text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Selective catalytic reduction Of more concern to SCR performance is poisons, which will destroy the chemistry of the catalyst and render the SCR ineffective at NOx reduction or cause unwanted oxidation of ammonia (forming more NOx). Some of these poisons include: halogens, alkaline metals, arsenic, phosphorus, antimony... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219841 |
Selective catalytic reduction In power stations, the same basic technology is employed for removal of from the flue gas of boilers used in power generation and industry. In general, the SCR unit is located between the furnace economizer and the air heater, and the ammonia is injected into the catalyst chamber through a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219841 |
Selective catalytic reduction This includes Detroit Diesel (DD13, DD15, and DD16 models), Cummins (ISX, ISL9, and ISB6.7), Paccar, and Volvo/Mack. These engines require the periodic addition of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF, a urea solution) to enable the process. DEF is available in a bottle from most truck stops, and som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219841 |
Negative refraction is the name for an electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays are refracted at an interface in the reverse sense to that normally expected. Such an effect can be obtained using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for both (electric) permittivity ε and (magnetic) perme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219887 |
Negative refraction For plane waves propagating in a Veselago NPV medium, the electric field, magnetic field and wave vector follow a left-hand rule, rather than the usual right-hand rule. This gives rise to the name "left-handed (meta)materials". However, the terms left-handed and right-handed can also arise in the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219887 |
Negative refraction Strictly speaking, the refractive index is a derived quantity telling us how the wavevector is related to the optical frequency and propagation direction of the light, thus the sign of "n" must be chosen to match the physical situation. The principal symptom of negative refraction is just that – lig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2219887 |
Rotating wave approximation The rotating wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian which oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2220039 |
Rotating wave approximation Then the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom can be written as Suppose the atom experiences an external classical electric field of frequency formula_10, given by formula_11, e.g. a plane wave propagating in space. Then under the dipole approximation the interaction Hamiltonian between the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2220039 |
Rotating wave approximation The rotating wave approximation is thus the claim that these terms may be neglected and thus the Hamiltonian can be written in the interaction picture as Finally, transforming back into the Schrödinger picture, the Hamiltonian is given by Another criterion for rotating wave approximation is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2220039 |
Electroceramics is a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties. While ceramics have traditionally been admired and used for their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key technolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221141 |
Electroceramics Dielectric materials used for construction of ceramic capacitors include: Lead Zirconate titanate (PZT), Barium titanate(BT), strontium titanate (ST), calcium titanate (CT), magnesium titanate (MT), calcium magnesium titanate (CMT), zinc titanate (ZT), lanthanum titanate (LT), and neodymium titanate (NT... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221141 |
Solid solution A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent. Such a multi-component system is considered a solution rather than a compound when the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by addition of the solutes, and when the chemical components remain in a single homogen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221187 |
Solid solution The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: The ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221187 |
Solid solution Instead, an examination of the microstructure of a mixture in this range would reveal two phases—solid solution formula_1-in-formula_2 and solid solution formula_2-in-formula_1 would form separate phases, perhaps lamella or grains. In the phase diagram, at three different concentrations, the material wil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221187 |
Solid solution Take the alkali feldspar minerals for example, whose end members are albite, NaAlSiO and microcline, KAlSiO. At high temperatures Na and K readily substitute for each other and so the minerals will form a solid solution, yet at low temperatures albite can only substitute a small amount of K and the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221187 |
Irma Goldberg (born 1871) was one of the first female organic chemists to have and sustain a successful career, her work even being quoted in her own name in standard textbooks. Born in Moscow to a Russian-Jewish family, she later traveled to Geneva in the 1890s to study chemistry at Geneva University. Her early resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221377 |
Irma Goldberg In 1909, Goldberg also collaborated with Hermann Friedman to review German patents under BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik) and Bayer & Co. Farbenfabriken, providing notes on preparation for 114 dyes. In 1910, Goldberg married Ullman. In 1923, they moved back to Geneva when Ullman accepted a faculty p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2221377 |
Society for Cryobiology The is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. Its objectives are to promote research in low temperature biology, to improve scientific understanding in this field, and to disseminate and aid in the application of this knowledge. The Society also publishes a journal called ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2222213 |
Bill Odenkirk (born October 13, 1965) is an American comedy writer. Odenkirk was born in Naperville, Illinois. He is the younger brother of American actor and comedian Bob Odenkirk, and worked as a writer, producer and actor on sketch comedy TV show "Mr. Show with Bob and David", which featured his brother as co-star. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2223301 |
Mass flow rate In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time. Its unit is kilogram per second in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units. The common symbol is formula_1 (ṁ, pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes "μ" (Greek lowercase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2223535 |
Mass flow rate It is related with superficial velocity, v, with the following relationship: The quantity can be used in particle Reynolds number or mass transfer coefficient calculation for fixed and fluidized bed systems. In the elementary form of the continuity equation for mass, in hydrodynamics: In elementary class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2223535 |
Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring. The α-carbon atom is not a stereocenter. is a non-metabolisable amino acid and is a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2225712 |
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae and seaweeds. Ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication. In t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2226410 |
Sonication can be used for the production of nanoparticles, such as nanoemulsions, nanocrystals, liposomes and wax emulsions, as well as for wastewater purification, degassing, extraction of seaweed polysaccharides and plant oil, extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidants, production of biofuels, crude oil desulphuriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2226410 |
Sonication is commonly used in nanotechnology for evenly dispersing nanoparticles in liquids. Additionally, it is used to break up aggregates of micron-sized colloidal particles. can also be used to initiate crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic crystallisations. It is used to intervene in anti-solvent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2226410 |
Sonication Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory scale to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2226410 |
Sonication Finding the optimum operation condition for this equipment is a challenge for process engineers and needs deep knowledge about side effects of ultrasonic processors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2226410 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films—or Langmuir monolayers (LM)—are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film Over a century later, Lord Rayleigh quantified what Benjamin Franklin had seen. Knowing that the oil, oleic acid, had spread evenly over the water, Rayleigh calculated that the thickness of the film was 1.6 nm by knowing the volume of oil dropped and the area of coverage. With the help of her kit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film However, breakthroughs in surface chemistry happened after she received her PhD degree in 1926 from Cambridge University. While working for GE, Langmuir and Blodgett discovered that when a solid surface is inserted into an aqueous solution containing organic moieties, the organic molecules will d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film <br> Figure 1: Surfactant molecules arranged on an air–water interface For very small concentrations, far from the surface density compatible with the collapse of the monolayer (which leads to polylayers structures) the surfactant molecules execute a random motion on the water–air interface. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film Langmuir–Blodgett troughs Besides LB film from surfactants depicted in Figure 1, similar monolayers can also be made from inorganic nanoparticles. Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension, and the surface pressure, formula_1 is given by the following equation: where formula_5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film In the gaseous phase, there is minimal pressure increase for a decrease in area. This continues until the first transition occurs and there is a proportional increase in pressure with decreasing area. Moving into the solid region is accompanied by another sharp transition to a more severe area de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Langmuir–Blodgett film Organic compounds usually have more positive responses than inorganic materials for outside factors (pressure, temperature or gas change). LM films can be used also as models for half a cellular membrane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227503 |
Oxygen tank An oxygen tank is an oxygen storage vessel, which is either held under pressure in gas cylinders, or as liquid oxygen in a cryogenic storage tank. Oxygen tanks are used to store gas for: Breathing oxygen is delivered from the storage tank to users by use of the following methods: oxygen mask, nasal cannula,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227994 |
Oxygen tank In some countries there are legal and insurance requirements and restrictions on the use, storage and transport of pure oxygen. Oxygen tanks are normally stored in well-ventilated locations, far from potential sources of fire and concentrations of people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2227994 |
Quadrupole ion trap A quadrupole ion trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul, who invented the device and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. It is used as a compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Quadrupole ion trap There are two main classes of traps, depending on whether the oscillating field provides confinement in three or two dimensions. In the two-dimension case (a so-called "linear RF trap"), confinement in the third direction is provided by static electric fields. The 3D trap itself generally consists o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Quadrupole ion trap The advantage of the linear design is its greater storage capacity (in particular of Doppler-cooled ions) and its simplicity, but this leaves a particular constraint on its modeling. The Paul trap is designed to create a saddle-shaped field to trap a charged ion, but with a quadrupole, this saddle-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Quadrupole ion trap By using the chain rule, it can be shown that Substituting Equation 2 into the Mathieu Equation 1 yields Multiplying by m and rearranging terms shows us that By Newton's laws of motion, the above equation represents the force on the ion. This equation can be exactly solved using the Floquet theorem ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Quadrupole ion trap Substituting Equation 8 into Equation 6 with formula_33 gives Substituting Equation 9 into Equation 5 leads to Comparing terms on the right hand side of Equation 1 and Equation 10 leads to and Further formula_38, and The trapping of ions can be understood in terms of stability regions in formula_41 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Quadrupole ion trap Quadrupole traps can also be "unfolded" to create the same effect using a set of planar electrodes. This trap geometry can be made using standard micro-fabrication techniques, including the top metal layer in a standard CMOS microelectronics process, and is a key technology for scaling trapped ion q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228245 |
Rubidium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula RbOH. It consists of rubidium cations and one hydroxide anion. It is a colorless solid that is commercially available as aqueous solutions from a few suppliers. Like other strong bases, rubidium hydroxide is highly corrosive. is formed when rubidium metal is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2228572 |
Supersonic fracture Supersonic fractures are fractures where the fracture propagation velocity is higher than the speed of sound in the material. This phenomenon was first discovered by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (Markus J. Buehler and Huajian Gao) and IBM Almaden Research... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2230778 |
Supersonic fracture The research group of Gao has used this concept to simulate the Broberg problem of crack propagation inside a stiff strip embedded in a soft elastic matrix. These simulations confirmed the existence of an energy characteristic length. This study also had implications for dynamic crack propagation in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2230778 |
Characteristic energy length scale The characteristic energy length scale formula_1 describes the size of the region from which energy flows to a rapidly moving crack. If material properties change within the characteristic energy length scale, local wave speeds can dominate crack dynamics. This can lead to supersonic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2230854 |
Superheavy element In chemistry, superheavy elements, also known as transactinide elements, transactinides, or super-heavy elements, are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 103. The superheavy elements are located immediately beyond the actinides in the periodic table; the heaviest actinide is lawren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element The element naming controversy involved elements 102–109. Some of these elements thus used systematic names for many years after their discovery had been confirmed. (Usually the systematic names are replaced with permanent names proposed by the discoverers relatively shortly after a discovery has bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for approximately 10 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. This happens because du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element The definition by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) states that a chemical element can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not decayed within 10 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire its outer electrons and thus display its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted and have so far been observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element The later nuclear shell model suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an island of stability in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element In 1913, Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg extended Thomsen's extrapolation of the periodic table to include even heavier elements with atomic numbers up to 460, but he did not believe that these superheavy elements existed or occurred in nature. In 1914, German physicist Richard Swinne proposed tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element They would begin an eighth period. Due to their short half-lives (for example, the most stable isotope of seaborgium has a half-life of 14 minutes, and half-lives decrease gradually going to the right of the group) and the low yield of the nuclear reactions that produce them, new methods have had to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element Nevertheless, many important properties of the transactinides are still not yet known experimentally, though theoretical calculations have been performed. Elements 113 to 118, nihonium through oganesson, should form a 7p series, completing the seventh period in the periodic table. Their chemistry wil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element The 8s electrons are expected to be relativistically stabilized, so that the trend towards higher reactivity down these groups will reverse direction and the elements will behave more like their period 5 homologs, rubidium and strontium. Nevertheless, the 7p orbital is still relativistically destabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Superheavy element Complete and accurate calculations are not available for elements beyond 123 because of the extreme complexity of the situation: the 5g, 6f, and 7d orbitals should have about the same energy level, and in the region of element 160 the 9s, 8p, and 9p orbitals should also be about equal in energy. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231059 |
Azobisisobutyronitrile (abbreviated AIBN) is an organic compound with the formula [(CH)C(CN)]N. This white powder is soluble in alcohols and common organic solvents but is insoluble in water. It is often used as a foamer in plastics and rubber and as a radical initiator. In its most characteristic reaction, AIBN decomp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231865 |
Acentric factor The acentric factor is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be very useful in the description of matter. It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single & pure components. The other state description parameters are molecular weight, critical temperature, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231930 |
Acentric factor The definition of gives essentially zero for the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon. formula_7 is very close to zero for other spherical molecules. Values of correspond to vapor pressures above the critical pressure, and are non-physical. By definition, a van der Waals fluid has a critical compressib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2231930 |
Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used until the 1990s, when it was banned in most countries. is a member of the so-called "classic organochlorines" (COC) group of pesticides. COCs enjoyed a very sharp rise in popularity during and after The Second World War. Other noteworthy examples of COCs incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin It is highly flammable when exposed to temperatures above 200 °C In the presence of oxidizing agents aldrin reacts with concentrated acids and phenols. is not formed in nature. It is synthesized by combining hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction to give the adduct. In 1967, the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin One of the effects that intoxication with aldrin gives rise to is neurotoxicity. Studies have shown that aldrin stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), which may cause hyperexcitation and seizures. This phenomenon exerts its effect through two different mechanisms. One of the mechanisms uses the ability of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin This oxidative pathway bisdioxygenises the arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G (PGG). Subsequently, PGG is reduced to prostaglandin H (PGH) by hydroperoxidase. Dieldrin can then be directly oxidized by cytochrome oxidases, which forms 9-hydroxydieldrin. An alternative for oxidation involves the opening of the ep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin Exposure of to the environment leads to the localization of the chemical compound in the air, soil, and water. gets changed quickly to dieldrin and that compound degrades slowly, which accounts for aldrin concentrations in the environment around the primary exposure and in the plants. These concentrations can al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin The NOAEL that was derived from rat studies: In addition to these studies, breast cancer risk studies were performed demonstrating a significant increased breast cancer risk. After comparing blood concentrations to number of lymph nodes and tumor size a 5-fold higher risk of death was determined, comparing the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
Aldrin In the US, aldrin is considered a potential occupational carcinogen by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; these agencies have set an occupational exposure limit for dermal exposures at 0.25 mg/m over an eight-hour time-weighted average... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233425 |
MOPAC is a popular computer program used in computational chemistry. It is designed to implement semi-empirical quantum chemistry algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux. MOPAC2016 is the current version. MOPAC2016 is able to perform calculations on small molecules and enzymes using PM7, PM6, PM3, AM1, MNDO,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233706 |
Reduction potential Redox potential (also known as reduction / oxidation potential, 'ROP', pe, ε, or formula_1) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode and thereby be reduced or oxidised respectively. Redox potential is measured in volts (V), or mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential Reduction potentials of aqueous solutions are determined by measuring the potential difference between an inert sensing electrode in contact with the solution and a stable reference electrode connected to the solution by a salt bridge. The sensing electrode acts as a platform for electron transfer t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential Similar to how the concentration of hydrogen ion determines the acidity or pH of an aqueous solution, the tendency of electron transfer between a chemical species and an electrode determines the redox potential of an electrode couple. Like pH, redox potential represents how easily electrons are tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential This potential (where pH neutral water is set to 0 V) is analogous with redox potential (where standardized hydrogen solution is set to 0 V), but instead of hydrogen ions, electrons are transferred across in the redox case. Both pH and redox potentials are properties of solutions, not of elements or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential Any system or environment that accepts electrons from a normal hydrogen electrode is a half cell that is defined as having a positive redox potential; any system donating electrons to the hydrogen electrode is defined as having a negative redox potential. formula_1 is measured in millivolts (mV). A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential For a half cell equation, conventionally written as reduction (electrons on the left side): The half-cell standard potential formula_13 is given by where formula_15 is the standard Gibbs free energy change, is the number of electrons involved, and is Faraday's constant. The Nernst equation relates p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential There are organisms that can adjust their metabolism to their environment, such as facultative anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can be active at positive "E" values, and at negative "E" values in the presence of oxygen-bearing inorganic compounds, such as nitrates and sulfates. In the field of envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential However, it is usually possible to obtain an approximate value and define the conditions as being in the oxidizing or reducing regime. In the soil there are two main redox constituents: 1) anorganic redox systems (mainly ox/red compounds of Fe and Mn) and measurement in water extracts; 2) natural so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Reduction potential Under the conditions where a mineral (solid) phase is predicted to be the most stable form of an element, these diagrams show that mineral. As the predicted results are all from thermodynamic (at equilibrium state) evaluations, these diagrams should be used with caution. Although the formation of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234192 |
Electrospray The name electrospray is used for an apparatus that employs electricity to disperse a liquid or for the fine aerosol resulting from this process. High voltage is applied to a liquid supplied through an emitter (usually a glass or metallic capillary). Ideally the liquid reaching the emitter tip forms a Tayl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Electrospray His prediction that a droplet reaching this limit would throw out fine jets of liquid was confirmed experimentally more than 100 years later. In 1914, John Zeleny published work on the behaviour of fluid droplets at the end of glass capillaries. This report presents experimental evidence for several electr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Electrospray This field leads to liquid polarization: the negative/positive charge carriers migrate toward/away from the electrode where the voltage is applied. At voltages below a certain threshold, the liquid quickly reaches a new equilibrium geometry with a smaller radius of curvature. Voltages above the threshold d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Electrospray Due to intrinsic varicose instability, the charged liquid jet ejected through the cone apex breaks into small charged droplets, which are radially dispersed by the space-charge. The charged liquid is ejected through the cone apex and captured on the counter electrode as charged droplets or positive ions. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Electrospray techniques are used as low thrust electric propulsion rocket engines to control satellites, since the fine-controllable particle ejection allows precise and effective thrust. may be used in nanotechnology, for example to deposit single particles on surfaces. This is done by spraying colloids on average con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Electrospray This approach minimizes the production of ozone which is common to other types of air purifiers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234210 |
Serious adverse event A serious adverse event (SAE) in human drug trials is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose The term "life-threatening" in the definition of "serious" refers to an event in which the patient was at risk of death at the time of the event; it does not refer to an event which hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234566 |
Serious adverse event "Unexpected" means that for an authorised (approved) medicinal product that the event is not described in the product's labeling, or in the case of an investigational (unapproved) product that the event is not listed in the Investigator’s Brochure. An adverse effect is an adverse event which is be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234566 |
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or (CH ClF2). It is commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications are being phased out in developed countries due to the compound's ozone depletion potentia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234766 |
Chlorodifluoromethane However, even this lower ozone depletion potential is no longer considered acceptable. As an additional environmental concern, R-22 is a powerful greenhouse gas with a GWP equal to 1810 (which indicates 1810 times as powerful as carbon dioxide). Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are often substituted for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234766 |
Chlorodifluoromethane Since January 1, 2010, it has been illegal to use newly manufactured HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment - only reclaimed and recycled HCFCs may be used. In practice this means that the gas has to be removed from the equipment before servicing and replaced afterwards, rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234766 |
Chlorodifluoromethane R-407H is for use in medium- and low-temperature refrigeration applications (supermarkets, cold storage, and process refrigeration); direct expansion system design only. Uses a POE oil. R-421A is for use in “air conditioning split systems, heat pumps, supermarket pak systems, dairy chillers, reach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234766 |
Chlorodifluoromethane R-458A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications, without capacity or efficiency loss. Works with MO, AB, and POE oils. R-32 or HFC-32 (difluoromethane) is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. it has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) [2] and a global w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234766 |
Manning formula The is an empirical formula estimating the average velocity of a liquid flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclose the liquid, i.e., open channel flow. However, this equation is also used for calculation of flow variables in case of flow in partially full conduits, as they also possess a free... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235142 |
Manning formula Cross sectional area, as well as "n, will likely vary along a natural channel. Accordingly, more error is expected in estimating the average velocity by assuming a Manning's "n", than by direct sampling (i.e., with a current flowmeter), or measuring it across weirs, flumes or orifices. Manning's equatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235142 |
Manning formula This means the greater the hydraulic radius, the larger volume of water the channel can carry. Based on the 'constant shear stress at the boundary' assumption, hydraulic radius is defined as the ratio of the channel's cross-sectional area of the flow to its wetted perimeter (the portion of the cross-sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235142 |
Manning formula Overbank "n" values for a given reach will vary greatly depending on the time of year and the velocity of flow. Summer vegetation will typically have a significantly higher "n" value due to leaves and seasonal vegetation. Research has shown, however, that "n" values are lower for individual shrubs with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235142 |
Manning formula Most friction coefficients (except perhaps the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor) are estimated "100% empirically" and they apply only to fully rough turbulent water flows under steady flow conditions. One of the most important applications of the Manning equation is its use in sewer design. Sewers are oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235142 |
Austin Model 1 Austin Model 1, or AM1, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Differential Diatomic Overlap integral approximation. Specifically, it is a generalization of the modified neglect of differential dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235169 |
Austin Model 1 An extension of AM1 is AM1* that is available in VAMP software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235169 |
Open-channel flow Open-channel flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: the free surface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 |
Open-channel flow It is possible to formulate equations describing three conservation laws for quantities that are useful in open-channel flow: mass, momentum, and energy. The governing equations result from considering the dynamics of the flow velocity vector field formula_5 with components formula_6. In Cartesian coo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.