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Metalloprotein The superoxide dismutase (SOD) group of enzymes increase the rate of reaction to near the diffusion-limited rate. The key to the action of these enzymes is a metal ion with variable oxidation state that can act either as an oxidizing agent or as a reducing agent. In human SOD the active metal is copper, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 |
Metalloprotein This species is, in effect, a free radical, and is very reactive and allows an electron to be transferred to acceptors that are adjacent to the chlorophyll in the chloroplast. In the process chlorophyll is oxidized. Later in the photosynthetic cycle, chlorophyll is reduced back again. This reduction ulti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 |
Metalloprotein Recently, four new classes of ribozymes have been discovered (named twister, twister sister, pistol and hatchet) which are all self-cleaving ribozymes. Deoxyribozymes, also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA, are artificial catalytic DNA molecules that were first produced in 1994 and gained a rapid increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 |
Metalloprotein At position 12, there is a glutamate or aspartate ligand that behaves as a (bidentate ligand), providing two oxygen atoms. The ninth residue in the loop is necessarily glycine due to the conformational requirements of the backbone. The coordination sphere of the calcium ion contains only carboxylate oxyg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 |
Metalloprotein There are two types of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase: one contains iron and molybdenum, the other contains iron and nickel. Parallels and differences in catalytic strategies have been reviewed. Pb (lead) can replace Ca (calcium) as, for example, with calmodulin or Zn (zinc) as with metallocarboxypeptidas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185748 |
Crucible A crucible is a ceramic or metal container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. While crucibles historically were usually made from clay, they can be made from any material that withstands temperatures high enough to melt or otherwise alter its contents. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible The use of crucibles in the Iron Age remains very similar to that of the Bronze Age with copper and tin smelting being used to produce bronze. The Iron Age crucible designs remain the same as the Bronze Age. The Roman period shows technical innovations, with crucibles for new methods used to produce new alloys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible Cementation crucibles therefore have a lid or cap which limits the amount of gas loss from the crucible. The crucible design is similar to the smelting and melting crucibles of the period utilizing the same material as the smelting and melting crucibles. The conical shape and small mouth allowed the lid to be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible Some of these copper alloy crucibles were used in the making of bells. Bell foundry crucibles had to be larger at about 60 cm (Tylecote 1976: p73). These later medieval crucibles were a more mass-produced product. The cementation process, which was lost from the end of the Roman to the early Medieval period, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible These were sandy clay crucibles which had been formed around a fabric tube. These crucibles are used in the same way as other cementation vessels but with a hole in the top of the vessel to allow pressure to escape. At the end of the Medieval Era and into the Post-Medieval Era, new types of crucible designs an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible Another vessel used for the same process is a scorifier which is similar to a cupel but slightly larger and removes the lead and leaves the noble metals behind. Cupels and scorifiers were mass-produced as after each reduction the vessels would have absorbed all of the lead and become fully saturated. These ves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible These small size crucibles and their covers made of porcelain are quite cheap when sold in quantity to laboratories, and the crucibles are sometimes disposed of after use in precise quantitative chemical analysis. There is usually a large mark-up when they are sold individually in hobby shops. In the area of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Crucible A crucible with a bottom perforated with small holes which is designed specifically for use in filtration, especially for gravimetric analysis as just described, is called a Gooch crucible after its inventor, Frank Austin Gooch. For completely accurate results, the crucible is handled with clean tongs because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185775 |
Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide, and sometimes, usually among ex-USSR/Russia rocket engineers, as amyl is the chemical compound NO. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide. is a powerful oxidizer that is hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186259 |
Dinitrogen tetroxide In the first step, the ammonia is oxidized into nitric oxide: Most of the water is condensed out, and the gases are further cooled; the nitric oxide that was produced is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, which is then dimerized into nitrogen tetroxide: and the remainder of the water is removed as nitri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186259 |
Dinitrogen tetroxide It is a hypergolic propellant in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel. One of the earliest uses of this combination was on the Titan family of rockets used originally as ICBMs and then as launch vehicles for many spacecraft. Used on the U.S. Gemini and Apollo spacecraft and also on the Sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186259 |
Dinitrogen tetroxide The tendency of NO to reversibly break into NO has led to research into its use in advanced power generation systems as a so-called dissociating gas. "Cool" dinitrogen tetroxide is compressed and heated, causing it to dissociate into nitrogen dioxide at half the molecular weight. This hot nitrogen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186259 |
Dinitrogen tetroxide Such compounds must be prepared in anhydrous conditions, since the nitrate ion is a much weaker ligand than water, and if water is present the simple hydrated nitrate will form. The anhydrous nitrates concerned are themselves covalent, and many, e.g. anhydrous copper nitrate, are volatile at room t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186259 |
Ex situ conservation "Ex situ" conservation literally means, "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered species, variety or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation They inform the public of the threatened status of endangered species and of those factors which cause the threat, with the hope of creating public interest in stopping and reversing those factors which jeopardize a species' survival in the first place. They are the most publicly visited ex situ co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are typically not held in seed banks for extended periods of time. An extensive open-air planting used maintain genetic diversity of wild, agri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation For example, the Zoological Society of San Diego has established a "frozen zoo" to store such samples using cryopreservation techniques from more than 355 species, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. A potential technique for aiding in reproduction of endangered species is interspecific pregnan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation Managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations. Kinship is the probability that two alleles will be identical by descent when one allele is taken randomly from each mating indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation Minimizing the loss of genetic diversity within the captive population is an important component of "ex situ" conservation and is critical for successful reintroductions and the long term success of the species, since more diverse populations have higher adaptive potential. The loss of genetic dive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation Minimizing selection on captive populations by creating an environment that is similar to their natural environment is another method of reducing adaptations to captivity, but it is important to find a balance between an environment that minimizes adaptation to captivity and an environment that per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation The high occurrence of genetic disorders within a captive population can threaten both the survival of the captive population and its eventual reintroduction back into the wild. If the genetic disorder is dominant, it may be possible to eliminate the disease completely in a single generation by avo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation "Ex situ" conservation, while helpful in humankind's efforts to sustain and protect our environment, is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a last resort, or as a supplement to in situ conservation because it cannot recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire geneti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Ex situ conservation Diseases and pests foreign to the species, to which the species has no natural defense, may also cripple crops of protected plants in "ex situ" plantations and in animals living in "ex situ" breeding grounds. These factors, combined with the specific environmental needs of many species, some of whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345 |
Mefloquine Mefloquine, sold under the brand names Lariam among others, is a medication used to prevent or treat malaria. When used for prevention it is typically started before potential exposure and continued for several weeks after potential exposure. It can be used to treat mild or moderate malaria but is not recomm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine is useful for the prevention of malaria in all areas except for those where parasites may have resistance to multiple medications, and is one of several anti-malarial medications recommended by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for this purpose. It is also recommended by the Infect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine Resistance to mefloquine is common around the west border in Cambodia and other parts of Southeast Asia. The mechanism of resistance is by increase in "Pfmdr1" copy number. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and a rash. Severe side effects requiring hospitalization are rare, but inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine When some measure of subjective severity is applied to the rating of adverse events, about 11-17% of travelers are incapacitated to some degree. may cause abnormalities with heart rhythms that are visible on electrocardiograms. Combining mefloquine with other drugs that cause similar effects, such as quinine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine The mean elimination plasma half-life of mefloquine is between two and four weeks. Total clearance is through the liver, and the primary means of excretion is through the bile and feces, as opposed to only 4% to 9% excreted through the urine. During long-term use, the plasma half-life remains unchanged. Live... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine Most notably, phase III safety and tolerability trials were skipped. The drug was first approved in Switzerland in 1984 by Hoffmann-LaRoche, who brought it to market with the name "Lariam". However, mefloquine was not approved by the FDA for prophylactic use until 1989. This approval was based primarily on c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine Roughly 67% of participants in the mefloquine arm reported greater than or equal to one adverse event, vs 71% in the atovaquone-proguanil arm. In the mefloquine arm, 5% of the users reported severe events requiring medical attention, vs 1.2% in the atovaquone-proguanil arm. In August 2009, Roche stopped mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Mefloquine In autumn 2016, Canadian Surgeon General Brigadier General Hugh Colin MacKay told a parliamentary committee that faulty science supported the assertion that the drug has indelible noxious side effects. An expert from Health Canada named Barbara Raymond told the same committee that the evidence she had read f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186497 |
Nickel–cadmium battery The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. The abbreviation "NiCd" is derived from the chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd): the abbreviation "NiCad" is a registered trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery The superior capacity of the Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and more recently their lower cost, has largely supplanted their use. Further, the environmental impact of the disposal of the toxic metal cadmium has contributed considerably to the reduction in their use. Within the European Union, Ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery In 1932 active materials were deposited inside a porous nickel-plated electrode and fifteen years later began on a sealed nickel-cadmium battery. The first production in the United States began in 1946. Up to this point, the batteries were "pocket type," constructed of nickel-plated steel pockets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery 5 amperes. Model-aircraft or -boat builders often take much larger currents of up to a hundred amps or so from specially constructed Ni–Cd batteries, which are used to drive main motors. 5–6 minutes of model operation is easily achievable from quite small batteries, so a reasonably high power-to-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery While most pocket radios will operate satisfactorily at this voltage, some manufacturers such as Varta made 8.4 volt batteries with seven cells for more critical applications. Ni–Cd batteries can be charged at several different rates, depending on how the cell was manufactured. The charge rate is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery At a 4C rate, the amount of heat generated in the cell is sixteen times higher than the heat at the 1C rate. The downside to faster charging is the higher risk of overcharging, which can damage the battery. and the increased temperatures the cell has to endure (which potentially shortens its life... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery If the pressure exceeds the limit of the safety valve, water in the form of gas is lost. Since the vessel is designed to contain an exact amount of electrolyte this loss will rapidly affect the capacity of the cell and its ability to receive and deliver current. To detect all conditions of overch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery The alkaline electrolyte (commonly KOH) is not consumed in this reaction and therefore its specific gravity, unlike in lead–acid batteries, is not a guide to its state of charge. When Jungner built the first NiCd batteries, he used nickel oxide in the positive electrode, and iron and cadmium mate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery Since the battery is not a pressure vessel, it is safer, weighs less, and has a simpler and more economical structure. This also means the battery is not normally damaged by excessive rates of overcharge, discharge or even negative charge. They are used in aviation, rail and mass transit, backup ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery The venting of gases means that the battery is either being discharged at a high rate or recharged at a higher than nominal rate. This also means the electrolyte lost during venting must be periodically replaced through routine maintenance. Depending on the charge–discharge cycles and type of bat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery If this voltage is set too high it will result in rapid electrolyte loss. A failed charge regulator may allow the charge voltage to rise well above this value, causing a massive overcharge with boiling over of the electrolyte. Sealed Ni–Cd cells may be used individually, or assembled into battery... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery 5 billion Ni–Cd batteries were produced annually. Up until the mid-1990s, Ni–Cd batteries had an overwhelming majority of the market share for rechargeable batteries in home electronics. At one point, Ni–Cd batteries accounted for 8% of all portable secondary (rechargeable) battery sales in the E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery Recently, nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries have become commercially available and cheaper, the former type now rivaling Ni–Cd batteries in cost. Where energy density is important, Ni–Cd batteries are now at a disadvantage compared with nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery Whilst lead–acid batteries can be charged by simply connecting a dynamo to them, with a simple electromagnetic cut-out system for when the dynamo is stationary or an over-current occurs, the Ni–Cd battery under a similar charging scheme would exhibit thermal runaway, where the charging current wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery There is evidence that the memory effect story originated from orbiting satellites, where they were typically charging for twelve hours out of 24 for several years. After this time, it was found that the capacities of the batteries had declined significantly, but were still fit for use. It is unl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Nickel–cadmium battery If treated well, a Ni–Cd battery can last for 1,000 cycles or more before its capacity drops below half its original capacity. Many home chargers claim to be "smart chargers" which will shut down and not damage the battery, but this seems to be a common problem. Ni–Cd batteries contain between 6%... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186614 |
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca, and the binding of Ca is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca, calmo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin Though calmodulin's flexibility is more evident when it is bound to a target protein, NMR studies have shown that the linker region of calmodulin is flexible, even when it is not bound to a target protein. Another important characteristic of calmodulin that allows it to bind a large variety of target protein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin Troponin C has a very specific function (to elicit a conformational change in troponin I) ultimately causing a contraction in skeletal muscles. Calmodulin, evolved to bind a wider variety of target proteins, allowing it to play a role in many physiological events. Up to four calcium ions are bound by calmodu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin The "C"-terminal domain solution structure is similar to the X-ray crystal structure, while the EF hands of the "N"-terminal domain are considerably less open to the X-ray crystal structure. This indicates that Ca binding causes a larger conformational change in the "N"-domain than in the "C"-domain. The bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin can also make use of the calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. can undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and proteolytic cleavage, each of which has potential to modulate its actions. plays an important role in excit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin This is a very important function of calmodulin because it indirectly plays a role in every physiological process that is affected by smooth muscle contraction such as digestion and contraction of arteries (which helps distribute blood and regulate blood pressure). plays an important role in the activation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin Calmodulins play an essential role in plant development and adaptation to environmental stimuli. Calcium plays a key role in the structural integrity of the cell wall and the membrane system of the cell. However, high calcium levels can be toxic to a plant's cellular energy metabolism and, hence, the Ca conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin An interaction occurs between CaM and DWF1, and DWF1 being unable to bind CaM is unable to produce a regular growth phenotype in plants. Hence, CaM is essential for the DWF1 function in plant growth. CaM binding proteins are also known to regulate reproductive development in plants. For instance, the CaM-bin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin This legume-"Rhizobium" interaction establishment requires the Nod factor that is produced by the "Rhizobium" bacteria. The Nod factor is recognized by the root hair cells that are involved in the nodule formation in legumes. Ca responses of varied nature are characterized to be involved in the Nod factor re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin The CML43 from the APR134 also binds to Ca ions in vitro which shows that CML43 and APR134 are, hence, involved in the Ca-dependent signaling during the plant immune response to bacterial pathogens. The CML9 expression in "Arabidopsis thaliana" is rapidly induced by phytopathogenic bacteria, flagellin and sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin Different root cell types show a different Ca response to osmotic and salt stresses and this implies the cellular specificities of Ca patterns. In response to external stress CaM activates glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that catalyzes the conversion of -glutamate to GABA. A tight control on the GABA synthesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Calmodulin belongs to one of the two main groups of calcium-binding proteins, called EF hand proteins. The other group, called annexins, bind calcium and phospholipids such as lipocortin. Many other proteins bind calcium, although binding calcium may not be considered their principal function in the cell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187185 |
Oil drop experiment The oil drop experiment was performed by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher in 1909 to measure the elementary electric charge (the charge of the electron). The experiment took place in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory at the University of Chicago. Millikan received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment 6% difference from the currently accepted value of They proposed that this was the magnitude of the negative charge of a single electron. Starting in 1908, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Millikan, with the significant input of Fletcher, and after improving his setup, published his s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment Most of what was then known about electricity and magnetism, however, could be explained on the basis that charge is a continuous variable; in much the same way that many of the properties of light can be explained by treating it as a continuous wave rather than as a stream of photons. The elementar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment Four holes were cut into the ring, three for illumination by a bright light, and another to allow viewing through a microscope. A fine mist of oil droplets was sprayed into a chamber above the plates. The oil was of a type usually used in vacuum apparatus and was chosen because it had an extremely l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment The drop is allowed to fall and its terminal velocity v in the absence of an electric field is calculated. The drag force acting on the drop can then be worked out using Stokes' law: where "v" is the terminal velocity (i.e. velocity in the absence of an electric field) of the falling drop, "η" is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment A more practical approach is to turn "V" up slightly so that the oil drop rises with a new terminal velocity "v". Then Some controversy was raised by historian Gerald Holton (1978) who pointed out that Millikan recorded more measurements in his journal than he included in his final results. Holton s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Oil drop experiment While Franklin left his support for Millikan's measurement with the conclusion that concedes that Millikan may have performed "cosmetic surgery" on the data, David Goodstein investigated the original detailed notebooks kept by Millikan, concluding that Millikan plainly states here and in the reports... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187344 |
Magnetic susceptibility In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: , "receptive"; denoted ) is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Mathematically, it is the ratio of magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetizing field intensity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility Electrons are present in all materials, but without any external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of the electrons are usually either paired up or random so that the overall magnetism is zero (the exception to this usual case is ferromagnetism). The fundamental reasons why the magnetic momen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility Thus the "volume magnetic susceptibility" and the magnetic permeability are related by the following formula: Sometimes an auxiliary quantity called "intensity of magnetization" (also referred to as "magnetic polarisation" ) and measured in teslas, is defined as This allows an alternative descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility If is positive, a material can be paramagnetic. In this case, the magnetic field in the material is strengthened by the induced magnetization. Alternatively, if is negative, the material is diamagnetic. In this case, the magnetic field in the material is weakened by the induced magnetization. Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility This method is highly accurate for diamagnetic materials with susceptibilities similar to water. The magnetic susceptibility of most crystals is not a scalar quantity. Magnetic response is dependent upon the orientation of the sample and can occur in directions other than that of the applied fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility This behaviour is known as the de Haas–van Alphen effect and relates the period of the susceptibility with the Fermi surface of the material. When the magnetic susceptibility is measured in response to an AC magnetic field (i.e. a magnetic field that varies sinusoidally), this is called "AC susc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
Magnetic susceptibility Correct units of magnetic susceptibility in cgs is cm/mol or cm/g. Molar susceptibility and mass susceptibility are both listed in the CRC. Some table have listed magnetic susceptibility of diamagnets as positives. It is important to check the header of the table for the correct units and sign o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187360 |
American Iron and Steel Institute The is an association of North American steel producers. With its predecessor organizations, is one of the oldest trade associations in the United States, dating back to 1855. It assumed its present form in 1908, with Judge Elbert H. Gary, chairman of the United States Steel Corporatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187812 |
Pnictogen A pnictogen (from "to choke" and -gen, "generator") is any of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the nitrogen family. It consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and perhaps the chemically uncharacterize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen The most important elements of this group are "nitrogen" (N), which in its diatomic form is the principal component of air, and "phosphorus" (P), which, like nitrogen, is essential to all known forms of life. Binary compounds of the group can be referred to collectively as pnictides. Pnictide compounds tend t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen For example, N, the diatomic form of nitrogen, is used as an inert gas in situations where using argon or another noble gas would be too expensive. Formation of multiple bonds is facilitated by their "five" valence electrons whereas the octet rule permits a pnictogen for accepting three electrons on covalent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen (Also, technically, only ammonia and phosphane have the pnictogen in the −3 oxidation state because for the rest, the pnictogen is less electronegative than hydrogen.) Crystal solids featuring pnictogens fully reduced include yttrium nitride, calcium phosphide, sodium arsenide, indium antimonide, and even dou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen The +3 oxidation state is bismuth's most common oxidation state because its ability to form the +5 oxidation state is hindered by relativistic properties on heavier elements, effects that are even more pronounced concerning moscovium. Bismuth(III) forms an oxide, an oxychloride, an oxynitrate, and a sulfide. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Pentamethylpnictogen(V) compounds exist for arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. However, for bismuth, the +5 oxidation state becomes rare due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals known as the inert pair effect, so that the 6s electrons are reluctant to bond chemically. This causes bismuth(V) oxide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Antimony's melting point is 631 °C and its boiling point is 1587 °C. Bismuth's melting point is 271 °C and its boiling point is 1564 °C. Nitrogen's crystal structure is hexagonal. Phosphorus's crystal structure is cubic. Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth all have rhombohedral crystal structures. The nitrogen com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Within 80 years of bismuth's discovery, it had applications in printing and decorated caskets. The Incas were also using bismuth in knives by 1500. Bismuth was originally thought to be the same as lead, but in 1753, Claude François Geoffroy proved that bismuth was different from lead. Moscovium was successful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Nitrogen makes up 25 parts per million of the earth's crust, 5 parts per million of soil on average, 100 to 500 parts per trillion of seawater, and 78% of dry air. The majority of nitrogen on earth is in the form of nitrogen gas, but some nitrate minerals do exist. Nitrogen makes up 2.5% of a typical human by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Bismuth makes up 48 parts per billion of the earth's crust, making it the 70th most abundant element there. The soils contain approximately 0.25 parts per million of bismuth, and seawater contains 400 parts per trillion of bismuth. Bismuth most commonly occurs as the mineral bismuthinite, but bismuth also occ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen If the ore contains closer to 50% antimony by weight, the ore is instead reduced in a reverberatory furnace. Antimony ores with mixed sulfides and oxides are smelted in a blast furnace. Bismuth minerals do occur, in particular in the form of sulfides and oxides, but it is more economic to produce bismuth as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Plants take up only trace amounts of antimony. There are approximately 2 milligrams of antimony in a typical 70-kilogram human. Bismuth is not known to have a biological role. Humans ingest on average less than 20 micrograms of bismuth per day. There is less than 500 micrograms of bismuth in a typical 70-kilo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Pnictogen Additionally, wine steeped in antimony containers can induce vomiting. When taken in large doses, antimony causes vomiting in a victim, who then appears to recover before dying several days later. Antimony attaches itself to certain enzymes and is difficult to dislodge. Stibine, or SbH is far more toxic than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188037 |
Transactivation In the context of gene regulation: transactivation is the increased rate of gene expression triggered either by biological processes or by artificial means, through the expression of an intermediate transactivator protein. In the context of receptor signaling, transactivation occurs when one or more rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188183 |
Transactivation The transactivator gene expresses a transcription factor that binds to specific promoter region of DNA. By binding to the promoter region of a gene, the transcription factor causes that gene to be expressed. The expression of one transactivator gene can activate multiple genes, as long as they have the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188183 |
Fritz Pregl Prize has been awarded annually since 1931 to an Austrian scientist for distinguished achievements in chemistry by the Austrian Academy of Sciences ("Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften") from the funds left at its disposal by the Nobel prize-winning chemist Fritz Pregl. Not currently awarded. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188215 |
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is an infection caused by the "human papillomavirus" (HPV). About 90% of HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously within two years. However, in some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. These lesions, depen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection To be most effective, they should be used before the onset of sexual activity and are therefore recommended between the ages of nine and 13. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test ("pap smear"), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection The table below lists common symptoms of HPV infection and the associated strains of HPV. Skin infection ("cutaneous" infection) with HPV is very widespread. Skin infections with HPV can cause noncancerous skin growths called warts (verrucae). Warts are caused by a rapid growth of cells o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection The strains of HPV that can cause genital warts are usually different from those that cause warts on other parts of the body, such as the hands or feet, or even the inner thighs. A wide variety of HPV types can cause genital warts, but types 6 and 11 together account for about 90% of all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection About a dozen HPV types (including types 16, 18, 31, and 45) are called "high-risk" types because persistent infection has been linked to cancer of the oropharynx, larynx, vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, and anus. These cancers all involve sexually transmitted infection of HPV to the strati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
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