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Ozonide is the unstable, reactive polyatomic anion analog of ozone or any of several classes of organic peroxide compounds similarly formed by the reaction of ozone with an unsaturated compound. Inorganic ozonides are dark red ionic compounds containing the reactive anion. The anion has the bent shape of the ozone mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2301895 |
Ozonide They are made by ozonizing a phosphite ester in dichloromethane at low temperatures, and decompose to yield singlet oxygen and a phosphate ester: Organic ozonides are called molozonides and are typically formed by the addition reaction between ozone and alkenes. They are more explosive cousins of the organic pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2301895 |
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing micro-organisms (such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, and parasites). There are two categories of asepsis: medical and surgical. The modern day notion of asepsis is derived from the older antiseptic techniques, a shift initiated by different ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302400 |
Asepsis Lawson Tait shifted the movement then from antisepsis to asepsis, instilling practices such as a strict no-talking policy within his operating room and drastically limiting the number of people to come in contact with a patient's wound. Ernst von Bergmann also introduced the autoclave, a device used for the pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302400 |
Asepsis In the past, antiseptic operations occurred in people's homes or in operating theaters before a large crowd. Procedures for implementing antisepsis varied among physicians and experienced constant changes. Until the late 19th century, physicians rejected the connection between Louis Pasteur's germ theory that b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302400 |
Asepsis The largest manifestation of such aseptic techniques is in hospital operating theaters, where the aim is to keep patients free from hospital micro-organisms. While all members of the surgical team should demonstrate good aseptic technique, it is the role of the scrub nurse or surgical technologist to set up and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302400 |
Asepsis Tissue damage resulting from non-infectious means are caused by DAMPs molecules released after injury or cell death has occurred, which are able to stimulate inflammation response. Diseases associated with sterile inflammation include Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, as well as cancer tumor growth due to "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302400 |
Shibuichi means "one-fourth" in Japanese, and indicates the standard formulation of one part silver to three parts copper, though this may be varied considerably according to the desired effect. Several major variants of the alloy have specific names, as detailed below. In addition, the metal in general, and especially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302709 |
Shibuichi For most of its history, shibuichi was mostly used to ornament various fittings for Japanese swords until the Meiji reforms, when most swordmakers began to make purely decorative objects instead. The material is often used in mokume-gane combinations. Similar alloys have been used elsewhere but the use of shi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2302709 |
Molybdic acid refers to hydrated forms of molybdenum trioxide and related species. The monohydrate (MoO·HO) and the dihydrate (MoO·2HO) are well characterized. They are yellow diamagnetic solids. Solid forms of molybdic acid are coordination polymers. The monohydrate MoO·HO consists of layers of octahedrally coordinate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2303780 |
Optode An optode or optrode is an optical sensor device that optically measures a specific substance usually with the aid of a chemical transducer. An optode requires three components to function: a chemical that responds to an analyte, a polymer to immobilise the chemical transducer and instrumentation (optical fibre,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2305020 |
Optode , the sensitivity decreases as oxygen concentration increases. The optode sensors can however work in the whole region 0–100% oxygen saturation in water, and the calibration is done the same way as with the Clark type sensor. No oxygen is consumed and hence the sensor is stirring insensitive, but the signal will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2305020 |
Beta-Hydride elimination β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which an alkyl group bonded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal-bonded hydride and an alkene. The alkyl must have hydrogens on the β-carbon. For instance butyl groups can undergo this reaction but methyl groups cannot. The metal com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2306420 |
Beta-Hydride elimination The most common strategy is to employ alkyl ligands that do not have any hydrogen atoms at the β position. Common substituents include methyl and neopentyl. β-Hydride elimination is also inhibited when the reaction would produce a strained alkene. This situation is illustrated by the stability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2306420 |
Gadolinium yttrium garnet (Gd:YAG) is a variation of with microwave and laser applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2308836 |
Tungstic acid refers to hydrated forms of tungsten trioxide, WO. Both a monohydrate (WO·HO) and hemihydrate (WO·0.5HO) are known. Molecular species akin to sulfuric acid, i.e. (HO)WO are not observed. The solid-state structure of WO·HO consists of layers of octahedrally coordinated WO(HO) units where 4 vertices are sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2309702 |
Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite. The mechanism of action of oxyntomodulin is not well understood. It is known to bind both the GL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2309902 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE and continued well into the British Raj. Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term Ayas (metal). The I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent It is dated to roughly the 12th – 9th centuries BCE, and associated with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization. It extended from the upper Gangetic plain in Uttar Pradesh to the eastern Vindhya range and West Bengal. Perhaps as early as 300 BCE, although certainly by 200 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Chakrabarti (1992) argued: "It should be clear that any controversy regarding the meaning of ayas in the Rgveda or the problem of the Rgvedic familiarity or unfamiliarity with iron is pointless. There is no positive evidence either way. It can mean both copper-bronze and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent 71), the following analogy is found: "For as the impurities of metallic ores, melted in the blast (of a furnace), are consumed, even so the taints of the organs are destroyed through the suppression of the breath." Metal was also used in agriculture, and the Buddhist tex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The central Indian region seems to be the earliest iron-using centre. According to Tewari, iron using and iron "was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early 2nd millennium BC." The earliest evidence for smelted iron in India dates to 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent The copper-bronze metallurgy in the Harappan civilization was widespread and had a high variety and quality. The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting. While there is to date no proven evidence for smelted iron in the Indus Valley Civi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent It is the first element to be discovered in metallurgy, Copper and its alloys were also used to create copper-bronze images such as Buddhas or Hindu/Mahayana Buddhist deities. Xuanzang also noted that there were copper-bronze Buddha images in Magadha. In Varanasi, each s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. In the 5th century BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus observed that "Indian and the Persian army used arrows tipped with iron." Ancient Romans used armour and cutle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Wootz derives from the Tamil term for steel "urukku". Indian wootz steel was the first high quality steel that was produced. Henry Yule quoted the 12th-century Arab Edrizi who wrote: "The Hindus excel in the manufacture of iron, and in the preparations of those ingredien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Zinc production may have begun in India, and ancient northwestern India is the earliest known civilization that produced zinc on an industrial scale. The distillation technique was developed around 1200 CE at Zawar in Rajasthan. In the 17th century, China exported Zinc t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in the state of Uttar Pradesh show... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700-1400 BCE, but were probably used more extensively during the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. The beginning of the 1st millennium BCE saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India. Techno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the Charaka Samhita (300 BCE). The Rasaratna Samuccaya (800 CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. The "Pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, the Seamless celestial globe was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (1589-90 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311822 |
Endogenous retrovirus Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%). ERVs are a subclass of a type of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus This organism will carry the inserted retroviral genome as an integral part of its own genome—an "endogenous" retrovirus (ERV) that may be inherited by its offspring as a novel allele. Many ERVs have persisted in the genome of their hosts for millions of years. However, most of these have acquired... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus Over time, the genome of ERVs not only acquire point mutations, but also shuffle and recombine with other ERVs. ERVs with the "env" coat decayed become more likely to spread. Endogenous retroviruses can play an active role in shaping genomes. Most studies in this area have focused on the genomes o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus In a few cases, the LTR functions as the major promoter for the gene. For example, in humans AMY1C has a complete ERV sequence in its promoter region; the associated LTR confers salivary specific expression of the digestive enzyme amylase. Also, the primary promoter for bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus Furthermore, the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), normally widespread, has an LTR of the HERV-P family acting as a promoter that confers expression to the testis and prostate. Other proteins, such as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), interleukin-2 receptor B (IL2RB), and another mediato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus In addition, the insertion of ERVs and their respective LTRs have the potential to induce chromosomal rearrangement due to recombination between viral sequences at inter-chromosomal loci. These rearrangements have been shown to induce gene duplications and deletions that largely contribute to geno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus Their appearance into the genome has created a host-parasite co-evolutionary dynamic that proliferated the duplication and expansion of repressor genes. The most clear-cut example of this involves the rapid duplication and proliferation of tandem zinc-finger genes in mammal genomes. Zinc-finger ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus Regardless of their tangible similarities, enhancer and repressed regions were mostly species-specific. However, most promoter sequences were conserved between mouse and rat. In conclusion to their study, researchers proposed that ERVs influenced species-specific placental evolution through mediat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus This has led researchers to propose a role for ERVs in several forms of human cancer and autoimmune disease, although conclusive evidence is lacking. In humans, ERVs have been proposed to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). A specific association between MS and the ERVWE1, or "syncytin", gene,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus These cytokines are first to respond to viral infection and are also important in immunosurveillance for malignant cells. ERVs are predicted to act as cis-regulatory elements, but much of the adaptive consequences of this for certain physiological functions is still unknown. There is data that sup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus For humans, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) pose a concern when using porcine tissues and organs in xenotransplantion, the transplanting of living cells, tissues, and organs from an organism of one species to an organism of different species. Although pigs are generally the most suitable d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus PERV-A and PERV-B are polytropic and can infect human cells in vitro, while PERV-C is ecotropic and does not replicate on human cells. The major differences between the classes is in the receptor binding domain of the "env" protein and the long terminal repeats (LTRs) that influence the replicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus It suggested using closely monitored prospective trials, which would provide a more complete and detailed evaluation of the possible cross-species PERV transmission and a comparison of the PERV. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) comprise a significant part of the human genome, with approximatel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus For all classes, if homologies appear well conserved in the "gag", "pol", and "env" gene, they are grouped into a superfamily. There are more Class I families known to exist. The families themselves are named in a less uniform manner, with a mixture of naming based on an exogenous retrovirus, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus Traditionally, age estimates of HERVs are performed by comparing the 5' and 3' LTR of a HERV; however, this method is only relevant for full-length HERVs. A recent method, called cross-sectional dating, uses variations within a single LTR to estimate the ages of HERV insertions. This method is mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus AIM2 is necessary for an inflammatory response to infection. Immunological studies have shown some evidence for T cell immune responses against HERVs in HIV-infected individuals. The hypothesis that HIV induces HERV expression in HIV-infected cells led to the proposal that a vaccine targeting HERV... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus The observed number of nucleotide substitutions and among the different genome sequences helped researchers determine an estimate age that PERV-A-BM was integrated into its host genome, which was found to be of an evolutionary age earlier than the European-born pigs isolates. This technique is use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Endogenous retrovirus This is difficult to do with PERV because of the large diversity present. Researchers could analyze individual epigenomes and transcriptomes to study the reactivation of dormant transposable elements through epigenetic release and their potential associations with human disease and exploring the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2311903 |
Electropherogram An electropherogram, or electrophoregram, is a record or chart produced when electrophoresis is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of molecular biology or biochemistry. In the field of genetics, an electropherogram is a plot of DNA fragment sizes, typically used for genotyping suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2312372 |
In situ hybridization "In situ" hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue ("in situ") or if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, "Drosophi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2313597 |
In situ hybridization is a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections, providing insights into physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. However, in situ hybridization requires that many steps be taken with precise optimization for each tissue examined an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2313597 |
In situ hybridization As noted above, the probe is either a labeled complementary DNA or, now most commonly, a complementary RNA (riboprobe). The probe hybridizes to the target sequence at elevated temperature, and then the excess probe is washed away (after prior hydrolysis using RNase in the case of unhybridized, exc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2313597 |
In situ hybridization Subsequent signal amplification is predicated on specific hybridization of adjacent probes (individual oligonucleotides [oligos] that bind side by side on RNA targets). A typical target-specific probe will contain 40 oligonucleotides, resulting in 20 oligo pairs that bind side-by-side on the targe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2313597 |
Bromine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula BrF. It is a straw-coloured liquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in sulfuric acid but reacts violently with water and organic compounds. It is a powerful fluorinating agent and an ionizing inorganic solvent. It is used to produce uranium hexafluoride... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317010 |
Bromine pentafluoride Bromine pentafluoride, BrF, is an interhalogen compound and a fluoride of bromine. It is a strong fluorination reagent. BrF finds use in oxygen isotope analysis. Laser ablation of solid silicates in the presence of bromine pentafluoride releases O for subsequent analysis. It has also been tested a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317016 |
Bromine pentafluoride It may spontaneously ignite or explode upon contact with organic materials or metal dust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317016 |
Synonymous substitution A synonymous substitution (often called a "silent" substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317437 |
Synonymous substitution negatively to positively charged amino acid), or radical (vastly different amino acid). Protein translation involves a set of twenty amino acids. Each of these amino acids is coded for by a sequence of three DNA base pairs called a "codon". Because there are 64 possible codons, but only 20-22 en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317437 |
Synonymous substitution For example, when a handful of synonymous changes in the fruit fly alcohol dehydrogenase gene were introduced, changing several codons to sub-optimal synonyms, production of the encoded enzyme was reduced and the adult flies showed lower ethanol tolerance. Many organisms, from bacteria through a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2317437 |
RRKM theory The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory is a theory of chemical reactivity. It was developed by Rice and Ramsperger in 1927 and Kassel in 1928 (RRK theory) and generalized (into the RRKM theory) in 1952 by Marcus who took the transition state theory developed by Eyring in 1935 into account. These me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2318333 |
Inch of mercury (inHg and ″Hg) is a unit of measurement for pressure. It is used for barometric pressure in weather reports, refrigeration and aviation in the United States. It is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury in height at the standard acceleration of gravity. Conversion to metric units depends on the tem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2319766 |
Inch of mercury In automobile racing, particularly United States Auto Club and Champ Car Indy car racing, inches of mercury was the unit used to measure turbocharger inlet pressure. However, the inch of mercury is still used today in car performance modification to measure the amount of vacuum within the engine's intak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2319766 |
Quantum Monte Carlo encompasses a large family of computational methods whose common aim is the study of complex quantum systems. One of the major goals of these approaches is to provide a reliable solution (or an accurate approximation) of the quantum many-body problem. The diverse flavor of quantum Monte Carlo approa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2320130 |
Quantum Monte Carlo The ability to solve the Schrödinger equation for a given system allows prediction of its behavior, with important applications ranging from materials science to complex biological systems. The difficulty is however that solving the Schrödinger equation requires the knowledge of the many-body wave f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2320130 |
Quantum Monte Carlo Most methods aim at computing the ground state wavefunction of the system, with the exception of path integral Monte Carlo and finite-temperature auxiliary field Monte Carlo, which calculate the density matrix. In addition to static properties, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation can also be sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2320130 |
Standard solution In analytical chemistry, a standard solution is a solution containing a precisely known concentration of an element or a substance. A known weight of solute is dissolved to make a specific volume. It is prepared using a standard substance, such as a primary standard. Standard solutions are used to det... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2639694 |
Standard solution Any form of spectroscopy can be used in this way so long as the analyte species has substantial absorbance in the spectra. The standard solution is a reference guide to discover the molarity of unknown species. Titration methods can be used to acquire the concentration of a standard solution. These in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2639694 |
Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan "Aequorea victoria". Though the bioluminescence was studied decades before, the protein was isolated in 1962 from the animal by Osamu Shimomura. In the animals, the protein occurs together with the green fluorescent protein to produce green light ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin It was also noted during the extraction the animal creates green light due to the presence of the green fluorescent protein, which changes the native blue light of aequorin to green. While the main focus of his work was on the bioluminescence, Shimomura and two others, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien, were awar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin Thus, titration studies show that all three calcium-binding sites are active but only two ions are needed to trigger the enzymatic reaction. Other studies have shown the presence of an internal cysteine bond that maintains the structure of aequorin. This has also explained the need for a thiol reagent like bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin However, in the presence of calcium ions, the protein undergoes a conformational change and through oxidation converts its prosthetic group, coelenterazine, into excited coelenteramide and CO. As the excited coelenteramide relaxes to the ground state, blue light (wavelength of 465 nm) is emitted. Before coelen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin Coelenterazine is a hydrophobic molecule, and therefore is easily taken up across plant and fungal cell walls, as well as the plasma membrane of higher eukaryotes, making aequorin suitable as a (Ca reporter) in plants, fungi, and mammalian cells. has a number of advantages over other Ca indicators: because the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin According to the FTC "the marketers of Prevagen preyed on the fears of older consumers experiencing age-related memory loss". Quincy said that it would fight the charges. Prior to the suit, a clinical trial run by researchers employed by Quincy Bioscience "found no overall benefit compared to a placebo for its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Aequorin On March 23, 2020, a federal magistrate judge in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida entered a report and recommendations certifying a nationwide class action for the class of consumers who purchased Prevagen over the previous four years. Trial in the case is set for October 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2640609 |
Dianin's compound (4-"p"-hydroxyphenyl-2,2,4-trimethylchroman) was first prepared by Aleksandr Dianin in 1914. This compound is a condensation isomer of bisphenol A and acetone and of special importance in host–guest chemistry because it can form a large variety of clathrates with suitable guest molecules. One example ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2642301 |
Potassium silicate is the name for a family of inorganic compounds. The most common potassium silicate has the formula KSiO, samples of which contain varying amounts of water. These are white solids or colorless solutions. can be synthesized in the laboratory by treating silica with potassium hydroxide, according to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2642633 |
Potassium silicate g. powdery mildew). Some metal cleaning formulations use potassium silicate, which also serves as a corrosion inhibitor. It also finds various uses in the fabrication of welding rods or even of cosmetics. is strongly alkaline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2642633 |
Strong electrolyte A strong electrolyte is a solution/solute that completely, or almost completely, ionizes or dissociates in a solution. These ions are good conductors of electric current in the solution. Originally, a "strong electrolyte" was defined as a chemical that, when in aqueous solution, is a good conductor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2645732 |
Metabolic network A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell. As such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism, the metabolic pathways, as well as the regulatory interactions that guide these reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2647223 |
Bent bond In organic chemistry, a bent bond, also known as a banana bond, is a type of covalent chemical bond with a geometry somewhat reminiscent of a banana. The term itself is a general representation of electron density or configuration resembling a similar "bent" structure within small ring molecules, such as cycl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2649181 |
Bent bond The carbon–carbon bond lengths are shorter than in a regular alkane bond: 151 pm versus 153 pm. Cyclobutane is a larger ring, but still has bent bonds. In this molecule, the carbon bond angles are 90° for the planar conformation and 88° for the puckered one. Unlike in cyclopropane, the C–C bond lengths actual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2649181 |
Bent bond We can construct the two equivalent bent bond orbitals "h" and "h"' by taking linear combinations "h" = "c"σ + "c"π and "h"' = "c"σ – "c"π for an appropriate choice of coefficients "c" and "c". In a 1996 review, Kenneth B. Wiberg concluded that "although a conclusive statement cannot be made on the basis of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2649181 |
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) or dinitro is an organic compound with the formula CHNO. This pale yellow crystalline solid is well known as a precursor to trinitrotoluene (TNT) but is mainly produced as a precursor to toluene diisocyanate. Six positional isomers are possible for dinitrotoluene. The most common one is 2,4-din... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2651165 |
2,4-Dinitrotoluene Its United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hazardous waste Number is D030. The maximum concentration that may be contained to not have toxic characteristics is 0.13 mg/L. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2651165 |
Ash (analytical chemistry) In analytical chemistry, ashing or ash content determination is the process of mineralization for preconcentration of trace substances prior to a chemical analysis, such as chromatography, or optical analysis, such as spectroscopy. The residues after a sample is completely burnt - in contrast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2651748 |
Ash (analytical chemistry) Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil; others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. Knowledge of the amount of ash-forming material present in a product can provide information as to whether or not the product is suita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2651748 |
Personalized medicine Personalized medicine, precision medicine, or theranostics is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The terms person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine Although most of the variation between individuals has no effect on health, an individual's health stems from genetic variation with behaviors and influences from the environment. Modern advances in personalized medicine rely on technology that confirms a patient's fundamental biology, DNA, RNA, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine In some instances personalised health care can be tailored to the markup of the disease causing agent instead of the patient's genetic markup; examples are drug resistant bacteria or viruses. In order for physicians to know if a mutation is connected to a certain disease, researchers often do a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine This approach uses the same sequencing technology to focus on the evaluation of disease risk, allowing the physician to initiate preventive treatment before the disease presents itself in their patient. For example, if it is found that a DNA mutation increases a person's risk of developing Type 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine An individual's genetic make-up also plays a large role in how well they respond to a certain treatment, and therefore, knowing their genetic content can change the type of treatment they receive. An aspect of this is pharmacogenomics, which uses an individual's genome to provide a more informed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine For instance, many women are already being genotyped for certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene if they are predisposed because of a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. As more causes of diseases are mapped out according to mutations that exist within a genome, the easier the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine Having an individual's genomic information can be significant in the process of developing drugs as they await approval from the FDA for public use. Having a detailed account of an individual's genetic make-up can be a major asset in deciding if a patient can be chosen for inclusion or exclusion i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine As quoted from the article "Pharmacogenomics: The Promise of Personalised Medicine", “therapy with the right drug at the right dose in the right patient” is a description of how personalized medicine will affect the future of treatment. For instance, Tamoxifen used to be a drug commonly prescribed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine Though not necessarily utilizing genetic information, the customized production of a drug whose various properties (e.g. dose level, ingredient selection, route of administration, etc.) are selected and crafted for an individual patient is accepted as an area of personalised medicine (in contrast ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine "Personalized Onco-genomics" is the application of personalized medicine to Cancer Genomics, or “oncogenomics”. High-throughput sequencing methods are used to characterize genes associated with cancer to better understand disease pathology and improve drug development. Oncogenomics is one of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine The FDA has already started to take initiatives to integrate personalised medicine into their regulatory policies. An FDA report in October 2013 entitled, “"Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine: FDA’s role in a New Era of Medical Product Development",” in which they outlined steps they would h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine Those who oppose patents argue that patents on DNA sequences are an impediment to ongoing research while proponents point to research exemption and stress that patents are necessary to entice and protect the financial investments required for commercial research and the development and advancement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
Personalized medicine One of the largest issues is the fear and potential consequences for patients who are predisposed after genetic testing or found to be non-responsive towards certain treatments. This includes the psychological effects on patients due to genetic testing results. The right of family members who do n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2652481 |
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