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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization A single mass spectral peak can predict methicillin resistance of "Staphylococcus aureus" MALDI can also detect carbapenemase of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, including "Acinetobacter baumannii" and "Klebsiella pneumoniae". However, most proteins that mediate antib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2190535 |
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MALDI/TOF was used to quickly analyze fecal samples and find differences between the mutant and the functional protein responsible for NEC. There is hope that a similar technique could be used as a quick, diagnostic tool that would not require sequencing. Another example of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2190535 |
Dihydrogen bond In chemistry, a dihydrogen bond is a kind of hydrogen bond, an interaction between a metal hydride bond and an OH or NH group or other proton donor. With a van der Waals radius of 1.2 Å, hydrogen atoms do not usually approach other hydrogen atoms closer than 2.4 Å. Close approaches near 1.8 Å, are, howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2191918 |
Dihydrogen bond Formation of a dihydrogen bond is assumed to precede formation of H from the reaction of a hydride and a protic acid. A very short dihydrogen bond is observed in NaBH·2HO with H−H contacts of 1.79, 1.86, and 1.94 Å. Protonation of transition metal hydride complexes is generally thought to occur via dihy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2191918 |
Chromophore A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color. The color that is seen by our eyes is the one not absorbed within a certain wavelength spectrum of visible light. The chromophore is a region in the molecule where the energy difference between two separate molecular orbitals falls within th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193362 |
Chromophore ("Conjugated systems of fewer than eight conjugated double bonds absorb only in the ultraviolet region and are colorless to the human eye", "Compounds that are blue or green typically do not rely on conjugated double bonds alone.") In the conjugated chromophores, the electrons jump between energy levels tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193362 |
Chromophore The highly conjugated pi-bonding system of the macrocycle ring absorbs visible light. The nature of the central metal can also influence the absorption spectrum of the metal-macrocycle complex or properties such as excited state lifetime. The tetrapyrrole moiety in organic compounds which is not macrocyclic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193362 |
Chromophore 2, that central carbon becomes part of a double bond becoming sp hybridized and leaving a p orbital to overlap with the π-bonding in the rings. This makes the three rings conjugate together to form an extended chromophore absorbing longer wavelength visible light to show a fuchsia color. At pH ranges outsid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2193362 |
Uranium–uranium dating is a radiometric dating technique which compares two isotopes of uranium (U) in a sample: uranium-234 (U) and uranium-238 (U). It is one of several radiometric dating techniques exploiting the uranium radioactive decay series, in which U undergoes 14 alpha and beta decay events on the way to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2194893 |
Uranium–uranium dating This complicates calculations as both the parent and daughter isotopes decay over time into other isotopes. In theory, the U/U technique can be useful in dating samples between about 10,000 and 2 million years Before Present (BP), or up to about eight times the half-life of U. As such, it provide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2194893 |
Paternò–Büchi reaction The Paternò–Büchi reaction, named after Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction that forms four-membered oxetane rings from an excited carbonyl and reacting with an alkene. With substrates benzaldehyde and 2-methyl-2-butene the rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2195233 |
Oxygenate Oxygenated chemical compounds contain oxygen as a part of their chemical structure. The term usually refers to oxygenated chemical compounds added to fuels. Oxygenates are usually employed as gasoline additives to reduce carbon monoxide and soot that is created during the burning of the fuel. Compounds relate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2195504 |
Oxygenate This is known as oxygenated fuel and often (but not entirely correctly, as there are reformulated gasolines without oxygenate) as reformulated gasoline. Methyl "tert"-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most common fuel additive in the United States, prior to government mandated use of ethanol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2195504 |
Liver dialysis is a detoxification treatment for liver failure and has shown promise for patients with hepatorenal syndrome. It is similar to hemodialysis and based on the same principles. Like a bioartificial liver device, it is a form of artificial extracorporeal liver support. A critical issue of the clinical syndro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2196198 |
Liver dialysis Because of the need for these experts, as well as the relative newness of the procedure in certain areas, it is usually available only in larger hospitals, such as level I trauma center teaching hospitals connected with medical schools. While the technique is in its infancy, the prognosis of patients wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2196198 |
Liver dialysis It consists of two separate dialysis circuits. The first circuit consists of human serum albumin, is in contact with the patient's blood through a semipermeable membrane and has two filters to clean the albumin after it has absorbed toxins from the patient's blood. The second circuit consists of a hemodi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2196198 |
Liver dialysis The cost of this therapy adds up to approximately €2165. Performing SPAD according to the protocol by Sauer et al., however, requires 1000 ml of human albumin solution (20%) at a cost of €500. A high-flux dialyzer costing approximately €40 and the tubings (€125) must also be purchased. The overall costs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2196198 |
Phosphaalkyne In chemistry, a phosphaalkyne (IUPAC name: alkylidynephosphane) is an organophosphorus compound containing a triple bond between phosphorus and carbon with the general formula R-C≡P. Phosphaalkynes are the heavier congeners of nitriles, though, due to the similar electronegativities of phosphorus and carb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne It is speculated that these reactions generally proceed via an intermediate phosphaethylene with general structure RClC=PH. This hypothesis has found experimental support in the observation of FC=PH by P NMR spectroscopy during the synthesis of F-C≡P. The high strength of silicon-halogen bonds can be leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne This synthetic strategy is particularly appealing because the precursors (an acyl chloride and "tris"-trimethylsilylphosphine or "bis"-trimethylsilylphosphide) are either readily available or simple to synthesize. This method has been utilized to produce a variety of kinetically stable phosphaalkynes, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne The carbon-phosphorus triple bond in phosphaalkynes represents an exception to the so-called "double bond rule", which would suggest that phosphorus tends not to form multiple bonds to carbon, and the nature of bonding within phosphaalkynes has therefore attracted much interest from synthetic and theoreti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne Lucas and coworkers have investigated the electronic structure of various substituted phosphaalkynes, including the cyaphide anion (C≡P), using NBO, natural resonance theory (NRT), and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) in an attempt to better describe the bonding in these molecules. For the sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne The pi-bonds of phosphaalkynes are weaker than most carbon-phosphorus sigma bonds, rendering phosphaalkynes reactive with respect to the formation of oligomeric species containing more sigma bonds. These oligomerization reactions are be triggered thermally, or can be catalyzed by transition or main group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Phosphaalkyne Unlike thermally initiated phosphaalkyne oligomerization reactions, transition metals and main group metals are capable of oligomerizing phosphaalkynes in a controlled manner, and have led to the isolation of phosphaalkyne dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and even hexamers. A nickel complex is capab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2198300 |
Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed from a single nonaromatic precursor. Typically aromatization is achieved by dehydrogenation of existing cyclic compounds, illustrated by the conversion of cyclohexane into benzene. includes the formation of heterocyclic systems. Although not pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2199220 |
Aromatization Aromatase inhibitors like exemestane (which forms a permanent and deactivating bond with the aromatase enzyme) and anastrozole and letrozole (which compete for the enzyme) have been shown to be more effective than anti-estrogen medications such as tamoxifen likely because they prevent the formation of est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2199220 |
Aromatization α-Phellandrene (2-methyl-5-"iso"-propyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene) is oxidised to "p"-"iso"-propyltoluene with the reduction of ruthenium trichloride. Oxidative dehydrogenation of dihydropyridine results in aromatization, giving pyridine. Non-aromatic rings can be aromatized in many ways. Dehydration allows the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2199220 |
Aromatization Cyclodeca-3-en-1,5-diyne reacts with 1,3-cyclohexadiene to produce benzene and tetralin at 37 °C, the reaction being highly favorable owing to the formation of two new aromatic rings: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2199220 |
Sephadex is a cross-linked dextran gel used for gel filtration. It was launched by Pharmacia in 1959, after development work by Jerker Porath and Per Flodin. The name is derived from separation Pharmacia dextran. It is normally manufactured in a bead form and most commonly used for gel filtration columns. By varying th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2200492 |
Sephadex An example of use is the purification of cholesterol. Exclusion chromatography. Fractionation Range of Globular Proteins and Dextrans (Da). Ion-exchange chromatography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2200492 |
Tishchenko reaction The is an organic chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of an alkoxide. The reaction is named after Russian organic chemist Vyacheslav Tishchenko, who discovered that aluminium alkoxides are effective catalysts for the reaction. In the related Cannizzaro r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2201758 |
Lamellar structure Lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transformation front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapid cooling of eutectic (such as solder) or eut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2201779 |
Thermal decomposition Thermal decomposition, or thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202301 |
Ligand (biochemistry) In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The binding typically results in a change o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) The conformation of a receptor protein composes the functional state. Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, signaling lipids, and neurotransmitters. The rate of binding is called affinity, and this measurement typifies a tendency or strength of the effect. Binding affinity is actuali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) A ligand that can bind to a receptor, alter the function of the receptor, and trigger a physiological response is called an agonist for that receptor. Agonist binding to a receptor can be characterized both in terms of how much physiological response can be triggered and in terms of the concentrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) In the example shown to the left, ligand-binding curves are shown for two ligands with different binding affinities. Ligand binding is often characterized in terms of the concentration of ligand at which half of the receptor binding sites are occupied, known as the IC, which is related to but diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) This method allows the determination of the binding affinity without any limitation to the ligand's molecular weight. For the use of statistical mechanics in a quantitative study of the ligand-receptor binding affinity, see the comprehensive article on the configurational partition function. Bindi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) Bivalent ligands consist of two drug-like molecules (pharmacophores or ligands) connected by an inert linker. There are various kinds of bivalent ligands and are often classified based on what the pharmacophores target. Homobivalent ligands target two of the same receptor types. Heterobivalent lig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) Given that some bivalent ligands can have many advantages compared to their monovalent counterparts (such as tissue selectivity, increased binding affinity, and increased potency or efficacy), bivalents may offer some clinical advantages as well. A privileged scaffold is a molecular framework or c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Ligand (biochemistry) org has been succeeded by similar projects such as World Community Grid, Human Proteome Folding Project, Compute Against Cancer and Folding@Home. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202422 |
Mebendazole (MBZ) is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infestations. This includes ascariasis, pinworm disease, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid disease, and giardia, among others. It is taken by mouth. is usually well tolerated. Common side effects include headache, vomiting, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202629 |
Mebendazole It kills parasites relatively slowly, and in those with very heavy infestations, it can cause some parasites to migrate out of the digestive system, leading to appendicitis, bile duct problems, or intestinal perforation. To avoid this, heavily infested patients may be treated with piperazine, either before ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202629 |
Mebendazole Stevens–Johnson syndrome and the more severe toxic epidermal necrolysis can occur when mebendazole is combined with high doses of metronidazole. works by selectively inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules via binding to colchicine binding site of β-tubulin, thereby blocking polymerisation of tubulin dimer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202629 |
Mebendazole marketing rights to the only other interchangeable anti-parasitic medication, albendazole, from GSK. The result of these acquisitions created a monopoly on these medications and the price increased dramatically. In 2015 Amedra Pharmaceuticals became a subsidiary of Amneal Pharmaceuticals. In Australia and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202629 |
Amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP-PCR or just AFLP is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by Keygene, AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2203789 |
Amplified fragment length polymorphism As a result, AFLP has become widely used for the identification of genetic variation in strains or closely related species of plants, fungi, animals, and bacteria. The AFLP technology has been used in criminal and paternity tests, also to determine slight differences within popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2203789 |
Intervalence charge transfer In chemistry, intervalence charge transfer, often abbreviated IVCT or even IT, is an electron transfer (thermal or photoinduced) between two metal sites differing only in oxidation state. Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the sites. The term is frequently e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204788 |
Viscosity index The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluids change in viscosity relative to temperature change. It is mostly used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature. The higher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204862 |
Viscosity index Historically, there were two different oil types recommended for usage in different weather conditions. As an example, with winter oils and cold starting the engines, and with temperature ranges from, say, -30*C to 0*C, a 5 weight oil would be pumpable at the very low temperatures and the generally cool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204862 |
Viscosity index However when a spoonful of very cold oil is put into a pan on a stove and it is slowly heated and swirled around, the oil will gradually warm up, and there is a definite temperature range where the oil is warm and very "oily" or quite lubricating. However as the oil is heated further, the oil becomes th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204862 |
Viscosity index Despite all the neurosis generating literature of the advertising industry, a fairly simple oil viscosity and temperature chart does fulfill the educational needs of the user and the enquipment, the latter being reasonably typical of all owner manuals and combustion engine manufacturers. As stipulated e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204862 |
Tractor vaporising oil (or TVO) is a fuel for petrol-paraffin engines. In the United Kingdom and Australia, after the Second World War, it was commonly used for tractors until diesel engines became commonplace. In Australian English it was known as power kerosene. TVO existed for at least fifteen years before it became... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204906 |
Tractor vaporising oil These aromatics have an octane rating, so adding some of that otherwise waste product material back in a controlled manner into paraffin gave TVO. The resulting octane rating of TVO was somewhere between 55 and 70. The words paraffin and kerosene are often used interchangeably but the tables sugg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204906 |
Tractor vaporising oil So long as the engine was working hard, as when ploughing or pulling a load, the TVO would burn well. Under light conditions, such as travelling unloaded on the highway, the engine was better on petrol. Some tractor designs included a radiator "blind" that would restrict the flow of air over the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2204906 |
Gaseous fire suppression Gaseous fire suppression, also called clean agent fire suppression, is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire. These agents are governed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems – NFPA 2001... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2205197 |
Gaseous fire suppression Some incidents have occurred where individuals in these spaces have been killed by carbon dioxide agent release (only in the case of CO carbon dioxide systems). When installed according to fire codes the systems have an excellent safety record. To prevent such occurrences, additional life safet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2205197 |
Ionomer An ionomer () ("iono-" + "-mer") is a polymer composed of repeat units of both electrically neutral repeating units and ionized units covalently bonded to the polymer backbone as pendant group moieties. Usually no more than 15 mole percent are ionized. The ionized units are often carboxylic acid groups. The cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
Ionomer Common examples of ionomers include polystyrene sulfonate, Nafion and Hycar. Usually ionomer synthesis consists of two steps – the introduction of acid groups to the polymer backbone and the neutralization of some of the acid groups by a metal cation. In very rare cases, the groups introduced are already neutra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
Ionomer However, as commercial manufacturers are reluctant to share their procedures, little is known about the exact conditions of the melt-mixing neutralization process other than that hydroxides are generally used to provide the metal cation. The latter solution neutralization process is generally used in academic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
Ionomer Crystals of ethylene-methacrylic acid ionomers exhibit dual melting behavior. By complexing metal ions into the polymer matrix, the strength and toughness of the ionomer system is increased. Some applications where ionomers were used to increase the toughness of the overall system include coatings, adhesives, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
Ionomer Using the ionomer to increase the viscosity of the system helps prevent shear thinning behaviors within the drilling fluid, especially at higher temperatures of operation. Another application includes the ability of an ionomer to increase the compatibility of polymer blends. This phenomenon is driven by thermod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
Ionomer Examples include the cation exchange membrane for fuel cells, which allow only protons or specific ions to cross the membrane, a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer to optimize the uniform coating of the catalyst on membrane surfaces, a redox flow battery separator, electrodialysis, where ions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206496 |
History of fluid mechanics The history of fluid mechanics, the study of how fluids move and the forces on them, dates back to the Ancient Greeks. A pragmatic, if not scientific, knowledge of fluid flow was exhibited by ancient civilizations, such as in the design of arrows, spears, boats, and particularly hydraulic eng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics The siphon is a simple instrument; but the forcing-pump is a complicated invention, which could scarcely have been expected in the infancy of hydraulics. It was probably suggested to Ctesibius by the Egyptian wheel or Noria, which was common at that time, and which was a kind of chain pump, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics He remarked that the flow of water from an orifice depends not only on the magnitude of the orifice itself, but also on the height of the water in the reservoir; and that a pipe employed to carry off a portion of water from an aqueduct should, as circumstances required, have a position more o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Al-Khazini, in "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" (1121), invented a hydrostatic balance. In the 9th century, Banū Mūsā brothers' "Book of Ingenious Devices" described a number of early automatic controls in fluid mechanics. Two-step level controls for fluids, an early form of discontinuous ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics The first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al-Jaz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Torricelli, observing that in a jet where the water rushed through a small ajutage it rose to nearly the same height with the reservoir from which it was supplied, imagined that it ought to move with the same velocity as if it had fallen through that height by the force of gravity, and hence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Others he treated very superficially, and in none of his experiments apparently did he attend to the diminution of efflux arising from the contraction of the liquid vein, when the orifice is merely a perforation in a thin plate; but he appears to have been the first who attempted to ascribe t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics The effects of friction and viscosity in diminishing the velocity of running water were noticed in the "Principia" of Sir Isaac Newton, who threw much light upon several branches of hydromechanics. At a time when the Cartesian system of vortices universally prevailed, he found it necessary to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics He then supposed this cylindrical column of water to be divided into two parts – the first, which he called the "cataract," being an hyperboloid generated by the revolution of an hyperbola of the fifth degree around the axis of the cylinder which should pass through the orifice, and the secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics He regarded, therefore, the section of the contracted vein as the true orifice from which the discharge of water ought to be deduced, and the velocity of the effluent water as due to the whole height of water in the reservoir; and by this means his theory became more conformable to the result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics But in the absence of a general demonstration of that principle, his results did not command the .confidence which they would otherwise have deserved, and it became desirable to have a theory more certain, and depending solely on the fundamental laws of mechanics. Colin Maclaurin and John Ber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics He considered, at every instant, the actual motion of a stratum as composed of a motion which it had in the preceding instant and of a motion which it had lost; and the laws of equilibrium between the motions lost furnished him with equations representing the motion of the fluid. It remained ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Following in the steps of the Abbé Charles Bossut ("Nouvelles Experiences sur la résistance des fluides", 1777), he published, in 1786, a revised edition of his "Principes d'hydraulique", which contains a satisfactory theory of the motion of fluids, founded solely upon experiments. Dubuat con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics The experiments of Bossut were made only on pipes of a moderate declivity, but Dubuat used declivities of every kind, and made his experiments upon channels of various sizes. In 1858 Hermann von Helmholtz published his seminal paper "Über Integrale der hydrodynamischen Gleichungen, welche den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Early on individual sessions at scientific conferences were devoted to vortices, vortex motion, vortex dynamics and vortex flows. Later, entire meetings were devoted to the subject. The range of applicability of Helmholtz's work grew to encompass atmospheric and oceanographic flows, to all br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics From a collection of the best experiments by previous workers he selected eighty-two (fifty-one on the velocity of water in conduit pipes, and thirty-one on its velocity in open canals); and, discussing these on physical and mechanical principles, he succeeded in drawing up general formulae, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Bornemann re-examined all these results with great care, and gave formulae expressing the variation of the coefficients of discharge in different conditions ("Civil Ingénieur," 1880). Julius Weisbach (1806–1871) also made many experimental investigations on the discharge of fluids. The experi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics The friction of water, investigated for slow speeds by Coulomb, was measured for higher speeds by William Froude (1810–1879), whose work is of great value in the theory of ship resistance ("Brit. Assoc. Report.", 1869), and stream line motion was studied by Professor Osborne Reynolds and by P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics This result singled out by Einstein in "Zum hundertjährigen Gedenktag von Lord Kelvins Geburt, Naturwissenschaften, 12 (1924), 601–602," (title translation: "On the 100th Anniversary of Lord Kelvin's Birth"), as one of the most significant results of Kelvin's work provided an early link betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
History of fluid mechanics Another example of this kind is the so-called "localized induction approximation" (LIA) for three-dimensional vortex filament motion, which gained favor in the mid-1960s through the work of Arms, Hama, Betchov and others, but turns out to date from the early years of the 20th century in the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206712 |
Direct fluorescent antibody A direct fluorescent antibody (DFA or dFA), also known as "direct immunofluorescence", is an antibody that has been tagged in a direct fluorescent antibody test. Its name derives from the fact that it directly tests the presence of an antigen with the tagged antibody, unlike western blotting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206783 |
Direct fluorescent antibody As with all types of fluorescence microscopy, the correct absorption wavelength needs to be determined in order to excite the fluorophore tag attached to the antibody, and detect the fluorescence given off, which indicates which cells are positive for the presence of the virus or bacteria be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206783 |
Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206793 |
Immunomagnetic separation Dynabeads consists of iron-containing cores, which is covered by a thin layer of a polymer shell allowing the absorption of biomolecules. The beads are coated with primary antibodies, specific-specific antibodies, lectins, enzymes, or streptavidin ; the linkage between magnetized beads coated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206793 |
Immunomagnetic separation In metastasis research this separation technique may become necessary to separate when given a cell population and wanting to isolate tumors cells in tumors, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. Antibodies coating paramagnetic beads will bind to antigens present on the surface of cells thus "cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206793 |
Lithium battery Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode. These types of batteries are also referred to as lithium-metal batteries. They stand apart from other batteries in their high charge density (long life) and high cost per unit. Depending on the design and chemical compounds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent. University of California San Diego have developed an electrolyte chemistry that allows lithium batteries to run at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery While lithium battery packs are considerably more expensive than standard oceanographic packs, they hold up to three times the capacity of alkaline packs. The high cost of servicing remote oceanographic instrumentation (usually by ships) often justifies this higher cost. Small lithium batteries are very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery When the battery is made to contain more material, the separator can undergo stress. Lithium batteries can provide extremely high currents and can discharge very rapidly when short-circuited. Although this is useful in applications where high currents are required, a too-rapid discharge of a lithium bat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery The rules forbid lithium batteries not installed in a device from checked luggage and restrict them in carry-on luggage by total lithium content. Australia Post prohibited transport of lithium batteries in air mail during 2010. UK regulations for the transport of lithium batteries were amended by the Na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery The primary mechanism of injury with button battery ingestions is the generation of hydroxide ions, which cause severe chemical burns, at the anode. This is an electrochemical effect of the intact battery, and does not require the casing to be breached or the contents released. Complications include oes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery Prevention efforts in the US by the National Button Battery Task force in cooperation with industry leaders have led to changes in packaging and battery compartment design in electronic devices to reduce a child's access to these batteries. However, there still is a lack of awareness across the general ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Lithium battery 2 V or above but be unable to generate useful current (<5 mA versus >40 mA for a good new cell) Some also alloy the lithium with magnesium (Mg) to cut costs and these are particularly prone to the mentioned failure mode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206984 |
Kelvin probe force microscope Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). With KPFM, the work function of surfaces can be observed at atomic or molecular scales. The work function relates to many surface phenomena, including... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2207911 |
Kelvin probe force microscope The resulting vibration of the cantilever is detected using usual scanned-probe microscopy methods (typically involving a diode laser and a four-quadrant detector). A null circuit is used to drive the DC potential of the tip to a value which minimizes the vibration. A map of this nulling D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2207911 |
Kelvin probe force microscope The difference between the work functions is called the contact potential difference and is denoted generally with "V". An electrostatic force exists between tip and sample, because of the electric field between them. For the measurement a voltage is applied between tip and sample, consist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2207911 |
Kelvin probe force microscope Since the electrostatic force at "ω" depends on "V − V", the value of "V" that minimizes the "ω"-term corresponds to the contact potential. Absolute values of the sample work function can be obtained if the tip is first calibrated against a reference sample of known work function. Apart fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2207911 |
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