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Azimuthal quantum number The Bohr model was derived from spectroscopic analysis of the atom in combination with the Rutherford atomic model. The lowest quantum level was found to have an angular momentum of zero. Orbits with zero angular momentum were considered as oscillating charges in one dimension and so described ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532573 |
Alpha Group Spetsgruppa "A", also known as (a popular English name), or Alfa, whose official name is Directorate "A" of the FSB Special Purpose Center (TsSN FSB) (Russian: Спецназ ФСБ "Альфа"), is an elite, stand-alone sub-unit of Russia's special forces. It is a dedicated counter-terrorism task force of the Russian Fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group At the time, other, more offensive special forces of the KGB included the groups Zenit and Kaskad/Omega. Another important mission for Alpha was to provide security for the Soviet leadership against enemy special forces in times of crisis or war. Later, territorial Alpha units were established across the So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group Notably, the 1983 hijacking of Aeroflot Flight 6833 in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, was thwarted when Alpha stormed the airplane, killing three and capturing three other hijackers who were attempting to escape to the west, which also resulted in the loss of five hostages. The unit also becam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group The assault on Tajbeg Palace was given the name Operation Storm-333 and involved a combined force of Soviet Airborne paratroopers (VDV), and special forces groups from the GRU and the KGB, including 24 men from the "Thunder" detachment of Alpha Group. The Alpha detachment were dressed in Afghan uniforms and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group Through a network of supporting KGB operatives, members of the task-force identified each of the perpetrators involved in the crisis, and once identified, began to take the relatives of these militants as hostages. Following the standard Soviet policy of "no negotiations with terrorists", one of the hostage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group This attempt to re-establish Soviet dominance culminated in the violent seizure of the Vilnius TV Tower on 13 January 1991, during which the Soviet forces killed 13 unarmed Lithuanian protesters, as well as one Alpha operative (Lt. Viktor Shatskikh, who was apparently struck in the back by friendly fire). I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group Karpukhin, was commanded by KGB chairman, Vladimir Kryuchkov, to forcibly enter the White House, Russia's acting parliament, after paratroopers secured the entrance, to eliminate the President of the Russian SFSR, Boris Yeltsin, and various other anti-coup leaders assembled there. In addition to Alpha Group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group After the fall of the USSR, both Alpha and Vympel were transferred to the newly formed Main Guard Directorate (GUO), which was established on the basis of the KGB's Ninth Chief Directorate. In 1993, they were taken from GUO control, and for a time being put under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group The Alpha veterans' association, led by Sergey Goncharov, strongly opposed Russian President Yeltsin faction's party, Our Home – Russia, in the legislative election of 1995 (Goncharov later became a State Duma deputy). Gen. Karpukhin, who resigned from the service following the 1991 coup attempt, became chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group Yeltsin ordered Russian troops to storm the building, including elements of the paratroopers, the Alpha and Vympel Groups, Russian ground forces, and the Internal Troops's special forces unit, Vityaz. However, the Alpha troops initially refused to attack the White House, reportedly bringing their commander,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group In the end, Rutskoy and the other leaders of anti-Yeltsin faction, including Ruslan Khasbulatov, Vladislav Achalov and Viktor Barannikov, all negotiated their surrender to the Alpha troops, who had entered the shelled and burning building after the shooting stopped, and brought them, along with the detained... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group By the war's final ceasefire, the main FSB office was one of the few key structures still being held by federal forces in central Grozny, but at the cost of 70 of its defenders' lives in some of the fiercest fighting during the last battle. Allegations arose, following the Khasavyurt Accord of August 1996, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group According to the unit's veterans, operations in which Alpha took part led to the arrest of Chechen commander Salman Raduyev in 2000, the killing of Chechen commander Arbi Barayev in 2001, the killing of Chechen separatist President Aslan Maskhadov in 2005, and the killing of foreign militant leader Abu Hafs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group The group was instrumental in the Russian government's attempts to forcibly bring an end to a series of mass hostage crisis incidents, in which groups of Chechen and other separatist militants took hostages. These events took place in Russia's southern territories near Chechnya as well as in the Russian hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group The assault was then resumed at noon and included the use of tear gas; it stopped after over an hour later when Basayev agreed to release the remaining women and children. The overall death toll of more than 120 people included three Alpha members. In the end, the crisis was resolved through negotiations th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group This full-scale offensive continued for three days, until the Chechen militants fought their way through the siege lines in a night-time break-out, escaping with many of the surviving hostages in another major humiliation for the Kremlin. 26 out of the 150 hostages lost their lives (most of the original 2,0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group One of these actions was the use of an unknown chemical agent to assist and the SOBR break the October 2002 Moscow hostage crisis, by knocking out the people inside the building. The FSB chemical attack resulted in the deaths of at least 129 hostages and serious damage to the health of many others, yet was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group John McAleese, a member of the Special Air Service (SAS) team which had liberated the Iranian Embassy in London in 1980, immediately called it one of the worst hostage rescue attempts he had seen or heard about. The Beslan siege turned out to be particularly bloody, costing the lives of more than 333 people... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Alpha Group Special Group "Alpha" is a branch of the Security Service of Ukraine; and a successor of the Soviet Union's Alpha Group. It has continued to be informally called "Alpha". Georgia established its own Alpha unit. It was created as one of the three special forces units belonging to the Ministry of State Securi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532719 |
Calibration curve In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. A calibration curve is one approach to the problem of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532787 |
Calibration curve For example, a calibration curve can be made for a particular pressure transducer to determine applied pressure from transducer output (a voltage). Such a curve is typically used when an instrument uses a sensor whose calibration varies from one sample to another, or changes with time or use; if senso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532787 |
Calibration curve Second, the calibration curve provides data on an empirical relationship. The mechanism for the instrument's response to the analyte may be predicted or understood according to some theoretical model, but most such models have limited value for real samples. (Instrumental response is usually highly de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532787 |
Calibration curve As expected, the concentration of the unknown will have some error which can be calculated from the formula below. This formula assumes that a linear relationship is observed for all the standards. It is important to note that the error in the concentration will be minimal if the signal from the unkno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532787 |
Clonogenic assay A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells. It is frequently used in cancer research laboratories to determine the effect of drugs or radiation on proliferating tumor cells as well as for titration of Cell-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532846 |
Clonogenic assay The cells either come from prepared "cell lines," which have been well-studied and whose general characteristics are known, or from a biopsy of a tumor in a patient. The cells are put in petri dishes or in plates which contain several circular "wells." Particular numbers of cells are plated depending o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532846 |
Clonogenic assay Some current research studies the potentiation of drug effects by concurrent irradiation—a synergistic effect—and in this situation two groups are studied: a control group, which is not treated with the drug; and a treatment group, which is treated with the drug. Both groups are irradiated. If the slop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=532846 |
S-Methylmethionine "S"-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH)SCHCHCH(NH)CO. This cation is a naturally-occurring intermediate in many biosynthetic pathways owing to the sulfonium functional group. It is biosynthesized from -methionine which is first converted to "S"-adenosyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533199 |
S-Methylmethionine SMM can be subsequently converted to DMS during the malt kilning process. Lightly kilned malts such as pilsner or lager malts retain much of their SMM content while higher kilned malt such as pale ale malt has substantially more of the SMM converted to DMS in the malt. Darker kilned malts such as Mun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533199 |
Magnetorheological fluid A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid To understand and predict the behavior of the MR fluid it is necessary to model the fluid mathematically, a task slightly complicated by the varying material properties (such as yield stress). As mentioned above, smart fluids are such that they have a low viscosity in the absence of an applied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid Furthermore, the behavior of MR fluids when in the "off" state is also non-Newtonian and temperature dependent, however it deviates little enough for the fluid to be ultimately considered as a Bingham plastic for a simple analysis. Thus our model of MR fluid behavior in the shear mode becomes: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to: These surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly impr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in MR fluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the magnetic saturation), which is commonly a parameter which users wish to maximize in order to increase the maximum apparent yield stress. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid The applications of these various modes are numerous. Flow mode can be used in dampers and shock absorbers, by using the movement to be controlled to force the fluid through channels, across which a magnetic field is applied. Shear mode is particularly useful in clutches and brakes - in places ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid This observation has been attributed to a lower close-packing density due to decreased symmetry of the wires compared to spheres, as well as the structurally supportive nature of a nanowire lattice held together by remnant magnetization. Further, they show a different range of loading of partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid Moreover, they also exhibit an improvement in apparent yield stress of 10% across those amounts of particle substitution. Another way to increase the performance of magnetorheological fluids is to apply a pressure to them. In particular the properties in term of yield strength can be increased ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid Army Research Office is currently funding research into using MR fluid to enhance body armor. In 2003, researchers stated they were five to ten years away from making the fluid bullet resistant. In addition, HMMWVs, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers and/or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid It made its debut in both Cadillac (Seville STS build date on or after 1/15/2002 with RPO F55) as "Magneride" (or "MR") and Chevrolet passenger vehicles (All Corvettes made since 2003 with the F55 option code) as part of the driver selectable "Magnetic Selective Ride Control (MSRC)" system in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Magnetorheological fluid Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533789 |
Ferrofluid A ferrofluid or ferromagnetic fluid is a liquid that becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. A process for making a ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell to create liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a pump inlet in a weightless environment by applying a ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid In 2019, researchers at the University of Massachusetts and Beijing University of Chemical Technology succeeded in creating a permanently magnetic ferrofluid which retains its magnetism when the external magnetic field is removed. The researchers also found that the droplet's magnetic properties were preserv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid The composition of a typical ferrofluid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier, by volume. Particles in ferrofluids are dispersed in a liquid, often using a surfactant, and thus ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions – materials with properties of more than one state of matter. In this ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid The instability is driven by the magnetic field; it can be explained by considering which shape of the fluid minimizes the total energy of the system. From the point of view of magnetic energy, peaks and valleys are energetically favorable. In the corrugated configuration, the magnetic field is concentrated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid The magnetic particles in an ideal ferrofluid do not settle out, even when exposed to a strong magnetic, or gravitational field. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a nanoparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier mediu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris from entering the interior of the hard drive. According to engineers at Ferrotec, ferrofluid seals on rotating shafts typically withstand 3 to 4 psi; additional seals can be stacked to form assemblies capable of withstanding higher pressur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid A strong magnet placed near the voice coil (which produces heat) will attract cold ferrofluid more than hot ferrofluid thus pulling the heated ferrofluid away from the electric voice coil and toward a heat sink. This is a relatively efficient cooling method which requires no additional energy input. Bob Berk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid (also known as Endorem and ferumoxides, discontinued in 2008; resovist (also known as Cliavist (2001 to 2009); Sinerem (also known as Combidex, withdrawn in 2007; Lumirem (also known as Gastromark (1996 to 2012; Clariscan (also known as PEG-fero, Feruglose, and NC100150), development of which was discontinue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid , because of a temperature gradient) results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to a form of heat transfer called thermomagnetic convection. This form of heat transfer can be useful when conventional convection heat transfer is inadequate; e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Ferrofluid With ferrofluids, energy harvester designs no longer need solid structure. One simple example of ferrofluid based energy harvesting is to place the ferrofluid inside a container to use external mechanical vibrations to generate electricity inside a coil wrapped around the container surrounded by a permanent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533793 |
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion, is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of the proteins is modified and further posttranslational modifications, including cleavage and functionalization, may occur. The proteins are then moved into secretory vesicles which travel along the cytoskeleton to the edge of the cell. More modification can occur i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion In addition, proteins can be released from cells by mechanical or physiological wounding and through nonlethal, transient oncotic pores in the plasma membrane induced by washing cells with serum-free media or buffers. Many human cell types have the ability to be secretory cells. They have a well-developed end... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion The process begins as a leader sequence HlyA is recognized and binds HlyB on the membrane. This signal sequence is extremely specific for the ABC transporter. The HlyAB complex stimulates HlyD which begins to uncoil and reaches the outer membrane where TolC recognizes a terminal molecule or signal on HlyD. Hl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion Gram-negative type IV pili use a modified version of the type II system for their biogenesis, and in some cases certain proteins are shared between a pilus complex and type II system within a single bacterial species. It is homologous to the basal body in bacterial flagella. It is like a molecular syringe thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion "Helicobacter pylori" uses a type IV secretion system to deliver CagA into gastric epithelial cells, which is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. "Bordetella pertussis", the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes the pertussis toxin partly through the type IV system. "Legionella pneumophila", the cau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion Additionally, T4SS also secrete virulence factor proteins directly into host cells as well as taking up DNA from the medium during natural transformation, which shows the versatility of this macromolecular secretion apparatus. As shown in the above figure, TraC, in particular consists of a three helix bundle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion These were identified when mutations in the Hcp and VrgG genes in "Vibrio Cholerae" led to decreased virulence and pathogenicity. Since then, Type VI secretion systems have been found in a quarter of all proteobacterial genomes, including animal, plant, human pathogens, as well as soil, environmental or marin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Secretion Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534001 |
Triple bond A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. The most common triple bond, that between two carbon atoms, can be found in alkynes. Other functional groups containing a triple bond are cyanides and isocyanid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534057 |
EFSH eFSH is a follicle-stimulating hormone obtained from equine species, used to stimulate fertility. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=534232 |
Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite (87.5 wt%) and cementite (12.5 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. During slow cooling of an iron-carbon alloy, pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction as austenite cools below (the eutectoid temperature). is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535581 |
Pearlite Some hypereutectoid pearlitic steel wires, when cold wire drawn to true (logarithmic) strains above 5, can even show a maximal tensile strength above 6 GPa. Although pearlite is used in many engineering applications, the origin of its extreme strength is not well understood. It has been recently shown that col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535581 |
Pearlite Unlike pearlite, whose formation involves the diffusion of all atoms, bainite grows by a displacive transformation mechanism. The transformation of pearlite to austenite takes place at lower critical temperature of 723C. At this temperature pearlite changes to austenite because of nucleation process. Eutectoid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535581 |
Exothermic reaction An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy through light or heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy. Exothermic Reaction means "exo" (derived from the greek word: "έξω", literally translated to "out"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536063 |
Exothermic reaction Measured and calculated ΔH values are related to bond energies by: In an exothermic reaction, by definition, the enthalpy change has a negative value: since a larger value (the energy released in the reaction) is subtracted from a smaller value (the energy used for the reaction). For example, when h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536063 |
American Chemistry Council The (ACC), formerly known as the Manufacturing Chemists' Association (at its founding in 1872) and then as the Chemical Manufacturers' Association (from 1978 until 2000), is an industry trade association for American chemical companies, based in Washington, D.C. The mission of the is to promo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536673 |
American Chemistry Council In 2011, the ACC was a major sponsor of the 5th International Marine Debris Conference which endorsed the Honolulu Commitment to reduce harmful plastics in the environment Some critics believe that the Responsible Care program is intended to help the industry avoid regulation by imposing its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536673 |
American Chemistry Council Sometime in 2008, the ACC launched a campaign to oppose California SB1713 – a bill to ban bisphenol A statewide – including bulk postal mailings in July and August encouraging California citizens to demand opposition of their representing legislators. The American Chemistry Council's stance o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536673 |
American Chemistry Council In 2010 the ACC was quoted by "The New York Times" in opposition to a California bill to outlaw plastic bags, claiming that new law "amounts to a $1 billion tax added to [Californian's] grocery bills." But subsequent ACC efforts to prevent adoption of municipal ordinances banning plastic bags... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=536673 |
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freez... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537264 |
Fractional freezing For an in-depth discussion of the physics and chemistry, see eutectic point. When a pure solid is desired, two possible situations can occur. If the contaminant is soluble in the desired solid, a multiple stage fractional freezing is required, analogous to multistage distillation. If, however, a eut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537264 |
Fractional freezing Either method decreases the salinity of the remaining frozen water, and after multiple runs the results can be drinkable. can be used as a simple method to increase the alcohol concentration in fermented alcoholic beverages, a process sometimes called freeze distillation. Examples are applejack, mad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537264 |
Fractional freezing This process employs fuel stratification whereby components in the fuel blend develop a higher specific gravity as they approach their respective gel points and thus sink to the bottom of the container, where they can be removed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537264 |
Thermoluminescence is a form of luminescence that is exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material. The phenomenon is distinct from that of black-body radia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537975 |
Thermoluminescence is a common geochronology tool for dating pottery or other fired archeological materials, as heat empties or resets the thermoluminescent signature of the material (Figure 1). Subsequent recharging of this material from ambient radiation can then be empirically dated by the equation: Age = (subsequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537975 |
Levofloxacin Levofloxacin, sold under the trade names Levaquin among others, is an antibiotic. It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia, H. pylori (in combination with other medications), urinary tract infections, chronic prostatitis, and some types of gastroen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.44–0.95 per week of treatment. In the United States a week of treatment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin As of 2007 the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the American Thoracic Society recommended levofloxacin and other respiratory fluoroquinolines as first line treatment for community acquired pneumonia when co-morbidities such as heart, lung, or liver disease are present or when in-patient tre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Due to its widespread use, common pathogens such as "Escherichia coli" and "Klebsiella pneumoniae" have developed resistance. In many countries as of 2013, resistance rates among healthcare-associated infections with these pathogens exceeded 20%. is also used as antibiotic eye drops to prevent bacterial in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin However, the risk appears to be very low, and levofloxacin can be used in breastfeeding mothers with proper monitoring of the infant, combined with delaying breastfeeding for 4–6 hours after taking levofloxacin. is not approved in most countries for the treatment of children except in unique and life-threa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin and later generation fluoroquinolones are collectively referred to as "respiratory quinolones" to distinguish them from earlier fluoroquinolones which exhibited modest activity toward the important respiratory pathogen "Streptococcus pneumoniae". The drug exhibits enhanced activity against the important re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and abdominal infections, including Gram negative ("Escherichia coli"," Haemophilus influenzae", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Legionella pneumophila", "Moraxella catarrhalis", "P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Like all fluoroquinolines, levofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and in patients who have a history of quinolone-associated tendon rupture. may prolong the QT interval in some people, especially the elderly, and levofloxacin should not be used for people with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin A 2011 review examining musculoskeletal complications of fluoroquinolones proposed guidelines with respect to administration to athletes, that called for avoiding all use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics if possible, and if they are used: ensure there is informed consent about the musculoskeletal risks, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Such injuries, including tendon rupture, has been observed up to 6 months after cessation of treatment; higher doses of fluoroquinolones, being elderly, transplant patients, and those with a current or historical corticosteroid use are at elevated risk. The U.S. label for levofloxacin also contains a black... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin 3% discontinued treatment due to adverse drug reactions. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Overall, 7% of patients experienced nausea, 6% headache, 5% diarrhea, 4% insomnia, along with other adverse reactions ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Topoisomerase IV is necessary to separate DNA that has been replicated (doubled) prior to bacterial cell division. With the DNA not being separated, the process is stopped, and the bacterium cannot divide. DNA gyrase, on the other hand, is responsible for supercoiling the DNA, so that it will fit in the ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin Following oral administration, 87% of an administered dose was recovered in the urine as unchanged drug within 2 days. Less than 5% was recovered in the urine as the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites, the only metabolites identified in humans. is the levo isomer of the racemate ofloxacin, another quinolone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin It was first approved for marketing in Japan in 1993 for oral administration, and Daiichi marketed it there under the brand name Cravit. Daiichi, working with Johnson & Johnson as it had with ofloxacin, obtained FDA approval in 1996 under the brand name Levaquin to treat bacterial sinusitus, bacterial exac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Levofloxacin The FDA estimated that in 2011 over 23 million outpatient prescriptions for fluoroquinolones, of which levofloxacin made up 28%, were filled in the United States. As of 2012, Johnson and Johnson was facing around 3400 state and federal lawsuits filed by people who claimed tendon damage from levofloxacin; a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538058 |
Leslie Orgel Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist. He is known for his theories on the origin of life. Born in London, England, Orgel received his Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry with first-class honours from the University of Oxford in 1948. In 1951 he was elected a F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Leslie Orgel There he did work in transition metal chemistry and ligand field theory, published several peer-reviewed journal articles and wrote a textbook entitled "Transition Metal Chemistry: Ligand Field Theory" (1960). He developed the Orgel diagram showing the energies of electronic terms in transition metal compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Leslie Orgel " In his book "The Origins of Life", Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter. He published over three hundred articles in his research areas. In 1993, Orgel presented at the "What is Life?" Conference at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Leslie Orgel This reaction puts the glycosidic bond in the correct position in two ways: the nucleobase attaches to the correct carbon on ribose, and in the correct orientation (the beta anomer). However, the synthesis was later criticised because it only worked most with hypoxanthine, a nucleobase that is not relevant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Leslie Orgel Lohrmann and Orgel reported that the phosphorimidazolide derivative of adenosine monophosphate (in which a phosporyl group oxygen is substituted by an imidazole ring) forms short adenosine oligomers in the presence of poly-uridine templates. They further discovered that the divalent metal cation used to ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Leslie Orgel In the late 1960s, Orgel proposed that life was based on RNA before it was based on DNA or proteins. His theory included genes based on RNA and RNA enzymes. This view would be developed and shaped into the now widely accepted RNA world hypothesis. Almost thirty years later, Orgel wrote a lengthy review of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538810 |
Aminolevulinic acid δ-(also dALA, δ-ALA, 5ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants. 5ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer. Being ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538946 |
Aminolevulinic acid In non-photosynthetic eukaryotes such as animals, fungi, and protozoa, as well as the class Alphaproteobacteria of bacteria, it is produced by the enzyme ALA synthase, from glycine and succinyl-CoA. This reaction is known as the Shemin pathway, which occurs in mitochondria. In plants, algae, bacteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538946 |
Aminolevulinic acid Excess heme is converted in macrophages to Biliverdin and ferrous ions by the enzyme HO-1. Biliverdin formed further gets converted to Bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin and Bilirubin are potent anti oxidants and regulate important biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cell proli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=538946 |
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