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Severus Snape Throughout the third book, Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Harry's godfather Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle; Sirius had been convicted (wrongly, as it is later revealed) of murdering Peter Pettigrew and innocent bystanders, and betraying the Potter family's hiding place to Voldemort. This sus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before. At one point, Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff, but Dumbledore comes to Snape's defence, claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater, he changed sid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape He has a very strained relationship with Sirius, who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding. The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel. Snape taunts Sirius about the latter's not being able to take an active role in the Order's missions because of his fugitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt. Snape then carries Harry's cryptic warning about Sirius' capture to the other Order members, allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries. Harry still holds Snape partly responsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Harry finds marginalia, including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student, and substantial improvements to the book's standard potion-making instructions. The text is inscribed as being "the Property of the Half-Blood Prince". The notes greatly bolster Harry's performance in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by the horcrux's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape, but before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts, while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed as Hogwarts staff. The novel focuses largely on Harry and his friends and events outside the school; therefore Snape plays a limited role at the start. In the course of the book, Harry and his friends find out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape From these memories, Harry sees Snape's childhood and learns his true loyalties. In this vision, Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other. Upon their arrival at Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses, respectively. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape However, Snape demanded of Dumbledore that his love for Lily (his reason for switching sides) be kept a secret, especially from Harry, because of the deep animosity he felt towards Harry's father and his mixed feelings towards Harry (who reminded him of both his love for Lily Potter and her death, and his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring, a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster's office following his death. She adds, however, that she would like to think Harry made Snape's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape At first Snape is suspicious of him, since this timeline's version of Scorpius is a bully and a Voldemort stalwart. But when Scorpius shows that he knows of Snape having been in love with Lily, Harry's mother – Snape's most closely guarded secret – Snape becomes convinced that he does indeed come from a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape " Rickman used this knowledge of Snape's ultimate loyalties throughout the films to decide how to play certain scenes, deliver specific lines, or use body language to convey specific emotions. When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape " Rickman was nominated for several awards for his portrayal of Snape, and in 2011, was elected the best character portrayal in all the "Harry Potter" films series. In 2011, "Empire" magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling, ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of "The Prisoner of Azkaban", "The Order of the Phoenix", and "The Half-Blood Prince", Snape is depicted with a moustache and goatee, long black hair, and a receding hairline. Snape is generally depicted as being cold, calculating, pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape His temper, however, is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius, or when accused of cowardice. His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who cannot control their emotions are weak. Like some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape " Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager against Harry's father James and in the aerial battle in the last novel when he accidentally hits George Weasley (acting as a Potter decoy) with it while actually aiming for a Death Eater who was trying to attack Lupin, permanently severing George's right ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Snape's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels. Snape was born to Eileen Prince, a witch, and Tobias Snape, a Muggle, making him a half-blood (hence the name, "Half-Blood Prince"). This is rare for a Death Eater, as remarked in the last book, though Vold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel, Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort's camp. Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel. However, near the climax of the book, Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts (to be viewed in the Pensieve) and ulti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape's character was broadly admired, with Stephen Fry, the UK audio books narrator, saying in 2003: "Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity—you can't quite decide—something sad about him—lonely and it's fascinating whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series, as it is the hero's struggle and costly redemption that really matter: "[Snape's] character ached for resolution. And it is precisely this need for resolution—our desire to k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Around the same time, "Empire" magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series, and Snape once again came in at #1. In May 2011, Snape was again voted as the No. 1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house. In 2014, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape Snape appeared in a "Harry Potter" parody named "Louis Potter and the Philosopher's Scone" in Alistair McGowan's "Big Impression" show, played by Alistair McGowan himself. In the "Harry Bladder" sketches in "All That", Snape appears as Professor Chafe (portrayed by Jeremy Rowley), whose legs were badly ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Wien's displacement law states that the black-body radiation curve for different temperatures will peak at different wavelengths that are inversely proportional to the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct consequence of the Planck radiation law, which describes the spectral brightness of black-body radiation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363 |
Wien's displacement law Wien considered adiabatic expansion of a cavity containing waves of light in thermal equilibrium. He showed that, under slow expansion or contraction, the energy of light reflecting off the walls changes in exactly the same way as the frequency. A general principle of thermodynamics is that a th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363 |
Wien's displacement law With the emission now considered per unit frequency, this peak now corresponds to a wavelength 70% longer than the peak considered per unit wavelength. The relevant math is detailed in the next section. Planck's law for the spectrum of black body radiation predicts the Wien displacement law and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363 |
Wien's displacement law Solving for "ν" produces: Notice that for a given temperature, parameterization by frequency implies a different maximal wavelength than parameterization by wavelength. For example, using and parameterization by wavelength, the wavelength for maximal spectral radiance is with corresponding frequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363 |
Wien's displacement law However, the distribution "shape" depends on the parameterization, and for a different parameterization the distribution will typically have a different peak density, as these calculations demonstrate. Using the value 4 to solve the implicit equation yields the peak in the spectral radiance dens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363 |
Positronium (Ps) is a system consisting of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, bound together into an exotic atom, specifically an onium. The system is unstable: the two particles annihilate each other to predominantly produce two or three gamma-rays, depending on the relative spin states. The orbit and ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596 |
Positronium "Para-"positronium lifetime in vacuum is approximately The "triplet" state, S, with parallel spins ("S" = 1, "M" = −1, 0, 1) is known as "ortho"-positronium ("o"-Ps). It has a mean lifetime of , and the leading decay is three gammas. Other modes of decay are negligible; for instance, the five-photons mode h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596 |
Positronium The branching ratio for "o"-Ps decay for this channel is (electron neutrino–antineutrino pair) and (for other flavour) in predictions based on the Standard Model, but it can be increased by non-standard neutrino properties, like relatively high magnetic moment. The experimental upper limits on branching rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596 |
Positronium The Dirac equation whose Hamiltonian comprises two Dirac particles and a static Coulomb potential is not relativistically invariant. But if one adds the (or , where is the fine-structure constant) terms, where , then the result is relativistically invariant. Only the leading term is included. The contributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596 |
Positronium Molecular bonding was predicted for positronium. Molecules of positronium hydride (PsH) can be made. can also form a cyanide and can form bonds with halogens or lithium. The first observation of di-positronium molecules—molecules consisting of two positronium atoms—was reported on 12 September 2007 by David... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596 |
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO). The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 3 as "calcite". Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite For the same orientation, must be multiplied by 4 to convert from morphological to structural units. As an example, the cleavage is given as "perfect on {1 0 1}" in morphological coordinates and "perfect on {1 0 4}" in structural units. (In hexagonal indices, these are {1 0 1} and {1 0 4}.) Twinning, cleavage a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities. is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called "Iceland spar" is used for optical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together or it can fill fractures. When conditions are right fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms. Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone. It is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. It also occurs in deposits from hot springs as a vein mineral; in caverns ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite The crystallization of ACC can occur in two stages: first, the ACC nanoparticles rapidly dehydrate and crystallize to form individual particles of vaterite. Secondly, the vaterite transforms to calcite via a dissolution and reprecipitation mechanism with the reaction rate controlled by the surface area of calci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Calcite These processes can be traced by the specific carbon isotope composition of the calcites, which are extremely depleted in the C isotope, by as much as −125 per mil PDB (δC). seas existed in Earth history when the primary inorganic precipitate of calcium carbonate in marine waters was low-magnesium calcite (lmc)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44603 |
Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are pyroelectric, with the additional property that their natural electrical polarization is reversible. The term is used in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity The distinguishing feature of ferroelectrics is that the spontaneous polarization can be "reversed" by a suitably strong applied electric field in the opposite direction; the polarization is therefore dependent not only on the current electric field but also on its history, yielding a hysteresis loop. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity The spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials implies a hysteresis effect which can be used as a memory function, and ferroelectric capacitors are indeed used to make ferroelectric RAM for computers and RFID cards. In these applications thin films of ferroelectric materials are typically used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity The thickness of the ferroelectric layer is small enough to allow tunneling of electrons. The piezoelectric and interface effects as well as the depolarization field may lead to a giant electroresistance (GER) switching effect. Yet another hot topic is multiferroics, where researchers are looking for w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity Ferroelectric polarization can also act as an energy harvester. Polarization can help the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, leading to enhanced photocatalysis. Also, due to pyroelectric and piezoelectric effects under varying temperature (heating/cooling cycles) or varying strain (vibr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity Among the piezoelectric classes, 10 have a spontaneous electric polarization, that varies with the temperature, therefore they are pyroelectric. Among pyroelectric materials, some of them are ferroelectric. Ferroelectric phase transitions are often characterized as either displacive (such as BaTiO) or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity An important ferroelectric material for applications is lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which is part of the solid solution formed between ferroelectric lead titanate and anti-ferroelectric lead zirconate. Different compositions are used for different applications; for memory applications, PZT closer in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity This new class of ferroelectric materials exhibit "spontelectric" properties, and may have wide-ranging applications in device and nano-technology and also influence the electrical nature of dust in the interstellar medium. Other ferroelectric materials used include triglycine sulfate, polyvinylidene f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity The equations are then discretized onto a grid using the finite difference method and solved subject to the constraints of Gauss's law and Linear elasticity. In all known ferroelectrics, formula_3 and formula_4. These coefficients may be obtained experimentally or from ab-initio simulations. For ferroe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Ferroelectricity Elimination of this region, and connection of the top and bottom portions of the 'S' curve by vertical lines at the discontinuities gives the hysteresis loop. Physics Lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44708 |
Magnetoresistance is the tendency of a material (often ferromagnetic) to change the value of its electrical resistance in an externally-applied magnetic field. There are a variety of effects that can be called magnetoresistance. Some occur in bulk non-magnetic metals and semiconductors, such as geometrical magnetoresis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726 |
Magnetoresistance He experimented with pieces of iron and discovered that the resistance increases when the current is in the same direction as the magnetic force and decreases when the current is at 90° to the magnetic force. He then did the same experiment with nickel and found that it was affected in the same way bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726 |
Magnetoresistance Electric current (proportional to the radial component of velocity) will decrease with increasing magnetic field and hence the resistance of the device will increase. Critically, this magnetoresistive scenario depends sensitively on the device geometry and current lines and it does not rely on magneti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726 |
Magnetoresistance In polycrystalline ferromagnetic materials, the AMR can only depend on the angle formula_3 between the magnetization and current direction and (as long as the resistivity of the material can be described by a rank-two tensor), it must follow formula_4 where formula_5 is the (longitudinal) resistivity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726 |
Magnetoresistance The biggest AMR sensor manufacturers are Honeywell, NXP Semiconductors, STMicroelectronics, and Sensitec GmbH. As theoretical aspects, I. A. Campbell, A. Fert, and O. Jaoul (CFJ) derived an expression of the AMR ratio for Ni-based alloys using the two-current model with s-s and s-d scattering processe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726 |
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is an ionic salt called calcium carbonate or CaCO. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734 |
Chalk is mined from chalk deposits both above ground and underground. mining boomed during the Industrial Revolution, due to the need for chalk products such as quicklime and bricks. Some abandoned chalk mines remain tourist destinations due to their massive expanse and natural beauty. The Group is a European stratigra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734 |
Chalk It is formed in the sea by sub-microscopic plankton, which fall to the sea floor and are then consolidated and compressed during diagenesis into chalk rock. Most people first encounter chalk in school where it refers to blackboard chalk, which was originally made of mineral chalk, since it readily crumbles and le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734 |
Chalk A trial fit will leave a chalk mark on the high spots of the corresponding surface. transferring to cover the complete surface indicates a good fit. Builder's putty also mainly contains chalk as a filler in linseed oil. may be used for its properties as a base. In agriculture, chalk is used for raising pH in soil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734 |
Chalk In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weightlifting and tug of war, chalk — now usually magnesium carbonate — is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping. may also be used as a house construction material instead of brick or wattle and daub: quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734 |
Atomic electron transition is a change of an electron from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. It appears discontinuous as the electron "jumps" from one energy level to another, typically in a few nanoseconds or less. It is also known as an electronic (de-)excitation or atomic transition or q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45307 |
Flange A flange is an external or internal ridge, or rim (lip), for strength, as the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam; or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera; or for a flange of a rail car or tram wheel. Thus fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange There is also a Warix flange which is the same as a York flange but the shower output is on the top of the flange and the vent on the side. The York and Warix flange have female adapters so that they fit onto a male tank, whereas the Surrey flange connects to a female tank. A closet flange provides the mount for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange The ASME pressure classes for Flat-Face flanges are Class 125 and Class 250. The classes for Ring-Joint, Tongue & Groove, and Raised-Face flanges are Class 150, Class 300, (Class 400 - unusual), Class 600, Class 900, Class 1500, and Class 2500. The flange faces are also made to standardized dimensions and are ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange The gasket type and bolt type are generally specified by the standard(s); however, sometimes the standards refer to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (B&PVC) for details (see ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 – Appendix 2). These flanges are recognized by ASME Pipe Codes such as ASME B31.1 Power Piping, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange Similar to the ASME flange standard, the EN 1092-1 standard has the basic flange forms, such as weld neck flange, blind flange, lapped flange, threaded (Thread ISO7-1 instead of NPT), weld on collar, pressed collars, and adapter flange such as flange coupling GD press fittings. The different forms of flanges wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange Theoretically, the flange also remains in contact along its outer circumference at the flange faces for all allowable load levels that it is designed for. The main seal is the IX seal ring. The seal ring force is provided by the elastic stored energy in the stressed seal ring. Any heel leakage will give internal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange They also have a flange on one side to keep the wheels, and hence the train, running on the rails, when the limits of the geometry based alignment are reached, e.g. due to some emergency or defect. A vacuum flange is a flange at the end of a tube used to connect vacuum chambers, tubing and vacuum pumps to each o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Flange Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317 |
Coordinate covalent bond A coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond or coordinate bond is a kind of 2-center, 2-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This type of interaction is central to Lewis t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 |
Coordinate covalent bond In reality, the atoms carry fractional charges; the more electronegative atom of the two involved in the bond will usually carry a fractional negative charge. One exception to this is carbon monoxide. In this case, the carbon atom carries the fractional negative charge although it is less elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 |
Coordinate covalent bond The dative bond is also a convenience in terms of notation, as formal charges are avoided: we can write D: + ()A ⇌ D → A rather than D–A (here : and () represent the lone-pair and empty orbital on the electron-pair donor D and acceptor A, respectively). The notation is sometimes used even when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 |
Coordinate covalent bond 2 "e" from nitrogen to boron. The heterolytic dissociation of HN → BH is estimated to require 27 kcal/mol, confirming that heterolysis into ammonia and borane is more favorable than homolysis into radical cation and radical anion. However, aside from clear-cut examples, there is considerable di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 |
Coordinate covalent bond However, the usefulness of this view is disputed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45708 |
Pyrite The mineral pyrite (), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS (iron(II) disulfide). is considered the most common form of sulfide minerals. Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite It has been suggested that the presence of both gold and arsenic is a case of coupled substitution but as of 1997 the chemical state of the gold remained controversial. enjoyed brief popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries as a source of ignition in early firearms, most notably the wheellock, where a sample of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite During the early years of the 20th century, pyrite was used as a mineral detector in radio receivers, and is still used by crystal radio hobbyists. Until the vacuum tube matured, the crystal detector was the most sensitive and dependable detector available—with considerable variation between mineral types and ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite Among the sites that provide the best specimens, highlights the exploited in Navajún, La Rioja (Spain). China represents the main importing country with an import of around 376,000 tonnes, which resulted at 45% of total global imports. China is also the fastest growing in terms of the unroasted iron pyrites impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite It belongs to the crystallographic space group "Pa" and is denoted by the Strukturbericht notation C2. Under thermodynamic standard conditions the lattice constant formula_1 of stoichiometric iron pyrite FeS amounts to . The unit cell is composed of a Fe face-centered cubic sublattice into which the ions are emb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite , the S ions in FeS are shifted from these high symmetry positions along <111> axes to reside on ("uuu") and symmetry-equivalent positions. Here, the parameter "u" should be regarded as a free atomic parameter that takes different values in different pyrite-structure compounds (iron pyrite FeS: "u"(S) = 0.385). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite Arsenopyrite has a related structure with heteroatomic As–S pairs rather than homoatomic ones. Marcasite also possesses homoatomic anion pairs, but the arrangement of the metal and diatomic anions is different from that of pyrite. Despite its name a chalcopyrite () does not contain dianion pairs, but single S su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite Arsenopyrite is silver white and does not become more yellow when wet. Iron pyrite is unstable at Earth's surface: iron pyrite exposed to atmospheric oxygen and water decomposes into iron oxides and sulfate. This process is accelerated by the action of "Acidithiobacillus" bacteria which oxidize pyrite to produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Pyrite In the long term, however, oxidation continues, and the hydrated sulfates formed may exert crystallization pressure that can expand cracks in the rock and lead eventually to roof fall. Building stone containing pyrite tends to stain brown as pyrite oxidizes. This problem appears to be significantly worse if any ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45756 |
Mustard gas Mustard gas, though technically not a gas and often called sulfur mustard by scholarly sources, is the prototypical substance of the sulfur-based family of cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agents, which can form large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs. They have a long history of use as a bli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas Mustard agents could be deployed by means of artillery shells, aerial bombs, rockets, or by spraying from warplanes or other aircraft. can be readily decontaminated through reaction with chloramine-T. is the organic compound with formula (ClCHCH)S. In the Depretz method, mustard gas is synthesized by treati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas Oxidative stress would be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity. is not very soluble in water but is very soluble in fat, contributing to its rapid absorption into the skin. In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BCHCHX, where X is any leaving group and B is a Lewis base are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas Mustard agent vapor easily penetrates clothing fabrics such as wool or cotton, so it is not only the exposed skin of victims that gets burned. If the victim's eyes were exposed then they become sore, starting with conjunctivitis (also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of mustard agent mean that victims who recover from mustard agent burns have an increased risk of developing cancer in later life. In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protects actin filaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas He combined 2-chloroethanol with aqueous potassium sulfide, and then treated the resulting thiodiglycol with phosphorus trichloride. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assista... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas The Allies did not use mustard agent until November 1917 at Cambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks (the only option availa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas Since World War I, mustard agent has been used in several wars or other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind: In 1943, during the Second World War, an American shipment of mustard agent exploded aboard a supply ship that was bombed during an air raid in the harbor of Bari, Italy. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments at Yale University to conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II. As a part of this effort, the group investigated nitrogen mustard as a therapy for Hodgkin's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. The immunochromatographic assay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustard hydrolyzes, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps, e.g., with the drag board of a fis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of of mustard gas. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas In May 2011, the last one-ton tank of mustard agent was incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last mustard agent artillery shells at Deseret were incinerated in January 2012. In 2008, many empty mustard agent aerial bombs were found in an excavation at the Marrangaroo Army Base just west of Syd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
Mustard gas One test site, the Brook Islands National Park, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by the Imperial Japanese Army. The United States tested mustard gas and other chemical agents including nitrogen mustard and lewisite on up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46126 |
SQUID A (for superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely subtle magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions. SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5 a T (5×10 T) with a few days of averaged measurements. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46178 |
SQUID If a small external magnetic field is applied to the superconducting loop, a screening current, formula_2, begins circulating in the loop that generates a magnetic field canceling the applied external flux, and creates an additional Josephson phase which is proportional to this external magnetic flux. The induced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46178 |
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