of the Reynolds number for flow through porous media. Expressed mathematica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30790943 |
Michael P. Barnett Michael Peter Barnett (24 March 1929 – 13 March 2012) was a British theoretical chemist and computer scientist. He developed mathematical and computer techniques for quantum chemical problems, and some of the earliest software for several other kinds of computer application. After his early days in L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett His assigned project was to determine if electrostatic forces could account for the energy needed to make two parts of an ethane molecule rotate around the bond that joins them. This work required the evaluation of certain mathematical objects – molecular integrals over Slater orbitals. Barnett exten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett He directed and participated in numerous projects that included (1) calculating DNA structures from crystallographic data, and (2) simulations to plan the location and operation of dams and reservoirs on the River Nile, working with Humphry Morrice, the hydrological advisor to the Government of the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett Members of the SSMTG who developed and used these programs included Donald Ellis, Russell Pitzer and Donald Merrifield. In 1960, Barnett started to extend a technique he had learned from Frank Boys to program a computer to construct coded mathematical formulas. He needed a way to typeset these. A Pho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett In 1963, Barnett accepted an appointment as Reader in Information Processing at the Institute of Computer Science in the University of London, and, while he was still at MIT, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) awarded him a grant, to be taken up in London, to continue his wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett This was used for a wide range of typeset products that included, over the years, the "Social Sciences Index" of the H. W. Wilson Company and several other publications excerpted in a later review paper., The application to database publishing led Barnett to devise and implement a programming languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Michael P. Barnett In 1989, Barnett started to spend part of his time as a Visiting Scientist at the John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center, located on the outskirts of Princeton and run by a consortium of universities. He restarted work on molecular integrals, using the power of the supercomputer to go beyond ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30796781 |
Selenium yeast Selenium yeast, produced by fermenting "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" in a selenium-rich media, is a recognized source of organic food-form selenium. In this process, virtually all of the selenium structurally substitutes for sulfur in the amino acid methionine thus forming selenomethionine via the same path... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30806891 |
Selenium yeast Selenium supplementation in yeast form has been shown to have beneficial effects in many species, especially on animal immune status, growth and reproduction The consequent improvements in productivity can be of economic benefit to livestock producers for many reasons, including greater overall efficienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30806891 |
Selenium yeast Determination of the selenium species selenomethionine can be achieved via proteolytic digestion of selenium yeast followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30806891 |
Wave method In fluid dynamics, the wave method (WM), or wave characteristic method (WCM), is a model describing unsteady flow of fluids in conduits (pipes). The wave method is based on the physically accurate concept that transient pipe flow occurs as a result of pressure waves generated and propagated from a disturban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30810934 |
Wagner's gene network model is a computational model of artificial gene networks, which explicitly modeled the developmental and evolutionary process of genetic regulatory networks. A population with multiple organisms can be created and evolved from generation to generation. It was first developed by Andreas Wagner in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30818571 |
Wagner's gene network model In the original Wagner model, formula_6 ∈ formula_10 where 1 represents the gene is expressed while -1 implies the gene is not expressed. The expression pattern can only be ON or OFF. The continuous expression pattern between -1 (or 0) and 1 is also implemented in some other variants. The de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30818571 |
Wagner's gene network model In a typical evolutionary simulation, a single random viable individual that can produce a stable gene expression pattern is chosen as the founder. Cloned individuals are generated to create a population of N identical individuals. According to the asexual or sexual reproductive mode, offspr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30818571 |
Corrosion monitoring A corrosion monitoring program provides comprehensive monitoring of all critical components of industrial objects, assets, facilities and plants for signs of corrosion. For reliable operation it is important to identify the location, rate, and underlying causes of corrosion. A corrosion monitoring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30818649 |
Corrosion monitoring In extreme cases, corrosion can lead to unexpected failures that can be costly in terms of repair costs, environmental damage and potential harm to humans. Corrosion Monitoring uses a wide range of measurement techniques. non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are the most effective and broadly appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30818649 |
Total absorption spectroscopy is a measurement technique that allows the measurement of the gamma radiation emitted in the different nuclear gamma transitions that may take place in the daughter nucleus after its unstable parent has decayed by means of the beta decay process. This technique can be used for beta decay s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy Then, the final energy spectrum will not be a collection of different energy peaks coming from the different transitions (as can be expected in the case of a germanium detector), but a collection of peaks situated at an energy that is the sum of the different energies of all the gammas of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy "R" is the response matrix of the detector (meaning the probability that a decay that feeds a certain level gives a count in certain bin of the spectrum). The function "R" depends of the detector but also of the particular level scheme that is being measured. To be able to extract the valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy Then the procedure to find the feedings is iterative: using the expectation-maximization algorithm to solve the inverse problem, Then the procedure to find the feedings is iterative: using the expectation-maximization algorithm to solve the inverse problem, the feedings are extracted; if t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy If internal conversion takes place, the EM multipole fields of the nucleus do not result in the emission of a photon, instead, the fields interact with the atomic electrons and cause one of the electrons to be emitted from the atom. The gamma that would be emitted after the beta decay is m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy ) have to be modeled accurately, and the geometry and materials in the way of these particles have to be well reproduced. Also, the light production of the scintillator has to be included. The way to perform this simulation is explained in detail in paper by D. Cano-Ott et al. GEANT3 and G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy This matrix contains the information related to the dependence of the response function on the detector. To include also the dependence on the level scheme that is being measured, the above-mentioned matrix should be convoluted with the branching ratio matrix calculated previously. In this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy This hole was filled by a plug detector (4.7x15.0 cm) with a holder that allowed the placement of ancillary detectors and two rollers for a tape. This measuring station, installed at the end of one of the ISOLDE beamlines, consists of a TAS, and a tape station. In this station, a beam pipe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Total absorption spectroscopy During the measurements Lucrecia is kept measuring at a total counting rate not larger than 10 kHz to avoid second and higher order pileup contributions. Surrounding the TAS there is a shielding box 19.2 cm thick made of four layers: polyethylene, lead, copper and aluminium. The purpose of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30832132 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing technology that uses transmission electron microscopy techniques. The method was conceived and developed in the 1960s and 70s, but lost favor when the extent of damage to the sample was recognized. In order for DNA to be clearly visualized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing In 2010 Krivanek and colleagues reported several technical improvements to the HAADF method, including a combination of aberration corrected electron optics and low accelerating voltage. The latter is crucial for imaging biological objects, as it allows to reduce damage b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Therefore, electron microscopy in conjunction with differential heavy atom DNA labeling could be used to directly image the DNA in order to determine its sequence. As in a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the double stranded DNA molecules to be sequenced must be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing This has only been possible in scanning transmission electron microscopy where the image is obtained by scanning the object with a finely focused electron beam, in a way similar to a cathode ray tube. However, the achieved improvement in resolution comes together with irr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing The relatively long read lengths provide substantial overlap between individual sequencing reads, which allows for greater statistical confidence in the assembly. In addition, long Sanger reads are able to span most regions of repetitive DNA sequence which otherwise confo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Sequencing technologies that generate long reads, including transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing, can capture entire haploblocks in a single read. That is, haplotypes are not broken up among multiple reads, and the genetically linked alleles remain together in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Analyzing this short read sequencing data encompasses all of the problems associated with "de novo" genome assembly using short read data. Furthermore, cancer genomes are often aneuploid. These aberrations, which are essentially large scale copy number variants, can be an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Many non-Sanger second- and third-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been or are currently being developed with the common aim of increasing throughput and decreasing cost such that personalized genetic medicine can be fully realized. Both the US$10 million Archo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30833420 |
Membrane emulsification (ME) is a relatively novel technique for producing all types of single and multiple emulsions for DDS (drug delivery systems), solid micro carriers for encapsulation of drug or nutrient, solder particles for surface-mount technology, mono dispersed polymer microspheres (for analytical column pac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30838269 |
Dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) is a method to determine the electronic structure of strongly correlated materials. In such materials, the approximation of independent electrons, which is used in density functional theory and usual band structure calculations, breaks down. Dynamical mean-field theory, a non-perturba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Dynamical mean-field theory In the Ising model, the lattice problem is mapped onto an effective single site problem, whose magnetization is to reproduce the lattice magnetization through an effective "mean-field". This condition is called the self-consistency condition. It stipulates that the single-site observables sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Dynamical mean-field theory The Hubbard Hamiltonian may take the following form: where, on suppressing the spin 1/2 indices formula_5, formula_6 denote the creation and annihilation operators of an electron on a localized orbital on site formula_7, and formula_8. The following assumptions have been made: The Hubbard mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Dynamical mean-field theory It is related to the non-interacting Green's function by the relation: Solving the Anderson impurity model consists in computing observables such as the interacting Green's function formula_26 for a given hybridization function formula_27 and formula_28. It is a difficult but not intractable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Dynamical mean-field theory In order to find the local lattice Green's function, one has to determine the hybridization function such that the corresponding impurity Green's function will coincide with the sought-after local lattice Green's function. The most widespread way of solving this problem is by using a forward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Dynamical mean-field theory Clusters contain 4 to 8 sites at low temperature and up to 100 sites at high temperature. Spatial dependencies of the self energy beyond DMFT, including long-range correlations in the vicinity of a phase transition, can be obtained also through a combination of analytical and numerical techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30839171 |
Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite, sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximate chemical formula NaHSO. in fact is not a real compound, but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions. It is a white solid with an odor of sulfur dioxide. R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30844503 |
Cholesterol total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule cholesterol and is considered a great scientific achievement. The research group of Robert Robinson with John Cornforth (Oxford University) published their synthesis in 1951 and that of Robert Burns Woodward with Franz Son... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30845073 |
Cholesterol total synthesis Added to the sterol frame with the alcohol group at position 3 are 2 methyl groups at carbon positions 10 and 13 and a 2-isooctyl group at position 17. The molecule is unsaturated at position 5,6 with an alkene group. The total number of stereocenters is 8. The unnatural cholesterol molecule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30845073 |
Cholesterol total synthesis The conversion of cholestenone into cholesterol by the method of Dauben and Eastham (1950) consisted of reduction of the enol acetate (lithium aluminum hydride) and fractionation with digitonin for the isolation of the correct isomer. Starting point for the Woodward synthesis was the hydroqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30845073 |
Cholesterol total synthesis Treatment with periodic acid (dioxane) and piperidine acetate (benzene) gave aldehyde 24 through diol 22 (oxidation) and dialdehyde 23 (aldol condensation). Sodium dichromate oxidation gave carboxylic acid 25, Diazomethane treatment gave methyl ester 26 and sodium borohydride the allyl alcoh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30845073 |
Local elevation is a technique used in computational chemistry or physics, mainly in the field of molecular simulation (including molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations). It was developed in 1994 by Huber, Torda and van Gunsteren to enhance the searching of conformational space in molecular dynamics s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30846294 |
Local elevation These are typically a set of conformationally relevant dihedral angles, but can in principle be any differentiable function of the cartesian coordinates formula_2. The algorithm deforms the physical potential energy surface by introducing a bias energy, such that the total potential energy is defined as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30846294 |
Local elevation It has been shown by Engkvist and Karlström that the bias potential built by the local elevation method will approximate the negative of the free energy surface. The free energy surface can therefore be approximated directly from the bias potential (as done in the metadynamics method) or the bias potent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30846294 |
Semi-drying oil A semi-drying oil is an oil which partially hardens when it is exposed to air. This is as opposed to a to drying oil, which hardens completely, or a non-drying oil, which does not harden at all. Oils with an iodine number of 115-130 are considered semi-drying. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850153 |
Calcareous sinter is a freshwater calcium carbonate deposit, also known as calc-sinter. Deposits are characterised by low porosity and well-developed lamination. should not be confused with siliceous sinter, which the term sinter more frequently refers to. It has been suggested that the term "sinter" should be restrict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850405 |
Calcareous sinter With deposits up to thick, the material was cut into vertical columns of polished brown rock with impressive layered patterns, which made it much in demand by cathedral builders across large parts of central Europe and beyond. In England it was used to provide polychromy, contrasting with the pale lim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850405 |
Purpuric acid is a nitrogenous acid. is a nitrogenous acid related to barbituric acid that yields alloxan and uramil on hydrolysis and is known especially in purple-red salts (as murexide) from which it is obtained as an orange-red powder. was first described in 1818 by the English chemist William Prout (1785-1850). Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850738 |
Shelter Island Conference on Quantum Mechanics in Valence Theory, 1951 Shelter Island Conference on Quantum Mechanics in Valence Theory was held in 1951. It was also sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Laureate Robert S. Mulliken organized the meeting. The other participants were Theodore H. Berlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30850925 |
Tributyltin azide is an organotin compound with the formula (CH)SnN. It is a colorless solid although older samples can appear as yellow oils. The compound is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. is synthesized by the salt metathesis reaction of tributyltin chloride and sodium azide. It is a reagent used in the synt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30853464 |
Retinoblastoma protein The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated pRb; gene name abbreviated RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of Rb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. Whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Retinal cells are not sloughed off or replaced, and are subjected to high levels of mutagenic UV radiation, and thus most pRb knock-outs occur in retinal tissue (but it has also been documented in certain skin cancers in patients from New Zealand where the amount of UV radiation is significantly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein This explains why sufferers of sporadic retinoblastoma are not at increased risk of cancers later in life, as both alleles are functional in all their other cells. Future cancer incidence in sporadic Rb cases is observed with polynomial kinetics, not exactly quadratic as expected because the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Rb binds and inhibits E2 promoter-binding–protein-dimerization partner (E2F-DP) dimers, which are transcription factors of the "E2F" family that push the cell into S phase. By keeping E2F-DP inactivated, "RB1" maintains the cell in the G1 phase, preventing progression through the cell cycle and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Both of these cyclins are able to bind to Cdk2 and facilitate entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Through the repression of expression of cyclin E and cyclin A, Rb is able to inhibit the G1/S transition. There are at least three distinct mechanisms in which pRb can repress transcription of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Data suggests that pRb is able to repress transcription by both Rb being recruited to the promoter as well as having a target present in TFIID. The presence of pRb may change the conformation of the TFIIA/IID complex into a less active version with a decreased binding affinity. pRb can also direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Rb recruitment of histone deacetylases leads to the repression of genes at E2F-regulated promoters due to nucleosome formation. Some genes activated during the G1/S transition such as cyclin E are repressed by HDAC during early to mid-G1 phase. This suggests that HDAC-assisted repression of cell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein When it is time for a cell to enter S phase, complexes of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and cyclins phosphorylate Rb to pRb, allowing E2F-DP to dissociate from pRb and become active. When E2F is free it activates factors like cyclins (e.g. cyclin E and cyclin A), which push the cell through the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein No progressive phosphorylation occurs because when HFF cells were exposed to sustained cyclin D- Cdk4/6 activity (and even deregulated activity) in early G1, only mono-phosphorylated Rb was detected. Furthermore, triple knockout, p16 addition, and Cdk 4/6 inhibitor addition experiments confirmed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein The bistable, switch like behavior of Rb can thus be modeled as a bifurcation point: Presence of un-phosphorylated Rb drives cell cycle exit and maintains senescence. At the end of mitosis, PP1 dephosphorylates hyper-phosphorylated Rb directly to its un-phosphorylated state. Furthermore, when cyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Therefore, mono-phosphorylated Rb is thought to play an active role in DNA damage response, so that E2F gene repression occurs until the damage is fixed and the cell can pass the restriction point. As a side note, the discovery that damages causes Cyclin D - Cdk 4/6 activation even in G0 cells sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein In cycling progenitor cells, Rb plays a role at the G1, S, and G2 checkpoints and promotes differentiation. In differentiated cells, which make up the majority of cells in the body and are assumed to be in irreversible G0, Rb maintains both arrest and differentiation. Loss of Rb therefore exhibit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein In proliferating cells, certain Rb conformations (when RxL motif if bound by protein phosphatase 1 or when it is acetylated or methylated) are resistant to CDK phosphorylation and retain other function throughout cell cycle progression, suggesting not all Rb in the cell are devoted to guarding th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Rb has also been implicated in regulating metabolism through interactions with components of cellular metabolic pathways. RB1 mutations can cause alterations in metabolism, including reduced mitochondrial respiration, reduced activity in the electron transport chain, and changes in flux of glucos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Treatment of cancers by CDK4/6 inhibitors depends of the presence of Rb within the cell for therapeutic effect, limiting their usage only to cancers where RB is not mutated and Rb protein levels are not significantly depleted. Direct Rb reactivation in humans has not been achieved. However, in mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein In addition, it has been shown that the pro-apoptotic activity of p53 is restrained by the Rb pathway, such that Rb deficient tumor cells become sensitive to p53 mediated cell death. This opens the door to research of compounds that could activate p53 activity in these cancer cells and induce apo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
Retinoblastoma protein Though this may seem to be a positive development, Rb-knockdown mice tend to develop severe hearing loss due to degeneration of the organ of Corti. For this reason, Rb seems to be instrumental for completing the development of mammalian hair cells and keeping them alive. However, it is clear that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855468 |
United States Army CBRN School The United States Army CBRN School, located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, is the primary American training school specializing in military Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defense. Until 2008, it was known as the United States Army Chemical School. In accordance wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855956 |
United States Army CBRN School Bradley Radiological Teaching Laboratories is one of the very few radiological teaching laboratories licensed by the NRC in the Department of Defense. It provides a variety of training in radiological and nuclear defense under the supervision of credentialed scientists. The newest facilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855956 |
United States Army CBRN School The name change was to encompass, in the title of the school, the wide range of training and expertise maintained by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. As of June 15, 2018, the Commandant of the U.S. Army CBRN School is Brigadier General Andy Munera United States Army CBRN School. The Assistan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30855956 |
C22H42O4 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856833 |
Chemical defense is a life history strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites. The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The class of chemicals produced by organisms that are cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Chemical defense Flagellates were allowed to grow and were present in a biofilm of "P. aeruginosa" grown for three days, but no flagellates were detected after seven days. This suggests that concentrated and coordinated release of extracellular toxins by biofilms has a greater effect than unicellular excretions. Bacter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Chemical defense A wealth of literature exists on the defensive chemistry of secondary metabolites produced by terrestrial plants and their antagonistic effects on pests and pathogens, likely owing to the fact that human society depends upon large-scale agricultural production to sustain global commerce. Since the 1950... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Chemical defense Lignin and cellulose are important structural elements in plants and are also usually highly indigestible. Tannins are also toxic against pathogenic fungi at natural concentrations in a variety of woody tissues. Not only useful as deterrents to pathogens or consumers, some of the chemicals produced by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Chemical defense Secondary metabolites obtained from plant food may also be sequestered by insects and used in the production of their own toxins. One of the more well-known examples of this is the monarch butterfly, which sequesters poison obtained from the miilkweed plant. Among the most successful insect orders empl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Chemical defense It is suspected that some well-known compounds such as batrachotoxins from poison frogs in the family Dendrobatidae and tetrodotoxin produced by newts and pufferfish are derived from invertebrate prey. Bufadienolides, defensive chemicals produced by toads, have been found in glands of natricine snakes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30856926 |
Field-emission microscopy (FEM) is an analytical technique used in materials science to investigate molecular surface structures and their electronic properties. Invented by Erwin Wilhelm Müller in 1936, the FEM was one of the first surface-analysis instruments that approached near-atomic resolution. Microscopy techniq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30857461 |
Field-emission microscopy The field-emitted electrons travel along the field lines and produce bright and dark patches on the fluorescent screen, giving a one-to-one correspondence with the crystal planes of the hemispherical emitter. The emission current varies strongly with the local work function in accordance with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30857461 |
Field-emission microscopy The FEM has also been used to study adsorption and surface diffusion processes, making use of the work-function change associated with the adsorption process. Field emission requires a very good vacuum, and often even in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), emission is not due to the clean surface. A typi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30857461 |
École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier The École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, or ENSCM, is one of the French "Grandes Ecoles", situated in Montpellier. Although it may share academic staff and research activities with the University as well as research bodies such as CNRS, the ENSCM has a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30857485 |
École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier The ENSCM provides high level training for engineers and researchers in Chemistry and is renowned for its research activities in the following fields: Research is carried out ( in partnership with CNRS, Universités Montpellier I et II) in “Unités Mixtes de Recherche” ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30857485 |
Rose's metal Rose's metal, Rose metal or Rose's alloy is a fusible alloy with a low melting point. consists of 50% bismuth, 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin. Its melting point is between . The alloy does not appreciably contract or expand on solidification, this characteristic being a function of its bismuth percentage. has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30861606 |
Microchannel plate detector A micro-channel plate (MCP) is a planar component used for detection of single particles (electrons, ions and neutrons) and low intensity impinging radiation (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays). It is closely related to an electron multiplier, as both intensify single particles or photons by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector The impact starts a cascade of electrons that propagates through the channel, amplifying the original signal by several orders of magnitude depending on the electric field strength and the geometry of the micro-channel plate. After the cascade, the microchannel takes time to recover (or rech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector In a chevron MCP the electrons that exit the first plate start the cascade in the next plate. The angle between the channels reduces ion feedback in the device, as well as producing significantly more gain at a given voltage compared to a straight channel MCP. The two MCPs can either be pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector A torus is the optimum compromise between low capacitance and short path and for similar reasons usually no dielectric (Markor) is placed into this region. After a 90° turn of the torus it is possible to attach a large coaxial waveguide. A taper permits minimizing the radius so that an SMA c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector Sometimes the preamplifier is on a potential ("off ground") and gets its power through a low-power isolation transformer and outputs its signal optically. The gain of a MCP is very noisy, especially for single particles. With two thick MCPs (>1 mm) and small channels (< 10 µm), saturation oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector Since the output signal from the MCP is generally small, the presence of the thermal noise limits the measurement of the time structure of the MCP signal. However, with fast amplification schemes it is possible to have valuable information on the signal amplitude even at very low signal leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Microchannel plate detector At both ends the meanders are connected to detector electronics. These electronics convert the measured delays into X- (first layer) and Y-coordinates (second layer). Sometimes a hexagonal grid and 3 coordinates are used. This redundancy reduces the dead space-time by reducing the maximum tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862351 |
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by centrifugal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. In its broadest sense, countercurrent ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862402 |
Countercurrent chromatography There are two modes by which the stationary phase is retained by centrifugal force: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the hydrostatic method, the column is rotated about a central axis. Hydrostatic instruments are marketed under the name centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Hydrodyna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30862402 |
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