text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Biodegradation The main difference between these processes is that anaerobic reactions produce methane, while aerobic reactions do not (however, both reactions produce carbon dioxide, water, some type of residue, and a new biomass). In addition, aerobic digestion typically occurs more rapidly than anaerobic digestion, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation The degradation rate of many organic compounds is limited by their bioavailability, which is the rate at which a substance is absorbed into a system or made available at the site of physiological activity, as compounds must be released into solution before organisms can degrade them.The rate of biodegrad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation The development and use of accurate standard test methods can help ensure that all plastics that are being produced and commercialized will actually biodegrade in natural environments. One test that has been developed for this purpose is DINV 54900. The term Biodegradable Plastics refers to a material th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation Starch-based plastics will degrade within two to four months in a home compost bin, while polylactic acid is largely undecomposed, requiring higher temperatures. Polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone-starch composites decompose slower, but the starch content accelerates decomposition by leaving behind a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation " Whilst sometimes described as "oxo-fragmentable," and "oxo-degradable" these terms describe only the first or oxidative phase and should not be used for material which degrades by the process of oxo-biodegradation defined by CEN: the correct description is "oxo-biodegradable." By combining plastic prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation The polymer (meaning a material composed of molecules with repeating structural units that form a long chain) is used to encapsulate a drug prior to injection in the body and is based on lactic acid, a compound normally produced in the body, and is thus able to be excreted naturally. The coating is desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation There is no universal definition for biodegradation and there are various definitions of composting, which has led to much confusion between the terms. They are often lumped together; however, they do not have the same meaning. is the naturally-occurring breakdown of materials by microorganisms such as b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation can occur in different time frames under different circumstances, but is meant to occur naturally without human intervention. Even within composting, there are different circumstances under which this can occur. The two main types of composting are at-home versus commercial. Both produce healthy soil to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation Additionally, this next study looked at the biodegradation and composting effects of chemically and physically crosslinked polylactic acid. Notably discussing composting and biodegrading as two distinct terms. The third and final study reviews European standardization of biodegradable and compostable mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation Slow-degrading chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), and pesticides also found in plastics, can release into environments and subsequently also be ingested by wildlife. Rachel Carson, a notable environmentalist in the 1960s, provided one of the first key studies on the conse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation The main concern stems from marine environments, with the biggest cleanup efforts centering around garbage patches in the ocean. In 2017, a garbage patch the size of Mexico was found in the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be upwards of a million square miles in size. While the patch contains more obvio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Biodegradation The first known use of "biodegradable" in a biological context was in 1959 when it was employed to describe the breakdown of material into innocuous components by microorganisms. Now "biodegradable" is commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are part of the earth's innate cycles l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47490 |
Carbon cycle The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle This will eventually cause most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be squelched into the Earth's crust as carbonate. Though volcanoes will continue to pump carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in the short term, it will not be enough to keep the carbon dioxide level stable in the long term. Once the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Because carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere is dependent on biotic factors, it follows a diurnal and seasonal cycle. In measurements, this feature is apparent in the Keeling curve. It is strongest in the northern hemisphere because this hemisphere has more land mass than the southern hemisphere and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle The length of carbon sequestering in soil is dependent on local climatic conditions and thus changes in the course of climate change. The ocean can be conceptually divided into a surface layer within which water makes frequent (daily to annual) contact with the atmosphere, and a deep layer below the typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or, eventually, returned to the surface waters through thermohaline circulation. Oceans are basic (~pH 8.2), hence acidification shifts the pH of the ocean towards neutral. Oceanic absorption of is one of the mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Organic carbon stored in the geosphere can remain there for millions of years. Carbon can leave the geosphere in several ways. Carbon dioxide is released during the metamorphism of carbonate rocks when they are subducted into the earth's mantle. This carbon dioxide can be released into the atmosphere and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle In fact, studying the composition of basaltic magma and measuring carbon dioxide flux out of volcanoes reveals that the amount of carbon in the mantle is actually greater than that on the Earth's surface by a factor of one thousand. Drilling down and physically observing deep-Earth carbon processes is evid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle The study analyzed rare, super-deep diamonds at a site in Juina, Brazil, determining that the bulk composition of some of the diamonds' inclusions matched the expected result of basalt melting and crytallisation under lower mantle temperatures and pressures. Thus, the investigation's findings indicate that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Polymorphism alters carbonate compounds' stability at different depths within the Earth. To illustrate, laboratory simulations and density functional theory calculations suggest that tetrahedrally coordinated carbonates are most stable at depths approaching the core–mantle boundary. A 2015 study indicates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Although the presence of carbon in the Earth's core is well-constrained, recent studies suggest large inventories of carbon could be stored in this region. Shear (S) waves moving through the inner core travel at about fifty percent of the velocity expected for most iron-rich alloys. Because the core's comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle The largest human impact on the carbon cycle is through direct emissions from burning fossil fuels, which transfers carbon from the geosphere into the atmosphere. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use, particularly deforestation. Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Carbon cycle Air pollution, for example, damages plants and soils, while many agricultural and land use practices lead to higher erosion rates, washing carbon out of soils and decreasing plant productivity. Humans also affect the oceanic carbon cycle. Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503 |
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47521 |
Condensation is a crucial component of distillation, an important laboratory and industrial chemistry application. Because condensation is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it can often be used to generate water in large quantities for human use. Many structures are made solely for the purpose of collecting water from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47521 |
Condensation To alleviate these issues, the indoor air humidity needs to be lowered, or air ventilation in the building needs to be improved. This can be done in a number of ways, for example opening windows, turning on extractor fans, using dehumidifiers, drying clothes outside and covering pots and pans whilst cookin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47521 |
Toxic heavy metal A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts. The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic, all of which appear in the World Health Organization's list of 10 chemicals of major... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal Common sources are mining and industrial wastes; vehicle emissions; lead-acid batteries; fertilisers; paints; treated woods; aging water supply infrastructure; and microplastics floating in the world's oceans. Arsenic, cadmium and lead may be present in children's toys at levels that exceed regulatory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal Heavy metals enter plant, animal and human tissues via air inhalation, diet, and manual handling. Motor vehicle emissions are a major source of airborne contaminants including arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, zinc, platinum, palladium and rhodium. Water sources (groundwater,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal For humans, typical presentations associated with exposure to any of the "classical" toxic heavy metals, or chromium (another toxic heavy metal) or arsenic (a metalloid), are shown in the table. The toxic effects of arsenic, mercury and lead were known to the ancients but methodical studies of the ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal She may also have eaten food contaminated by arsenic in flaking ceiling paint in the embassy dining room. Ground water contaminated by arsenic, as of 2014, "is still poisoning millions of people in Asia". The first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huang, it is reported, died of ingesting mercury pill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal Since the industrial Revolution, mercury levels have tripled in many near-surface seawaters, especially around Iceland and Antarctica. The adverse effects of lead were known to the ancients. In the 2nd century BC the Greek botanist Nicander described the colic and paralysis seen in lead-poisoned peopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal The source of the contamination has been attributed to "corrosion in the lead and iron pipes that distribute water to city residents". In 2015, the lead concentration of drinking water in north-eastern Tasmania, Australia, reached a level over 50 times the prescribed national drinking water guidelines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal The town was only notified three days after the release and the accident sparked a major public controversy, with Orica criticised for playing down the extent and possible risks of the leak, and the state Government attacked for their slow response to the incident. Cadmium exposure is a phenomenon of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal These are chemical compounds, such as (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) that convert heavy metals to chemically inert forms that can be excreted without further interaction with the body. Chelates are not without side effects and can also remove beneficial metals from the body. Vitamin an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Toxic heavy metal A deficiency of these essential metals may increase susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the electromagnetic radiation or other type of radiation. It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy The most straightforward way to measure a spectrum is to pass the light through a monochromator, an instrument that blocks all of the light "except" the light at a certain wavelength (the un-blocked wavelength is set by a knob on the monochromator). Then the intensity of this remaining (s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy As mentioned, computer processing is required to turn the raw data (light intensity for each mirror position) into the desired result (light intensity for each wavelength). The processing required turns out to be a common algorithm called the Fourier transform (hence the name, "Fourier-tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy The sample will absorb some of the light, causing the spectra to be different. The ratio of the "sample spectrum" to the "background spectrum" is directly related to the sample's absorption spectrum. Accordingly, the technique of "Fourier-transform spectroscopy" can be used both for measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy Imaging Michelson spectrometers are a possibility, but in general have been supplanted by imaging Fabry–Pérot instruments, which are easier to construct. The intensity as a function of the path length difference (also denoted as retardation) in the interferometer formula_1 and wavenumber ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy Each spin exhibits a characteristic frequency of gyration (relative to the field strength) which reveals information about the analyte. In Fourier-transform mass spectrometry, the energizing event is the injection of the charged sample into the strong electromagnetic field of a cyclotron.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy While the analysis of the interferometric output is similar to that of the typical scanning interferometer, significant differences apply, as shown in the published analyses. Some stationary forms retain the Fellgett multiplex advantage, and their use in the spectral region where detector... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47732 |
William Ramsay Sir (; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48187 |
William Ramsay He was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the University College of Bristol in 1879 and married Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In the same year he became the Principal of University College, Bristol, and somehow managed to combine that with active research both in organic chemistry and on gases. In 1887 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48187 |
William Ramsay During 1893–1902 Ramsay collaborated with Emily Aston, a British chemist, in experiments on mineral analysis and atomic weight determination. Their work included publications on the molecular surface energies of mixtures of non-associating liquids. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48187 |
William Ramsay On October 2, 2019, Google celebrated his 167th birthday with a Google Doodle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48187 |
Gas laws The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases. In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48209 |
Gas laws As a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either: where ""V"" is the volume of a gas, ""T"" is the absolute temperature and "k" is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article). Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48209 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is an organic chlorine compound with the formula CHCl. Polychlorinated biphenyls were once widely deployed as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids. Because of their longevity, PCBs are still wid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The bromine analogues of PCBs are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), which have analogous applications and environmental concerns. The compounds are pale-yellow viscous liquids. They are hydrophobic, with low water solubilities: 0.0027–0.42 ng/L for Aroclors, but they have high solubilities in mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl In PCBs, some of the hydrogen atoms in biphenyl are replaced by chlorine atoms. There are 209 different chemical compounds in which one to ten chlorine atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. PCBs are typically used as mixtures of compounds and are given the single identifying CAS number . About 130 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl It is a myth that the first two digits referred to the number of carbon atoms; the number of carbon atoms do not change in PCBs. The 1100 series was a crude PCB material which was distilled to create the 1200 series PCB product. The exception to the naming system is Aroclor 1016 which was produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The utility of PCBs is based largely on their chemical stability, including low flammability and high dielectric constant. In an electric arc, PCBs generate incombustible gases. Use of PCBs is commonly divided into closed and open applications. Examples of closed applications include coolants a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The immense volume of water in the oceans is still capable of dissolving a significant quantity of PCBs. As the pressure of ocean water increases with depth, PCBs become heavier than water and sink to the deepest ocean trenches where they are concentrated. A small volume of PCBs has been detect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl In the biosphere, PCBs can be degraded by the sun, bacteria or eukaryotes, but the speed of the reaction depends on both the number and the disposition of chlorine atoms in the molecule: less substituted, "meta"- or "para"-substituted PCBs undergo biodegradation faster than more substituted con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl When an organism occupies a high trophic level, like orcas or humans, they will accumulate more PCB's than an organism that occupies a low trophic level, like phytoplankton. If enough organisms with a trophic level are killed due to the accumulation of toxins, like PCB, a trophic cascade can oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Metabolism is also dependent on the species of organism; different organisms have slightly different P450 enzymes that metabolize certain PCBs better than others. Looking at the PCB metabolism in the liver of four sea turtle species (green, olive ridley, loggerhead and hawksbill), green and haw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Since the perch is performing more functions in the warmer months, it naturally has a faster metabolism and has less PCB accumulation. However, multiple cold-water periods mixed with toxic PCBs with coplanar chlorine molecules can be detrimental to perch health. Enantiomers of chiral compounds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Because PCBs are almost invariably found in complex mixtures, the concept of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulation, where more toxic PCB congeners are assigned higher TEF values on a scale from 0 to 1. One of the most toxic compounds kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Common symptoms included dermal and ocular lesions, irregular menstrual cycles and lowered immune responses. Other symptoms included fatigue, headaches, coughs, and unusual skin sores. Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development. Women exposed to PCBs before or d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl It also resulted in reduced immunity and increased thyroid disorders. Animals that eat PCB-contaminated food even for short periods of time suffer liver damage and may die. In 1968 in Japan, 400,000 birds died after eating poultry feed that was contaminated with PCBs. Animals that ingest smalle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl PCBs may play a role in the development of cancers of the immune system because some tests of laboratory animals subjected to very high doses of PCBs have shown effects on the animals' immune system, and some studies of human populations have reported an association between environmental levels... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Between 1936 and 1937, there were several medical cases and papers released on the possible link between PCBs and its detrimental health effects. In 1936 a U.S. Public health Service official described the wife and child of a worker from the Monsanto Industrial Chemical Company who exhibited bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Jensen, according to a 1994 article in "Sierra", named chemicals PCBs, which previously, had simply been called "phenols" or referred to by various trade names, such as Aroclor, Kanechlor, Pyrenol, Chlorinol and others. In 1972, PCB production plants existed in Austria, West Germany, France, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The public, legal, and scientific concerns about PCBs arose from research indicating they are likely carcinogens having the potential to adversely impact the environment and, therefore, undesirable as commercial products. Despite active research spanning five decades, extensive regulatory actio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Two businessmen who knowingly sold the contaminated feed ingredient received two-year suspended sentences for their role in the crisis. The Italian company Caffaro, located in Brescia, specialized in producing PCBs from 1938 to 1984, following the acquisition of the exclusive rights to use the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl In 1968, a mixture of dioxins and PCBs got into rice bran oil produced in northern Kyushu. Contaminated cooking oil sickened more than 1860 people. The symptoms were called Yushō disease. In Okinawa, high levels of PCB contamination in soil on Kadena Air Base were reported in 1987 at thousands ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The resulting combustion produced a highly toxic mixture of PCBs, dioxins and furans, which was included in the feed produced and subsequently fed to a large number of pigs. In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Several cetacean species have very high mean blubber PCB concentrations likely to cause population declines and suppress population recovery. Striped dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and killer whales were found to have mean levels that markedly exceeded all known marine mammal PCB toxicity thresh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Stewart went on to be the pioneer and lead attorney in the first and majority of cases against Monsanto and focused on residents in the immediate area known to be most polluted. Other attorneys later joined in to file suits for those outside the main immediate area around the plant; one of thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl From the late 1950s through 1977, Westinghouse Electric used PCBs in the manufacture of capacitors in its Bloomington, Indiana, plant. Reject capacitors were hauled and dumped in area salvage yards and landfills, including Bennett's Dump, Neal's Landfill and Lemon Lane Landfill. Workers also du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The parties to the consent decree began to explore alternative remedies in 1994 for six of the main PCB contaminated sites in the consent decree. Hundreds of sites remain unaddressed as of 2014. Monroe County will never be PCB-free, as noted in a 2014 Indiana University program about the local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Investigations into historic waste dumping in the Bliss Corner neighborhood have revealed the existence of PCBs, among other hazardous materials, buried into soil and waste material. In 1982 Martha C. Rose Chemical Inc. began processing and disposing of materials contaminated with PCB's in Hold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl Carolan, owner of Rose Chemical, and five others pleaded guilty in 1989 to committing fraud or falsifying documents. Carolan and two other executives served sentences of less than 18 months; the others received fines and were placed on probation. Cleanup costs at the site are estimated at $35 m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl The crime, known as "the midnight dumpings", occurred over nearly 2 weeks, as drivers of a black-painted tanker truck drove down one side of rural Piedmont highways spraying PCB-laden waste and then up the other side the following night. Under Governor James B. Hunt, Jr., state officials then e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl In October 2013, at the request of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC), the City of Charlotte, North Carolina decided to stop applying sewage sludge to land while authorities investigated the source of PCB contamination. In February 2014, the City of Charl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl From 1955 until 1977, the Sangamo Weston plant in Pickens, SC, used PCBs to manufacture capacitors, and dumped 400,000 pounds of PCB contaminated wastewater into the Twelve Mile Creek. In 1990, the EPA declared the site of the capacitor plant, its landfills and the polluted watershed, which str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl PCBs entered the environment through paint, hydraulic fluids, sealants, inks and have been found in river sediment and wild life. Spokane utilities will spend $300 million to prevent PCBs from entering the river in anticipation of a 2017 federal deadline to do so. In August 2015 Spokane joined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the United States Congress to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, via the Toxic Substances Control Act. As the agency that was charged with implementing TSCA, the EPA ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Polychlorinated biphenyl They resist oxidation. Many chemical compounds are available to destroy or reduce the PCBs. Commonly, PCBs are degraded by basis mixtures of glycols, which displace some or all chloride. Also effective are reductants such as sodium or sodium naphthenide. Vitamin B12 has also shown promise. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230 |
Electrolyte An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent. Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an electric potential is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte monitoring is important in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia. The word "electrolyte" derives from Ancient Greek ήλεκτρο- ("ēlectro"-), prefix related to electricity, and λυτός ("lytos"), meaning "able to be untied or loosened". In his 1884 dissertation Svante Arrhenius put forth his explanation of solid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte Molten salts can also be electrolytes as, for example, when sodium chloride is molten, the liquid conducts electricity. In particular, ionic liquids, which are molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, are a type of highly conductive non-aqueous electrolytes and thus have found more and more applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid and potassium is the main intracellular electrolyte; both are involved in fluid balance and blood pressure control. All known multicellular lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte In humans, electrolyte homeostasis is regulated by hormones such as antidiuretic hormones, aldosterone and parathyroid hormones. Serious electrolyte disturbances, such as dehydration and overhydration, may lead to cardiac and neurological complications and, unless they are rapidly resolved, will result in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte A home-made electrolyte drink can be made by using water, sugar and salt in precise proportions. Commercial preparations are also available for both human and veterinary use. Electrolytes are commonly found in fruit juices, sports drinks, milk, nuts, and many fruits and vegetables (whole or in juice form) (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Electrolyte Without the ions from the electrolyte, the charges around the electrode would slow down continued electron flow; diffusion of H and OH through water to the other electrode takes longer than movement of the much more prevalent salt ions. Electrolytes dissociate in water because water molecules are dipoles an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48336 |
Pesticide Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides (which may include insect growth regulators, termiticides, etc.) nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, anima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside. Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system. Triazines interfere with photosynthesis. Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate. The a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide The paldoxins inhibit the fungi's detoxification enzymes. They are believed to be safer and greener. Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees, and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including of co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide , farmers get an estimated fourfold return on money they spend on pesticides. One study found that not using pesticides reduced crop yields by about 10%. Another study, conducted in 1999, found that a ban on pesticides in the United States may result in a rise of food prices, loss of jobs, and an increase in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Pesticide Large quantities of presumably nontoxic petroleum oil by-products are introduced into the environment as pesticide dispersal agents and emulsifiers. A 1976 study found that an increase in viral lethality with a concomitant influence on the liver and central nervous system occurs in young mice previously prime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48340 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.