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Surface roughness For example, the formula_6 family of parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the "Motif parameters" are used primarily in the French automotive industry. The MOTIF method provides a graphical evaluation of a surface profile without filtering waviness from roughness. A "motif" consists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness By convention every 2D roughness parameter is a capital R followed by additional characters in the subscript. The subscript identifies the formula that was used, and the R means that the formula was applied to a 2D roughness profile. Different capital letters imply that the formula was applied to a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness Here is a common conversion table with also roughness grade numbers: Slope parameters describe characteristics of the slope of the roughness profile. Spacing and counting parameters describe how often the profile crosses certain thresholds. These parameters are often used to describe repetitive roughn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness But fractals cannot provide a full-scale representation of a typical machined surface affected by tool feed marks, it ignores the geometry of the cutting edge. (J. Paulo Davim, 2010, "op.cit".). Fractal descriptors of surfaces have an important role to play in correlating physical surface properties w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness There are four distinct classes of SSR, each one of them representing a characteristic vertical length scale; the first class includes microrelief variations from individual soil grains to aggregates on the order of 0.053–2.0 mm; the second class consists of variations due to soil clods ranging betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness However, a recent study which examined the response of smooth soil surfaces on rainfall showed that RR can considerably increase for low initial microroughness length scales in the order of 0 - 5 mm. It was also shown that the increase or decrease is consistent among various SSR indices . Surface stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine Tris((1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)methyl)amine (TBTA) is a tertiary amine containing the 1,2,3-triazole moiety. When used as a ligand, complexed to copper(I), it allows for quantitative, regioselective formal Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between alkynes and azides, in a variety of aqueou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260583 |
Griess test The is an analytical chemistry test which detects the presence of nitrite ion in solution. One of its most important uses is the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The "Griess diazotization reaction" on which the Griess reagent relies was first described in 1858 by Peter Griess. The test is also be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260612 |
Griess test Sodium hydroxide is added to the first bowl followed by the Griess reagent; if the solution turns pink within ten seconds, this indicates the presence of nitrites. The test itself is positive if, after adding only Griess reagent to the second bowl, the solution there remains clear The convictions of Judith ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260612 |
Otto Hönigschmid (13 March 1878 in Hořovice – 14 October 1945 in Munich) was a Czech/Austrian chemist. He won the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1913. Hönigschmid studied at the gymnasium in Olomouc, then at the Charles University in Prague under the guidance of Guido Goldschmiedt (the discovere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260901 |
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 HNF4 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4) is a nuclear receptor protein mostly expressed in the liver, gut, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells that is critical for liver development. In humans, there are two isoforms of HNF4, HNF4α and HNF4γ, encoded by two separate genes and respectively. HNF4 was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2261176 |
Nanaerobe Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. "Bacteroides fragilis"). Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth. This growth benefit req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262238 |
Rheometer A rheometer is a laboratory device used to measure the way in which a liquid, suspension or slurry flows in response to applied forces. It is used for those fluids which cannot be defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore require more parameters to be set and measured than is the case for a viscome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer Following the coining of the term rheology the word came to be applied to instruments for measuring the character rather than quantity of flow, and the other meanings are obsolete. (Principal Source: Oxford English Dictionary) The principle and working of rheometers is described in several texts. Four basic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer When a relatively small amount of fluid is available for rheometric characterization, a microfluidic rheometer with embedded pressure sensors can be used to measure pressure drop for a controlled flow rate. A dynamic shear rheometer, commonly known as DSR is used for research and development as well as for qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer Some models allow the speed to be continuously increased and decreased in a programmed fashion, which allows the measurement of time-dependent properties. The liquid is placed on horizontal plate and a shallow cone placed into it. The angle between the surface of the cone and the plate is around 1–2 degrees b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer Secondly, the strain history of all the material elements must be controlled and known. Thirdly, the strain rates and strain levels must be high enough to stretch the polymeric chains beyond their normal radius of gyration, requiring instrumentation with a large range of deformation rates and a large travel d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer A force transducer mounted on one of the wheels measures the resultant extensional force. Because of the pre-shear induced as the fluid is transported through the upstream tube, a true extensional viscosity is difficult to obtain. However, the Rheotens is useful to compare the extensional flow properties of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer The Sentmanat extensional rheometer (SER) is actually a fixture that can be field installed on shear rheometers. A film of polymer is wound on two rotating drums, which apply constant or variable strain rate extensional deformation on the polymer film. The stress is determined from the torque exerted by the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Rheometer A pressurized capillary rheometer can be used to design thermal treatments of fluid food. This instrumentation could help prevent over and under-processing of fluid food because extrapolation to high temperatures would not be necessary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262293 |
Thermodynamic limit The thermodynamic limit, or macroscopic limit, of a system in statistical mechanics is the limit for a large number "N" of particles (e.g., atoms or molecules) where the volume is taken to grow in proportion with the number of particles. The thermodynamic limit is defined as the limit of a system wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262550 |
Thermodynamic limit The internal energy of a gas of "N" molecules is the sum of order "N" contributions, each of which is approximately independent, and so the central limit theorem predicts that the ratio of the size of the fluctuations to the mean is of order 1/"N". Thus for a macroscopic volume with perhaps Avogadro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262550 |
Thermodynamic limit Usually, a model is taken to the thermodynamic limit by increasing the volume together with the particle number while keeping the particle number density constant. Two common regularizations are the box regularization, where matter is confined to a geometrical box, and the periodic regularization, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2262550 |
Telluric acid is a chemical compound with the formula Te(OH). It is a white solid made up of octahedral Te(OH) molecules which persist in aqueous solution. There are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral Te(OH) molecules. is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263246 |
Telluric acid This is true even for salts such as magnesium tellurate, MgTeO, which is isostructural with magnesium molybdate and contains TeO octahedra. Metatelluric acid, HTeO, the tellurium analogue of sulfuric acid, HSO, is unknown. Allotelluric acid of approximate composition (HTeO)(HO), is not well characterised ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263246 |
Carbon footprint A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be emitted through the burning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it, for example, by technological developments, energy efficiency improvements, better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP), carbon capture, consumption strategies, carbon offs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The variables of owning electronic goods such as the production, shipment, and previous technology used to make that product, can make it difficult to create an accurate carbon footprint. It is important to question, and address the accuracy of Carbon Footprint techniques, especially due to its overwhe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint While carbon footprints are usually reported in tons of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per year, ecological footprints are usually reported in comparison to what the planet can renew. This assesses the number of "earths" that would be required if everyone on the planet consumed resources at the same level ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Defra no longer provide international emission factors and refer visitors to the IEA who provide free highlights and paid for details covering Scope 1 and 2. Indirect carbon emissions are emissions from sources upstream or downstream from the process being studied, also known as scope 3 emissions. Exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Animal sources of protein (especially red meat), rice (typically produced in high methane-emitting paddies), foods transported long-distance or via fuel-inefficient transport (e.g., highly perishable produce flown long-distance) and heavily processed and packaged foods are among the major contributors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint If that option isn't available, it is best to properly recycle the disposable items after use. When one household recycles at least half of their household waste, they can save 1.2 tons of carbon dioxide annually. Another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditionin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint " The Handprint is being used around the world to strengthen action towards the fulfillment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The most powerful industrial climate actions are: refrigerant management (90 billion tonnes of CO2e 2017–2050, since refrigerants have thousands of times the warming pote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted, is an example of Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon offsetting can reduce a companies overall carbon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Typical for both markets is the trade with emission certificates: To reach the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol, with the least economical costs, the following flexible mechanisms were introduced for the mandatory market: The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The new changes will target the emissions produced by flight travel in and out of the European Union. Other nations are scheduled to start participating in Emissions Trading Schemes within the next few years. These nations include China, India and the United States. In contrast to the strict rules set ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The OTC market does not involve a legally binding scheme and a wide array of buyers from the public and private spheres, as well as special events that want to go carbon neutral. Being carbon neutral refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Industrial Gas projects receive criticism because such projects only apply to large industrial plants that already have high fixed costs. Siphoning off industrial gas for sequestration is considered picking the low hanging fruit; which is why credits generated from industrial gas projects are the cheap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint households is about 5 times greater than the global average. For most U.S. households the single most important action to reduce their carbon footprint is driving less or switching to a more efficient vehicle. The following table compares, from peer-reviewed studies of full life cycle emissions and fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint The CO footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps. Coal production has been refined to greatly reduce carbon emiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint CO emissions per passenger-kilometre (pkm) for all road travel for 2011 in Europe as provided by the European Environment Agency: For vehicles, average figures for CO emissions per kilometer for road travel for 2013 in Europe, normalized to the NEDC test cycle, are provided by the International Council... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint Companies, nonprofits and academics have addressed mailing letters and packages. Carnegie Mellon University has estimated the CO footprints of 46 large sectors of the economy in each of eight countries. Carnegie Mellon, Sweden and the Carbon Trust have addressed foods at home and in restaurants. The Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Carbon footprint However, studies of textile production in Europe suggest the following carbon dioxide equivalent emissions footprints per kilo of textile at the point of purchase by a consumer: Accounting for durability and energy required to wash and dry textile products, synthetic fabrics generally have a substantia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2263904 |
Electron configurations of the elements (data page) This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2264346 |
Field emission gun A field emission gun is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type emitter is held at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause field electron emission. Emitters are either of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265023 |
Syneresis (chemistry) Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265144 |
Syneresis (chemistry) The hard protein shell pops, expelling the moisture. This process is what changes juicy rare steak to dry steak when well-done. It creates weeping in scrambled eggs, with dry protein curd swimming in released moisture. It causes emulsified sauces, such as hollandaise, to "break". It creates unsigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265144 |
Queen's metal Queen's Metal, an alloy of nine parts tin and one each of antimony, lead, and bismuth, is intermediate in hardness between pewter and britannia metal. It was developed by English pewtersmiths in the 16th century; the recipe was initially a secret and was reserved for pieces made for the English royal fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2265316 |
Electronic density In quantum mechanics, and in particular quantum chemistry, the electronic density is a measure of the probability of an electron occupying an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. It is a scalar quantity depending upon three spatial variables and is typically denoted as either f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266057 |
Electronic density Together with the normalization and non-negativity this defines a space containing physically acceptable densities as The second inequality places the density in the "L" space. Together with the normalization property places acceptable densities within the intersection of "L" and "L" – a superset of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266057 |
Electronic density For example, a dipole moment is the derivative of the energy with respect to an external magnetic field and is not the expectation value of the operator over the wavefunction. For some theories they are the same when the wavefunction is converged. The occupation numbers are not limited to the range o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2266057 |
Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors. assumes that there are no spatial gradients in a given physical envelope, such as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2267331 |
Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use in different types o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Photostimulation The use of optogenetics (artificial cell activation via the use of light stimuli) is unique in its ability to deliver light pulses in a precise and timely fashion. Optogenetics is somewhat bidirectional in its ability to control neurons. Channels can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized depending on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Photostimulation Together, blue-light activated channelrhodopsin-2 and the yellow light-activated chloride pump halorhodopsin enable multiple-color, optical activation and silencing of neural activity. (See also Photobiomodulation) A caged protein is a protein that is activated in the presence of a stimulating light so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Photostimulation An example system can consist of a light source (generally a laser or a lamp), a controller for the amount of light that enters, a guide for the light, and a delivery system. Often, the design function in such a way that a medium is met between the diffusing light that may cause additional, unwanted ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Photostimulation A caged inhibitor of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF), a key mediator of synaptic transmission, has been used to study the time dependency of NSF. Several other studies have effected action potential firing through use of caged neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Caged neurotransmitters... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Photostimulation Optogenetics has shown significant promise in the treatment of a series of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy. Optogenetics has the potential to facilitate the manipulation and targeting of specific cell types or neural circuits, characteristics that are lacking in current ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2270459 |
Polidocanol is a local anaesthetic and antipruritic component of ointments and bath additives. It relieves itching caused by eczema and dry skin. It is formed by the ethoxylation of dodecanol. is also used as a sclerosant, an irritant injected to treat varicose veins, under the trade names Asclera, Aethoxysklerol and V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2271552 |
Arene substitution pattern Arene substitution patterns are part of organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature and pinpoint the position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon. The toluidines serve as an example for these three types of substitution. Electron donating groups, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273378 |
Arene substitution pattern Thus Berzelius originally called the racemic form of aspartic acid "paraaspartic acid" (another obsolete term: racemic acid) in 1830. The use of the prefixes ortho, meta and para to distinguish isomers of di-substituted aromatic rings starts with Wilhelm Körner in 1867, although he applied "o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273378 |
Arene substitution pattern " Examples of the use of this nomenclature are given for isomers of cresol, CH(OH)(CH): There are three arene substitution isomers of dihydroxybenzene (CH(OH)) – the "ortho" isomer catechol, the "meta" isomer resorcinol, and the "para" isomer hydroquinone: There are three arene substitution i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273378 |
Coordination geometry The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics. The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern formed by atoms around the central atom. In the field of inorganic coordination complexes it is the geometrical patte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273604 |
Coordination geometry Crystal field theory may be used to explain the relative stabilities of transition metal compounds of different coordination geometry, as well as the presence or absence of paramagnetism, whereas VSEPR may be used for complexes of main group element to predict geometry. In a crystal structure the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273604 |
Coordination geometry The equivalent symbols in IUPAC are "CU"−8 and "T"−4 respectively. The IUPAC symbol is applicable to complexes and molecules whereas the IUCr proposal applies to crystalline solids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2273604 |
Poly(hydridocarbyne) (PHC) is one of a class of carbon-based random network polymers primarily composed of tetrahedrally hybridized carbon atoms, each having one hydride substituent, exhibiting the generic formula [HC]n. PHC is made from bromoform, a liquid halocarbon that is commercially manufactured from methane. At ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275333 |
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene. Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances. Forensic chemists' analysis can provide leads for investigators, and they c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The instruments used by forensic chemists can detect minute quantities, and accurate measurement can be important in crimes such as driving under the influence as there are specific blood alcohol content cutoffs where penalties begin or increase. In suspected overdose cases, the quantity of the drug ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The next advancement in the detection of poisons came in 1850 when a valid method for detecting vegetable alkaloids in human tissue was created by chemist Jean Stas. Stas's method was quickly adopted and used successfully in court to convict Count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé of murdering his brother-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry By matching the retention factors for the separated components with known values, materials can be identified. Modern forensic chemists rely on numerous instruments to identify unknown materials found at a crime scene. The 20th century saw many advancements in technology that allowed chemists to dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Advancements in the field of chromatography arrived in 1953 with the invention of the gas chromatograph by Anthony T. James and Archer John Porter Martin, allowing for the separation of volatile liquid mixtures with components which have similar boiling points. Nonvolatile liquid mixtures could be se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Different methods can be used to determine the identity of the same substance, and it is up to the examiner to determine which method will produce the best results. Factors that forensic chemists might consider when performing an examination are the length of time a specific instrument will take to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry When analyzing an unknown that contains more than one substance, the resulting spectra will be a combination of the individual spectra of each component. While common mixtures have known spectra on file, novel mixtures can be difficult to resolve, making FTIR an unacceptable means of identification. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry AAS is useful in cases of suspected heavy metal poisoning such as with arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. The concentration of the substance in the sample can indicate whether heavy metals were the cause of death. Spectroscopy techniques are useful when the sample being tested is pure, or a very co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry High-performance liquid chromatography can be used to extract individual components from a mixture dissolved in a solution. HPLC is used for nonvolatile mixtures that would not be suitable for gas chromatography. This is useful in drug analysis where the pharmaceutical is a combination drug since the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry GC-MS instruments need around 1,000 times more of the substance to quantify the amount than they need simply to detect it; the limit of quantification is typically in the nanogram () range. Forensic toxicology is the study of the pharmacodynamics, or what a substance does to the body, and pharmacokin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The constant creation of new drugs, both legal and illicit, forces toxicologists to keep themselves apprised of new research and methods to test for these novel substances. The stream of new formulations means that a negative test result does not necessarily rule out drugs. To avoid detection, illici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry To ensure the accuracy of identifications SWGDRUG recommends that multiple tests using different instruments be performed on each sample, and that one category A technique and at least one other technique be used. If a category A technique is not available, or the forensic chemist decides not to use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry The standardized procedures for testimony by forensic chemists are provided by the various agencies that employ the scientists as well as SWGDRUG. Forensic chemists are ethically bound to present testimony in a neutral manner and to be open to reconsidering their statements if new information is foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Forensic chemistry Practicing chemists already in the field are expected to have continuing education to maintain their proficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2275867 |
Phlegmatized explosive A phlegmatized explosive is an explosive that has had an agent added to stabilize or desensitize it. Sometimes this is desirable either to improve the handling properties of an explosive (e.g. when munitions are filled in factories) or to reduce its sensitivity, brisance or detonation velocity. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2277296 |
Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis The microdialysis principle was first employed in the early 1960s, when push-pull canulas and dialysis sacs were implanted into animal tissues, especially into rodent brains, to directly study the tissues' biochemistry. While these techniques had a number of experimental drawbacks, such as the number of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis Due to the constant perfusion of the microdialysis probe with fresh perfusate, a total equilibrium cannot be established. This results in dialysate concentrations that are lower than those measured at the distant sampling site. In order to correlate concentrations measured in the dialysate with those pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis To date, the most frequently used calibration methods are the low-flow-rate method, the no-net-flux method, the dynamic (extended) no-net-flux method, and the retrodialysis method. The proper selection of an appropriate calibration method is critically important for the success of a microdialysis experime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis During calibration with the no-net-flux-method, the microdialysis probe is perfused with at least four different concentrations of the analyte of interest (C) and steady-state concentrations of the analyte leaving the probe are measured in the dialysate (C). The recovery for this method can be determined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis The design of the DNNF calibration method has proven very useful for studies that evaluate the response of endogenous compounds, such as neurotransmitters, to drug challenge. During retrodialysis, the microdialysis probe is perfused with an analyte-containing solution and the disappearance of drug from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, pigs), it is now increasingly employed in humans to monitor free, unbound drug tissue concentrations as well as interstitial concentrations of regulatory cytokines and metabolites in response to homeostatic perturbations such as feeding and/or exercise. When employed in br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Microdialysis Given the destructive nature of conventional soil sampling methods, microdialysis has potential to estimate fluxes of soil ions that better reflect an undisturbed soil environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279144 |
Dimitar Paskov () is a Bulgarian chemist who led the Sopharma team that extracted Nivalin (Galantamine) in 1959. The original phytopreparation is an extract of the alkaloid from bulbs of common snowdrop. Galantamine hydrobromide (Nivalin) has formula C17H21NO3.HBr and molecular weight 386.3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279286 |
Guanidine is the compound with the formula HNC(NH). It is a colourless solid that dissolves in polar solvents. It is a strong base that is used in the production of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279684 |
Guanidine Most guanidine derivatives are in fact salts containing the conjugate acid. The conjugate acid is called the guanidinium cation, (). This planar, symmetric ion consists of three amino groups each bonded to the central carbon atom with a covalent bond of order 4/3. It is a highly stable +1 cation in aqueous so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279684 |
Guanidine Guanidinium chloride is used as an adjuvant in treatment of botulism, introduced in 1968, but now its role is considered controversial – because in some patients there was no improvement after this drug administration. Guanidinium hydroxide is the active ingredient in some non-lye hair relaxers. Guanidines ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279684 |
Propidium iodide (or PI) is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells and nucleic acids. PI binds to DNA by intercalating between the bases with little or no sequence preference. When in an aqueous solution, PI has a fluorescent excitation maximum of 493 nm (blue-green), and an emission maximum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2279750 |
Metabolic disorder A metabolic disorder can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic process. It can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly, most of which are autosomal recessive. Some of the symptoms that can occur with metabolic disorders are lethargy, weight loss, jaun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2280325 |
Metabolic disorder screening can be done in newborns via the following methods: Metabolic disorders can be treatable by nutrition management, especially if detected early. It is important for dieticians to have knowledge of the genotype to therefore create a treatment that will be more effective for the individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2280325 |
Gum over platinum is a historical chemical photographic process, which was commonly used in art photography. It is a very complex process, in which a specially treated platinum print photograph is coated with washes of gum arabic, then re-exposed to the same photographic negative. The finished process results in a sepi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2280396 |
Hyperoxia occurs when cells, tissues and organs are exposed to an excess supply of oxygen (O) or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen. In medicine, it refers to excess oxygen in the lungs or other body tissues, which can be caused by breathing air or oxygen at pressures greater than normal atmospheric pressure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2281441 |
Hyperoxia The majority of these studies reported the occurrence of irritation, congestion and edema of the lungs, and even death following prolonged exposures. The supplementation of oxygen can lead to oxygen toxicity, also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, and oxygen poisoning. There are two main... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2281441 |
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