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Malic acid The cycle is completed when silver oxide takes this compound back to (−)-malic acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243074 |
Hess's law Hess' law of constant heat summation, also known as Hess' law (or Hess's law), is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Switzerland-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243134 |
Hess's law In other words, if a chemical change takes place by several different routes, the overall enthalpy change is the same, regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs (provided the initial and final condition are the same). Hess' law allows the enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction to be calculated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243134 |
Hess's law This may be considered as the sum of two (real or fictitious) reactions: and Elements → Products <br> 1) Given: Find the ΔH of: After the multiplication and reversing of the equations (and their enthalpy changes), the result is: Adding these equations and canceling out the common terms on both sides, we get ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243134 |
Rayleigh–Jeans law In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans Law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments. For wavelength formula_1, it is: where formula_3 is the spectral radiance, the power emitted p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243349 |
Rayleigh–Jeans law Measurements of the spectral emission of actual black bodies revealed that the emission agreed with the at low frequencies but diverged at high frequencies; reaching a maximum and then falling with frequency, so the total energy emitted is finite. In 1900 Max Planck empirically obtained an expression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243349 |
Rayleigh–Jeans law When comparing the frequency and wavelength dependent expressions of the it is important to remember that Therefore, even after substituting the value formula_19, because formula_20 has units of energy emitted per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle, per unit wavelength,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=243349 |
Nitromethane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent. As an intermediate in organic synthesis, it is used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Nitromethane It is also used most effectively as a solvent or dissolving agent for acrylate monomers, such as cyanoacrylates (more commonly known as "super-glues"). It is also used as a fuel in some forms of racing. It can be used as an explosive, when gelled with several percent of gelling agent. This type of mixture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Nitromethane Some important derivatives include the pesticides chloropicrin (ClCNO), beta-nitrostyrene, and tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, ((HOCH)CNO). Reduction of the latter gives tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, (HOCH)CNH, better known as tris, a widely used buffer. In more specialized organic synthesis, nitrometh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Nitromethane 3 times the power of gasoline when combined with a given amount of oxygen. can also be used as a monopropellant, i.e., a fuel that burns without added oxygen. The following equation describes this process: has a laminar combustion velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, somewhat higher than gasoline, thus makin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Nitromethane In model aircraft and car glow fuel, the primary ingredient is generally methanol with some nitromethane (0% to 65%, but rarely over 30%, and 10–20% lubricants (usually castor oil and/or synthetic oil). Even moderate amounts of nitromethane tend to increase the power created by the engine (as the limiting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Nitromethane It has several advantages as a model explosive over TNT, namely its uniform density and lack of solid post-detonation species that complicate the determination of equation of state and further calculations. Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes nitromethane will contain nitric ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245564 |
Cypermethrin (CP) is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245868 |
Cypermethrin Other family members exhibited milder symptoms and survived after hospital treatment. It may cause allergic skin reactions in humans. Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. In humans, cypermethrin is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245868 |
Cypermethrin If exposed to cypermethrin during pregnancy, rats give birth to offspring with developmental delays. In male rats exposed to cypermethrin, the proportion of abnormal sperm increases. It causes genetic damage: chromosomal abnormalities increased in bone marrow and spleen cells when mice were exposed to cype... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245868 |
Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula CHO and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation. is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to the class of dyes known as phthalein d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246173 |
Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications: concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water. As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, pH decreases to 8.5-9. When a 1% phenolphthalein solution is appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246173 |
Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein is used for the same purpose and in the same way, when a blue color is desired. has been used for over a century as a laxative, but is now being removed from over-the-counter laxatives because of concerns over carcinogenicity. Laxative products formerly containing phenolphalein have ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246173 |
Phenolphthalein A positive test indicates the sample contains hemoglobin and, therefore, is likely blood. A false positive can result from the presence of substances with catalytic activity similar to hemoglobin. This test is not destructive to the sample; it can be kept and used in further tests. This test has the sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=246173 |
Weissenberg number The (Wi) is a dimensionless number used in the study of viscoelastic flows. It is named after Karl Weissenberg. The dimensionless number compares the elastic forces to the viscous forces. It can be variously defined, but it is usually given by the relation of stress relaxation time of the fluid and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248042 |
Azide is the anion with the formula N. It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid (HN). N is a linear anion that is isoelectronic with CO, NCO, NO, NO and NCF. Per valence bond theory, azide can be described by several resonance structures; an important one being <chem>^-N=\overset{+}N=N^-</chem>. is also a functional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248135 |
Azide Aliphatic alcohols give azides via a variant of the Mitsunobu reaction, with the use of hydrazoic acid. Hydrazines may also form azides by reaction with sodium nitrite: Alkyl or aryl acyl chlorides react with sodium azide in aqueous solution to give acyl azides, which give isocyanates in the Curtius rearrangement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248135 |
Azide It reacts with epoxides, causing a ring-opening; it undergoes Michael-like conjugate addition to 1,4-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Azides can be used as precursors of the metal nitrido complexes. complexes thus is induced to release N2, generating a metal complex in unusual oxidation states (see "high-valent ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248135 |
Azide It decomposes on heating to give nitrogen gas, which is used to quickly expand the air bag: Heavy metal salts, such as lead azide, Pb(N), are shock-sensitive detonators which decompose to the corresponding metal and nitrogen, for example: Silver and barium salts are used similarly. Some organic azides are potenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248135 |
Inert gas An inert gas is a gas that does not undergo chemical reactions under a set of given conditions. The noble gases often do not react with many substances and were historically referred to as the inert gases. Inert gases are used generally to avoid unwanted chemical reactions degrading a sample. These undesirabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Inert gas The inert gases are obtained by fractional distillation of air, with the exception of helium which is separated from a few natural gas sources rich in this element, through cryogenic distillation or membrane separation. For specialized applications, purified inert gas shall be produced by specialized generato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Inert gas In such plants and in oil refineries, transfer lines and vessels can be purged with inert gas as a fire and explosion prevention measure. At the bench scale, chemists perform experiments on air-sensitive compounds using air-free techniques developed to handle them under inert gas. Helium, neon, argon, krypton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Inert gas The flue gas is cleaned and cooled by the scrubber tower. Various safety devices prevent overpressure, the return of hydrocarbon gas to the engine room, or having a supply of IG with too high oxygen content. Gas tankers and product carriers cannot rely on flue gas systems (because they require IG with O conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Inert gas In gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), inert gases are used to shield the tungsten from contamination. It also shields the fluid metal (created from the arc) from the reactive gases in air which can cause porosity in the solidified weld puddle. Inert gases are also used in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for weldin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Inert gas The most common inert gases used in breathing gas for commercial diving are nitrogen and helium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248159 |
Gaia hypothesis The , also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet. The hypothesis was formulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypotheses suggest that organisms co-evolve with their environment: that is, they "influence their abiotic environment, and that environment in turn influences the biota by Darwinian process". Lovelock (1995) gave evidence of this in his second book, showing the evolution from the world of the ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis These scientists include: Biologists and Earth scientists usually view the factors that stabilize the characteristics of a period as an undirected emergent property or entelechy of the system; as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, for example, their combined actions may have counterb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Gaia evolves through a cybernetic feedback system operated unconsciously by the biota, leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability in a full homeostasis. Many processes in the Earth's surface essential for the conditions of life depend on the interaction of living forms, especially ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis This, he suggests tended to screen out ultraviolet until the formation of the ozone screen, maintaining a degree of homeostasis. However, the Snowball Earth research has suggested that "oxygen shocks" and reduced methane levels led, during the Huronian, Sturtian and Marinoan/Varanger Ice Ages, to a worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis In response to the criticism that the seemingly required unrealistic group selection and cooperation between organisms, James Lovelock and Andrew Watson developed a mathematical model, Daisyworld, in which ecological competition underpinned planetary temperature regulation. Daisyworld examines the energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this negative feedback due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. The percentage of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), sulfate (SO), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Oxygen is a reactive compound, and should eventually combine with gases and minerals of the Earth's atmosphere and crust. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. Since the start of the Cambrian period, atm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis This growth brings higher consumption of CO by the plants, who process it into the soil, removing it from the atmosphere. The idea of the Earth as an integrated whole, a living being, has a long tradition. The mythical Gaia was the primal Greek goddess personifying the Earth, the Greek version of "Mothe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis A main concept was that life could be detected in a planetary scale by the chemical composition of the atmosphere. According to the data gathered by the Pic du Midi observatory, planets like Mars or Venus had atmospheres in chemical equilibrium. This difference with the Earth atmosphere was considered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis The American biologist had also awakened criticism from the scientific community with her advocacy of the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, nowadays accepted. Margulis dedicated the last of eight chapters in her book, "The Symbiotic Planet",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Speakers included James Lovelock, George Wald, Mary Catherine Bateson, Lewis Thomas, John Todd, Donald Michael, Christopher Bird, Thomas Berry, David Abram, Michael Cohen, and William Fields. Some 500 people attended. In 1988, climatologist Stephen Schneider organised a conference of the American Geophy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Lovelock said that the Daisyworld model "demonstrates that self-regulation of the global environment can emerge from competition amongst types of life altering their local environment in different ways". Lovelock was careful to present a version of the that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis the resulting behavior of a biotic Earth at a state of MEP may well lead to near-homeostatic behavior of the Earth system on long time scales, as stated by the Gaia hypothesis". Staley (2002) has similarly proposed "...an alternative form of Gaia theory based on more traditional Darwinian principles... ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Thomas Lovejoy, President of the Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment; Robert Correll, Senior Fellow, Atmospheric Policy Program, American Meteorological Society and noted environmental ethicist, J. Baird Callicott. This conference approached the as both science and metaphor as a mean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis In his defense of Gaia, David Abram argues that Gould overlooked the fact that "mechanism", itself, is a metaphor — albeit an exceedingly common and often unrecognized metaphor — one which leads us to consider natural and living systems as though they were machines organized and built from outside (rath... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Lovelock has suggested that global biological feedback mechanisms could evolve by natural selection, stating that organisms that improve their environment for their survival do better than those that damage their environment. However, in the early 1980s, W. Ford Doolittle and Richard Dawkins separately ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Hamilton called the concept of Gaia Copernican, adding that it would take another Newton to explain how Gaian self-regulation takes place through Darwinian natural selection. The continues to be broadly skeptically received by the scientific community. For instance, arguments both for and against it wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Gaia hypothesis Its study has, however, generated many new and thought provoking questions. While rejecting Gaia, we can at the same time appreciate Lovelock's originality and breadth of vision, and recognise that his audacious concept has helped to stimulate many new ideas about the Earth, and to champion a holistic a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248189 |
Macroprolactin is a physiologically inactive form of prolactin found in a small proportion of people. It is in fact prolactin bound to IgG. is important, as some laboratory assays will detect it as prolactin, leading to a falsely elevated prolactin result. This can lead to a misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia in some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248336 |
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis. In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate, glycerol (which is a part of the triacylg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis Specifically, after 12, 20, and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers, the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis was 41%, 71%, and 92%, respectively. Whether even-chain fatty acids can be converted into glucose in animals has been a longstanding question in biochemistry. It is known th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis Despite these findings, it is considered unlikely that the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids would produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid cycle – however, acetyl-CoA can be converted into pyruvate and lactate through the ketogenic pathway. Put simply, acetic acid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis The intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol. Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver, and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids (e.g., alanine) when glucose demand is increased. The capacity of liver cells to use lactate for g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney, in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells, this being dependent on the substrate being used. Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis. While most steps in gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those found in glycolysis, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis The rate of gluconeogenesis is ultimately controlled by the action of a key enzyme, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is also regulated through signal transduction by cAMP and its phosphorylation. Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon ("released when blood glucose is low"); it trigg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Gluconeogenesis Insulin resistance is a common feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. For this reason gluconeogenesis is a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug metformin, which inhibits gluconeogenic glucose formation, and stimulates glucose uptake by cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248671 |
Iron poisoning is an iron overload caused by a large excess of iron intake and usually refers to an acute overload rather than a gradual one. The term has been primarily associated with young children who consumed large quantities of iron supplement pills, which resemble sweets and are widely used, including by pregnan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250029 |
Iron poisoning Ferrous iron, iron (II), is soluble and its toxicity varies, largely with the integrity of the gastrointestinal lining. Iron supplements are typically used to treat anemia. Modalities include: diet, parasite control, vitamin A, riboflavin (B), vitamin C (for absorption), folate(B), vitamin B and multivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250029 |
Cumene process The cumene process (cumene-phenol process, Hock process) is an industrial process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propylene. The term stems from cumene (isopropyl benzene), the intermediate material during the process. It was invented by R. Ūdris and P. Sergeyev in 1942 (USSR)., and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250088 |
Cumene process This latter cumene converts into cumene radical and feeds back into subsequent chain formations of cumene hydroperoxides. A pressure of 5 atm is used to ensure that the unstable peroxide is kept in liquid state. Cumene hydroperoxide is then hydrolysed in an acidic medium (the Hock rearrangement) to give ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250088 |
Cumene process Employing a starting feedstock mixture of 1 and 2-butenes, which is known as Raffinate-2, produces phenol and a mixture of acetone and butanone instead of only phenol and acetone in the original. Shell Chemicals in Houston, Texas could possibly employ such modification. Hydroquinone is prepared by dialky... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250088 |
Pitch drop experiment The pitch drop experiment is a long-term experiment which measures the flow of a piece of pitch over many years. 'Pitch' is the name for any of a number of highly viscous liquids which appear solid; most commonly bitumen. At room temperature, tar pitch flows at a very low rate, taking several year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250107 |
Pitch drop experiment The experiment was not originally carried out under any special controlled atmospheric conditions, meaning the viscosity could vary throughout the year with fluctuations in temperature. Some time after the seventh drop fell (1988), air conditioning was added to the location where the experiment ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250107 |
Pitch drop experiment Since mid-March 2018, the live feed was interrupted due to technical problems in the experiment's webpage. Timeline for the University of Queensland experiment: The pitch drop experiment at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland was started in October 1944 by an unknown colleague of the Nobel Prize win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250107 |
Pitch drop experiment But as the pitch is more viscous (or the average temperature lower) this experiment has not yet produced its first drop. In the Hunterian Museum at the University of Glasgow are two pitch-demonstrations by Lord Kelvin from the 19th century. Kelvin placed some bullets on top of a dish of pitch, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250107 |
Norman Lockyer Sir Joseph (17 May 1836 – 16 August 1920) was an English scientist and astronomer. Along with the French scientist Pierre Janssen, he is credited with discovering the gas helium. Lockyer also is remembered for being the founder and first editor of the influential journal "Nature". Lockyer was born in Rug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250344 |
Norman Lockyer The line could not be explained as due to any material known at the time, and so it was suggested by Lockyer, after he had observed it from London, that the yellow line was caused by an unknown solar element. He named this element helium after the Greek word 'Helios' meaning 'sun'. An observation of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250344 |
Norman Lockyer They had six sons and two daughters in all. In 1903, Lockyer started a second marriage, to suffragist Mary Thomasina Brodhurst (née Browne). After his retirement in 1913, Lockyer established an observatory near his home in Salcombe Regis near Sidmouth, Devon. Originally known as the Hill Observatory, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250344 |
Tramadol Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. It is also available by injection. It may be sold in combinati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol In 2017, it was the 32nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 21 million prescriptions. is used primarily to treat mild to severe pain, both acute and chronic. There is fair evidence for use as a second-line treatment for fibromyalgia but is not FDA approved for this use. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol Its use during lactation is also generally advised against, but a small trial found that infants breastfed by mothers taking tramadol were exposed to about 2.88% of the dose the mothers were taking. No evidence of this dose having a harmful effect on the newborn was seen. Its use as an analgesic during labor i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol Other side effects may result from interactions with other medications. has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including respiratory depression. Long-term use of high doses of tramadol causes physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome. These include both symptoms typical of opioid withdrawal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol acts as a serotonin-norephinephrine reuptake inhibitor and can interact with other serotonergic medications (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, triptans, cough and cold medications containing dextromethorphan, herbal products contai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol has also been shown to act as a serotonin releasing agent. Both enantiomers of tramadol are agonists of the μ-opioid receptor and its M1 metabolite, O-demethylate, is also a μ-opioid receptor agonist but is 6 times more potent than tramadol itself. All these effects work synergistically to induce analgesia. ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol In addition to serotonergic activity, tramadol is also a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is not a norepinephrine releasing agent. does not inhibit the reuptake or induce the release of dopamine. A positron emission tomography imaging study found that single oral 50-mg and 100-mg doses of tramadol to huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol Positron emission tomography imaging studies have reportedly found that tramadol levels are at least four-fold higher in the brain than in plasma. Conversely, brain levels of desmetramadol "only slowly approach those in plasma". The plasma protein binding of tramadol is only 4 to 20%; hence, almost all tramado... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol Antagonism of 5-HT could be partially responsible for tramadol's reducing effect on depressive and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in patients with pain and co-morbid neurological illnesses. 5-HT blockade may also account for its lowering of the seizure threshold, as 5-HT knockout mice display significantly incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol As with codeine, in the 6% of the population who have reduced CYP2D6 activity (hence reducing metabolism), a reduced analgesic effect is seen. Those with decreased CYP2D6 activity require a dose increase of 30% to achieve the same degree of pain relief as those with a normal level of CYP2D6 activity. Phase II ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol The drug tramadol is a racemate of the hydrochlorides of the (1"R",2"R")-(+)- and the (1"S",2"S")-(−)-enantiomers. The resolution of the racemate [(1"R",2"R")-(+)-isomer / (1"S",2"S")-(−)-isomer] was described employing ("R")-(−)- or ("S")-(+)-mandelic acid. This process does not find industrial application, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol The FDA listed the patents' expiration as 10 May 2014. However, in August 2009, US District Court for the District of Delaware ruled the patents invalid, a decision upheld the following year by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Manufacture and distribution of generic equivalents of Ultram ER in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol " Said one former member, “whenever we took tramadol, nothing mattered to us anymore except what we were sent to do because it made us very high and very bold, it was impossible to go on a mission without taking it.” misuse is also found as a coping mechanism in the Gaza Strip. In 2013, researchers reported th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Tramadol may be used to treat post-operative, injury-related, and chronic (e.g., cancer-related) pain in dogs and cats as well as rabbits, coatis, many small mammals including rats and flying squirrels, guinea pigs, ferrets, and raccoons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=250858 |
Glass-ceramic Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization" in contrast to a spontaneous crystallization, which is usually not wanted in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics have the fabrication advantage of glass, as well as specia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Glass-ceramic In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process. Because there is usually no pressing and sintering, glass-ceramics have, unlike sintered ceramics, no pores. A wide variety of glass-ceramic systems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Glass-ceramic from the LAS system is a mechanically strong material and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 800–1000 °C. The dominant crystalline phase of the LAS glass-ceramics, HQ s.s., has a strong "negative" coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), keatite-solid solution as still a negative CTE ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Glass-ceramic For many ceramic matrix composites typical sintering temperatures and times cannot be used, as the degradation and corrosion of the constituent fibres becomes more of an issue as temperature and sintering time increase. One example of this is SiC fibres, which can start to degrade via pyrolysis at tempera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Glass-ceramic , there are two major types of electrical stoves with cooktops made of glass-ceramic: This technology is not entirely new, as glass-ceramic ranges were first introduced in the 1970s using Corningware tops instead of the more durable material used today. These first generation smoothtops were problematic a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Glass-ceramic Keralite, manufactured by Vetrotech Saint-Gobain, is a specialty glass-ceramic fire and impact safety rated material for use in fire-rated applications. Glass-ceramics manufactured in the Soviet Union/Russia are known under the name "Sitall". The same class of material was also used, until the late 1990s,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251061 |
Gold (color) Gold, also called golden, is a color. The web color "gold" is sometimes referred to as "golden" to distinguish it from the color "metallic gold". The use of "gold" as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "metallic gold" (shown below). The first recorded use of "golden" as a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
Gold (color) This cannot be reproduced by a simple solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the material's reflective brightness varying with the surface's angle to the light source. This is why, in art, a metallic paint that glitters in an approximation of real gold would be used; a solid color like that of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
Gold (color) Old Gold and black are the team colors of Purdue University "Boilermakers" intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets formerly wore white and old gold (now called Tech Gold). The Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
Gold (color) These colors, designated as USC Cardinal and USC Gold, were adopted in 1895 by Rev. George W. White, USC's third president, and are equal in importance in identifying the USC Trojans. This is a shade of gold identified by the University of California, Berkeley in their graphic style guide for use in on-scr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
Gold (color) MU Gold is used by the University of Missouri as the official school color along with black. Mizzou Identity Standards designated the color for web development as well as logos and images that developers are asked to follow in the University's Guidelines for using official Mizzou logos. The color pale gold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
Gold (color) Vegas gold is one of the official athletic colors for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Boston College Eagles, Colorado Buffaloes, Pittsburgh Panthers, South Florida Bulls, St. Vincent–St. Mary High School, UAB Blazers, Vanderbilt Commodores, the United States Naval Academy Midshipmen, and Western Carolina Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=251087 |
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